Two Indo-Scythian Mints of The Western Punjab

Revue numismatique
Two Indo-Scythian mints of the western Punjab

Jeffrey D. Lerner
Zusammenfassung
Zusammenfassung. — Der Autor unternimmt es, die von den indisch-skythischen Kônigen Azes L, Azilisès und Azes IL im
Gebiet des westlichen Punjab herausgegebenen Munzen neu zu klassifizieren. Dièse Einteilung zielt auf den Nachweis einer
anderen Herrschaftsfolge dieser Kônige und versucht es, ihre Munzstátten in Pushkalâvatî und Peshawar zu lokalisieren. Die
Analyse stellt auBerdem eine Verbindung zu den Munzen her, die unter Hippostratos, dem letzten indisch-griechischen Kônig,
geprâgt wurden, den Azes I. im Jahre 55 v. Chr. besiegt hat, und zu den Munzen, die unter dem indisch-partischen Kônig
Gondopharès hergestellt wurden, der Azes IL im Jahre 20 n. Chr. entmachtete.
Citer ce document / Cite this document :
Lerner Jeffrey D. Two Indo-Scythian mints of the western Punjab. In: Revue numismatique, 6e série - Tome 157, année 2001
pp. 251-286;
doi : https://doi.org/10.3406/numi.2001.2329
https://www.persee.fr/doc/numi_0484-8942_2001_num_6_157_2329
Fichier pdf généré le 27/04/2018

Jeffrey D. LERNER*
TWO INDO-SCYTHIAN MINTS

OF THE WESTERN PUNJAB 1
(PI. XXV-XXVI)
Résumé. — L'auteur propose une nouvelle classification des monnaies frappées par les
rois indo-scythes, Azès Ier, Azilisès et Azès II, dans la partie ouest du Pendjab. La
classification proposée établit une succession alternative de leurs règnes, et une localisation de
leurs ateliers d'émission à Pushkalâvatî et à Peshawar. L'analyse permet aussi d'établir un
lien entre ces monnaies et celles frappées par le dernier roi indo-grec, Hippostratos, battu
par Azès Ier en environ 55 av. J.-C, et celles produites par le roi indo-parthe, Gondopharès,
qui détrôna Azès II en environ 20 ap. J.-C.
Zusammenfassung. — Der Autor unternimmt es, die von den indisch-skythischen

Kônigen Azes L, Azilisès und Azes IL im Gebiet des westlichen Punjab herausgegebenen
Munzen neu zu klassifizieren. Dièse Einteilung zielt auf den Nachweis einer anderen
Herrschaftsfolge dieser Kônige und versucht es, ihre Munzstátten in Pushkalâvatî und
Peshawar zu lokalisieren. Die Analyse stellt auBerdem eine Verbindung zu den Munzen her,
die unter Hippostratos, dem letzten indisch-griechischen Kônig, geprâgt wurden, den Azes
I. im Jahre 55 v. Chr. besiegt hat, und zu den Munzen, die unter dem indisch-partischen
Kônig Gondopharès hergestellt wurden, der Azes IL im Jahre 20 n. Chr. entmachtete.
The aim of this paper is to suggest a new arrangement of certain coins

attributed to the Indo-Scythian kings Azes and Azilisès minted in the
western Punjab. The current classification, established by Marshall2 and later
* Wake Forest University, Department of History, P.O. Box 7806, Winston- Salem,
North Carolina, 27109, U.S.A.
1 1 would like to thank Drs. D. MacDowall, Fr. Widemann, Prof. O. Bopearachchi, Mr.
R.C. Senior, and Ms. C. Frôhlich for their instructive comments. Special appreciation is
due to Dr. M. Bates without whose kind assistance and encouragement this article would
not have been possible. The coins were photographed by Ms. S. Suchma. Funding was
provided by the International Research and Exchanges Board (IREX) for research in the
former Soviet Union, The ANS's Graduate Fellowship, and the William C. Archie Fund of
Wake Forest University. All conclusions are the sole responsibility of the author.
2Marshall 1951, p. 131,769-785, esp. 772-773. Prior to Marshall, Smith had already
postulated the existence of two kings named Azes separated by the reign of Azilisès. See
his 1906-1, p. 43-54; 1906-2, p. 62-64.
RN 2001, p. 251-286
252 Jeffrey D. Lerner
articulated by Jenkins,3 holds that there had been two kings named Azes.
According to Jenkins, Azes I (PI. XXV 4) issued silver tetradrachms and
drachms bearing on the obverse a diademed king mounted on horseback,
holding a spear (KMS). His successor, Azilises, minted coins of the same
type but also introduced onto his silver the obverse type of a diademed
king mounted on horseback, holding a whip in his right hand (KMW).4 In
Jenkins' classification, Azilises was followed by the last Indo-Scythian
king, Azes II (PI. XXV 10), who minted the KMW type exclusively on the
obverse of his silver tetradrachms and drachms. Yet many new specimens
of this complex coinage - unavailable to Jenkins - have since come to light
in various collections and publications.5 By taking advantage of this recent
material, I propose to reevaluate some of the coins he had attributed to the
kings responsible for striking them and to his mints of Arachosia and
PushkalávaťL The results of my inquiry lead to a number of disquieting
questions about the current arrangement of Indo-Scythian coins as
formulated by Jenkins. My intention is two-fold: (1) to establish an alternative
succession of the Indo-Scythian kings, and (2) to present a different
sequence of the issues produced at Pushkalâvatï and at a nearby mint,
which, in accordance with a suggestion from Dr. David MacDowall, I will
identify as Peshawar (Purusapura).
Pushkalâvatï6
The Pushkalâvatï mint begins with the coins of Hippostratos. Bopear-
achchi7 has shown that Azes I overstruck copper coins of Hippostratos and
Apollodotus II, thus making all three kings (near) contemporaries and
3 Jenkins 1955, p. 1-26; cf. the earlier prospectus he had formulated by 1953, but not
published until 1957, p. 123-130. Ever since Jenkins' publication, this framework for
classifying these coins has remained intact. See the recent works of Bopearachchi 1991-1, p.
236; 1998-1, p. 389-406; 1999, p. 99-149, especially 99, 126-127 n.110; Alram 1986, p.
217-218; 1996, p. 125, 127; 1999, p. 26-27 with n. 40, but also p. 30, 37 n.125 where he
expresses his reservations with the current classification; Widemann forthcoming.
4 Aside from KMS and KMW, other abbreviations used throughout the text include 1.
(left), r. (right), no. (number), T-D (tetradrachm(s)), D (drachm(s)).
5 I have drawn my analysis from nine catalogues from various museums (Smith 1906-
1, Whitehead 1914, Bopearachchi 1991-2, 1993 and 1998-2) some of which are coupled
with private collections (Mitchiner 1975, 1976-1, 1976-2, 1976-3 (who also draws on
Gardner 1886), Bopearachchi/Rahman 1995), private collections that have been
published (Cribb 1977 and MacDowall 1985-1), and a number of unpublished coins housed
in the ANS and the Hermitage.
6 See Appendix for notes.
7 All three overstrikes occur on square copper flans. On Azes I's overstrike on a copper
of Apollodotos II, see Bopearachchi 1989, p. 76-77 no. 22 and 1999, p. 124; on Azes'
overstrikes of Apollodotos' successor, Hippostratos, see Bopearachchi 1989, p. 77, 78 nos.
23-24 and 1999, p. 124; for a concise overview, see Bopearachchi's remarks in 1991-1, p.
237-238.
RN 2001, p. 251-286
Two Indo- Scythian Mints of the Western Punjab 253
Silver □ Copper
A. Hippostratos Bust r./City goddess 1. (T-D, D) Sea monster facing /

ж , i pi. xxv i City goddess 1. (Unit 1)
PL XXV 2; Apollo r./Tripod
(Unit 3) PL XXV 3 Ж , 1
B. Azes I KMS r./Athena 1. thunderbolt KMS r./Bull г. Ж , П

(T-D, D) Ж , 1 PI. XXV. 4 (Units 2, 3, 4) PL XXV. 5
C. Azilises/Azes I Same (T-D) X , 1 Nil
D. Azilises Same (T-D, D) Ж , 1 KMS r./Bull г. Д , 1

PI. XXV. 6 (Unit 2) PL XXV. 7
E. Azes II Same (T-D, D) Ж , tf Same Д , *f (Unit 2)

PI. XXV 8 PL XXV. 9
F. Azes II KMW r./Athena r. gesturing Nil

(T-D) V (&c), *f- PI. XXV 10
G. ? / Indravarma Same (T-D) V-, ^ Nil
H. Azes II / Same (T-D) U, Ф Nil

Aspavarma PL XXV 11
I. Gondophares KM r./Athena r. gesturing Nil

(T-D) Щ or ¥ PL XXV 12
thereby establishing the chronological succession of this mint from

Hippostratos to Azes I. Azes' reign thus marks the end of Indo-Greek rule in
the western Punjab and the beginning of Indo-Scythian hegemony in the
region. In addition, Hippostratos introduced the Д monogram on his
coins, which « became one of the most common marks of the
Indo-Scythian dynasty. »8 Hippostratos' coins in group A contain five types which
differ from succeeding issues struck at Pushkalàvatï. The obverse type on his
silver depicts the bust of the king facing right, while on the reverse a City
goddess standing left holds a cornucopia in her left hand and gestures with
her outstretched right. His copper coins consist of two denominations
struck on square flans and distinguished by their weight and the types
8 Bopearachchi 1991-1, p. 237-238; 1998-1, p. 397; cf. 1999, p. 126.
RN 2001, p. 251-286
employed on them. The heavier (8.96g - 10.04g) is marked by a so-called

