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LinearAlgebraSolutions PDF
LinearAlgebraSolutions PDF
x1 + x2 + 3x3 = 3
(b) −x1 + x2 + x3 = −1
2x1 + 3x2 + 8x3 = 4
Answer:
1
2. Find a basis for the solutions to the following system of linear equations:
x1 + 2x2 − x3 + x4 = 0
−x1 − 2x2 + 3x3 + 5x4 = 0
−x1 − 2x2 − x3 − 7x4 = 0
x1 = −2x2 − 4x4
x3 = −3x4
Note: This answer is not unique. Any two linearly independent vectors
which are in the subspace form a basis for the subspace.
2
3. Consider the following subspace of R4 :
1 3 1 2
2 6
3 3
S = Span
1 , 3 , ,
5 −2
3 9 4 5
3
Note: These answers are not unique. Any two linearly independent
vectors which are in S form a basis for S.
x1 = 3 − 2x3
x2 = 1 − x3
x1 = 3 − 2t
x2 = 1 − t
x3 = t
4
(a) The determinant of this matrix is 6 − 4 = 2 6= 0, so the matrix is
invertible. The inverse is
· ¸ · ¸
−1 1 2 −4 1 −2
A1 = =
2 −1 3 −1/2 3/2
(b) The first and third columns of this matrix are identical, so the
determinant is 0, so the matrix is not invertible
(c) We compute the determinant by expanding along the middle col-
umn: ¯ ¯
¯ 1 0 4 ¯ ¯ ¯
¯ ¯ ¯ 1 4 ¯
¯ −1 1 −1 ¯=¯ ¯
¯ ¯ ¯ −1 −3 ¯ = 1
¯ −1 0 −3 ¯
Since the determinant is nonzero, the matrix is invertible. To
compute the inverse, we augment the matrix with the identity
matrix and then row reduce:
1 0 4 1 0 0 1 0 0 −3 0 −4
−1 1 −1 0 1 0 −→ 0 1 0 −2 1 −3
−1 0 −3 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1
−3 0 −4
Thus, the inverse is −2 1 −3
1 0 1
¯ ¯
¯ 2 3 1 ¯
¯ ¯
(b) ¯¯ 3 0 1 ¯
¯
¯ 3 1 2 ¯
5
¯ ¯
¯ 1 2 3 4 ¯
¯ ¯
¯ 1 4 5 8 ¯
(c) ¯¯ ¯
¯
¯ 1 1 2 3 ¯
¯ 1 3 5 8 ¯
¯ ¯
¯ 0 0 0 3 0 ¯
¯ ¯
¯ −2 0 0 2 0 ¯
¯ ¯
¯
(d) ¯ 8 −1 0 −7 2 ¯
¯
¯ −1 2 2 3 2 ¯
¯ ¯
¯ 2 2 3 6 4 ¯
Answer:
¯ ¯
¯ 2 3 ¯
(a) ¯¯ ¯ = 10 − 12 = −2
4 5 ¯
6
(d) We use cofactor expansion to compute this determinant:
¯ ¯
¯ 0 0 0 3 0 ¯ ¯ ¯
¯ ¯ ¯ −2 0 0 0 ¯
¯ −2 0 0 2 0 ¯¯ ¯ ¯
¯ ¯ 8 −1 0 2 ¯
¯ 8 −1 0 −7 2 ¯ = −3 ¯ ¯
¯ ¯ ¯ −1 2 2 2 ¯
¯ −1 2 2 3 2 ¯ ¯ ¯
¯ ¯ ¯ 2 2 3 4 ¯
¯ 2 2 3 6 4 ¯
¯ ¯
¯ −1 0 2 ¯
¯ ¯
= −3(−2) ¯¯ 2 2 2 ¯¯
¯ 2 3 4 ¯
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
¯ 2 2 ¯ ¯ 2 ¯¯
= −3(−2)(−1) ¯¯ ¯ − 3(−2)(2) ¯ 2
3 4 ¯ ¯ 2 3 ¯
= −6(2) + 12(2) = 12
Answer:
(a) We compute the determinant:
¯ ¯
¯ 1 1 1 ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ 1 t ¯¯ ¯¯ 1 2 ¯¯
¯ 1 2 t ¯ = ¯ 2 t ¯−¯ +
¯ ¯ ¯ 4 t2 ¯ ¯ 1 t2 ¯ ¯ 1 4 ¯
¯ 1 4 t2 ¯
= t2 − 3t + 2
7
8. Let V be the vector space consisting of all functions of the form
αe2x cos x + βe2x sin x
Consider the following linear transformation L : V → V :
L(f ) = f 0 + f
(a) Find the matrix representing L with respect to the basis {e2x cos x, e2x sin x}.
