Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 73 (2017) 854–867

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/rser

Optimal reconfiguration of distribution system connected with distributed MARK

generations: A review of different methodologies
⁎
Ola Badrana, Saad Mekhilefb, Hazlie Mokhlisa, , Wardiah Dahalanc
a
Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
b
Power Electronics and Renewable Energy Research Laboratory (PEARL), Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala
Lumpur, Malaysia
c
Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysian Institute of Marine Engineering Technology, 32000, Perak, Malaysia

A R T I C L E I N F O A BS T RAC T

Keywords: The Network Reconfiguration technique is a method which helps mitigate power losses from distribution
Network distribution reconfiguration systems. However, the reconfiguration technique can only do this up to a certain point. Further power loss
Distributed generation reduction may be realized via the application of Distributed Generation (DG). However, the integration of DG
Optimization method into the distribution system at a non-optimal location may result in increased power losses and voltage
Heuristic methods
fluctuations. Therefore, a strategy for the selection of optimal placement and sizing of the DG needs to be
developed and at the same time ensure optimal configuration. Many heuristic and artificial intelligence methods
have been proposed in the literature for optimal distribution network reconfiguration, DGs sizing, and location.
This paper reviews some of the more recent methods for distribution network reconfiguration, DG placement,
and sizing that are intended to minimize power losses and improve the voltage profile.

1. Introduction
An electrical distribution system is the final stage of an electrical
supply system, and this is where electricity is distributed to individual
customers. During power distribution, power could be lost in the form
of heat caused by current flow (I2R). The total power loss of a system
could be quite high for large-scale distribution systems. According to
[1], power losses on transmission and sub-transmission lines made up
30% of the total power losses, while losses in a distribution network
system accounted for 70% of the total losses in power system network.
Power loss directly affects the operational cost of a power system. In
[2], it was estimated that operational losses amounted to USD
5,851.85, which was attributed to power system losses. Technically,
power losses could also reduce the voltage profile of a system,
especially in heavily loaded systems.
Power losses can be mitigated through established techniques, such
as network reconfiguration. This is the process of altering the switches’
state of the network, where it could be normally open (tie switches) or
closed (sectionalizing switches). The former is used in line reconfigura-
tion, whereas the latter is used to localize fault damages. These
switches help isolate failed subsystems from the main system, prevent-
ing operational interruption of the main system. The topological
structure of the network is altered by closing the open switches, and
vice versa, which will reduce power losses and improve the overall
voltage profile, provided that the optimum reconfiguration could be
determined. This will allow the load to be transferred to less heavily
loaded feeders, which decreases the overall power loss. Network
reconfiguration in a distribution system involves planning and opera-
tion. In the former, network reconfiguration is required to identify the
best configuration by changing the on/off tie and sectionalizing
switches within the network [3–6].
Another technique that can be utilized to reduce power loss in a
distribution system is the interconnection to a local power supply. The
availability of a local power supply will allow power to be delivered to
loads that are within reach, which will indirectly reduce power loss.
Examples of a local power supply include Renewable Energy Sources
(RESs), such as mini-hydro, wind, solar, and biomass [7–10]. This
class of the power supply is typically regarded as “Distributed
Generations” (DG), where it is defined as a small generating unit
installed at strategic locations in the distribution system, predomi-
nantly close to the load centers. Its capacity is usually under 10 MW
[11,12]. Power generated from DG based on RESs is increasing across
the world, where its generation capacity shown continues trend of
increment in different continent from 2009 to 2015, as shown in Fig. 1
[13].
It is predicted that DG penetration will exceed 25% of the total

⁎
Correspondence to: Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
E-mail address: hazli@um.edu.my (H. Mokhlis).

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.02.010
Received 26 August 2015; Received in revised form 18 January 2017; Accepted 2 February 2017
1364-0321/ © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
O. Badran et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 73 (2017) 854–867

Load 1 Load 2

Power lines
Substation Load 4

Load 3
Fig. 2. A radial power distribution system.

Fig. 1. Annual capacity of the additional renewable DGs across world markets [13].
[18,19].
Several constraints should be taken into account when trying to
generated power in the near future. Studies reported that the use of
optimize both network reconfiguration and the size of the DG [20,21].
Renewable Energy DG could reduce carbon pollution by 60% from
The following are the most common constraints:
conventional power generation by 2050 [14]. DG leads to improved
load balance, voltage profile, energy efficiency, and reliability, and so it
(a) Constraints of distributed generation operation:
is therefore prudent to ensure that DG is optimally sized and installed
at suitable locations so that the aforementioned benefits will manifest Pimin ≤ PDG, i ≤ Pimax (2)
itself in the system. Optimal DG placement involves determining the
where Pimax and Piminare the upper and lower bounds of the DG
most suitable location that the DG should be installed in the system,
size, respectively. All DG units should function within an acceptable
while optimizing the size of the DG which involves selecting the
limit.
amount of active power from DG that changes (0–100%) of the total
(b) Constraints of power injection:
active load. Unsuitable DG sizes will result in an increased power loss
k
from the system. The loss of power is also compounded by increased
operational costs, due to the fact that the installation of the DG and ∑ PDG < PLoad + PLoss
i =1 (3)
other associated equipments are a rather expensive undertaking. The
above discussion serves to highlight the fact of the DG that is optimally where k is the number of the DG, PLoad is the total load of active
sized and installed at the most suitable location will serve to reduce power in the network, and PLoss is the total active power losses in
power losses from the system while also keeping it stable [15]. the network. In order to prevent power from being injected into the
Recent works on network reconfiguration involved detailed studies main source, the total load in the network needs to be larger than
on the optimization of the size of the DG and the most suitable location the total power output of the DG. Doing so will ensure a continuous
for its installation. In literature, there are numerous proposed techni- power flow from the main source to the entire distribution system.
ques for network configuration, DG sizing, and placement that could (c) Constraint of power balance:
result in reduced power loss. This paper will review some of the k
strengths and limitations of the more recent techniques. ∑ PDG + PSubstation = PLoad + PLoss
i =1 (4)
2. Mathematical formulation of power losses The principle of equilibrium stipulates that the supply of power
must be equal to its demand. The summation of power losses and
Changing the state of the aforementioned switches will change the load should be equal to the total power generated from the DG
topography of the distribution network. It is imperative to distribute units and substation.
the loads between the feeders in order to balance the load and avoid the (d) Constraint of voltage bus:
feeders from overloading. The power loss equation for a distribution The bus voltage magnitudes should be kept within acceptable
system is given by [16,17]: operating bounds via the optimization process in the following
N manner:
PLoss = ∑ (RN × IN 2 )
N =1 (1) Vmin ≤ Vi ≤ Vmax (5)