sea monster on the obverse coupled with the repetition of the City goddess
type on the reverse. The lighter (1.90g - 2.40g) portrays Apollo standing
right with a quiver on his back holding an arrow in both hands on the
obverse and a tripod appears on the reverse. Groups B-E contain the KMS
type on the obverse of both silver and copper, whereas the coins in groups
F-H bear the KMW type on the obverse. Gondophares' coins of group I are
marked by several modifications: stylistically they are different and the
king is depicted without armor. Moreover, groups F-I were struck in
debased silver or billon and lack a counterpart in copper. The reverse type
of the silver in groups B-E render Athena standing to the left holding a
raised thunderbolt, while in groups F-I she is portrayed standing to the
right, gesturing with her right hand, and holding a spear and shield in her
left. Unlike the copper coins of group A, those of В and D-E contain the
KMS type on the obverse and a humped bull on the reverse.
The reverse monograms of PushkalâVatl follow a consistent pattern of
development. All the coins designated in groups A-D consist of two
monograms: Д in the left field and 1 in the right. Group E, however, marks a
transition. Although the monogram Д is retained in the left field, the
monogram in the right now appears as *f-, which thereafter becomes the
predominant reverse monogram in groups F-H, while the monogram Ж is replaced
by a « family of monograms » 9 transcribed as V, V-, and V among other
variations.
Gondophares' coins
Finally,
of group
these
I and
latter
are monograms
replaced firstdisappear
by 4, andentirely
then ^ on
as the
distinguishing monogram on the reverse.
I have included in the appendix the average weight and standard
deviation of the silver and copper denominations in their respective groups. A
few remarks, however, are worth noting. Tetradrachms were minted in
every group. The average weight distribution falls within the 9g range,
save group В whose average falls just below at 8.84g. I have not provided
an average for the sole tetradrachm listed as group С (9.68g), or the one
listed in the first series of group I (9.12g). Drachms occur in groups A-B
and D-E with an average weight of more than 2g. Coppers, like drachms,
appear in groups A-B and D-E, but an examination of their average weight
indicates that four units were minted at Pushkalàvatï, ranging from heavy
to light. Thus unit 1 (18.23g) was issued as group A. Unit 2, the most
widely issued of all the units, appears in groups В (1 1.3 8g), D (1 1.08g) and E,
whose average I ignored as the weight of only two coins are recorded
9 Exactly how these monograms are to be interpreted remains a mystery. On the one
hand, they are bull-like in appearance (on the symbolism of the bull as a type, see Mac-
Dowall 1987, p. 183), on the other they appear as stylized gammas (cf. the discussion of
Litvinsku and Piukian (1995, p. 138-139) on objects containing gamma-like designs
found at Takht-i Sangin.
RN 2001, p. 251-286
Two Indo-Scythian Mints of the Western Punjab 255
(1 1.71g and 12.73g). Unit 3 was minted in groups A (9.06g) and В (6.03g),
while unit 4 of which there is only one known specimen was produced as
group В (3.15g). As a result, group A of Hippostratos is marked by two
denominations of copper: unit 1 (sea monster/City goddess) and unit 3
(Apollo/tripod). The coppers issued as group В of Azes I (KMS/bull) are
comprised of units 2, 3, and 4. Unit 2 was also struck as the sole weight of
coppers in groups D-E.
Finally, the epigraphy of the Greek legends shows three stages of
development. Groups A-E reveal a tendency toward square omicrons over round
omicrons on tetradrachms, while the opposite holds true of drachms. The
coppers, however, indicate a more subtle process at work. Only round
omicrons appear on Hippostratos' coppers, while on those of groups B-E
round omicrons predominate 10. The second stage consists of groups F and
H (and possibly G n) in which the square omicron was used exclusively,
until in the final stage the round omicron was reintroduced by Gondo-
phares in group I. Aside from the back formation of the round omicron of
group I, groups F-I (including G?) also bear lunate sigmas and cursive
omegas.
Peshawar 12
The silver obverse types of the Peshawar mint involve three variations
of the king mounted on a horse: the KMS variety occurs solely in group A,
the more popular KMW in groups B-H, and the KM facing left without
armor, which appears only in group I of Gondophares. The silver reverse
types, however, are more complex. Group A is composed of two series.
The first portrays Zeus with his thunderbolt raised above his head as if in
the act of hurling it, the second depicts Zeus holding his thunderbolt.
Groups B-I replace Zeus with Athena who is rendered in three different
postures. In groups B-C, she is facing left, gesturing with her right hand,
and holding a shield in her left. Groups D-F represent Athena facing
forward with her right hand raised, holding a shield in her left hand with a
long spear behind her. Finally, groups G-I depict Athena facing to the left,
gesturing with her right hand, and holding a spear and shield in her left.
Although coppers were struck in fewer groups (A-G) than their silver
counterparts, they nonetheless consist of four types variously arranged so
10 As only one known copper comprises unit 4 of group B, I am unable to ascertain

whether the round omicron in the legend is indicative of what may have been the pattern of
this short-lived denomination.
1 1 The Greek legend(s) on the coins of Indravarma, group H, is too illegible to discern
the shape of the omicron. See Senior (1998, p. 14f.), who has argued that groups F-H
represent posthumous issues of the Apracharajas; cf. his (1994) reading of Indravasu/Itravasu.
12 See Appendix for notes.
RN 2001, p. 251-286
Silver О Copper
A. Azes I Series 1: KMS r./Zeus with raised

thunderbolt (T-D, D) £, 1 PI. XXVI. 13
KMS r./Bull г. Д , П
Series 2: KMS r./Zeus holding (Units 1,2)
thunderbolt (T-D, D) Д , 1 PI. XXVI. 14
B. Azes II KMW r./Athena 1. gesturing KMSr/Bullr. 1, Ж

(T-D,D) 1, Д (Unit 1)
С Azes II Same (T-D, D) 1, $ Elephant r./Bull r. $,

1 (Unit 2) PL XXVI. 15
D. Azes II KMW r./Athena facing (D) Same Ж , 1 (Units

1, Ж PI. XXVI. 16 2, 3, 4) PL XXVI. 17
E. Azes II Same (D) »ft , Ж PI. XXVI. 18 Same Ж , 1* (Units 2,

3) PL XXVI. 19
F. Azes II Same Same

Series 1: (D) Д, Д PL XXVI. 20 Series 1 Д,^
(Unit 2) PL XXVI. 21
Series 2: (D) $, £ PL XXVI. 22 Series 2 ^ , ^
(Units 2, 4)
G. Azes II KMW r./Athena r. gesturing Bull r./Lion г. Ж , 4

(T-D,D)I,4 (Unit 2) PL XXVI. 23
H. Azes II Same (T-D) A Nil

(Kharoshthi beneath), $l
I. Gondophares KM l./Athena r. gesturing Nil

(T-D) £
RN 2001, p. 251-286
as to create three different series. Groups A-B are composed of the KMS
obverse type just as it appears on the silver of group A, while the reverse
contains a humped bull. In groups C-F, the humped bull type is retained on
the reverse, but the KMS type is replaced by an elephant. Finally, in group
G the humped bull has become the obverse type, and a lion has been
introduced as the reverse type.
As in the Pushkalâvatï mint, the dominant reverse monogram of the
Peshawar mint is the alpha variously stylized as Ж , ^ , or ^ , save group
H and its occasional appearance in group I in which the alpha - transcribed
now as A - is subordinate to the more dominant reverse chi-rho-delta
monogram, $. The placement of reverse monograms in their
corresponding groups of silver and copper appear in opposite fields in groups C-F,
whereas in groups A-B and G they are in agreement and one copper coin
of group D which only contains the initial alpha configuration of Д .
The coins of Peshawar, like those of Pushkalâvatf, are based on the
Indian standard weight system. Although the appendix provides all the average
weights and standard deviations of each group, a few observations are
important to highlight. The average weights of tetradrachms, which occur
in groups A-C and F-I, are in the 9g range, save group G whose average is
8.61g. Group В (9.56g) lacks an average as the weight of only one coin is
listed. Drachms appear in groups A-G. In cases where the weight of one or
two coins are known (i.e., series 2 of group A, group E, and series 1 of
group F), I have provided the absolute weight of the coin(s). Thus the
average weight of drachms is more than 2g. Group A is characterized by two
series of silver tetradrachms and drachms differentiated by their reverse
types and the transcription of the alpha as % in series one and as Д in
series two. Group С contains two series of drachms distinguished by the
alpha as $ and Ж respectively, whereas in group F, which lacks
tetradrachms, there are two series of drachms designated by the
composition of the alpha as Д in series one and as ^ in series two. The coppers
at Peshawar, just as their counterparts at Pushkalâvatï, fall within one of
four units of weight. Thus group A contains two units of the KMS/bull
variety: unit 1 averages 2 1.41 g and unit 2 for which the weight of both
coins are listed as 11.30g and 11.71g. Unit 1 was also struck in group В
(KMS/bull) at an average weight of 19.64g. In Group С (elephant/bull),
only coins in unit 2 were produced, averaging 12.04g. The most dynamic
group was D with three units of coppers: unit 2 (mean = 11.71g), unit 3
(one specimen weighing 5.5 lg) and unit 4 (two specimens weighing 2.01 g
and 2.97g). The elephant/bull coppers of group E consists of units 2 (mean
= 12.44g) and 3 (6.60g), while those in group F of both series were struck
in an average weight of unit 2: 12.14g and 1 1.91g respectively; in series 2,
however, the weight of 4.88g of one coin indicates that it was produced
according to the weight standards of a unit 4. Finally, the bull/lion coppers
of group G average 13.96g and thereby place them in unit 2. Significant-
RN2001, p. 251-286
ly, multiple units of copper were struck in groups A and D-F; in the
former, the copper was accompanied by tetradrachms and drachms, while in
the latter groups, in which no tetradrachm was issued, the copper was
complimented solely by drachms.
The transcription of the omicron on all the tetradrachms in groups A-C
and G-H is square, while drachms display a more dynamic development in
its appearance. In groups A-F all the omicrons are round, save two in group
D that are square, and two others in series 1 and 2 of group F that are
illegible. This pattern abruptly changes in group G wherein a mere seven
drachms contain the round omicron compared to twenty-three that are
square, and two that are illegible. Coppers, like tetradrachms, follow a
consistent pattern of development. Groups A-B only contain round omicrons,
whereas groups C-G manifest the square variety, save two coins in groups
С and D which are illegible. Two notes are worth emphasizing. Groups D-
F lack tetradrachms, while drachms and coppers are absent in groups H-I.
Indeed, the only group in this mint that exhibits a consistent rendering of
the omicron on all the silver and copper, which also happens to be square,
is group G. Clearly, a hallmark of the Peshawar mint is the transcription of
the omicron. The square omicron was the dominant shape on all the
tetradrachms and coppers in their respective groups. The round omicron
predominated on drachms in groups A-F, and did not give way to the
square omicron until group G. Finally, Gondophares' coins of group I
mark the introduction of significant epigraphic features in the legend;
namely, the round omicron, coupled with the lunate sigma and the cursive
omega.
Comparison of both mints

A comparison of the sequential arrangement of the coins assigned to
their respective groups shows that a symbiotic relationship existed
between the two mints. As a result, any one of a number of factors -
legend, type, monogram, epigraphy, weight, among others - when examined
in isolation of the others misses the subtle complexity by which each mint
developed. In other words, the surprisingly large number of innovations
shared by the two mints is the manifestation of a reciprocal relationship in
which each was able to adopt features from the other while
simultaneously maintaining its own sense of originality. Consequently, the apparent
dilemma, created by the Pushkalâvatï mint, in which the silver and copper
of group E with the KMS obverse type is attributed to Azes II, and that of
the Peshawar mint, in which no coins of Azilises are classified, is in
actuality indicative of the spatial and temporal context of each mint.
We have seen that the monograms Д and 1 of Pushkalâvatï on Azes
I's coins in group В derive from Hippostratos' in group A. The coins issued
in group В inaugurated the single greatest number of types - after those of
Hippostratos - in this mint than any succeeding group: the obverse KMS
RN 2001, p. 251-286
type used on both silver and copper; the silver reverse type of Athena
standing left, holding an aegis on her outstreched left arm and hurling a
thunderbolt with her right; and the figure of the bull on the reverse of the
copper. Save group C, the KMS/bull coppers were struck in groups B-E at
Pushkalàvatïand have as their counterpart the same combination issued on
the coppers of groups A-B at Peshawar. Although the KMS obverse type
was struck at Pushkalâvatï on both silver (groups B-E) and copper (groups
B, D-E), in Peshawar it only occurs in group A on the silver and groups A-
B on the copper. The silver obverse KMW type in group В of Peshawar
was the only type struck on all succeeding silver issues through group H,
after which in group I of Gondophares' coins the type changed
stylistical y, as well as the portrait of the king who now appears without armor. Thus
the KMW variety on the silver of the Peshawar mint dominates in groups
B-H, just as it does in groups F-H of the Pushkalâvatï mint. In each mint,
the KMW obverse type ends with group I of Gondophares' coins
containing the KM type, turned either to the right (Pushkalâvatï) or to the left
(Peshawar). Yet not all types were borrowed. Four such types that were
introduced in Peshawar but not adopted by the moneyer(s) of PushkalavatT
include the Athena turned left, gesturing on the silver of groups B-C, the
elephant on the copper in groups C-F, the Athena facing on the silver in
groups D-F, and the lion reverse type on the copper in group G. On the
other hand, the monograms Д and П of Hippostratos in group A of
Pushkalâvatï continued to be used extensively by Azes I and Azilises
through group D and likewise by Azes I and II at Peshawar from group A
to group D. In group E of both mints, the monogram pairs changed to Д
and *р. Although the monogram ^ remained unchanged in groups F-H at
Pushkalâvatï, its appearance was slightly altered to -^ in series 1 and 2 of
group F at Peshawar. From this point forward, the monograms of the two
mints never again coincided.
As Hippostratos struck his coins in group A at PushkalâvatF before Azes
I in group B, and even though group A at Peshawar was issued by Azes I,
the Pushkalâvatï mint is older than that at Peshawar. Azes' coins, however,
retained Hippostratos' monograms which were used by Azilises and Azes
II, who preserved only the alpha-like monogram, in groups C-D of
Pushkalâvatï and in groups A series 2 - D of Peshawar. At the same time,
Azes I's coins in group В of Pushkalâvatï, while maintaining Hippostratos'
use of the square flan for his coppers, contain a number of other hallmarks
that distinguish both mints. They have, for example, the KMS obverse type
that reoccurs on subsequent issues of silver and copper bearing the names
of Azilises (groups C-D) and Azes II (group E), and appears on Azes I's
coins in group A and on the copper of Azes II in group В of Peshawar. Azes
I also inaugurated in the Peshawar mint the use of the round flan for his
copper coins. Azes I's coins of group В of Pushkalâvatï contain legends
that with few exceptions became the standard on all the succeeding coins
RN 2001, p. 251-286
struck at both mints. Significantly, each of the Indo-Scythian sovereigns