(b) Use your answer from part (a) to find one solution to the following
differential equation:
y 0 + y = e2x cos x
Answer:
(a) We apply L to both e2x cos x and e2x sin x:
L(e2x cos x) = 2e2x cos x−e2x sin x+e2x cos x = 3e2x cos x−e2x sin x
L(e2x sin x) = 2e2x sin x+e2x cos x+e2x sin x = e2x cos x+3e2x sin x
· ¸
3
The first corresponds to the vector with respect to the
−1 · ¸
1
given basis, and the second corresponds to the vector with
3
respect to the given basis. These vectors are columns of the matrix
representing L. Thus, the matrix representing L with respect to
· ¸
3 1
the given basis is
−1 3
(b) To find one solution to the differential equation, we simply need
to solve the following matrix equation:
· ¸ · ¸
3 1 1
x=
−1 3 0
· ¸
0.3
Solving this matrix equation, we get x = . Thus, one solu-
0.1
tion to the differential equation is y = 0.3e2x cos x + 0.1e2x sin x
Note: Initially, this problem incorrectly asked you to solve the
differential equation. The problem should have just asked to find
one solution. You do not need to be able to find all solutions to
the differential equation.
8
9. Consider the following basis for R2 :
½· ¸ · ¸¾
1 3
E= ,
2 5
· ¸
−2
(a) Find the coordinates for the vector in terms of the basis E.
4
(b) Let L : R2 → R2 be the following linear transformation:
c1 + 3c2 = −2
2c1 + 5c2 = 4
9
Now, we simply multiply the vectors by this transition matrix.
(Note that we could have used this transition matrix in part (a)).
· ¸· ¸ · ¸
−5 3 0 −3
=
2 −1 −1 1
· ¸· ¸ · ¸
−5 3 1 −8
=
2 −1 −1 3
Thus, the matrix representing L with respect to the basis E is
· ¸
−3 −8
1 3
(a) ¯ ¯
¯ 3−λ −5 ¯
det(A1 − λI) = ¯¯ ¯ = λ2 + 1
¯
2 −3 − λ
Thus, the eigenvalues are λ = i, −i. We can find the eigenvectors
corresponding to λ = i:
· ¸ · ¸
3−i −5 3 − i −5
A − iI = −→
2 −3 − i 0 0
· ¸
5
Thus, is an eigenvector corresponding to λ = i (and any
3−i
multiple is also an eigenvector).
10
The eigenvector for λ = −i is the complex
· conjugate.
¸ Thus, an
5
eigenvector corresponding to λ = −i is (and any multi-
3+i
ple is also an eigenvector).
· ¸
5
Thus, the eigenvalues and eigenvectors are λ = i, and
3−i
· ¸
5
λ = −i,
3+i
(b)
¯ ¯
¯ 4−λ −4 2 ¯¯
¯
det(A2 − λI) = ¯¯ 2 −2 − λ 2 ¯¯
¯ 0 0 1−λ ¯
¯ ¯
¯ 4−λ −4 ¯¯
= (1 − λ) ¯¯
2 −2 − λ ¯
= (1 − λ) ((4 − λ)(−2 − λ) + 8)
= (1 − λ)(−2λ + λ2 ) = λ(1 − λ)(−2 + λ)
11
2
Thus, an eigenvector corresponding to λ = 1 is 2 . Any multiple
1
of this vector is also an eigenvector.