where
PLoss : the total active power losses in the network distribution.
N : the branch number.
RN : the resistance in the branch N .
IN : the current in the branch N .
The most common configuration of a distribution network is radial.
The radial network is used in congested locations where the generated
station is located at the center of the load. It has separate feeders and
many power sources that operate in parallel, mimicking a tree. Each
customer group is connected to one power source. The power is
supplied to various areas in a community via the radial line as shown
in Fig. 2. Most of the distribution networks are connected radially due
to its simplicity, low cost, and simple maintenance; however, this
configuration has the disadvantage of inducing more power outages.
This will interrupt some loads in the event one or more of the lines are
opened. Incidentally, this configuration also includes tie switches,
which are used to reconfigure the network if faults or overloads occur
where Vmin and Vmax are the lower and upper bound of bus voltage
limits, respectively, and Vi is the voltage magnitude at bus ith . The
acceptable voltages limits for each bus are 0.95 and 1.05 ( ± 5% of
rated value).
(e) Constraint of radial configuration:
The system's configuration should always be radial.
(f) Constraint of isolation:
After reconfiguration, all nodes or buses must be reactivated and
energized to ensure that all loads are powered.
3. Methodologies of network reconfiguration and DG sizing
techniques for planning purpose
Many methods have been developed for reconfiguration. However,
not many take into account the optimal sizing of the DGs [20,22,23].
Reported works can be categorized into ‘sequential’ and ‘simultaneous’
techniques. For the former, the optimal size of the DGs needs to be
determined prior to network configuration, while in the latter, optimal

855
O. Badran et al.
Optimization
Methodologies
Artificial
Intelligent
Firework Fuzzy
Algorithm Technique
Genetic
Algorithm
Evolutionary
Programming
Fig. 3. Optimization methodologies of distribution network reconfiguration embedded with DG.
sizing of the DGs and network reconfiguration are executed simulta-
neously.
This paper reports a complete review of the currently available
methodologies on both network reconfiguration and optimal DG sizing.
The techniques discussed in this paper are detailed in Fig. 3, divided
into two major categories: Heuristic and Artificial Intelligence.
3.1. Heuristic technique
A heuristic technique is an optimization process that is used to find
an approximation for the optimal solution to a problem. This solution
could be the maximum or minimum value. For this technique to be
effective, we need to formulate the correct function for the problem.
The trial-and-error method is an example of a heuristic method
[24,25].
3.1.1. Trial and error method
Trial-and-Error represents the most basic method for solving
optimization problems, characterized by repeated varied attempts,
which continues until the agent stops trying, or until it is successful.
Various trial-and-error methods are employed to reconfigure the
electrical distribution network. In [26], the interchange switch strategy
was used to reconfigure the feeder. It looks for suitable options to
reduce losses through a minimal tree-search. A simple formula for
power loss was developed to determine the switching option that will
result in minimum power loss. The results showed that the proposed
method realized the optimal or near optimal configuration of the
network in an efficient manner with minimal computational effort. In
[27], the open-all switch strategy was used to reduce power losses for a
radial distribution network. Load flow is used to set a lower bound on
the losses. When implementing the proposed strategy, the switches are
closed one-by-one until a radial network is formed. The results showed
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 73 (2017) 854–867
Heuristics
Trial and Error Meta Heuristic
Technique Algorithms
Evolutionary
Population
Algorithm
Ant Colony Simulated
Optimization Unique
Annealing
Particle Swarm
Optimization Tabu Search
Harmony
Search
Algorithm
Artificial Bee
Colony
that the proposed method is more computationally involved compared
to other methods, but its control action was more accurate. On the
other hand, the close-all switch strategy was used in [28]. The
methodology began with a meshed distribution network, which closes
all of the switches. In order to eliminate loops, the switches were
successively opened. The opening criteria was based on the minimum
total power loss increase. The power losses are calculated using a
power-flow program. The proposed method managed to avoid the
combinatorial explosion of the number of configurations that needs to
be tested.
3.1.2. Meta heuristic method
The Meta heuristic method is an iterative generation process that
helps the search process to efficiently locate near-optimal solutions
using learning strategies and intelligently combining different concepts
that will help exploit and scour the search space. This strategy is
utilized to find the exact or near exact optimal solutions. This method
can be divided into two distinct categories: Single (unique) solution
and Population solution [29].
3.1.2.1. Single (Unique) solution meta heuristic method. This type of
method provides one solution at a time. This section presents the most
popular algorithms pertaining to this method.
3.1.2.1.1. Simulated annealing. Simulated annealing (SA) is a
random search method that solves large combinatorial optimization
problems. It has the ability of escaping local minima by incorporating a
probability function when accepting or rejecting new solutions. It is an
iterative algorithm with an initial random solution to the problem, then
changing a single element of the solution incrementally in order to find
a better solution. The algorithm consists of initialization, cooling
schedule, perturbation, and acceptance probability to perform the
856
O. Badran et al.
search [30].
In [31], the author analyzed the reconfiguration of a distribution
network with a small capacity of oilfield associated gas DG. The
network reconfiguration algorithm in this work is based on simulated
annealing. The formulation to minimize losses for the reconfiguration
problem is:
Nb
Pi2 + Qi2
min(Ploss ) = ∑ ri ,
i =1
Vi2 (6)
subject to: g (x ) = 0, (7)
Si ≤ Si, max, (8)
Vi, min ≤ Vi ≤ Vi, max (9)
where Ploss is the power loss of system, ri is resistance of branch i , Nb is
total the number of branches, Pi is the active power of branch i , Qi is the
reactive power of branch i , Vi is the voltage of the head node of branch i ,
g (x ) represents topology constraints, Si, max is the maximal capacity of
branch i , Vi, min and Vi, max are the voltage boundaries of branch i . The
output production of the oilfield-associated gas DG are relatively stable