employed the same KMS/bull types on their coppers (groups B, D-E of
Pushkalavaťi and groups A-B of Peshawar), and in groups B-E of the
Pushkalâvatï mint the silver reverse type of Athena standing to the left,
holding a shield on her outstretched left arm and hurling a thunderbolt
with her right hand. For reasons unknown, Azes II did not continue his
predecessor's use of the Zeus reverse type on the silver in group A at
Peshawar. Equally inexplicable is the sudden and brief appearance in the
Peshawar mint of the monogram ^ (as opposed to the more regular Д
monogram) on the silver in series 1 of group A and on both the silver and
copper in series 2 of group R
Group С of Pushkalâvatï only contains the tetradrachms struck by
Azilises as mules with his name on the obverse and that of Azes on the
reverse.13 The coin retains the same types and sequence of reverse
monograms that were employed on the preceding silver issues of Azes I. In
group В of Peshawar, Azes II, while retaining the KMS/bull coppers of
Azes I, introduced two new types on his silver: KMW r./Athena left,
gesturing. Each denomination contains the same legends and monograms
established under Azes I in group A with the subtle difference that the
monograms have been inverted - from Д , П to 1, Д .
Nonetheless, each marks an important transition for their respective
mints. Although politically Pushkalâvatï experienced significant changes
as Azilises was the third king to strike his coins, these changes evidently
were not severe enough to effect the stability of the market place. The same
holds true of Peshawar. By itself, the introduction of two new types on the
silver coins of Azes II seems to have made no economic impact.
Chronologically, the KMW obverse type is problematic, because in theory it
should follow the coins of Azilises. In other words, the KMS type with the
name of Azes in the legends are supposed to represent the issues of Azes
I, while those bearing the same name in the legend and portraying the
KMW type on the obverse should belong to Azes II. In between both
kings, coins bearing one or both obverse types but containing the name of
Azilises in the legends should appear. Yet no such group exists. Thus group
В of Pushkalâvatï and group A of Peshawar were issued by Azes I, who
was succeeded in groups C-D of Pushkalâvatï by Azilises. Since the
Peshawar mint lacks the coins of Azilises and group В contains only the
KMW type with the name of Azes in the legends, we are left with three
possible explanations.
One is that there was only one king named Azes who issued KMS and
KMW obverse types indiscriminately on his coins. The problem with this
13 See Senior (1997, p. 9-10) for his note on these mules in which he dismisses them
as indicative of a joint coinage.
RN 2001, p. 251-286
Two Indo-Scythian Mints of the Western Punjab 26 1
interpretation, however, is the confusion wrought by group E of

Pushkalâvatï when, after a hiatus for some unknown reason during which
Azilises struck coins in his own name, Azes returned and took up where
he left off issuing the same coins as in group В but now with the reverse
monograms Д and 'ft. An equally unattractive alternative is that Azilises
in fact issued coins between the apparent gap presented by groups A and
В of Peshawar that have yet to be discovered, identified and placed in their
proper sequence. Should he have done so, we would be left with the
additional problem of having to explain the reappearance of the KMS obverse
type associated with Azes in group E of Pushkalâvatï, when we should
expect the KMW obverse type of Azes II.
Consequently, only the third possibility offers the best solution for
resolving this dilemma: Azilises and Azes II were contemporary
sovereigns who ruled different parts of the Indo-Scythian kingdom. In this
respect, the issues of group E mint one containing the KMS obverse type
on both the silver and copper were not produced by Azes I, but by Azes II
who for a short period adopted this type as his own before changing it to
conform to the KMW type he had introduced earlier in group В on his
silver at Peshawar. At the same time, Azes II in both mints retained the
KMS/bull types on his coppers that Azes I had previously introduced and,
in the case of the Pushkalâvatï mint, retained by Azilises. The sole
modification of this coinage made under Azes II was the change in monograms
from 1 to 'ft that he also employed in group E at Peshawar. The result is a
uniformity of monograms and legends in group E of both mints, even
though the types struck on the silver and copper differed. Not until group
F at Pushkalâvatï and groups G-H at Peshawar did the types and legends
employed on Azes IPs silver again coincide.
The strength of this proposal is further supported by MacDowalPs
remarkable studies of the debasement of Azes IPs silver denominations. In
a series of articles, he has shown that toward the end of Azes II's reign the
silver currency of the Indo-Scythians which had previously consisted of a
« high standard of weight and purity of metal ... was abruptly debased. »
He has thus concluded that the « terminus post quern for the major
debasement seems to be the second decade of the first century A.D. to judge from
the associated find of good silver drachms of Azilises (predecessor of Azes
II) with a silver denarius of Augustus dated A.D. 11/13; and partially
debased silver coins of Jihonika belong to the third decade of the first
century A.D. » I4 The KMS type on the tetradrachms and drachms in group E
of the Pushkalâvatï mint, therefore, marks the last issue of good silver in
14 MacDowall 1977, p. 193; cf. his earlier remarks in 1973, p. 217-227. For the
adoption of his argument, see Alram 1986, p. 217ff.; 1996, p. 127; 1999, p. 37; Bopearachchi
1991-1, p. 241; 1993, p. 57-59; 1998-1, p. 395; 1999, p. 134, 139.
RN 2001, p. 251-286
Azes IPs coins. Furthermore, an analogous series of five coins consisting

of tetradrachms and drachms attest to the transition from Azes Fs coins to
Azes IFs coins with the reverse type of Zeus standing holding Nike.
According to Bopearachchi, this type is « one of the commonest of» Azes
IPs coins, while « this reverse type is not generally attested on Azes I's
coins, except for this series known to us through five coins. It appears only
on those coins of Azes II depicting on the obverse the king on horseback
holding a whip. On the exceptional series, which marks the transition
between Azes I and II, the obverse is characterized by the king on
horseback holding a spear. » 15 Thus the attribution of Azes I or II based strictly
on the obverse type, KMS of the former and KMW of the latter, as the sole
criterion to distinguish their coinage is no longer tenable. The implications
are clear: Azes II, like his contemporary Azilises, minted coins with both
obverse types.
In the PushkalàVatl mint, groups G-H appear as intermediate stages
between the political decline of Indo-Scythian power and the rise of the
Indo-Parthians. The coins in group H (and G?) contain in the obverse
legend the name of Azes (i.e., Azes II) and on the reverse that of Aspavarma,
while the reverse legend on the coins in group G refer to Indravarma.16 In
each case, the same obverse and reverse types that appear in group F are
retained, as are the weight standard, fabric and metal. Yet a few
modifications have been introduced. The Greek legend in group H continues the use
of transcribing the square omicron as in group F, but now it includes lunate
sigmas, cursive omegas and, most interestingly, while the Greek legend in
group F is occasionally corrupt, this legend is not.17 Unfortunately, the
Greek legends on Indravarma 's coins in group G are too illegible to dis-
15 Bopearachchi 1998-1, p. 397-398 n. 33 and 1999, p. 127 ns. 111-112 for a

complete discussion, including bibliography and location of the coins in question.
16 A great deal of controversy surrounds the identity of Aspavarma and Indravarma.
On the one hand, the reverse legend of Aspavarma reads: Indravarmaputrasa Aspavarmasa
strategasa jayatasa (« Aspavarma, son of Indravarama, victorious general (i.e., strate-
gos) »), while the obverse legend retains the standard: BaaiXecoç BaaiÀecov цеусйог) AÇoi)
(« King of Kings, the great Azes »). On the other, we read on Indravarma 's reverse legend:
Vijayamitraputrasa Itravarmasa apracarajasa (« Indramarma, son of Vijayamitra, Apaca-
raja »). The problem is that Aspavarma calls himself the son of Indravarma and a general,
presumably of Azes II, while Indravarma proclaims himself Apacaraja. Cf. Whitehead
(1944, p. 101) who argued that Aspavarma was a strategos under Azes II and Gondophares,
then a maharaja under the latter. Yet MacDowall has concluded that Aspavarma and
Indravarma, along with others, had been former satraps or strategoi of Azes II after he had
debased his coinage and saw in them contemporaries of Gondophares and Kujula Kad-
phises, but he was cautious not to distinguish whether they ruled successively or
contemporaneously (1973, p. 217ff; 1977, p. 194-195); cf. Bopearachchi 1993, p. 57- 60; 1998-
1, p. 400, 401; 1999, p. 138, 139; Mukherjee 1970, p. 144 n.2.
17 On the problems posed by epigraphy, see MacDowall 1973, p. 224-225; for a
recent discussion, see Alram 1999, p. 37 with bibliography.
RN 2001, p. 251-286
cern, and, save any new specimens that may come to light, no comment at
this time can be made about them. On the other hand, the reverse
monograms (V, V-, and 4-, &c.) in groups F-H form a unit with only slight
variations made in their transcription.
Both mints end with group I of Gondophares. Each contains the same
obverse and reverse types. Although the reverse continues the pattern set
by earlier groups with Athena turned and gesturing to the right, the obverse
depicts the king mounted without armor facing either right as in
Pushkalâvatï or left as in Peshawar. In addition, the legends in each group
are likewise nearly identical. The Greek contains lunate sigmas, cursive
omegas, round omicrons, but in the PushkalavatTmint Gondophares' name
is spelled with an initial gamma whereas in the Peshawar mint his name is
spelled with an initial upsilon. In addition, the Kharosthi legend on the
reverse of both groups lacks the genitive singular ending, except in the
king's personal name and, in the case of Pushkalàvatï, his first title of
maharajasa.18 The weight standard used in group I of both mints is also
continued from previous groups, as is the lack of drachms and coppers and
the degeneration of metal. The most significant difference, however,
between both mints lies in the prominent reverse monogram on
Gondophares' coins. In the Pushkalâvatîmint, his coins introduced two variations
of the same monogram, "£ and ¥ . In the Peshawar mint, the same
monogram that occurs on the coins of Azes II in group H, э#с, was retained by
Gondophares; though placed in the same right field as in the former group,
secondary Greek monograms are located beneath it, unlike those in group
H which are located in the left field.
Finally, the average weights of the coins in both mints indicate that each
adhered to the same specified standard. Generally speaking, the average
weights of tetradrachms at Pushkalâvatf and Peshawar range from 8+ to 9+
g, while drachms weigh an average of 2+ g. In other words, there was no
meaningful fluctuation in the average weight of the silver produced by
either mint from group A to group I. Even after drachms and coppers were
discontinued in each mint, tetradrachms, including those in group I of both
mints, maintained the same weight standard as those struck in group A; the
consistency was undoubtedly the result of adding impurities to maintain
18 Gondophares' coins in both mints were the first to employ round omicrons in the
Greek legend, save group D at PushkalâvatTand if we except the coins of Indravarma which
have yet to be read with any certainty. In terms of Peshawar, his Greek legend is novel for
introducing the use of the round omicron, the lunate sigma, and the cursive omega. For a
discussion of the sequence of Gondophares' Nike type as his Arachosain issues and
elsewhere, including those of his successors in terms of the development of letter shapes and
titulature, see the recent discussions of MacDowall 1965, p. 137-148; Cribb 1985, p. 282-
300; Alram 1986, nos. 1160-1163; 1999, p. 27, 38ff; 1987, p. 130ff.; Bopearachchi
1998-1, p. 399-403; 1999, p. 126-127, 134-136.
RN2001,p 251-286
this average. Why tetradrachms (and not drachms) were chosen as the
favored denomination in silver remains unclear, but it is clear that the
weight standard employed to produce them was more important than the
purity of the metal. In terms of copper coins, each mint produced four
different units of weight: unit 1 (18.23 - 21.41 g), unit 2 (11.08 - 13.96 g),
unit 3 (5.51 - 9.06 g) and unit 4 (2.01 - 4.88 g). Unit 2 was the most
common unit employed by both mints (groups B-E of PushkalâVatT and groups
A, C-G of Peshawar). Multiple units were struck in groups A-B at
Pushkalâvatï and groups A, D-F at Peshawar. Perhaps in response to the
shortage of silver, the drachms in groups D-F at Peshawar were
accompanied by multiple units of copper. The fortunes of the mint briefly changed
in group G when the supply in silver increased substantially enough to
allow tetradrachms, drachms, and coppers to be struck. Yet this was a
short-lived phenomenon, for groups H-I at Peshawar and groups F-I at
Pushkalâvatï mark severely degenerated tetradrachms and both mints no
longer attempt to produce currency in drachms or coppers.
As a result, we can establish six relative chronological periods for both
mints for the issue of each group of coins:
Period Pushkalâvatl Peshawar

