VPs =09asgiven SP =0 (since the end of the duct is at atmospheric pressure) SP) =SP,—R(VPs) 0-(0.52)(0.70¥0.90°) 5-033 "wg FSP. = SPoutet~ SPrict— VPinst =~0.33- (-7.27) -0.9=6.04"wg 5.16 EXHAUST STACK OUTLETS ‘The final component of the ventilation system is the ex- hhaust stack, an extension of the exhaust duct above the roof. There are two reasons for the placement of an exhaust stack on a ventilation system. First, the air exhausted by a local exhaust system should escape the building envelope. Second, nce it has escaped the building envelope, the stack should provide sufficient dispersion so that the plume does not cause an unacceptable situation when it reaches the ground. This brief description of stack design will address only the first When placing an exhaust stack on the roof of a b the designer must consider several factors. The most impor- tant is the pattern of the air as it passes the building. Even in the case of a simple building design with a perpendicular ‘wind, the ar flow pattems over the building can be complex to analyze. Figure 5-28a shows the complex interaction be- tween the building and the wind at height H. A stagnation zone is formed on the upwind wall. Air flows away from the stagnation zone resulting in a down draft near the ground. Vortices are formed by the wind action resulting in a recireu- lation zone along the front of the roof or roof obstructions, «down flow along the downwind side, and forward flow along, the upwind side of the building. Figure 5-28 shows a schematic of the critical zones formed within the building cavity. A recirculation zone is, formed at the leading edge of the building. A recirculation zone is an arca where a relatively fixed amount of air moves in a circular fashion with little air movement through the boundary. A stack discharging into the recirculation zone can contaminate the zone. Consequently, all stacks should pene- trate the recirculation zone boundary. ‘The high turbulence region is one through which the air passes; however, the flow is highly erratic with significant downward flow, A stack that discharges into this region will, ‘contaminate anything downwind of the stack. Consequently, all stacks should extend high enough thatthe resulting plume ddoes not enter the high turbulence region upwind of an air intake. Because ofthe complex flow pattems around simple build ings, it is almost impossible to locate a stack that is not influenced by vortices formed by the wind. Tall stacks are often used to reduce the influence of the turbulent flow, to Exhaust System Design Procedure $33, release the exhaust air above the influence of the building and, to prevent contamination of the air intakes. Selection of the proper location is made more difficult when the facility has ‘several supply and exhaust systems and when adjacent build- ings or terrain cause turbulence around the facility itself. When locating the stack and outdoor air inlets forthe air handling systems, itis often desirable to locate the intakes upwind of the source. However, often there is no true upwind position. The wind in all locations is variable. Even when there isa natural prevailing wind, the direction and speed are ‘constantly changing. If stack design and location rely on the direction ofthe wind, the system will clearly fil ‘The effect of wind on stack height varies with speed: + Atvery low wind speeds, the exhaust jet from a vertical stack will rise above the roof level resulting, in significant dilution at the ir intakes. + Increasing wind speed will decrease plume rise and ‘consequently decrease dilution, ‘+ Increasing wind speed will increase turbulence and consequently increase ditution, ‘The prediction of the location and form of the recirculation cavity, high turbulence region and roof wake is difficult However, for wind perpendicular to a rectangular building, the height (H) and the width (W) of the upwind building face determine the airflow patterns. The critical dimensions are shown in Figure 5-28, According to Wilson,°® the eritical dimensions depend on ascaling coefficient (R) which is given by: R= Bi xBi* (59) ‘where B, isthe smaller and By isthe larger of the dimensions Hand W. When By s argerthan 8B, use B,=8 B, to calculate the scaling coefficient. Fora building witha flat roof, Wil- son” estimated the maximum height (H), center (X.), and lengths (L, of the recirculation region as follows, (5.10) ea) (5.13) In addition, Wilson estimated the length of the building, wake recirculation region by: L=10R [13] ‘The exhaust air from a stack often has not only an upward ‘momentum due to the exit velocity of the exhaust air but, ‘buoyancy due to its density as well. For the evaluation of the stack height, the effective height is used (see Figure 5-29a). ‘The effective height isthe sum ofthe actual stack height (Hi), the rise due tothe vertical