THE VALUE OF DISCIPLINE

By the term discipline is meant according to rules. rule is a standard or

principle laid down for guiding action, behavior, etc, The term discipline
therefore, means that all our actions should be done in perfect accordance
with certain principle or rules laid down for guiding us in the right path. So
discipline leads to harmony or order whereas indiscipline leads to confusion
or disorder.
Discipline is the key-note of the worldly order. In other words, the universe
rests on discipline. The planets do not collide with one another but move
along their orbits according to rules there are flood tide and ebb-tide in the
sea according to rules; bodies left unsupported fall to the ground according
to rules;- the air blows, the river flows, the flower blooms, the fruits ripen
and- fall all according to rules. If there were no observance of rules, the
world would have been a veritable hell of chaos and confusion. If the
mother did not look after the children, if the children did not obey their
parents, if the people did not obey the laws of the country, the world would
have been a melting pot.
Discipline should be maintained in every walk of life. At home we are to
observe discipline. We cannot rear up good children, if there is no
discipline. A house, where there is no discipline, is just like a hell. So
discipline should be enforced on children at home. They should be made to
feel that discipline is a blessing and indiscipline is a curse, that the one
leads to and prosperity whereas the other leads to unhappiness and
disgrace. The home, infect is the first place to teach the value of discipline.
The discipline instilled into the character of the child at home is further
improved in the educational institution Here everything takes place
according to rules. The classes meet according to schedule, and according
to schedule the students pass or fail according to rules; everything here
rest on discipline. And punishment is given to those who go astray or are
indiscipline. No life is worth living and is of any value which is not orderly
and disciplined.
Coming out of their educational institutions, they enter the world of practical
life. Here the same discipline with greater rigor dominates all human
activities. Those who obey rules and conduct their life accordingly are
happy but those who violate are unhappy and suffer.
Discipline works everywhere. It controls or physical movements and
activities; it controls our morals and even or religion. There is no sphere in
heaven and earth where discipline does not dominate.

reckless driving

It is said that these days, more people die of accidents on the roads
than of any diseases. Some of the accidents on the roads take place
because of mechanical failure of vehicles. But in most cases the fault
lies with human beings who drive these vehicles.

A person can make some error while-making a turn or passing

through a crossing and that results in accident of some magnitude,
minor or major. Such instances are not many. Most often the cause of
an accident is rash driving on the part of the driver of one vehicle or
the drivers of both the vehicles that collide. Rash driving some time
may not cause an accident by collision.

The driver may lose control over the brakes and the vehicle may just
slip away downwards and capsize or it may hit a tree, pole or a
stationary vehicle or wall or it may pass over some pedestrians or
sleeping or sitting people. The most general cause of rash driving is
drinking.

A driver, who is tipsy, loses control over his nerves and judgment and
then over his brakes also. Thus, drinking enhances the chances of
rash driving by a driver who otherwise may be quite an efficient one.
Whatever the reason, rash driving should be avoided at all costs.
THE IMPORTANCE OF HOMEWORK

Homework is important because it is at the intersection between home and school. It serves as
a window through which you can observe your children’s education and express positive
attitudes towards your children and their education. As children grow older, homework and the
amount of time engaged in homework, increases in importance. For teachers and
administrators, homework is a cost effective way to provide additional instruction in practice.

Lets examine the six constructive purposes for homework in the context of your child’s
educational experience. The first two are the most important and obvious. Through (1) practice
and (2) participation in learning tasks, homework can improve your child’s achievement. Thus,
it would be expected that if homework were completed accurately, not only would your child’s
general knowledge and grades improve but your child would also increase mastery of basic
academic skills, such as reading, writing, spelling and mathematics.

Homework can provide other benefits. Your child’s ability to bring an assignment home, gather
and organize necessary materials to complete the assignment, return the assignment and
receive a grade, strengthens his or her sense of responsibility. Time management skills are
learned. There is also improved (3) development of personal skills such as time management
gained by completing homework. Further, when homework proceeds smoothly it can become
(4) a positive aspect of your relationship with your child.

Finally, although we often do not consider that homework serves a school administrative role, it
offers schools an opportunity to let parents know what their children are learning. Thus,
homework can play a public relations role by (5) keeping parents informed about class activities
and policies. Homework can also fulfill (6) an administrative role in helping schools achieve their
overall mission of improving student’s achievement.