I A. Hippostratos
II B. Azes I A. Azes I
III С Azes I/Azilises B.-C. Azes II

D. Azilises
E. Azes II
IV F. Azes II D.-F. Azes II
V G. ?/Indravarma G.-H. Azes II

H. AzesII/Aspavarma
VI I. Gondophares I. Gondophares
With respect to periods I-II, we have previously noted that the mint at
Pushkalâvatï is older than the mint at Peshawar. Since Hippostratos' coins
are only associated with the former, Azes I not only struck his coins in both
mints immediately after Hippostratos, but he was also the founder of the
Peshawar mint. We may, therefore, consider group В of Pushkalâvatï and
group A of Peshawar as contemporary on the basis of types (KMS and
bull), reverse monograms (Д and 1), the minting of similar
denominations of silver and copper, as well as Azes' continuation of square copper
flans begun by Hippostratos at Pushkalâvatï and his introduction of round
copper flans at Peshawar with the same types employed by each mint,
RN 2001, p. 251-286
KMS/bull.
Period III is comprised of groups C-E from Pushkalâvatf and groups B-
C from Peshawar. Here we find two comparable factors: the copper in both
mints continued the same types introduced in period II by Azes I:
KMS/bull, as well as the prominent use of the reverse alpha-like
monogram. Surprisingly, this period indicates that two kings ruled the Indo-
Scythian kingdom simultaneously, Azilises (groups C-D) at Pushkalàvatï
and Azes II (groups B-C) at Peshawar. Yet group E of the Pushkalàvatï mint
also reveals that Azes II outlived his co-ruler. Azilises sought to legitimize
his reign in group С by issuing a series of muled tetradrachms in which he
associated himself with Azes I, just as Azes II later did in group E when
he continued the same silver and copper types of his predecessors.
The period thus testifies to the nature of Indo-Scythian dynastic
relations in the western Punjab. For some reason, Azes I was succeeded by two
kings, Azilises and Azes II, who ruled at least this part of the realm
jointly. Upon the death of Azilises, Azes II, like his namesake, assumed sole
authority. In Pushkalàvatï, each of Azes I's successors established
themselves by drawing upon coin types to which the city had become
accustomed. Beginning with Azes I, Indo-Scythian coins exhibit a conservative
bent in the transference of power from one king to the next based on the
continuity of monogram, type, legend, denomination, epigraphy, and
fabric among other factors. In Peshawar, the situation was different as Azes II
enjoyed a greater sense of freedom. Although he retained the same copper
types as Azes I, he was less confined with what he was able to do with his
silver issues, for he immediately introduced two new types. The irony is
that whereas at PushkalâvatT Azes II sought to associate himself with Azes
I and Azilises, at Peshawar he emphasized his independence even as he
continued many of the innovations begun by Azes I on his coins.
Period IV is demarcated by Azes IPs coins of group F of Pushkalàvatï
and groups D-F of Peshawar. In this case, the obverse type of the silver is
of the KMW variety, and the reverse type is of Athena, even though in
group F of the Pushkalàvatï mint she is turned to the right and in groups D-
F of the Peshawar mint she is facing. The monogram, »f , which first
appeared in group E at Pushkalàvatï, is retained in groups F-H, while it does
not appear at Peshawar until group E when it replaced the older 1, and was
later modified to ^ in group F. Group F of Pushkalàvatï is likewise marked
by the introduction of the tetradrachm as its sole currency, a phenomenon
that would not occur at Peshawar until group H had been issued. Finally,
groups D-F of the Peshawar mint continued the bull as the reverse type on
copper that Azes I had previously introduced on his coins in period II and
was subsequently used in period III by Azilises and Azes II.
Period V coincides with groups G-H in both mints. Each contains the
same obverse and reverse combinations on their coins: KMW/Athena
gesturing to the right. Although group G of Peshawar still issued a copper
RN 2001, p. 251-286
coinage, now with bull/lion types, it was discontinued in group H when

both mints struck only tetradrachms. Ironically, given the short-lived run
of the bull/lion coppers, they hold the key for the location of both mints.
MacDowall has successfully demonstrated that the bull/lion coppers were
issued as the copper currency of Gandhara and the western borderlands
and served as a subdivision of the silver tetradrachms and drachms with
the Pallas right reverse type of Azes II. Since they also share the same
monograms, he has dated these coins to the period of the « great
debasement » in the first decades of the first century C.E. at the end of Azes II's
reign.19 1 have found no evidence, however, to support his contention that
this coinage was introduced to serve as a double denomination for the
square copper coins of Azilises which continued to circulate. First, round
coppers are a hallmark of Peshawar in which the coins of Azilises do not
appear.20 Second, the bull/lion coppers succeeded the elephant/bull series,
which had previously replaced the KMS/bull copper coinage introduced
by Azes I. Whereas MacDowall relegated the elephant/bull type and the
enthroned Demeter/Hermes type of Azes II to be the currency of unknown
third province of the Indo-Scythians,21 the bull/lion type places the
elephant/bull type and, indeed, all of this mint in Gandhara and the western
borderlands of Azes II. Since the bull/lion type represents the last coppers
issued by Azes II in what may well have been an attempt to standardize
part of the coinage in his swiftly declining empire, its appearance
elsewhere might explain why this type was copied and succeeded with similar
types struck to a lower weight standard by Jihonika and then Kujula Kad-
phises.22 If mint two is any indication, the cessation of the elephant/bull
series may well have been discontinued in what MacDowall has termed, a
third province of Azes II's kingdom, where it was overstruck with the Her-
mes/Demeter type. (On the overstrike of the elephant/bull type with that of
the Hermes/Demeter type, see Bayley 1861: 72-78.)
The analysis of both mints in terms of their types, monograms, legends,
metals, epigraphy, and the fabric of the coppers support previous
identifications made by Jenkins 23 and others 24 that the older mint was located in
19 MacDowall 1985-1, p. 53, 55; accepted by Bopearachchi 1993, p. 57-60 and

1998-1, p. 399-400; 1999, p. 134; Alram 1999, p. 37.
20 MacDowall 1985-1, p. 55.
21 MacDowall 1985-1, p. 53.
22 MacDowall 1973, p. 215-230; 1977, p. 188-195; 1985-1, p. 51-55; cf. 1985-2, p.
555-566; 1987, p. 727-735; for recent discussions, see Bopearachchi 1991-1, p. 241-242;
1998-1, p. 401-402; 1999, p. 139; Alram 1999, especially p. 23-30.; Сшвв 1999, p. 189.
23 Jenkins 1955, p. 1-26.
24 Bopearachchi 1998-1, p. 395-398; cf. Bivar 1965, p. 70-107 and Bopearachchi's
earlier remarks 1990, p. 100-101, esp. ns.77-78; 1991-1, p. 237-239, 241-242; more
recently, Alram 1999, p. 27.
RN 2001, p. 251-286
Pushkalâvatï,25 while the younger was situated to the west of it but not as
far north as the mint of Jihonika and later Kujula Kadphises.26 I have
already proposed that this second mint was Peshawar. While the evidence
is admittedly circumstantial, the location nonetheless merits consideration.
In a curious passage from the itinerary of Hsuan-tsang, we learn that King
Chia-ni-se-chia (Kaniska) of the country of Ch'ien-t'o-lo (Gandhara) had
with him as hostages the sons of various frontier tribes whom he treated
well.
He let them have different dwelling-places for hot and cold weather: in the
winter they lived in the various countries of India, and in the summer they
returned to Kapiša, whereas in spring and autumn they resided in the country
of Gandhara,27 and therefore he founded sahghdrdmas in each of the places
where the hostage sons remained during the three seasons. 28
By the time of Kaniska 's reign, the capital of Gandhara had moved
from Pushkalâvafi to Peshawar (Purusapura) where he also installed a
mint. 29 The circumstances that eventually led to this transference can only
be attributed to Azes I, who is the first king known to have struck coins in
the city, and should thus be credited with having elevated Peshawar's
importance as a subsidiary mint. F
inally, period VI is characterized by the simultaneous striking of Gon-
dophares' coins in group I of each mint. The obverse and reverse type of
each mint consists of the KM without armor facing right or left/Athena
gesturing to the right. Aside from the modification of the obverse type, an
important distinction between both mints is the prominence of the mono-
25 Unfortunately, the historical and archaeological context of the site has been greatly
understudied, although in recent years it has received greater attention since Wheeler
1962; e.g., Bhardwaj 1990, p. 334-338; Erdosy 1990, p. 668f.; cf. Karttunen's 1990
discussion of Dar 1984 and Dani 1986 on Taxila (see also Karttunen 1997 in passim on both
Pushkalâvatï and Taxila).
26 One of many vexing problems associated with Jihonika/Zeionises is that the area he
ruled and the site of his mint have yet to be located. A concise explanation of the various
theories put forward accompanied with literature is found in Alram 1999, p. 23, 30.
27 On Hsuan-tsang's overall account on Gandhara, consult Beal 1884 I, p. 97-118,
who transliterates Gandhara as Po-lu-sha-pu-lo, see p. 97 n.54 for older bibliography.
28 Zucher 1968, p. 377 from (Ta-T'ang) hsi-yû chi « Account of the Western Region
(of the great T'ang Dynasty) » edited by Pien-chi; cf. p. 382-383, 383-384. For an older
translation, see Beal 1884 1, p. 56-57.
29 Zucher 1968, p. 353-355, 382-384; cf. Beal 1884 I, p. 97 n. 54, 153 and 156;
Hulsewé 1979, p. 112-113 n.253; and Narain's remarks of 1968, p. 407. On Kaniska's
mint at Peshawar, see Gôbl 1968, p. 110-111. For a bibliography and discussion of
Pushkalàvatr, see Beal (1884, 1, p. 109 n.92) and more recently Staviskij 1986, p. 41, 143-
144, 203; cf. p. 148, 150-152.
Ш 2001, p. 251-286
grams employed on the reverse of each issue: in the Pushkalàvatl mint