compared to solar or wind DG, since gas may store easily for use at any
time. SA combined with the Immune Algorithm, is used to avoid the
unfeasibility of the solutions in the evolutionary process and accelerate
the global optimization searching speed. This combination results in
improved population characteristics. The algorithm is applied to the
IEEE 33 bus. This network consists of 37 switches, 32 sectionalizing
switches, and 5 tie switches. Switches 33, 34, 35, 36, and 37 are
normally open for the original network, while the other switches are
normally closed. The base value of the apparent power is 100 MV A.
The system's voltage is 10 kV, while the overall load power is 8,000 kW.
Four DGs were installed on buses 4, 8, 25, and 30. The results show
that there are great benefits to reconfiguration, where the power losses
after the DG is reconfigured is 201.9 kW, while prior to reconfiguration,
it was 597.9 kW.
3.1.2.1.2. Tabu search. Tabu Search (TS) is a meta-heuristic
algorithm that is used to look for an effective solution for the
combinatorial problem rapidly. Its working principle is based on a
memory structure. The information data (such as the current value of
the objective function) and previous decisions are stored and tracked to
avoid local optimal solutions. Prohibiting recent steps during the
search process improves the efficiency of the exploration process. The
stored data is used to guide the search for the next solutions in a
specific range, which is restricted by the previous steps taken. Typically,
the search process stops after a maximum number of iterations without
any improvement to the best solution [32].
The authors in [33] reported the benefits of network reconfigura-
tion to accommodate capacitor placements and DG units in a distribu-
tion systems to improve both bus voltage and load balancing. The TS
algorithm was used to determine the state of the switches for the
purpose of minimizing the load-balancing index without violating any
constraints on the system, while the load-balancing index was used to
determine the maximum load capacity of the system. The optimization
process was used to balance the load and eliminate any overloads. The
load-balancing index (LBI) is minimized using the equation:
⎛ Ik , t ⎞2
MinLBI = ∑ Lk ⎜ ⎟ 3.1.2.2.1. Evolutionary Algorithm. Evolutionary Algorithm (EA)
k∈B
⎝ Ikmax ⎠ (10)
where B is the set of network branches that form the loops, Lk is the
length of branch k , Ik , t is the current capability of branch k for the
feeder reconfiguration pattern t , and Ikmax is the maximum current
capability of a given branch k . This algorithm was applied on the 69-
bus radial network with DGs and capacitors positioned to obtain the
optimal network reconfiguration when the balancing index is at its
857
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 73 (2017) 854–867
minimum. The results confirmed the algorithm's ability to decrease
computational time and obtain the optimal solution while satisfying all
constraints.
In another work based on TS [34], the researchers investigated the
reduction of power loss in the distribution system due to the integra-
tion of the DG. They used four case studies to show that configuring the
network with DGs improved the bus voltage and reduced power losses.
The results showed that power loss decrease when both the reconfi-
guration technique and DG sizing take place simultaneously.
Furthermore, the results identify the optimal state of the switches that
would result in the lowest power loss while still satisfying the system's
constraints. The results proved the effectiveness of the TS algorithm in
determining an optimum solution with fewer iterations. Meanwhile, in
[22], a distribution network was reconfigured in order to minimize the
number of operation switches, improve the deviation of the bus voltage,
and minimize the active power cost generated by the DGs. These effects
are modelled by the following equation [22]:
N N N
f (X ) = ∑i =1sub Psub, i⋅Pricei +
g
∑i =1 SW
CPgi (Pgi ) + w1⋅ ∑i =1 Si − So, i + w2
Nbus
⋅ ∑i =1 Vi − Vrat , (11)
where Nsub is the number of substations, Ng is the number of DGs, NSW is
the number of switches, Nbus are the number of buses, X is the state
variable vector, Psub, i is the ith substation active power, Pricei is the
electrical energy cost at the ith substation, Pgi is the active power of the
ith DG, CPgi (Pgi ) is the price of active power generated by the ith DG, Si is
the new state of switch i , So, i is the original state of switch i , Vi is the real
voltage on bus i , Vrat is the rated voltage on bus i , w1 and w2 represent
the weighting factors. The basic concept of this method is to determine
the configuration of the distribution system. This is then followed by
the creation of an initial population and velocity based on the load
values and DGs. The objective function is then evaluated using the load
flow method. The global and local positions are selected based on the
values of the objective function, which is accordingly updated. The
process is repeated until the maximum number of iterations is reached.
The results proves that the integrated DG improved the system's
performance. In [35], a new method was proposed to solve the
reconfiguration problem for radial and Medium Voltage networks
(MV) within Photovoltaic (PV) and Combined Heat and Power (CHP)
RESs units in order to minimize energy loss. The TS and branch
exchange methods were combined using the NEPLAN power system
analysis software and C++. The residential and commercial load
profiles were utilized through the implemented algorithm. The pro-
posed method was implemented in two stages. In the first stage, the DG
power units were assumed to be constant at various percentages of the
rated power of each unit, while the second stage took into account DGs
with generation profiles. The results proved the ability of the method to
improve the voltage profile, minimize power loss, and reduce the
bottlenecks between the lines.
3.1.2.2. Population solution meta heuristic method. This method
provides a concurrently multi-solution. This section will detail the
most popular algorithms belonging to the population solutions, such as
evolutionary algorithms (EA), ant colony optimization (ACO), particle
swarm optimization (PSO), harmony search algorithm (HSA), and
Artificial Bee Colony (ABC).
is a meta-heuristic method that generates solutions to optimize
problems based on natural selection, such as recombination,
mutation, selection, and reproduction. In the beginning, poor
solutions are selected from the initial population. Then, it randomly
provides a candidate solution via a mutation step, which then combines
the initial population with the mutation results to form a novel solution
via the recombination step. In the end, it reproduces the results, which
O. Badran et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 73 (2017) 854–867