momentum of the air, and any wake downwash effect that may exist. A wake downwash occurs, ‘when air passinga stack forms a downwind vortex, The vortexS34 Industrial Ventilation ‘will draw the plume down, reducing the effective stack height, (see Figure 5-29b). This vortex effect is eliminated when the exit velocity is greater than 1.5 times the wind velocity. Ifthe exit velocity exceeds 3000 fpm, the momentum of the exhaust air reduces the potential downwash effect The ideal design extends the stack high enough that the expanding plume does not meet the wake region boundary. ‘More realistically, the stack isextended so thatthe expanding pplume does not intersect the high turbulence region or any recirculation cavity. According to Wilson, °° the high turbu- ence region boundary (Z) follows a 1:10 downward slope from the top of the recirculation cavity ‘To avoid entrainment of exhaust gas ino the wake, stacks must terminate above the recirculation cavity. The effective stack height to avoid excessive reentry can be caleulated by assuming that the exhaust plume spreads from the effective stack height with a slope of 1:5 (see Figure 5-280). The first step isto raise the effective stack height until the lower edge of the I:S sloping plume avoids cantact with all recirculation Zone boundaries. The zones can be generated by rooftop obstacles such as ir handling units, penthouses or architec- tural sereens. The heights ofthe cavities are determined by Equations §.10, 5.11 and 5.12 using the scaling coefficient for the obstacle. Equation 5.13 can be used to determine the length ofthe wake recirculation zone downwind ofthe obsta- cle If the air intakes, including windows and other openings, are located on the downwind wall, the lower edge of the plume with a downward slope of 1:5 should not intersect with the recirculation cavity downwind of the building. The length of the recireulation cavity (L,) is given by Equation 5.13. Ifthe air intakes are on the roof, the downward plume should not intersect the high turbulence region above the air intakes When the intake is above the high turbulence boundary, extend a Tine from the top of the intake to the stack with a slope of 1:5. When the intake is below the high turbulence region boundary, extend a vertical line to the boundary, then extend back to the stack with a slope of 1:5. This allows the caleulation ofthe necessary stack height. The minimum stack height can be determined for each air intake. The maximum of these heights would be the required stack height. In large buildings with many air intakes, the above proce- dure will result in very tall stacks. An alternate approach isto estimate the amount of dilution that is afforded by stack height, distance between the stack and the air intake and intemal ditution that occurs within the system itself, This approach is presented in the "Airflow Around Buildings" chapter in the Fundamentals volume of the 1993 ASHRAE Handbook? 5.16.1 Stack Considerations: 1. Discharge velocity and gas temperature influence the effective stack height. 2. Wind can cause a downwash into the wake of the stack reducing the effective stack height. Stack velocity should beat least 1.5 times the wind velocity to prevent downwash, A good stack velocity is 3000 Spm because it + Prevents downwash for winds up to 2000 fpm (22 mph). Higher wind speeds have significant dilution effects, + Increases effective stack height. + Allows selection of a smaller centrifugal exhaust fan to provide a more stable operation point on the fan curve (see Chapter 6). *+ Provides conveying velocity if there is dust in the exhaust or there is a failure of the air cleaning device 4, High exit velocity isa poor substitute for stack height. For example, a flush stack requires a velocity over '8000 fp to penetrate the recirculation cavity bound- ary. 5. The terminal velocity of rain is about 2000 fpm. A. stack velocity above 2600 fpm will prevent rain from centering the stack when the fan is operating, 6. Locate stacks on the highest roof ofthe building when possible. If not possible, a much higher stack is re 4uited to extend beyond the wake of the high bay, penthouse, or other obstacle. 7. The use of an architectural screen should be avoided ‘The sereen becomes an obstacle and the stack must be raised to avoid the wake effect of the screen, 8. The best stack shape is a straight cylinder. Ifa drain is required, a vertical stack head is preferred (see Figure 5-30). In addition, the fan should be provided with a drain hole and the duct should be slightly sloped toward the fan, 9. Rain caps should not be used. The rain cap directs the air toward the roof, increases the possiblity of reentry, and eauses exposures to maintenance personnel on the roof. Moreover, rain caps are not effective. A field study” with a properly installed standard rain cap showed poor performance, A 12-inch diameter stack assed 16% of all rain and as high as 45% during ndividual storms. 