Gondophares' coins initiate a new series, while in the Peshawar mint they
continue the precedent set by Azes II's coins in group H.
Thus the silver obverse type of the KMS variety occurs in groups B-E
of Pushkalâvatr and group A of Peshawar, then becomes the KMW variety
in groups F-H of the former and B-H of the latter, whereupon both mints
end with group I of Gondophares in which the obverse type is reduced to
KM without armor. Square coppers were produced in groups A-B and D-E
at Pushkalavafi, while round coppers were issued in groups A-G at
Peshawar. Although the KMS/bull type remained a perennial in mint one, a
more dynamic and complex relationship between the copper types and their
silver counterparts was maintained throughout the course of Peshawar.
Initially, the KMS/bull type was struck in groups A-B, but was dropped in
groups C-F when elephant/bull coppers were adopted. They in turn were
modified in group G to the bull/lion combination. Another point on which
there is common ground between both mints is the dominant reverse
monogram, Д , whose shape remained consistent throughout groups A-E at
Pushkalàvatï and was placed in the same complimentary field on both
silver and copper. At Peshawar, however, not only was it occasionally
transcribed differently in various groups ranging from A to G, but the
monogram's location in the reverse field was opposite in the silver and copper of
groups C-F (compare groups A series 2 and G where the monogram pairs
are in agreement). The epigraphic evidence is likewise revealing, for the
transcription of the omicron in both mints on tetradrachms and coppers
tends toward the square shape, while on drachms it tends toward the round.
In addition, only the PushkalaVafi mint contains the coins of Azilises
(groups C-D). They were succeeded by those of Azes II whose first issues
in this mint, bearing the KMS obverse type, were modeled after his
predecessors'. In the Peshawar mint, however, Azes II inaugurated the KMW
type on his silver without the precedent set by Azilises.
Conclusion
These considerations, therefore, lead to a number of intriguing
implications. Taken together, both mints reveal a revised order of the Indo-
Scythian kings. We can no longer accept the traditional chronology
proposed by Marshall and Jenkins that Azes I was succeeded by Azilises and
Azes II respectively. On the contrary, our analysis indicates that the reigns
of Azilises and Azes II overlapped and that each king ruled in different
regions of the Indo-Scythian kingdom. Upon the death of Azilises, Azes II
annexed all or a portion of the territory of his former contemporary.
Moreover, the turning point of both mints was the so-called "great debasement"
of Azes IPs coinage, which came shortly before the overthrow of the Indo-
Scythian kingdom by the Indo-Parthians from the west and the Kushans
RN 2001, p. 251-286
from the north. Although the numismatic data from the Pushkalâvatï mint
is unclear as to whether Indravarma and Aspavarma were satraps of Azes
II or merely interlopers (groups G-H) prior to the striking of Gondophares'
coins (group I), those from the Peshawar mint clearly indicate that Azes II
held the city when it fell to Gondophares (group I). Placed in this
historical context, the Indo-Scythian kingdom was fluid at its conception, for
under Azes I the Indo-Scythian realm expanded, while under his
successors it experienced a number of external pressures that led to its ultimate
demise.
Appendix30
Pushkalâvatï
A. Hippostratos
OBV: Diademed bust of king r. BAZIAEQZ ZÍ2THPOX ШПОЕТРА-
TOY
REV: City goddess st. 1., holding cornucopia in 1. hand, gesturing with
outstretched r. Maharajasa tratarasa Hipustratasa
Monograms: On rev. to 1., Д , to г., П
Tetradrachms PI. XXV 1 (ANS 1944.100.74858)

Sources: (a) Smith 1906-1, p. 30 no. 1; (p) Whitehead 1914, p. 74 nos. 604-608; (y)
Mitchiner 1975, p. 264, Type 439 a (includes Gardner 1886, p. 59 nos. 1-2); (Ô) Bopear-
achchi 1991-2, série 1A no. 1; (e) Bopearachchi 1998-2, nos. 1614-1619. 7 round omi-
crons, 16 square omicrons.
Weights: (a) 9.20; (p) 10.04; (y) BM 9.47, 9.56, 9.76, Haughton 9.76, 9.60, SNG 9.62;
(ô) 9.36; (£) 9.76, 9.67, 9.62, 9.62, 9.38, 8.96 (mean = 9.56; standard deviation = 0.251).
Drachms
Sources: (a) Whitehead 1914, p. 74 no. 609; (p) Mitchiner 1975, p. 264, Type 440 a-c;
(y) Bopearachchi/Rahman 1995, nos. 660-661; (ô) Bopearachchi 1998-2, nos. 1620-1621.
6 round omicrons, 2 square omicrons.
Weights: (a) 2.33; (p) BM 2.30; (y) 2.40, 1.90; (5) 2.37, 2.28 (mean = 2.26; standard
deviation = 0.169).
Copper □ flan. Two Units.
Unit 1 PI. XXV 2 (ANS 1979.45.211)
OBV: Sea monster facing, legs ending in fishtails, holding dolphin in r.

hand, rudder in 1. Same legend as on silver.
30 All weights listed for the coins in both mints are provided in grams.
RN 2001, p. 251-286
REV: City goddess st. half turned to 1., palm in 1. hand, gesturing with
outstretched r. Same legend as on silver.
Sources: (a) Whitehead 1914, p. 77 no. 631; (p) Mitchiner 1975, p. 267, Type 446 a
(includes Gardner 1886, p. 60 nos. 11-13); (y) Bopearachchi 1991-2 série 12A, no. 10; (ô)
Bopearachchi 1998-2, nos. 1643-1646. 12 round omicrons.
Weights: (a) 17.50; (P) BM 20.22, 16.99, 18.15, 19.62, 16.63; (y) 19.06; (Ô) 19.38,
18.85, 18.79, 15.38 (mean= 18.23; standard deviation = 1.394).
Unit 3 PI. XXV 3 (ANS 1944.100.74870)
OBV: Apollo st. г., quiver on back, holding arrow with both hands.
Same legend as on silver.
REV: Tripod. Same legend as on silver.
Sources: (a) Whitehead 1914, p. 76 nos. 622-627; (p) Mitchiner 1975, p. 268, Type 448
a (includes Gardner 1886, p. 60 no. 14); (y) Bopearachchi 1991-2 série 9A, nos. 7-8; (ô)
Bopearachchi 1998-2, nos. 1636-1640. 19 round omicrons.
Weights: (a) 9.07; (p) BM 9.02, 9.40, 9.48, Mitchiner 9.00; (y) 9.49, 9.22; (Ô) 9.38,
9.36, 8.88, 8.63, 7.79 (mean = 9.06; standard deviation = 0.459).
B. Azes I
OBV: KMS. BAIIAEQZ BA2IAEÍ2N МЕГАЛОУ AZOY
REV: Athena st. 1., holding aegis on outstretched 1. arm, hurling
thunderbolt with r. Maharajasa rajarajasa mahatasa Ayasa
Monograms: On rev. to 1., Ж , to г., П

Sources: (a) ANS 1944.100.63735, 1944.100.63736, 1973.186.49, 1973.186.50,
1981.40.45; (P) Smith 1906-1, p. 44 no. 12; (y) Whitehead 1914, p. 112-113 nos. 127-135;
(ô) Mitchiner 1976-1, p. 498, Type 752 a (includes Gardner 1886, p. 78 nos. 56-5731); (£)
Bopearachchi/Rahman 1995, nos. 723-725; (Ç) Cibb 1977, no. 1.3 round omicrons, 24
square omicrons.
Weights: (a) 9.33, 9.70, 9.70, 9.65; (p) 9.46; (y) 9.14; (5) 9.14, 9.25, 9.53, 9.43, 8.58,
BMGlen 9.35, Mitchiner 9.50; (e) 7.45, 6.00, 5.70; (Q 9.35 (mean = 8.84; standard
deviation =1.208).
3 1 Although catalogued in Gardner as a round omicron, p. 18.2 displays a square

omicron.
RN 2001, p. 251-286
Drachms
Sources: (a) ANS 1944.100.63737, 1944.100.63738; (P) Smith 1906-1, p. 44 nos. 15-
16; (y) Whitehead 1914, p. 113 nos. 138-139; (Ô) Mitchiner 1976-1, p. 499, Type 753 a
(includes Gardner 1886, p. 78 nos. 68-69); (e) Bopearachchi/Rahman 1995, no. 727; (Q
Bopearachchi 1993, no. 228 (General Collection); (h) Hermitage nos. 273-274. 14 round
omicrons.
Weights: (a) 2.33, 2.59; (P) 2.31, 2.27; (y) 2.27; (Ô) BM 2.32, 2.20, 2.36, 2.37; (e) 2.35;
(Q 2.37; (r|) 2.10, 2.26 (mean = 2.32; standard deviation = 0.108).
Copper □ flan. Three Units. PI. XXV 5 (ANS 1944.100.63741)
OBV: KMS. Same legend as silver.