Homework is a bridge that joins schools and parents. From the school’s perspective there is the
opportunity to monitor students' independent progress. For parents there is the potential to
gain a greater appreciation of education and to express positive attitudes towards their
children’s achievement.
In this weekly column we will provide tips, guidelines, suggestions and solutions to common
homework problems. Homework is an essential part of your child’s education and can serve not
only to enhance your child’s achievement but also to enhance family relationships.

importance physical exercise

It is well known that a healthy mind lives in a healthy body. If a man is not physically fit
and healthy, his mind cannot be sharp and active.

Human body is very much like a machine. It needs to be maintained and looked after
properly. Physical exercise is of immense help in maintaining good health and fitness.

Physical exercise is widely recognized as the best way to keep the body healthy and
active. Neglect of bodily health can be disastrous for us. It causes several physical and
mental problems. Slowly our body becomes vulnerable to many diseases. His energy
and beauty is lost early. He grows old early. Strength, stamina and power of
concentration decline.

Physical exercise is of different kind. Different people have different choices and
preferences. Many people enjoy morning walk. Some find pleasure in cycling and
jogging. Several people like to do gardening or swimming. Many people find it easier
and convenient to spend an hour or two in doing work out in a well-equipped gym.
Skipping is also a popular way to keep one’s body fit and healthy. These days’ yoga and
meditation are also gaining popularity. They are easier to practice and highly effective in
keeping one fit and healthy.

Regularity in exercise is imperative for the preservation of good health. It is a good

source of energy, stamina and strength. Consistency adds to the result of exercise.
Lack of it cannot bring good result. So, we should be very regular and consistent in
physical exercise.

Physical exercise is a form of discipline. It means self- control and sincerity. We need to
neglect our idleness. Physical exercise helps in character building. It makes our mind
sharp and active. It improves mental strength and capability. It adds to our capability
and improves our performance. Physical exercise done in morning keeps us healthy, fit
and active for the whole day. Therefore we should take it regularly. It is a must to keep
us fit and healthy.

Exercise improves stamina: When you exercise, your body uses energy to keep going.
Aerobic exercise involves continuous and rhythmic physical motion, such as walking
and bicycling. It improves your stamina by training your body to become more efficient
and use less energy for the same amount of work. As your conditioning level improves,
your heart rate and breathing rate return to resting levels/normal much sooner from
strenuous activity.

Exercise improves quality of life: Once you begin to exercise regularly, you will discover
many more reasons, why exercise is so important to improving the quality of your life. It
reduces stress, lifts moods and helps you sleep better. It can keep you looking and
feeling younger throughout your entire life.

Exercise enhances flexibility: Stretching exercises are also important for good posture.
They keep your body limber, so that you can bend, reach and twist. Improving your
flexibility through exercise reduces the chance of injury and improves balance and co-
ordination. If you have stiff, tense areas, such as the upper back or neck, performing
specific stretches can help "loosen" those muscles, helping you feel more relaxed.

Exercise controls weight: Exercise is also a key to weight control, because it burns
calories. If you burn-off more calories than you take in, you lose weight.
History of mathematics
Mathematics starts with counting. It is not reasonable, however, to suggest that early counting was
mathematics. Only when some record of the counting was kept and, therefore, some representation of
numbers occurred can mathematics be said to have started.

In Babylonia mathematics developed from 2000 BC. Earlier a place value notation number system had
evolved over a lengthy period with a number base of 60. It allowed arbitrarily large numbers and
fractions to be represented and so proved to be the foundation of more high powered mathematical
development.

Number problems such as that of the Pythagorean triples (a,b,c) with a2+b2 = c2 were studied from at
least 1700 BC. Systems of linear equations were studied in the context of solving number problems.
Quadratic equations were also studied and these examples led to a type of numerical algebra.

Geometric problems relating to similar figures, area and volume were also studied and values obtained
for π.

The Babylonian basis of mathematics was inherited by the Greeks and independent development by the
Greeks began from around 450 BC. Zeno of Elea's paradoxes led to the atomic theory of Democritus. A
more precise formulation of concepts led to the realisation that the rational numbers did not suffice to
measure all lengths. A geometric formulation of irrational numbers arose. Studies of area led to a form
of integration.

The theory of conic sections shows a high point in pure mathematical study by Apollonius. Further
mathematical discoveries were driven by the astronomy, for example the study of trigonometry.