means that it replicates the most successful solutions found within a Begin
population. EA includes the Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Evolutionary
Programming (EP) [24,36].
3.1.2.2.1.1. Genetic Algorithm Read bus, branch and load data from
Genetic Algorithm (GA) is an optimization methodology based on a the distribution system
model of evolution and adaptation in nature. It is capable of finding a
globally optimal solution for large-scale combinatorial optimization
problems. GA is widely used in optimization, business, and machine
learning [37]. Since it is easy to model and understand, it is utilized for Identify initial state of sectionalizing
multi-objective optimization. It is also easy to exploit alternate solu-
and tie switches
tions and is flexible for hybrid applications. However, GA can find the
optimal solution if the population has a large quantity of data,
otherwise, it will not be able to do the task [38]. Run load flow program for
An improved GA, called Non dominated Sorting - Genetic radial distribution network
Algorithm (NSGA) for network reconfiguration was presented in [2].
The objective function of the method is to minimize the operating cost
of the system. The work also suggested some criteria to maximize the
system's reliability and improve its power quality. The total amount of Compute voltage profile, branch
active and reactive power is minimized based on the operating cost via current, and network power losses
the equation below:
Opetaring Cost = K1 × PL + K 2 × QSS (12)

where K1 is the real power price coefficient in $/ kW , PL is the real

power losses for system transmission, K2 is the reactive power price
coefficient in $/ kVAR , and QSS is the reactive power drawn from the Change of the sate of sectionalizing and tie
connected transmission system by the distribution system. In [39], a switches in the distribution network using
time-series steady-state analysis was presented, which evaluates tech- genetic algorithm
nical cases such as loss, short-circuit levels, and energy export. A Multi
Objective (MO) programming method, based on the Non-dominated
Sorting - Genetic Algorithm (NSGA), was used to obtain the best
network configuration that maximizes the incorporation of Distributed
Wind Power Generation (DWPG) while fulfilling the thermal and
voltage limitations. The proposed method was conducted on a medium
voltage distribution network while taking into the account the wind Print the output results
profiles and hourly demands for parts of the U.K. The proposed method
could find sets of DWPG arrangements that satisfy the limitations and
compromised between minimizing power losses and maximizing Finish
energy export while also accounting for the variability of generation
Fig. 4. Flow chart for network reconfiguration process.
and load. In [38,40], the GA method was applied to improve the
reconfiguration of a power distribution system. GA was used to avoid
limits, and no load-point interruption. The main innovation in this
the non-feasible solution through the branches form. The branch form
method is that the initial population is generated using new types of
is acceptable only if the solution provides a radial network. This
crossover and mutation operators, which provide the best possible
method has been used to reduce the amount of power loss from a
results with acceptable levels of computational effort. This Meta
distribution system. Fig. 4 illustrates the reconfiguration process. The
heuristic algorithm reduces the search space and renders the applica-
result shows the simplicity and the effectiveness of the algorithm.
tion of the algorithm possible for large distribution systems, since it
Meanwhile, [41] presented a radial distribution system with optimal
could deal with problems with complex multi-constraints with mini-
reconfiguration based on the fuzzy mutated method. This method deals
mum computational effort. In [44], the authors proposed a model for
with non-continuous multi-objective optimization and overcomes the
the active distribution system. DGs were integrated with a conventional
combinatorial nature of the reconfiguration problem. This algorithm
source to expand the system as a requirement for active modern
maintains the radial property of the network and avoids islanding for
networks. The model's objectives are to plan a safe system that
any load point via a special coding scheme and an effective convergence
minimizes the cost of the system reliability, network investment, and
characteristic that is related to a controlled mutation using fuzzy logic.
power losses. Two methodologies based on the GA were proposed to
It was shown that the test results on a 69 bus for radial distribution
solve the uncertain power generation problems caused by the DG. The
network are satisfactory. Meanwhile, the abilities of SA, GA, and graph
first methodology analyzed the network reconfiguration and DG
theory were presented in [42] for a multi–objective network reconfi-
location individually, while the second methodology analyzed both
guration to balance the load, reduce power loss, and enhance the
network reconfiguration and DG location simultaneously. The total cost
voltage profile of the distribution system. In order to find the best
for the methods were calculated based on the following equations:
configuration of a distributed system using SA and GA, graph theory
For the first methodology,
was used to check the system radiality and load services. It helps the
algorithms converge faster and produces results faster. obf = Closses + ECOST + Cinv + Ctrans (13)
A new methodology of codification for the conventional GA was
presented in [16,43] to reconfigure a radial distribution system of 33 where Closses is the annualized energy losses costs, ECOST is the
buses in the presence of DGs. This method aimed to minimize power expected value of non-distributed energy cost, Cinv is the annualized
losses and improve the feeder voltage profile, taking into account the costs of system investments, and Ctrans is the annualized costs of energy
network reconfiguration constraints. These constraints consist of the imported from the transmission system.
radial configuration format, load point voltage limits, feeder capability For the second methodology,