REV: Bull st. r. Same legend as silver.
Monograms: On rev. to 1., Д , to г., 1
*Unit 2
Sources: (a) ANS 1944.100.63739, 1944.100.63740, 1944.100.63741, 1973.56.1001;
(p) Smith 1906-1, p. 48 nos. 81-83; (y) Whitehead 1914, p. 128 nos. 290-291, p. 129 nos.
302-303; (Ô) Mitchiner 1976-1, p. 500, Types 755 a and 756 a; p. 501, Type 758 a (includes
Gardner 1886, p. 88 nos. 170-171); (e) Bopearachchi 1993, no. 229 (General Collection).
12 round omicrons, 17 square omicrons, 1 undetermined.
Weights: (a) 12.15, 12.59, 12.05, 10.76; (p) 10.69, 12.18, 9.74; (y) 12.12, 12.05; (5)
Type 755 а: ВМ 11.82, 12.08, 9.17, 10.76, 11.94, 10.37, 11.37, Mitchiner 10.95; Type 756
a: BM 11.27, 11.78; Type 758 a: BM 12.20, 12.19, Mitchiner 9.95, 11.30; (e) 11.72 (mean
= 11.38; standard deviation = 0.886).
*Unit 3
Source: (a) Smith 1906-1, p. 48 no. 79; (p) Mitchiner 1976-1, p. 501, Type 759 а
(includes Gardner 1886, p. 88 no. 177). 1 round omicron, 2 square omicrons.
Weights: (a) 6.28; (p) BM 5.48, 6.32 (mean = 6.03; standard deviation = 0.387).
*Unit 4
Source: (a) Bopearachchi/Rahman 1995, no. 733. 1 round omicron.
Weight: (a) 3.1532
*Note: Smith 1906-1, p. 48 nos. 80 (round omicron) and 84 (square omicron) belong
to this group, but lack weights. I am thus unable to assign them a particular denomination.
С Mule: Azilises/Azes I
OBV: KMS. ВАХ1ЛЕШ: ВА5ЛЛЕШ МЕГАЛПУ AZIAICDY
32 On the distinction between denominations 1 and 3, see Bopearachchi/Rahman

1995, p. 172, no. 733.
RN 2001, p. 251-286
Tetradrachm.
Source: (a) Mitchiner 1976-1, p. 504, Type 766 a. 2 square omicrons and sigmas.
Weight: (a) BM 9.68.
D. Azilises
OBV: KMS. ВАХ1ЛЕШ: BAZIAEQN МЕГАЛОУ AZIAIXOY
thunderbolt with r. Maharajasa rajarajasa mahatasa Ayilishasa
Tetradrachms PI. XXV 6 (ANS 1944.100. 63770)

Sources: (a) ANS 1944.100.63770; (p) Smith 1906-1, p. 49 no. 1; (y) Whitehead
191433, p. 135 no. 331; (Ô) Mitchiner 1976-1, p. 519, Type 805 a; (e) Cribb 1977, no. 2. 8
square omicrons, 1 coin with round and square omicrons (see n. 4 below).
Weights: (a) 9.51; (P) 8.81; (y) 8.88; (Ô) BM 8.92, BMGlen 9.79, Mitchiner 10.23; (e)
9.79 (mean = 9.42; standard deviation = 0.514).
Drachms.
Sources: (a) Smith 1906-1, p. 49 no. 2; (p) Mitchiner 1976-1, p. 519, Type 806 а; (у)
Bopearachchi 1993, no. 236 (General Collection). 5 round omicrons.
Weights: (a) 2.33; (p) BM 2.16, 2.34; (y) 1.78 (mean = 2.15; standard deviation =
0.227).
Copper □ flan. Unit 2 PI. XXV 7 (ANS 1944.100.63775)

Sources: (a) ANS 1944.100.63775; (p) Smith 1906-1, p. 50 no. 7; (y) Mitchiner 1976-
1, p. 520, Type 808 a34 (includes Gardner 1886, p. 95 nos. 28-29). 6 square omicrons.
Weights: (a) 10.92; (P) 10.63; (y) BM 12.08, 10.34, 11.43 (mean = 11.08; standard
deviation = 0.616).
33 Whitehead 1914, pi. 13.331 contains a round omicron in МЕГАЛСУГ and a square
omicron in AZIAIZDY.
34 The fourth coin Mitchiner illustrates is incorrect. The coin either belongs in yet
another « type », or should be placed in one of several of his other Types as a « b » - e.g.,
as 769-771, 807-811.
RN 2001, p. 251-286
E. Azes II
OBV: KMS. BAZIAEŒE BAXIAEQN MEFAAOY AZOY
Monograms: On rev. to 1., Ж , to г., *f
Tetradrachms PL XXV 8 (ANS 1973.186.47)

Sources: (a) ANS 1973.186.47; (p) Smith 1906-1, p. 44 no. 14; (y) Whitehead 1914, p.
1 13 nos. 136-137; (ô) Mitchiner 1976-1, p. 498, Type 752 b (includes Gardner 1886, p. 78
nos. 58-61); (e) Bopearachchi/Rahman 1995, no. 726. 12 square omicrons, 1 round
omicron.
Weights: (a) 9.72; (p) 8.96; (5) BM 9.40, 9.02, 9.48, 9.28, 9.40; (e) 7.55 (mean = 9.10;
standard deviation = 0.629).
Drachms
Sources: (ce) ANS 1944.100.59967, 1944.100.59968, 1944.100.59969, 1944.100.
59970, 1977.158.1356; (p) Smith 1906-1, p. 44 no. 13; (y) Whitehead 1914, p. 113-114
nos. 140-144; (Ô) Mitchiner 1976-1, p. 499, Type 753 b (includes Gardner 1886, p. 78 nos.
62-67); (e) Bopearachchi/Rahman 1995, nos. 728-729; (Ç) Bopearachchi 1993, nos. 226-
227 (General Collection); (r|) Hermitage no. 275. 31 round omicrons, 1 undetermined.
Weights: (a) 2.39, 1.83, 2.28, 2.30, 2.26; (p) 2.33; (Ô) BM 2.37, 2.10, 2.40, 2.34, 2.26,
2.55, 2.14, 1.90, 2.29, 2.26; (e) 2.45, 2.15; (Q 2.27, 1.89; (r|) 2.06 (mean = 2.23; standard
deviation = 0.183).
Copper □ flan. Unit 2 PI. XXV 9 (ANS 1944.100.59973)

Monograms: On rev. to 1., Ж , to г., 7f-
Sources: (a) ANS 1944.100.59973; (p) Whitehead 1914, p. 128 nos. 292-293; (y)
Mitchiner 1976-1, p. 501, Type 758 b (includes Gardner 1886, p. 88 no. 172). 3 square
omicrons, 1 undetermined.
Weights: (a) 12.73; (y) 11.71.
E Azes IP5
OBV: KMW r. One of two forms of the legend appears:
BACIAEQC ВАС1ЛЕШ MEFAADY AZDY (square omicrons, lunate
sigmas.)
35 The legends and monograms of these coins are too subtle to distinguish from
literature alone. To avoid misreading these nuances, I have integrated all the coins that I have
examined which fall within these parameters. Two works of notable exception are
Bopearachchi 1993 and Bopearachchi/Rahman 1995 cited above.
RN 2001, p. 251-286
or
ВАС1ЛЕС0С BACIAECQN МЕГАЛПУ AZZDI (square omicrons,
lunate sigmas, usually cursive omegas. Legend moderately corrupt.)
REV: Athena st. г., gesturing with r. hand, holding spear and shield in
1. One of two forms of the legend occurs: Maharajasa rajarajasa mahatasa
Ayasa or Maharajasa rajatirajasa mahatasa Ayasa
Principal monograms on rev. to 1. (variously stylized as) V, У-, V, &c,

to г., tf-

Sources: (a) ANS 1944.100.60046, 1924.176. 29, 1944.100.60044, 1944.100.63299,
1953.171.1433; (p) Smith 1906-1, p. 52 nos. 29-31; (y) Whitehead 1914, p. 124 nos. 251-
253; (8) Mitchiner 1976-1, p. 573-574, Type 867 a-d (includes Gardner 1886, p. 81 nos.
100-104) and p. 575, Type 868 a-d; (e) Cribb 1977, nos. 57-61; (Q Bopearachchi 1993 no.
261 (General Collection); (r|) Bopearachchi 1993, nos. 82-113 (Malakand Hoard); (0)
Bopearachchi/Rahman 1995, nos. 833-842; (i) Hermitage nos. 339-341. 87 specimens.
Weights: (a) 9.02, 9.32, 9.60, 9.58, 9.24; (p) 9.75, 9.85; (y) 9.40; (8) Type 867 а: ВМ
9.04, 9.89, 9.52, 9.53, 7.68, 9.76, 8.72, 10.60, 8.79, BMGlen 9.38, 9.47, 9.92, 9.60, 9.67,
Mitchiner 10.10, 9.10; c: BM 9.16, 10.08; d: BM 9.91; Type 868 a: BM 9.80; b: 9.67; c:
Mitchiner 8.40; d: 9.10; (e) 9.47, 9.92, 9.60, 9.67, 9.38; (Q 9.77; (q) 9.66, 10.02, 10.03,
10.00, 9.33, 9.83, 10.22, 9.86, 10.01, 10.22, 9.82, 9.91, 9.96, 10.80, 9.65, 9.76, 9.77, 9.79,
9.89, 9.93, 9.71, 9.80, 9.90, 9.91, 9.58, 10.06, 9.78, 9.34, 10.18, 9.62, 9.96, 9.96; (9) 9.80,
8.35, 7.85, 7.75, 9.90, 9.85, 8.55, 7.80, 9.50, 9.40; (i) 8.93, 9.79, 9.73 (mean = 9.56;
G. Indravarma
OBV: KMW r. Greek legend illegible36.
1. Vijayamitraputrasa Itravarmasa apracarajasa
Principal monograms37 on rev. to 1, V-, to г., *$
Tetradrachms
Source: (a) Mitchiner 1976-2, p. 601, Type 897 а-g (d includes Whitehead 1914, XVII,
iii). 9 specimens.
Weights: (a) b: BM 9.68; d: 9.67; e: 9.84, 9.34; g: Mitchiner 9.21 (mean = 9.55;
H. Azes II/Aspavarma
OBV: KMW r. BACIAECOC BACIAECON МЕГАЛПУ AZDY (square
omicrons, lunate sigmas, cursive omegas.)
36 See Jenkins/Narain 1957, p. 23.

37 Mitchiner's Type 897 b in which the second monogram is inverted:
RN 2001, p. 251-286
1. Indravarmaputrasa Aspavarmasa strategasajayatasa
Principal monograms38 on rev. to 1., ¥•, to г., *f
Tetradrachms PL XXV 11 (ANS 1973.56.973)

Sources: (a) ANS 1944.100.63294, 1944.100.63300, 1944.100.63295;
1944.100.63296, 1944.100.63297, 1944.100.63298, 1944.100.63411, 1973.56.973,
1973.56.968, 1944.100.63410, 1944.100.63409; (P) Gardner 1886, p. 209-211; (y) Smith
1906-1, p. 52-54 nos. 1-27; (5) Whitehead 1914, p. 130-131 nos. 310-318; (e) Mitchiner
1976-2, p. 602-603, Type 898 a-x (includes Gardner 1886, p. 91 nos. 200-20639); (Q
Bopearachchi 1993, nos. 114-117 (Malakand Hoard); (r|) Bopearachchi/Rahman 1995,
nos. 976-977; (0) Hermitage, no. 343. 96 specimens.
Weights: (a) 9.75, 9.16, 10.33, 10.57, 10.10, 10.28, 10.04, 9.94, 9.65, 9.46; (y) 9.78,
10.14, 10.53, 9.40, 9.95, 9.75, 10.17, 9.95, 9.88, 10.08; (6) 10.37, 9.53, 9.78; (e) b: BM
9.09, Mitchiner 8.70, c: Mitchiner 10.05, e: BM 10.17, 9.48, f: BM 9.51, g: BM 10.19,
Mitchiner 9.20, h: BM 8.46, 9.75, Mitchiner 9.90, i: Mitchiner 9.90, 9.85, 9.81, k: BM
9.78, 10.12, 1: BM 9.88, p: BM 9.78, Mitchiner 9.00, q: Mitchiner 8.85, r: BM 9.94,
Mitchiner 9.85, v: BM 9.34, w: Mitchiner 8.90; (Q 9.98, 9.54, 9.87, 10.16; (л) 8.90, 9.60;
(9) 9.73 (mean = 9.74; standard deviation = 0.458).
/. Gondophares
OBV: KM г. ВАС1ЛЕЮС BACIAEWN MEFAAOY ГСЖДОФЕРРОГ
(round omicrons, lunate sigmas and cursive omegas.)
REV: Athena st. г., gesturing with r. hand, holding spear and shield in 1.
Maharajasa rajarajatiraja tratara devarata Gudupharasa (Genitive singular
ending is lacking, save in the king's name and in his first title.)
Monogram: On rev. to г., ¥
Tetradrachm
Source: (a) Bopearachchi 1993, no. 158 (Malakand Hoard).
Weight: (a) 9.12.
OBV: As above.
REV: As above.
Monogram: On rev. to г., ¥ with or without additional Kharosthi

letters/marks.
Tetradrachms PI. XXV 12 (1944.100.59460)

Source: (a) ANS 1944.100.63502, 1944.100.59460, 1973.100.986; (p) Smith 1906-1,
p. 54 no. 1; (y) Whitehead 1914, p. 150 no. 38; (6) Mitchiner 1976-3, p. 757, Type 1128 a
(includes Gardner 1886, p. 103 no. 3); (e) Bopearachchi 1993, nos. 146-157 (Malakand
38 Note the « backward » transcription of monogram Ť on ANS 1973.56.968.