The major Greek progress in mathematics was from 300 BC to 200 AD. After this time progress
continued in Islamic countries. Mathematics flourished in particular in Iran, Syria and India. This work
did not match the progress made by the Greeks but in addition to the Islamic progress, it did preserve
Greek mathematics. From about the 11th Century Adelard of Bath, then later Fibonacci, brought this
Islamic mathematics and its knowledge of Greek mathematics back into Europe.

Major progress in mathematics in Europe began again at the beginning of the 16th Century with Pacioli,
then Cardan, Tartaglia and Ferrari with the algebraic solution of cubic and quartic
equations. Copernicus and Galileo revolutionised the applications of mathematics to the study of the
universe.

The progress in algebra had a major psychological effect and enthusiasm for mathematical research, in
particular research in algebra, spread from Italy to Stevin in Belgium and Viète in France.

The 17th Century saw Napier, Briggs and others greatly extend the power of mathematics as a
calculatory science with his discovery of logarithms. Cavalieri made progress towards the
calculus with his infinitesimal methods and Descartes added the power of algebraic methods to
geometry.

Progress towards the calculus continued with Fermat, who, together with Pascal, began the
mathematical study of probability. However the calculus was to be the topic of most
significance to evolve in the 17th Century.

Newton, building on the work of many earlier mathematicians such as his teacher Barrow,
developed the calculus into a tool to push forward the study of nature. His work contained a
wealth of new discoveries showing the interaction between mathematics, physics and
astronomy. Newton's theory of gravitation and his theory of light take us into the 18 th Century.

The most important mathematician of the 18th Century was Euler who, in addition to work in a
wide range of mathematical areas, was to invent two new branches, namely the calculus of
variations and differential geometry. Euler was also important in pushing forward with research
in number theory begun so effectively byFermat.

Toward the end of the 18th Century, Lagrange was to begin a rigorous theory of functions and of
mechanics. The period around the turn of the century sawLaplace's great work on celestial
mechanics as well as major progress in synthetic geometry by Monge and Carnot.

The 19th Century saw rapid progress. Fourier's work on heat was of fundamental importance. In
geometry Plücker produced fundamental work on analytic geometry and Steiner in synthetic
geometry.

Non-euclidean geometry developed by Lobachevsky and Bolyai led to characterisation of

geometry by Riemann. Gauss, thought by some to be the greatest mathematician of all time,
studied quadratic reciprocity and integer congruences. His work in differential geometry was to
revolutionise the topic. He also contributed in a major way to astronomy and magnetism.

The 19th Century saw the work of Galois on equations and his insight into the path that
mathematics would follow in studying fundamental operations. Galois' introduction of the
group concept was to herald in a new direction for mathematical research which has continued
through the 20th Century.

Algebraic geometry was carried forward by Cayley whose work on matrices and linear algebra
complemented that by Hamilton and Grassmann. The end of the 19thCentury saw Cantor invent
set theory almost single handedly while his analysis of the concept of number added to the
major work of Dedekind and Weierstrass on irrational numbers

Notation and communication

There are many major mathematical discoveries but only those which can be understood by
others lead to progress. However, the easy use and understanding of mathematical concepts
depends on their notation.

For example, work with numbers is clearly hindered by poor notation. Try multiplying two
numbers together in Roman numerals. What is MLXXXIV times MMLLLXIX? Addition of course is
a different matter and in this case Roman numerals come into their own, merchants who did
most of their arithmetic adding figures were reluctant to give up using Roman numerals.

It was not always like this: Harriot used a as his unknown as did others at this time. The
convention we use (letters near the end of the alphabet representing unknowns) was
introduced by Descartes in 1637. Other conventions have fallen out of favour, such as that due
to Viète who used vowels for unknowns and consonants for knowns.

Of course ax = b contains other conventions of notation which we use without noticing them.
For example the sign "=" was introduced by Recorde in 1557. Also axis used to denote the
product of a and x, the most efficient notation of all since nothing has to be written!

A challenge

If you think that mathematical discovery is easy then here is a challenge to make you
think. Napier, Briggs and others introduced the world to logarithms nearly 400 years ago. These
were used for 350 years as the main tool in arithmetical calculations. An amazing amount of
effort was saved using logarithms, how could the heavy calculations necessary in the sciences
ever have taken place without logs.