Now, we find the eigenvalue corresponding to λ = 2:
2 −4 2 1 −2 0
A − 2I = 2 −4
2 −→ 0 0 1
0 0 −1 0 0 0
2
Thus, an eigenvector corresponding to λ = 2 is 1 . Any multiple
0
of this vector is also an eigenvector.
1 2
Thus, the eigenvalues and eigenvectors are λ = 0, 1 , λ = 1, 2 ,
0 1
2
and λ = 2, 1
0
12
We find the eigenvector corresponding to λ = 2:
· ¸ · ¸
4 4 1 1
A − 2I = −→
−6 −6 0 0
· ¸
−1
Thus, an eigenvector corresponding to λ = 0 is . Any multiple
1
of this vector is also an eigenvector.
Thus:
· ¸· ¸· ¸−1
−2 −1 0 0 −2 −1
A =
3 1 0 2 3 1
· ¸· ¸· ¸
−2 −1 0 0 1 1
=
3 1 0 2 −3 −2
12. (a) Find all solutions to the following system of differential equations:
(b) Use your computations from part (a) to find all solutions to the
following system of differential equations:
y100 = −5y1 + 3y2
y200 = −4y1 + 2y2
Answer:
13
(a) We can express this as a matrix equation:
· ¸0 · ¸· ¸
y1 −5 3 y1
=
y2 −4 2 y2
y1 = Ae−2t + 3Be−t
y2 = Ae−2t + 4Be−t
14
We can use the eigenvalues and eigenvectors computed in part (a).
In the basis of eigenvectors, the differential equation becomes:
· ¸00 · ¸· ¸
u1 −2 0 u1
=
u2 0 −1 u2
So, we have the differential equations u001 = −2u1 and u002 = −u1 .
This has solutions
√ √
u1 = A cos( 2t) + B sin( 2t)
u2 = C cos t + D sin t
Thus:
· ¸ · ¸ · ¸
y1 1 3
= u1 + u2
y2 1 4
³ · ¸ · ¸
√ √ ´ 1 3
= A cos( 2t) + B sin( 2t) + (C cos t + D sin t)
1 4
√ √
y1 = A cos(√2t) + B sin(√2t) + 3C cos t + 3D sin t
y2 = A cos( 2t) + B sin( 2t) + 4C cos t + 3D sin t
15
13. Consider the vector space C[0, 1] with the following inner product:
Z 1
hf, gi = f (x)g(x) dx
−1
16
• Make the third vector a unit vector:
° ° sZ 1 µ ¶µ ¶ √
° 2 1° 1 1 2 2
°x − ° = 2
x − 2
x − dx = √
° 3° 3 3 3 5
−1
√ µ ¶
3 5 2 1
thus, √ x − is a unit vector.
2 2 3
( r √ µ ¶)
1 3 3 5 1
Thus, the orthonormal basis is √ , x, √ x2 −
2 2 2 2 3
14. Find the Fourier series on the interval [−π, π] for the following function:
(
0 if −π < x < 0
f (x) =
1 if 0<x<π
17
Z
1 π
cn = hsin(nx), f (x)i = sin(nx)f (x) dx
π −π
Z · ¸π
1 π 1 −1
= sin(nx) dx = cos(nx)
π 0 π n 0
µ ¶
1 −1 1
= cos(nπ) + cos(0)
π n n
0 n even
= 2
n odd
nπ
Thus, we get the Fourier series:
1 2 2 2 2
f (x) = + sin x + sin(3x) + sin(5x) + sin(7x) + . . .
2 π 3π 5π 7π
Answer: Recall that 1, sin x, and cos x are orthogonal on [−π, π].
Thus:
Z π Z π Z π
(3 + 2 sin x + 3 cos x) (1 + 4 sin x) dx = 3 dx + 8 sin2 x dx
−π −π −π
= 3(2π) + 8π = 14π
18