39 For reasons unclear, Mitchiner haltingly includes nos. 207-208, but not 209-21 1.
RN 2001, p. 251-286
Hoard); (Q Bopearachchi/Rahman 1995, nos. 988-989.

Weight: (a) 9.37, 9.37, 8.91; (p) 9.46; (y) 9.20; (8) BM 10.17, 8.04, 9.28, 9.55,
Mitchiner 8.88; (e) 9.19, 9.23, 9.25, 9.26, 9.29, 9.41, 9.42, 9.42, 9.50, 9.50, 9.51, 9.57; (Q
9.10, 7.60 (mean = 9.23; standard deviation = 0.494).
Peshawar
A. Azes I
Silver Series 1 .
OBV: KMS г. ВА5ЛЛЕШ; BAEIAEŒN MEFAAOY AZOY
REV: Zeus st. facing, holding scepter in 1. hand and thunderbolt in
raised r. hand. Maharajasa rajarajasa mahatasa Ayasa
Monograms: on rev. to 1., ^, to г., 1
Tetradrachms PI. XXVI. 13 (ANS 1944.100.63729)

Mitchiner 1976-1, p. 495, Type 747 a. 7 square omicrons.
Weights: (a) 9.34; (p) 9.40; (y) BM 9.55, 9.38 (mean = 9.42; standard deviation =
0.079).
Drachms
Sources: (a) Whitehead 1914, p. 104 nos. 39-40; (p) Mitchiner 1976-1, p. 495, Type
748 a (includes Gardner 1886, p. 73 nos. 6-7); (y) Bopearachchi 1993, no. 224 (General
Collection); (Ô) Bopearachchi/Rahman 1995, no. 717; (e) Hermitage no. 259. 16 round
omicrons.
Weights: (a) 2.33; (p) BM 2.05, 2.20, 2.25, 2.16, 2.22, 2.42, Mitchiner 2.10; (y) 2.26;
(ô) 1.65; (e) 2.08 (mean = 2.16; standard deviation = 0.191).
Silver Series 2.
OBV: KMS r. Same legend as in series 1 .

REV: Zeus st. facing, holding scepter in 1. hand and thunderbolt in
outstretched r. hand. Same legend as series 1.
Monograms: on rev. to L, Д , to г., П
Tetradrachms PI. XXVI. 14 (ANS 1944.100.63732)

Sources: (a) ANS 1944.100.63732, 1944.100.63733, 1973.186.46; (p) Smith 1906-1,
p. 43 no. 4; (y) Whitehead 1914, p. 104-105 nos. 41-46 (see Mitchiner's note in 1976-1, p.
497, Type 750); (ô) Mitchiner 1976-1, p. 497, Type 750 a (includes Gardner 1886, p. 73 no.
4). 16 square omicrons.
Weights: (a) 9.43, 9.63, 9.72; (p) 9.33; (y) 9.72; (Ô) BM 9.91, 9.10, 9.35, 9.58,
Mitchiner 9.20 (mean = 9.50; standard deviation = 0.244).
RN 2001, p. 251-286
Drachms
Sources: (a) Whitehead 1914, p. 105 nos. 47-49; (P) Mitchiner 1976-1, p. 497, Type
751 f. 4 round omicrons.
Weights: (a) 2.33; (P) 2.22.
Copper О flan. Two Units
OBV: KMS r. Same legend as silver.

Monograms: on rev. to 1., Д , to г., П
Unit 1
Sources: (a) Mitchiner 1976-1, p. 499, Type 754 a; (p) Bopearachchi/Rahman 1995,
nos. 730-732; (y) Hermitage no. 294. 7 round omicrons.
Weights: (a) BM 22.10, 18.47; (p) 25.40, 23.40, 17.60; (y) 21.48 (mean = 21.41;
Unit 2
Source: (a) Unpublished. Hermitage nos. 295-296. 2 round omicrons.
Weights: (a) 11.17, 11.30.
B. Azes II
OBV: KMW r. BAXIAEÍ2Z BAEIAEQN MEFAAOY AZOT
REV: Athena st. 1., gesturing with r. hand, holding shield in 1. hand.
Maharajasa rajarajasa mahatasa Ayasa
Monograms: on rev. to 1., 1, to г., Ж
Tetradrachm
Source: (a) Mitchiner 1976-1, p. 535, Type 814 a. 1 square omicron.
Weight: (a) BM 9.56.
Drachms
Sources: (a) Mitchiner 1976-1, p. 535, Type 815 a (includes Gardner 1886, p. 80 no.
87); (P) Whitehead 1914, p. 114 no. 148; (y) Bopearachchi/Rahman 1995, nos. 758-759. 8
round omicrons.
Weights: (a) BM 2.22, 2.43, Mitchiner 2.45, 2.02; (y) 2.45, 1.90 (mean = 2.25;
Copper О flan. Unit 1
OBV: KMS r. Same legend as silver.

Monograms: on rev. to 1., 1, to г., Д
RN 2001, p. 251-286
Sources: (a) Whitehead 1914, p. 129 no. 304; (P) Mitchiner 1976-1, p. 499, Type 754
b. 5 round omicrons.
Weights: (a) 18.66; (p) 20.75, 19.50 (mean = 19.64; standard deviation = 0.859).
C. Azes II
OBV: KMW r. BAZIAEQS ВАХ1ЛЕШ MEFAAOY AZOY
REV: Athena st. 1., gesturing with r. hand, holding shield in 1. hand.
Monograms: on rev. to 1., П, to г., ^
Tetradrachms
Sources: (a) Whitehead 1914, p. 114 no. 145; (p) Mitchiner 1976-1, p. 535, Type 814
b (includes Gardner 1886, p. 80 no. 88). 4 square omicrons.
Weights: (a) 9.27; (p) BM 9.27, Mitchiner 9.40, 9.25 (mean = 9.30; standard deviation
= 0.059).
Drachms
Sources: (a) Whitehead 1914, p. 114 nos. 146-147; (p) Mitchiner 1976-1, p. 535, Type
815 c (includes Gardner 1886, p. 80 no. 88). 7 round omicrons.
Weights: (a) 2.27; (p) BM 2.19, 2.26, 2.37 (mean = 2.27; standard deviation = 0.064).
Copper О flan. Unit 2. PI. XXVI. 15 (ANS 1944.100.63776)
OBV: Elephant st. r. Same legend as silver.

REV: Bull st. r. Maharajadirajasa mahatasa Ayasa
Monograms: on rev. to 1., ^J, to г., 1
Sources: (a) ANS 1944.100.60028, 1944.100.60029, 1944.100.63776; (p) Mitchiner

1976-1, p. 536-537, Type 817 e (includes Gardner 1886, p. 87 nos. 159-160). 7 square
omicrons, 2 undetermined.
Weights: (a) 11.86, 11.72, 11.85; (p) BM 11.33, 13.41, 11.36, 11.82, 12.07, 12.91
(mean = 12.04; standard deviation = 0.574).
D. Azes II
OBV: KMW r. BAXIAEÍ2X BAXIAEQN МЕГАЛОУ AZOY
REV: Athena st. facing, r. arm raised, holding shield in 1. hand with
spear behind her. Maharajasa rajarajasa mahatasa Ayasa
Monograms: on rev. to 1., 1, to г., Д
Drachms PI. XXVI. 16 (ANS 1944.100.60021)

Mitchiner 1976-1, p. 539, Type 825 a (includes Gardner 1886, p. 80 nos. 84-86); (ô)
Bopearachchi 1993 no. 262 (General Collection); (e) Bopearachchi/Rahman 1995, no. 760;
(Ç) Hermitage no. 277. 10 round omicrons, 2 square omicrons.
RN 2001, p. 251-286
Weights: (a) 2.27; (y) BM 2.18, 2.39, 2.30, 2.34; (5) 2.32; (e) 2.25; (Ç) 2.01 (mean =
2.26; standard deviation = 0.1 10).
Copper О flan. Three Units.

Monograms: on rev. to 1., Д , to г., П
Unit 2 PI. XXVI. 17 (ANS 1944.100.63260)

Sources: (a) ANS 1927.38.65, 1937.107.2, 1944.100.60025, 1944.100.60026,
1944.100.60027, 1944.100.63260; (p) Whitehead 1914, p. 127 nos. 283-286; (y) Mitchin-
er 1976-1, p. 536, Type 817 a (includes Gardner 1886, p. 87 nos. 163-165); (ô) Hermitage
nos. 310-314. 10 square omicrons, 2 undetermined.
Weights: (a) 10.90, 11.71, 12.33, 12.41, 13.07, 11.54; (P) 13.61; (y) BM 9.29, 11.91,
12.47, Mitchiner 11.30; (ô) 11.75, 9.67, 11.79, 11.92 (mean = 11.71; standard deviation =
1.092).
Unit3
Source: (a) Hermitage no. 313. 1 square omicron.
Weight: (a) 5.51.
Unit 4
Source: (a) Mitchiner 1976-1, p. 537, Type 819 a-b.40 3 square omicrons.
Weights: (a) 2.97, 2.01.
E. Azes II
OBV: KMW r. BAZIAEÍ2Z BASIAEQN MEFAAOY AZOY
Monograms: on rev. to 1., *f-, to г., Д
Drachm PI. XXVI. 18 (ANS 1944.100.60016)

Source: (a) ANS 1944.100.60016. 1 round omicron.
Weight: (a) 2.42g.
Copper О flan. Two Units PL XXVI. 19 (ANS 1944.100.60023)

40 Mitchiner 1976-1, p. 537, Type 819 b only contains on rev. to г., Ж , lacking to 1.,
a
RN 2001, p. 251-286
Monograms: on rev. to 1., Д , to г., *ft
*Unit 2
Sources: (a) ANS 1944.100.60022, 1944.100.60023; (p) Gardner 1886, p. 87 no. 168;
(y) Smith 1906-1, p. 45 nos. 23 and 32; (Ô) Mitchiner 1976-1, p. 536, Type 817 b (includes
Gardner 1886, p. 87 no. 166); (e) Bopearachchi/Rahman 1995, no. 960. 11 square omi-
crons.
Weights: (a) 13.22, 12.86; (y) 10.89; (ô) BM 12.32, 12.37, 11.00, 13.84, 14.20, 14.12,
Mitchiner 10.60, Advani 12.84; (e) 11.00 (mean = 12.44; standard deviation = 1.251).
*Unit 3
Source: (a) Whitehead 1914, p. 127 nos. 287-289; (p) Mitchiner 1976-1, p. 536, Type
818 a. 8 square omicrons.
Weight: (a) 7.13, 6.48; (p) BM 6.65, 5.97, Mitchiner 6.75 (mean = 6.60; standard
deviation = 0.379).
*Note: Gardner 1886, p. 87 no. 168 and Whitehead 1914, p. 127 no. 287 contain
square omicrons and belong to group E. As their weights are not recorded, I am thus unable
to ascertain whether they belong to Denomination 1 or 2.
F.Azes II
Series 1.
OBV: KMW r. BAEIAEQX BAZIAEÍ2N МЕГАЛОУ AZOY

Monogram: on rev. to 1., гЦ, to г., Ж

Sources: (a) ANS 1944.100.60017, 1944.100.60020; (p) Mitchiner 1976-1, p. 539,
Type 825 b. 2 round omicrons, 1 undetermined.
Weights: (a) 2.41; 1.98.
Copper О flan. Unit 2 PI. XXVI. 21 (ANS 1944.100.60024)

REV: Bull st. r. Maharajasadirajasa mahatasa Ayasa
Monograms: on rev. to 1., Д , to г., $j
Source: (a) ANS 1944.100.60024. 1 square omicron.