Then the world changed. The pocket calculator appeared. The logarithm remains an important
mathematical function but its use in calculating has gone for ever.

Here is the challenge. What will replace the calculator? You might say that this is an unfair
question. However let me remind you that Napier invented the basic concepts of a mechanical
computer at the same time as logs. The basic ideas that will lead to the replacement of the
pocket calculator are almost certainly around us.

We can think of faster calculators, smaller calculators, better calculators but I'm asking for
something as different from the calculator as the calculator itself is from log tables. I have an
answer to my own question but it would spoil the point of my challenge to say what it is. Think
about it and realise how difficult it was to invent non-euclidean geometries, groups, general
relativity, set theory, .... .
mathematics in daily life
Mathematics expresses itself everywhere, in almost every facet of life - in nature all around us,
and in the technologies in our hands. Mathematics is the language of science and engineering -
describing our understanding of all that we observe.

The Mathematics Everywhere & Everyday Exhibition explores the many wonders and uses
of mathematics in our lives. This exhibition is divided into nine areas focusing on different
aspects of mathematics.

Gallery Pathways worksheets prepared for primary and secondary school classes are available
on request and booking. Please view our Enrichment Programmes – Gallery
Pathways for more information on booking, etc.

In Counting

Counting various quantities is one of the activities that people engage in from young. However,
sometimes we wonder, just how big is one million? See how much space one million saga
seeds occupy and be awed by numbers that you can relate to in your daily lives like the number
of heartbeats in a typical lifetime.

Sometimes, numbers can be used to fool people. Some exhibits in this section provide a few
examples of well-known mathematical tricks.

In Nature

1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13... This is the Fibonacci Sequence, where each number is derived from adding
the previous two numbers. This sequence of numbers can be found in many natural
patterns like in pineapples, sunflowers, nautilus and pine cones.

Our eyes are usually drawn to objects that are symmetrical. Leonardo Da Vinci’s Vitruvian Man
is often used as a representation of symmetry in the human body. The Soothing
Symmetries exhibit anchors this section and explains what symmetry means to science and in
mathematics, as well as in everyday life.

In Shapes, Curves & Patterns

Circles, squares and triangles are just a few of the shapes that are familiar to us through our
daily lives. Discover the usefulness, beauty and 'cleanness' of the round shape, and learn more
about the other shapes that can be found around us.

This section also features the Möbius strip that has several curious properties.

In Games & Puzzles

Many, if not all puzzles and games require mathematical logic and deduction. This section uses
the fun and excitement of various popular games and puzzles, and the exhilaration of solving
them, to attract and engage the visitors to realise the mathematics in fun and games.

Highlight

The Odds Are Stacked Against You! explores the odds of various casino games like roulette,
blackjack and slot machines. This will set many thinking about their chances of winning in
gambling.

In Time & The Heavens

Mathematics was developed to understand the cycles of nature as observed in the seasons.
Ancient people understood the need to define time in relation to celestial movements for
agricultural, astronomical, astrological and navigational reasons.

This section looks at the mathematics of astronomy, its relationship to the inventions of various
cultural-historical calendars, and the division of time into units of hours, minutes and seconds.

Challenges & Controversies

When we talk about mathematics, equations and formulas will pop into our mind. There are
hundreds of equations in mathematics, but which is the Most ‘Beautiful’ Equation of all? You are
invited to vote for your favourite.

What do modern mathematicians actually do? What problems are of interest today? These are
some of the issues explored in this section. Some outstanding challenges that remain
unresolved are still intriguing many mathematicians. Discover what some of these challenges
are.

In Real Applications

Mathematic is used in our everyday lives; from figuring out the amount needed to buy your
lunch to calculating the bank’s interest. This section explores some of the real life applications of
mathematics. For example, internet banking is getting more and more common these days, and
we depend on cryptology – the study of protecting information using codes – to keep our
transactions safe. Learn more about how it is done in this section.

Awesome, Fearsome Calculus

Calculus is the study of change and it is one of the most important fields in mathematics. Isaac
Newton and Gottfried Leibniz are usually credited with the invention of calculus. Newton used
calculus in his laws of motion and gravitational attraction.

Explore an introductory calculus lesson by taking something to the limit in Know Your Limits,
and learn more about slopes, tangents, integration and differentiation in this section's other
exhibits.