858
O. Badran et al.
nc
obf = ∑ pk (Closses j, k + ECOSTj, k + Cinv j, k + Ctransj,k )
k =1 (14)
where nc is the number of scenarios considered, pk is the probability of
occurrence of scenario k , Closses j, k is the annualized energy losses costs
of individual j on scenario k , ECOSTj, k is the expected value of non-
distributed energy cost of individual j on scenario k ,Cinv j, k is the
annualized costs of system investments of individual j on scenario k ,
and Ctransj, k is the annualized costs of energy imported from transmis-
sion of individual j on scenario k . The results showed that the second
method is better than the first in the context of realizing the model's
objectives. The effectiveness and simplicity of the GA algorithm was
also proven.
Meanwhile, in [45], the essential criterion for the optimization
problem has been evaluated on power loss reduction and the reliability
of the distribution system based on the GA. System reliability is
represented by the number of the customers interrupted for three
minutes per total number of customers served annually. This percen-
tage is expressed as the system average interruption frequency index
(SAIFI). This index is estimated using the formula below:
n
∑i =1 λti⋅Ni
SAIFI = ⋅T
N (15)
where N is the total number of customers served, Ni is the total number
of customers supplied from node i , T is the reference period per year, n
is the number of load nodes of the system, and λti is the total failure
rate of the equivalent element corresponding to the reliability block
diagram at the level of node i . The proposed strategy was applied in two
forms; networks with a microgrid operated in grid connected mode, or
networks with DG connected directly to the main distribution system.
The simulation results showed that the criteria of the performance in
the case of existing microgrids exceeded the DG which is connected
directly to the main distribution system, since the microgrid customers
contribute to the power supply in the event of faults. In [46], a novel
objective function was proposed to improve the reconfiguration
system's reliability under islanding conditions. The objective function
was based on the reliability cost. Both DG reliability cost and customer
interruption cost were considered. The work was implemented using
MATLAB, with GA as its optimization tool. It was found that the DG
reliability cost is more influential under a lightly loaded feeder, while
the customer interruption cost is more influential under a heavily
loaded feeder.
In [47], a methodology based on the GA was proposed to solve the
network reconfiguration problem. The stochastic power generation of
RESs units and the load variation effect were also taken into account.
The minimum annual energy loss was obtained by determining the
optimal network configuration for all-year seasons based on the
identification of the annual network reconfiguration scheme by taking
into account the switching operation cost. A probabilistic generation-
load model was created to combine all feasible run conditions of the
RESs units (Wind Turbine (WT), solar, and biomass) with the
probability of their respective occurrence, followed by the integration
of this model into the reconfiguration problem. The model included
constraints of the line's current limitation, voltage limitation, feeding of
all loads, and achieved radial topography. Both unbalanced and
balanced networks were used as test systems in order to validate the
effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The simulation results
proved the effectiveness of the proposed methodology for minimizing
the annual and seasonal energy losses.
The microgrid concept is centered around integrating the RESs and
DGs technologies into the electric power system to feed the majority of
the loads. Microgrid includes DGs, circuit breakers, local loads, and
energy storage devices. In [48], a new probabilistic formulation was
proposed to find the optimal configuration for the drop controller of an
Islanded Microgrid System (IMG). The reconfiguration issue was
treated as a multi-objective optimization problem that aims to mini-
859
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 73 (2017) 854–867
mize the consumption of IMG fuel, minimize the operation cost of the
relevant switching, and improve the voltage instability proximity index
to ensure that the capacity of the IMG could feed the maximum
demand. According to the problem formulation, the system's opera-
tional condition constraints were taken into account based on the
uncertainty associated with wind size and load variation. A Non-
dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) was used to solve
the formulated problem. The obtained results proved that the imple-
mentation of the proper formulation of the IMG reconfiguration
problem will improve the features of the IMG system, successfully
incorporate the microgrid concept in the distribution system, and
reduce fuel consumption.
The recent rapid growth of environmental and loads concerns leads
to the introduction of a new generation of grid called the Smart Grid
(SG). SG involves new technologies, such as RESs, communication, and
electronics, all of which provide a more reliable, economical, secure,
and eco-friendly electric power system. In [49], the scheduling frame-
work method was proposed for the optimal operation of the
Distribution Management System (DMS) that was the main part of
the smart Active Distribution Networks (ADNs). The proposed method
aimed to optimally control the system's active components, wind
turbine units, and Loads Response (RLs), all of which leads to the
minimization of the total operation costs of the system. The DMS
efficiently used the hourly network reconfiguration capabilities via the
deployment of Remotely Controlled Switches (RCSs). Accordingly, the
optimum network topography for each hour associated with the
scheduling time were duly determined. The impact of hourly network
reconfiguration on the capacity released of both RLs and DGs were
highlighted, which could be a new approach to the backup scheduling
issue. GA was used to formulate the optimization process carried out
on the 33-bus ADN. The results showed that integrating RCSs in ADN
scheduling could greatly influence the optimal daily dispatches of DGs
and RLs. Furthermore, hourly flexible typologies decreased the total
daily operation cost of ADN by 5.53% which minimizes the total power
loss associated with the ADN.
3.1.2.2.1.2. Evolutionary Programming
Evolutionary Programming (EP) is a stochastic optimization meth-
od. It focuses on the linkage between parents and their children instead
of seeking to simulate natural genetic operators. The EP algorithm is
simple and direct, since it works directly with the system parameter
without the need for coding. The basic concept of EP is as follows: First,
randomly generate an initial population (parents). Then, the fitness of
each parent is calculated using the objective function. After that, a new
population (offspring) is generated using the mutation process. Then,
both parents and offspring are combined to generate a new population.
The new population is sorted based on their fitness value in an
ascending order. The first half of the new population are stored as
the next generation, while the second half are removed. The process is
repeated until the fitness converges, that means the entire population
possess similar levels of fitness [50].
In [51], a new method was proposed to optimize the locations of
Photovoltaic Arrays (PVAs) and Wind Turbine Generators (WTGs) in a
radial distribution system based on the EP method. The relations
between RESs and load were neglected by dividing the study period
into different parts and dealing with them separately. The probabilistic
methodology was used to handle the uncertainties related to RESs and
load. For system stability considerations, both clipping wind turbine
generator size and turning off wind turbine generator operation
strategies were used to constrain the wind power from being sent to
a specified fraction of the system load. A sensitivity analysis technique
was utilized for this purpose. It provides a set of proper PVAs and
WTGs locations in order to reduce the search space, which minimizes
the computational effort. In the case of the proposed EP-based
approach, an index based scheme was developed to ensure the
feasibility of individual populations and minimize the computational
time. The proposed methodology was carried out on a 12.66 kV, 69 bus
O. Badran et al.
distribution network, and resulted in excellent loss reduction and
voltage profile improvement in the context of the restrictions on bus
voltages, number of DGs to be integrated, line loading, and dispatched
wind power. In [52], a new type of EP algorithm was proposed for
minimizing the loss during reconfiguration for a radial distribution.
Based on the heuristic information, a fuzzy controlled EP method was
proposed to improve the performance of evolutionary programming.
This algorithm adjusts the mutation rate during the evolutionary
process which could reduce the combinatorial explosive switching
problem to minimize the switching operation to a few numbers. In
[50], a method was proposed to solve the network reconfiguration
problem for multiple objective functions (minimizing power losses,
maintaining voltage quality, enhancing service reliability, and reducing
switching time). In this work, the execution of the EP resulted in a non-
inferiority optimal solution and is also capable of solving problems with
nonlinear and non-differentiable objective functions.
3.1.2.2.2. Ant Colony Optimization. The Ant Colony Optimization
(ACO) is defined as a novel nature-inspired Meta heuristic for solving