Weight (a) 12. 14g.
Series 2.
OBV: KMW r. BAEIAEQE BAXIAEQN МЕГАЛОУ AZOY
RN 2001, p. 251-286
REV: Athena st. facing r. arm raised, holding shield in 1. hand with
Monogram: on rev. to 1., *$, to г., ^

Sources: (a) ANS 1944.100.60018, 1944.100.60019; (p) Whitehead 1914, p. 116 nos.
175-176 (possibly nos. 167- 168); (y) Mitchiner 1976-1, p. 539-540, Type 825 с (includes
Gardner 1886, p. 79 nos. 71-75; Smith 1906-1, p. 44 no. 10); (Ô) Bopearachchi/Rahman
1995, no. 761. 16 (-18) round omicrons, 1 undetermined.
Weights: (cc) 2.68, 2.29; (p) 2.33; (y) BM 2.37, 2.41, 2.28, 2.24, 2.47, 2.27, 2.36, 2.22,
2.48, IMC 2.43 (mean = 2.37; standard deviation = 0.121).
Copper О flan. Two Units

REV: Bull st. r. Maharajasadirajasa mahatasa Ayasa
Monograms: on rev. to 1., J£, to г., ^
Unit 2
Sources: (a) Mitchiner 1976-1, p. 536-537, Type 817 с (includes Gardner 1886, p. 87
nos. 161-162 and Smith 1906-1, p. 45 no. 24). 4 square omicrons.
Weights: (a) BM 12.81, 12.14, 10.33, 11.73, Smith 1906-1 12.56 (mean= 11.91;
Unit 4
Source: (a) Mitchiner 1976-1, p. 537, Type 818 b. 1 square omicron.
Weight: (a) 4.88.
G. Azes II
OBV: KMW r. BAXIAEÍ2E BAXIAEŒN МЕГАЛОГ AZOY
REV: Athena st. г., gesturing with r. hand, holding in 1. spear and shield.
Monograms: on rev. to 1., Д , to г., 4
Tetradrachms
Sources: (a) Mitchiner 1976-1, p. 549, Type 846 a (includes Gardner 1886, p. 81 no.
90); (P) Bopearachchi 1993, no. 253 (General Collection); (y) Bopearachchi/Rahman 1995,
nos. 769 and 1056; (ô) Hermitage, no. 280. 10 square omicrons.
Weights: (a) BM 9.38, 8.95; (P) 8.95; (y) 7.55, 7.40; (5) 9.42 (mean = 8.61; standard
deviation = 0.823).
Drachms Al
41 Excluded from this total are eight drachms of a small uncatalogued hoard (ANS
H1986.71) at the ANS stored in six containers. All have yet to be weighed and catalogued
separately. I have, however, been able to discern on one coin's legend (located in container
no. 5) a square omicron.
RN 2001, p. 251-286
Sources: (a) ANS 1944.100.60068, 1944.100.60072, 1944.100.60073; (p) Smith 1906-

1, p. 44 nos. 19-20; (y) Whitehead 1914, p. 1 15 no. 165; (8) Mitchiner 1976-1, p. 550, Type
847 a; (e) Bopearachchi 1993, no. 254 (General Collection); (Q Bopearachchi/Rahman
1995, nos. 781-790; (r\) Hermitage, nos. 281-284. 7 round omicrons, 23 square omicrons,
2 undetermined.
Weights: (a) 2.32, 2.33, 2.91; (p) 2.07, 2.33; (8) Hardaker 1.70, Mitchiner 2.20; (e)
2.24; (Q 2.15, 2.15, 1.95, 2.15, 2.00, 1.80, 1.65; (ц) 1.95, 2.32, 2.14, 2.18 (mean = 2.13;
Copper О flan. Unit 2 PI. XXVI. 23 (ANS 1973.56.963)

OBV: Bull st. r. Same legend as silver.
REV: Lion st. r. Maharajasa rajatirajasa mahatasa Ayasa
Monograms: on obv. above, Д ; on rev. above, 4

Sources: (a) ANS 1973.56.963; (p) Smith 1906-1, p. 46 no. 48; (y) Whitehead 1914, p.
125 no. 257; (8) Mitchiner 1976-1, p. 554, Type 850 a (includes Gardner 1886, p. 85 nos.
138-139); (e) MacDowall 1985-142, p. 51, Khost (1) and Gardez (3); (Q Hermitage, no.
302. 16 square omicrons.
Weights: (a) 12.97; (y) 14.26; (8) BM 13.71, 13.80, 13.29, 14.86, Mitchiner 14.20,
13.40, 12.08; (e) Khost 14.17, Gardez 15.00, 14.90, 14.20; (Ç) 14.55 (mean = 13.96;
H. Azes II
OBV: KMW r. BAEIAEQE BAXIAEQN МЕГАЛОУ AZOY
REV: Athena st. г., gesturing with r. hand, holding in 1. spear and shield.
Monogram: on rev. to г., îft
Tetradrachms.
Sources: (a) Whitehead 1914, p. 114 nos. 149-150; (P) Mitchiner 1976-1, p. 549-550,
Type 846 e (includes Gardner 1886, p. 81 nos. 97-99); (y) Cribb 1977, no. 55. 12 square
omicrons.
Weight: (a) 9.07; (p) BM 9.64, 9.57, 8.92, 9.29, 9.26, 9.79, BMGlen 9.11, Mitchiner
9.50; (y) 9.71 (mean = 9.39; standard deviation = 0.282).
/. Gondophares
OBV: KM 1. ВАС1ЛЕС0С BACIAECON МЕГАЛОУ YNAOOEPPOY
(round omicrons, lunate sigmas, cursive omegas.)
REV: Same type as G. Maharaja rajatiraja tratara devavrata Gudupha-
rasa (Genitive singular ending lacking, save in the king's personal name.)
42 MacDowall (1985-1, p. 54) lists 18 other specimens from various museum

holdings, presumably with square omicrons. Five coins are listed as weighing 15.0g, seven as
14. Og, four as 13.0g, and two as 12. Og.
RN 2001, p. 251-286
Tetradrachms.
Prominent on rev. to г., $
Source: (a) Mitchiner 1976-3, p. 760, Type 1134 a.
Prominent on rev. to г., >$t, below, A
Source: (a) Bopearachchi 1993, no. 201 (Malakand Hoard).

Weight: 9.55.
Prominent on rev. to г., )|c, below, В
Source: (a) Mitchiner 1976-3, p. 760, Type 1134 b; (p) Bopearachchi 1993, no. 202
(Malakand Hoard).
Weight: (p) 9.49.
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RN 2001, p. 251-286

Two Indo-Scythian Mints of The Western Punjab

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TWO INDO-SCYTHIAN MINTS

Zusammenfassung. — Der Autor unternimmt es, die von den indisch-skythischen

The aim of this paper is to suggest a new arrangement of certain coins

A. Hippostratos Bust r./City goddess 1. (T-D, D) Sea monster facing /

B. Azes I KMS r./Athena 1. thunderbolt KMS r./Bull г. Ж , П

C. Azilises/Azes I Same (T-D) X , 1 Nil

D. Azilises Same (T-D, D) Ж , 1 KMS r./Bull г. Д , 1

E. Azes II Same (T-D, D) Ж , tf Same Д , *f (Unit 2)

F. Azes II KMW r./Athena r. gesturing Nil

G. ? / Indravarma Same (T-D) V-, ^ Nil

H. Azes II / Same (T-D) U, Ф Nil

I. Gondophares KM r./Athena r. gesturing Nil

thereby establishing the chronological succession of this mint from

8 Bopearachchi 1991-1, p. 237-238; 1998-1, p. 397; cf. 1999, p. 126.

employed on them. The heavier (8.96g - 10.04g) is marked by a so-called

10 As only one known copper comprises unit 4 of group B, I am unable to ascertain

A. Azes I Series 1: KMS r./Zeus with raised

B. Azes II KMW r./Athena 1. gesturing KMSr/Bullr. 1, Ж

С Azes II Same (T-D, D) 1, $ Elephant r./Bull r. $,

D. Azes II KMW r./Athena facing (D) Same Ж , 1 (Units

E. Azes II Same (D) »ft , Ж PI. XXVI. 18 Same Ж , 1* (Units 2,

F. Azes II Same Same

G. Azes II KMW r./Athena r. gesturing Bull r./Lion г. Ж , 4

H. Azes II Same (T-D) A Nil

I. Gondophares KM l./Athena r. gesturing Nil

Comparison of both mints

struck at both mints. Significantly, each of the Indo-Scythian sovereigns

interpretation, however, is the confusion wrought by group E of

Azes IPs coins. Furthermore, an analogous series of five coins consisting

15 Bopearachchi 1998-1, p. 397-398 n. 33 and 1999, p. 127 ns. 111-112 for a

Period Pushkalâvatl Peshawar

III С Azes I/Azilises B.-C. Azes II

IV F. Azes II D.-F. Azes II

V G. ?/Indravarma G.-H. Azes II

coinage, now with bull/lion types, it was discontinued in group H when

19 MacDowall 1985-1, p. 53, 55; accepted by Bopearachchi 1993, p. 57-60 and

grams employed on the reverse of each issue: in the Pushkalàvatl mint

Monograms: On rev. to 1., Д , to г., П

Tetradrachms PI. XXV 1 (ANS 1944.100.74858)

Copper □ flan. Two Units.

Unit 1 PI. XXV 2 (ANS 1979.45.211)

OBV: Sea monster facing, legs ending in fishtails, holding dolphin in r.

Monograms: On rev. to 1., Д , to г., П

Unit 3 PI. XXV 3 (ANS 1944.100.74870)

Monograms: On rev. to 1., Д , to г., П

Monograms: On rev. to 1., Ж , to г., П

Tetradrachms PI. XXV 4 (ANS 1973.186.49)

3 1 Although catalogued in Gardner as a round omicron, p. 18.2 displays a square

Copper □ flan. Three Units. PI. XXV 5 (ANS 1944.100.63741)

OBV: KMS. Same legend as silver.

Monograms: On rev. to 1., Д , to г., 1

32 On the distinction between denominations 1 and 3, see Bopearachchi/Rahman

Monograms: On rev. to 1., Д , to г., 1

Monograms: On rev. to 1., Д , to г., 1

Tetradrachms PI. XXV 6 (ANS 1944.100. 63770)

Copper □ flan. Unit 2 PI. XXV 7 (ANS 1944.100.63775)

OBV: KMS. Same legend as silver.

Monograms: On rev. to 1., Д , to г., П