10. Separating the exhaust points from the ai intakes can reduce the effect of reentry by increasing dilution. 11, In some circumstances, several small exhaust systems can be manifolded to a single exhaust duct to provide intemal dilution thereby reducing reentry 12. A combined approach of vertical discharge, stack height, remote air intakes, proper air cleaning device, and intemal dilution can be effective in reducing the‘consequences of reentry. 13. A tall stack is not an adequate substitute for good ‘emission control, The reduction achieved by properly designed air cleaning devices can have a significant impact on the potential for reentry. 5.7 AIR BLEEDNS Bleec-ins are used at the ends of branch ducts to provide additional air flow rates to transport heavy material loads as, in woodworking at saws and jointers or atthe ends of @ main ‘duct to maintain minimum transport velocity when the system hhas been oversized deliberately to provide for future expan- sion. Some designers use bleed-ins also to introduce addi tional air to an exhaust system to reduce air temperature and, to assist in balancing the system. EXAMPLE End cap bleed-in (see sketch). Consider it to be an orifice or slot, From Figure 5-13, h,= 1.78 VP. 1. Calculate SP for branch duct to junction (X) 2, Determine flow rate in main duct according to design or future capacity or determine Q bleed-in directly from temperature or moisture considerations. - Q bleedin = (Q main duct) (Q branch) 4, SP bleed-in= SP branch as calculated » (h, + VP) = (178 + 1.0) ve sP__ SP 5. VP, bledsin = —-S®— . $ Meike (178+10) 278 6. Velocity, bleed-in from VP and Table 5-7a, bleedin V bleedin 7. Area bleod-in = 5.18 OPTIMUM ECONOMIC VELOCITY In systems which are intended to carry dust, a minimum conveying velocity is necessary to ensure that the dust will not settle in the duct. Also, when a system is installed in a quiet area, it may be necessary to keep velocities below some ‘maximum to avoid excessive ductnoise, When axial flow fans, are used, duct velocities of 1000 to 1500 fpm are preferred. In a gas or vapor exhaust system installed in atypical factory Exhaust System Design Procedure 5.35 environment where none of these restrictions apply, the ve~ locity may be selected to yield the lowest annual operating cost. To determine the optimum economic velocity, the system must first be designed at any assumed velocity and the total initial costs of duct material, fabrication, and installation estimated "9 ‘This optimum economic velocity may range from under 2000 fpm to over 4000 fpm. Lengthy expected service periods and system operating times tend to lower the optimum while high interest rates and duct costs tend to raise the optimum, In general, a velocity of 2500 to 3000 fm will not result in equivalent total annual costs much in excess of the true optimum, 5.19 CONSTRUCTION GUIDELINES FOR LOCAL EXHAUST SYSTEMS. Ducts are specified most often for use in the low static pressure range (-10 "wg to +10 "wg), but higher static pres- sures are occasionally encountered. The duct conveys air or gas which is sometimes at high temperatures and often con- taminated with abrasive particulate or corrosive aerosols. ‘Whether conditions are mild or severe, correct design and ‘competent installation of duets and hoods are necessary for proper functioning of any ventilation system. The following, ‘minimum specifications are recommended. Exhaust systems should be constructed with materials suit- able for the conditions of service and installed ina permanent ‘and workman-like manner. To minimize frietion loss and turbulence, the interior of all ducts should be smooth and free from obstructions — especially at joints. 5.19.1 Materials: Ducts are constructed of black iron, ‘which has been welded, flanged, and gasketed; or of welded galvanized sheet steel unless the presence of corrosive gases, vapors, and mists or other conditions make such material impractical. Are welding of black iron lighter than 18 gauge isnot recommended. Galvanized construction is not recom mended for temperatures exceeding 400 F. The presence of corrosive gases, vapor, and mist may require the selection of corrosive resistant metals, plasties, or coatings. It is recom ‘mended that a specialist be consulted for the selection of materials best suited for applications when corrosive atmos- pheres are anticipated. Table 5-4 provides a guide for selec- tion of materials for corrosive conditions. 5.19.2 Construction: 1. There are four classifications for exhaust systems on noncorrosive applications: Class 1 — Light Duty: Includes nonabrasive applica- tions (eg., replacement air, general ventilation, gase- ‘ous emissions control). Class 2— Medium Duty: includes applications with