hard Combinatorial Optimization (CO) problems. It is used to obtain
suitable solutions for hard CO problems in a suitable amount of
computation time. ACO is one of the evolutionary methods based on
the implementation of finding the shortest path for ants when
searching for food. Ants determined the shortest path from the nest
to the food source by depositing a chemical material called pheromone
[53–55].
In [23], the author proposed a reconfiguration methodology based
on an Ant Colony Search Algorithm (ACS) objective to achieve the
minimum power losses and increment load balance factor for radial
distribution networks with DGs. The load balance was determined
using the formula:
nb ⎛ Si ⎞2 nb
Pi2 + Qi2
LBi = ∑⎜ ⎟ = ∑
i =1
⎝ Simax ⎠ i =1
Simax 2 (16)
where Pi2and Qi2
are the active and reactive power for bus i ,
respectively, nb is the number of the branch,Si is the complex power
at the sending end of branch i , and Simax is used as a measure of how
much branch i is loaded. The results show that lower system losses and
better load balancing can be attained when the DG is compared to a
system without DG. However, the work only emphasized the impact of
DG on power loss, while the location and capacity of DG are fixed
earlier and not detailed. The computational results showed that ACS
becomes an extremely powerful method and is better than GA. It can be
seen that when the distributed generation are installed in a system, a
44.626% of average loss reduction is reported by the ACS compared to
43.803% reported by the GA. The authors in [56] extended the work in
[23], where the problem of multi criteria reconfiguration of distribution
network with DG was presented in the context of power supply
reliability under post-emergency conditions and minimum active
power loss under normal conditions. An ACO algorithm was used to
solve the multi criteria problem for the Mongolian power system,
where it analyzed the efficiency of the system in a normal case based on
the minimized active power losses. The cell formation method was used
to solve the islanding problem. The reported robust solution proved the
capability of the ACO in solving hard combinational problems. Kasaei
in [57] worked along the guidelines reported in [23]. He employed the
ACO algorithm applications on 10 and 33 bus networks to improve its
reliability and efficiency. The algorithm reported better results for the
reconfiguration process regardless of the presence of DGs. Meanwhile,
in [58] the authors proposed an approach that combines the fuzzy
approach and the ACO algorithm to solve the simultaneous reconfi-
guration problem. The method also optimizes the location and size of
the PV and distribution static compensator in the distribution system.
It includes the voltage profile, loss reduction, and load balancing for the
feeders. The method was tested on a 33 bus real system. The results
860
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 73 (2017) 854–867
showed that simultaneous reconfiguration is indeed possible for
optimizing the location and size of the PV and the distributed static
compensator, to improve the voltage profile reduce power losses, and
feeder load balancing. The results show that the fuzzy - ACO combined
approach was more accurate and robust compared to the conventional
ACO.
3.1.2.2.3. Particle Swarm Optimization. Particle Swarm
Optimization (PSO) is another meta-heuristic method used by many
researchers for optimization. PSO is inspired by the food searching
behavior of birds or fish. The main concept of the PSO method involves
the generation of random particles having random positions and
velocities. The fitness value for each particle will then be evaluated,
upon which the particles update their respective positions and
velocities based on their own searching experience and those relative
to others. The same process is repeated until the optimal or near
optimal solution is found [59]. The researchers who utilized PSO in
their works include the following.
In [60], PSO was used to determine the optimal placement and
sizing of different types of DG units (PV cells, Fuel Cells (FC),
synchronous generators, or induction generators) on a multi-phased
unbalanced distribution network. The IEEE 123 node network was
used as its test system, while in the real experiment, a combination
made up of all types of DGs were utilized. The results were compared
with the Repeated Load Flow method (RLF), and showed that the
proposed approach is more effective and quick (in terms of computa-
tional time) in allocating DGs. Moreover, optimized DG will improve
the voltage profile and reduce power loss.
The authors in [61] introduced a modified PSO as an optimization
technique for the reconfiguration of distribution systems. PSO reports
an optimal solution that is computationally less demanding compared
to other algorithms. The proposed algorithm works by altering the
normally open switches, while also taking into account the stabilization
of the supplied loads and minimization of switches on the lines. This
strategy minimizes loss via the application of the algorithm and
maximizing the number of supplied loads, which means that the best
solution can be found more quickly. This is very important for large-
scale systems with a higher number of possible configurations.
Meanwhile, in [62] the authors improved the voltage sag index and
DG placement via reconfiguration. The performance evaluation index is
the number of times the voltage of sensitive loads decreases to the
critical voltage. The Binary Particle Swarm Optimization (BPSO)
algorithm was used to minimize this index. The simulation results
showed that simultaneously using reconfiguration and DG placement
can improve the voltage sag index by 75%.
In a different publication [59], a method was presented based on
the PSO algorithm and a load balancing index. The method was used in
the optimal reconfiguration process that is embedded with a shunt
capacitor bank and a DG unit. Its main objective is to eliminate
overloading conditions and balance the feeder loads. A 69 node
network embedded with the DG and capacitor units were used to
prove the method's effectiveness. The results reported a better voltage
profile and load balance. Comparing PSO and Tabu Search showed that
PSO reported better results at a quicker rate.
The authors in [63], reported a complementary solution that
accounts for both network reconfiguration and dispatched microgrid
load. The load profile, intermittent nature of the PV and wind, and
predictions of the load data, were taken into account. GA, PSO, and the
Artificial Immune System (AIS) optimization methods were used to
solve the problem. The results proved that the optimization technique
is capable of solving the integration approach problem. The use of this
approach allows for the microgrid to be integrated into the system in a
more efficiently, which would allow the system to control itself more
effectively and permit the utilization of the RESs. This will minimize
the operating cost for the distribution networks that are integrated with
O. Badran et al.
microgrids. The proposed approach could change the network config-
uration in order to deal with faults occurring in the distribution
feeders. Meanwhile, in [64], the future smart network operation is
discussed based on the assumption of the Multi Microgrids (MMGs)
concept. MMGs economic operation was formulated as an optimization
problem. A probabilistic and stochastic modeling of load demand and
Small-Scale Energy Resources (SSERs) for each Microgrid (MG) was
conducted in order to select the most economical operation for each
MG based on the power transfer between the main grid and the MGs.
The balance between the load demand, MGs total power generation,
the probability density function, and the standard deviation for each
generated power were then determined. A statistical analysis for power
generated and the costs associated with PV, WT, FC, and CHP were
reported. The PSO was used to minimize the cost function. The results
proved that both power demand and power transfer between MGs and
the main grid could be regulated. Additionally, the operational cost of
future networks could be reduced if the main grid and the MGs share
power.
3.1.2.2.4. Harmony Search Algorithm. Harmony Search
Algorithm (HSA) is a music-based Meta heuristic population search
algorithm. It was inspired by the observation that music is the
manifestation of the perfect state of harmony. This harmony leads to
the search for optimal value of optimization process. HSA could be
used to solve various problems, such as power system design and
multi-objective optimization. The principle work for HSA consists of
three operations; memory consideration, pitch adjustment, and
random selection. Memory operation is used to find a value from the
harmony memory; pitch adjustment is used to choose a value that is
modified from harmony memory value, and random selection is used to
select a random value from the entire value range. These three
operations, together, form a novel stochastic derivative for searching
the optimal solution as opposed to the traditional operation based on
basic derivatives [65,66].
The authors in [67] propose a new method for determining the
location of the DG and determining the optimal solution for feeder
reconfiguration using the HSA algorithm. The basic concept of this
method is to determine the distribution system's configuration, select
the open switches, select the DG size and location, and evaluate the
power loss and voltage buses. The selected open switches is then
updated alongside the DG's size and location. This process continues
until it reaches the maximum number of iterations. It results in
improved voltage stability margin and reduced power loss. This
approach also maximizes the loadability limit index while minimizing
the investment cost. The proposed index for a bus is defined as [67]:
b
Ploss = ∑ Rl Bl2 = ∑ [Vi2 + V j2 − 2Vi Vj cos(δi − δj )] Yij cos φij
l =1 i, j =1,2,..., NB
where b is the number of branches, Rl is the resistance of line l , Bl is the
current passing through line l , NB is the number of buses, Vi and δi are
the voltage magnitude and voltage angle of node i , respectively, Vj and
δj are the voltage magnitude and voltage angle of node j , respectively,
Yij and φij are the magnitude and angle of the i − j line admittance
respectively. The investment cost is minimized based on the fitness
formula below:
∧ ∧ 1 The results proved that the simultaneous solution for DG placement
MinimizeFitness = w1 *Cost + w2 *Ploss + w3 * ∧ and feeder reconfiguration improved the voltage profile value to
Psys
∧ ∧
where Cost DG investment cost, Psys is the total active load of the
∧
network, Ploss is the total active power losses, w1, w2 , and w3 represent
weighting factors. A toolbox was developed to determine the loadability
limit of the system based on the Lagrangian optimization method.
Tests were carried out on the IEEE 33 and 69 bus systems to show its
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 73 (2017) 854–867
ability for efficient search and robustness. In [68], optimizing the
configuration network was compared with and without DG for 32 and
69 bus distribution systems. The optimization process was developed
based on HSA and ACO algorithms. The results showed that both
algorithms reported optimal solutions for the feeder reconfiguration
while the active power losses was minimized. However, HSA required
less computation time compared to ACO, but it required more
iterations. In [69,70], HSA was used by the sensitivity analysis to
identify the optimal location and carrying capacity of the DG simulta-
neously with the reconfigured feeders. The performances of the
proposed method were analyzed through different scenarios imple-
mented on 33 and 69 bus radial network for three different load levels.
The results were encouraging; installing the DG reduced active power
loss. The loss percentage increased when the number of the DG
increased from 1 to 4. Also, the voltage profile improved when both
reconfiguration and DG sizing were simultaneously analyzed. HSA was
compared to GA, and the computation results showed that the
performance of the HSA was better than GA. Similar work was done
in [71], where the main objectives were to improve the voltage profile
and minimize power loss using the following equation:
(Vi − Vmin )(Vmax − Vi )
VOi =
(Vnom − Vmin )(Vmax − Vnom ) (19)
where VOi is the voltage profile for node i , Vi is the voltage in bus i , Vmin
is the minimum voltage at each bus (nearly 0.95 pu), Vmax is the
maximum allowable voltage at each bus (nearly 1.05 pu), and Vnom is
the nominal voltage in each bus. In addition, a comparison between
PSO and HSA algorithms were done by testing the method on 33 and
69 bus radial systems with three different load levels. The computa-
tional results showed HSA being faster than PSO.
3.1.2.2.5. Artificial Bee Colony. The Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) is
an optimization algorithm based on swarm intelligence, which
simulates the foraging behavior of honeybees looking for a high
quality food source [72]. The specific minimal model of forage
selection that leads to the emergence of collective intelligence is
composed of three necessary components: employed forager bees,
unemployed forager bees, and a food source [73]. Two principle
mode behaviors have also defined recruitment to a nectar source and
the abandonment of poor sources. Comprehensive studies were done in
many fields utilizing the ABC algorithm to solve numerous practical
optimization problems [73,74].
In [75], a new population was presented for solving the radial
distribution reconfiguration problem based on the ABC algorithm. The
objectives of this method were to improve the voltage profile, minimize
the real power losses, and balance the feeder where all of the loads
must be energized. The results obtained were compared with the GA
method, which showed that the PSO performed better than GA in the
(17)
case of coding and computation time.
As an extension of [75], the authors in [76,77] proposed a strategy
for determining the best voltage profile and power losses, which
included both the ABC algorithm to solve the optimal reconfiguration
process, and the loss sensitivity index to pinpoint the best location for
installing the DG. The performance of the strategy was analyzed using
different tests conducted on a radial system. The computational results
showed that ABC is an effective and efficient strategy for optimization.
(18) 0.988 pu and reduced the power loss by 68.8%. In [78], a feeder
reconfiguration problem with DG for distribution system was pre-
sented. A new population based on the ABC algorithm was proposed to
solve the distribution reconfiguration problem for a radial distribution
network. The main objectives were to minimize the active power loss,
improve the voltage profile, and balance the feeders for radial network.
The results showed that the power loss was reduced by 74.88% by the
861
O. Badran et al.
simultaneous process, which proves the effectiveness of the ABC
algorithm. In [74], the author used the ABC algorithm to minimize
the power loss by executing the reconfiguration analysis and DG sizing
simultaneously. The test was conducted on systems embedded with 3
DG units working in the PV mode. The results showed that the
simultaneous process decreased the loss of power and the computation
time, while it is also avoided being trapped in local optima.
3.2. Artificial Intelligent technique
Artificial Intelligent (AI) is a technique that is defined as the science
of making intelligent machines, such as intelligent computer programs.
The artificial intelligence techniques that can be used to reconfigure
networks are fuzzy and firework techniques [79,80].
3.2.1. Fuzzy technique
The fuzzy technique was introduced as a tool for dealing with soft
and uncertain modeling. It is widely used in power systems. The fuzzy
variable is modelled using a membership function which determines
the degree of membership to a set that varies from zero to one [79,80].
The authors in [81,82], discuss the usage of the multi-objective
function to reconfigure network and size DGs. The objectives include
the minimization of power loss, total cost, and emissions, and the
maximization of the voltage stability index (VSI). The VSI for a radial
feeder is presented in the equation below:
VSIr = (Vs )4 − 4(Psr Xsr − Qsr Rsr )2 − 4(Vs )2 (Psr Rsr − Qsr Xsr ), r = 1, ... ,Nbus
where Vs is the voltage amplitude at bus s in (pu), Rsr and Xsr are the
resistance and reactance of branch s − r , respectively in pu, Psr and Qsr
are the active and reactive power at the sending end of branch s − r in
pu, respectively. The total cost is formulated as follows:
NDG
M inf=Cost = Csub + ∑ Ci
i =1
where Csub ($/ h ) is the cost of purchased electrical energy from the main
source, Ci ($/ h ) is the cost of the power generation by the DG unit i , and
NDG is the DG number. Moreover, the total emission produced by the
grid and the DGs is formulated as follows:
NDG
M inf 1 = Emissions = Psub⋅LF ⋅ERgrid × 8760 + ∑ (Pi⋅CFi⋅ERi × 8760)
i =1
where ERi and ERgrid are the emission produce by the DGi and grid in
kg/Kw h, respectively, LF is the load factor, CFi is the DGi capacity
factor, Psub is the imported power in kW, and Pi is the generated power
in kW. Since these objectives have different scales and a large data size,
a fuzzy technique was used to control data size and unify the scales. In
other words, the fuzzy method was used as a decision maker to obtain
the best solution form for the multi objective case.
3.2.2. Firework Algorithm
The Firework Algorithm (FWA) is a swarm intelligence based on the
stochastic search technique. FWA can be used for optimization, as it
can be used to search promising areas designated as the solution space.
The algorithm is inspired by the phenomenon of exploding fireworks
and sparks generated within a space around the fireworks in the sky.
FWA is regarded as a novel algorithm, due to its take on the explosive
nature of fireworks and the incorporation of this feature when
searching for a solution. The algorithm also manages to evenly allocate
resources between firework swarms when searching for solutions
[80,83].
In [84], the author proposed a novel integration technique to
minimize power loss and enhance voltage stability when reconfiguring
the network and installing the DG in a distribution system. The
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 73 (2017) 854–867
placement of the DG and network reconfiguration took place simulta-
neously when using the FWA. The power flow method generates the
proper parent node-child node path to guarantee the radiality of the
network. The best location for the installation of the DG was identified
using the Voltage Stability Index (VSI). Different scenarios were
proposed during DG placement and reconfiguration of network to
assess the performance of the proposed technique. The results proved
that reconfiguring the network and installing the DG simultaneously
represents the most effective scenario for minimizing loss and improv-
ing voltage profile. The simulated results were compared with the
results from HSA and GA, and it was confirmed that the performance of
the FWA exceeded that of the HSA and GA in every scenario.
4. Methodologies of network reconfiguration and DG sizing
techniques for operation purposes
Integrating additional sources into distribution systems could affect
its operational performance. For example, integrated DGs could create
a voltage variation. Different techniques were used to control the
voltage of the electrical distribution networks when DGs are present in
the system. These techniques improve the voltage stability of the
network and maximize the utilization of the DGs. One of the most
popular techniques is the On-load Tap Changers (OLTCs) [85]. In [86],
a control strategy was proposed for online reconfiguration of the
(OLTC) voltage set-point based on the predictive control ideas in MV
within DG. Consequently, the relevant system variables were effectively
maintained using an active management of the set-point according to
(20) load changes and failure constraints. The problem of the voltage set-
point reconfiguration was reformulated as an optimization problem.
The optimization problem is constrained by assuming that all of the
nodal voltages experience minimum deviation from their respective
nominal values and agree with all provided constraints and altered
conditions. The simulation results obtained from the proposed ap-
proach showed that under normal operating conditions or undesirably
(21) adverse situations, the network could be reliable enough that no critical
events would occur. A different technique was used to address the over
voltage problem, called the Active Power Curtailment (APC) technique.
To implement this technique, only small adjustments in the controller,
activated when needed, are required. According to WT, this could be
realized by controlling the pitch angle of the WT. The researchers in
[87] addressed the issue of network optimization operation and the
accommodation of the injection of wind DG into the system. A new
interconnection for the DG was proposed to reduce the cost of its
(22)
integration into the system. The new method combines voltage control
with coordinated feeder reconfiguration to determine a suitable DG
capacity for each node in the distribution system. The nonlinear
optimization problem and uncertainties due to load variations and
renewable DG resources which are volatile were included in a
stochastic approach and solved using the PSO technique. The proposed
method's applicability was gauged by conducting a comprehensive case
study. The method proved that it is able to deal with the wind DG and
other types of renewable energy sources. The results showed that the
distribution network could accommodate a high DG capacity, which
reduces the investment of DG interconnection in the network. Also,
PSO is fast and precise when solving optimization problems. In [88], an
active power curtailment strategy was developed for a small WT to
prevent over voltage. It works by controlling the blade pitch angle of
the turbine (calculated by the voltage droop method). The proposed
control strategy was carried out on a North American rural network
and validated by real time simulation using the RT-Lab software. This
network consists of 96 small WTs rated 20 kW, a distribution sub-
station of 30 MV A, a 120 kV/25 kV transformer, and a rural feeder
with 288 houses as well as rural loads. The results proved the
effectiveness of the proposed method in reducing the system's power
loss and keeping its voltage within acceptable limitations. In [89], a
control strategy for a solar PV inverter with multi-purpose VAr was
862
O. Badran et al.
proposed for supporting the voltage in the distribution network. The
proposed strategy is applicable for different conditions of PV power
generation. The inverters would operate in a dynamic VAr compensa-
tion mode for voltage support (for both no PV and low PV intervals).
Taking into account the proposed strategy and during mid-day when
the PV had extra power, PV inverters must absorb the extra VAr using
the droop characteristic approach in order to keep the voltage increase
minimal. During passing clouds, the proposed strategy would minimize
the voltage fluctuations by means of ramp-rate control of the inverter
VAr output. A dynamic model for the PV inverter control was
implemented to analyze its performance in the case of voltage support
under different conditions of PV generation and fast VAr control. An
Australian distribution system was analyzed using this model, and the
results showed that the proposed strategy could improve the voltage
profile and minimize voltage increase via potential wide variations in
the sun irradiation, when its cloudy, and in the evenings in the absence
of a PV output. Meanwhile, in [90] the authors used Distributed Energy
Resources (DERs) include renewable energy sources such as PV, WT,
and gas turbines. A novel method was proposed for ranking the utility
feeders for the implementation of the DER, which were determined by
evaluating an index based on the system capacity increase, correlation
of load generation, reduction of the peak load, and the feeder load
growth. The ones based on a statistical measure could determine the
relationship between the stochastic nature of RESs and the load. This
leads to improved benefits from the non-dispatchable RESs, such as
wind and solar technologies. In [91], a system was designed to meet the
line overloading and voltage violation constraints by enforcing the
entire planning and operational control criterion. An intelligent algo-
rithm for microgrid reconfiguration was proposed, with a novel
implementation on real time. This algorithm is based on GA and was
used to test two systems: including 8 bus shipboard power systems and
modified Consortium for Electric Reliability Technology Solutions
(CERTS) microgrid considerations of the DGs size, load priority,
islanding, and zonal distribution. Commercial real-time controllers
and digital simulator from Schweitzer Engineering Lab were used to
carry out the real time test bed. The results confirmed the ability of the
proposed algorithm to preserve the maximum loads based on the
microgrid priority, including the islanded-mode operation.
Additionally, the presented work could be easily transferred to the
industrial microgrid reconfiguration.
There are very few researches on network reconfiguration who
focus on the minimization of power loss and switching sequences. In
[92] the authors reported a new method and system for the automatic
reconfiguration of the distribution network when sizing the DG. This
method utilizes a heuristic algorithm to designate the weights of the
criteria. This method only utilizes remote controlled switches for
network analysis. The best sequences of the switches were determined
by employed Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) multi criteria analysis.
Furthermore, a technical feasibility analysis was considered for con-
necting feeders in the parallel form via reconfiguration to determine
the transient constraints. The results showed that the application of the
proposed method improved network reliability and reduced power loss.
Additionally, the parallelism analysis verifies the transient levels of
currents and voltage during the switching process. Based on previous
work, the author in [93] proposed a new method for real time
configuration of distribution network incorporated with solar photo-
voltaic panels, small hydropower, and wind turbine DGs. The method
was tested in a real network of a power utility. Different scenarios for
distribution reconfiguration within DG sizing were proposed to evalu-
ate its efficiency. The results showed the importance of integrating DG
into the network for reducing losses and increasing reliability during
the automatic configuration of the system. Moreover, automatic
reconfiguration in real-time helps to promote more efficient use of
DG resources, which culminates in an improved network.
863
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 73 (2017) 854–867
A Distribution System Reconfiguration (DSR) method was pro-
posed in [94] to solve distribution network reconfiguration and optimal
DG sizing allocation problems simultaneously within a storage system
using the NSGA-II algorithm. The effects of this method were
considered on a distribution network with constant loads based on
reliability improvements and operational thresholds. The proposed
method was executed on different test systems under various condi-
tions. The result proved the effectiveness of the proposed method in
minimizing total power loss and improving system reliability.
Meanwhile, [95] proposed a new method to evaluate the impact of
network reconfiguration and optimal DG sizing and placement after the
occurrence of a fault. The main aim of this work is to improve all of the
nodes’ voltages. In order to validate the effectiveness of the proposed
method, the distribution network of the IEEE 37 node was used. The
results showed that based on the proposed method and after removing
the faults from the system, the voltages of the nodes improved.
Furthermore, integrating DG into the system minimizes its voltage
deviation. While the authors of [96] studied the feeder reconfiguration
for unbalanced distribution systems within DGs. Sensitivity analysis
was used to determine its best location, while the size was determined
based on nonlinear programming. The feeder network reconfiguration
was done hourly based on the size of the DG, time-varying loads, and
network faults. Minimizing both DG operational and energy loss costs
is the objective function of the model. The simulation results of IEEE
123 bus system showed the effectiveness and computational efficiency
of the proposed method for planning and operating distribution
network reconfiguration and DG units.
5. Discussion
This review showed that most of the work in this area is related to
planning network reconfiguration, while few discussed network recon-
figuration during operations. Some of the salient points made in this
review are duly discussed below:
5.1. The impact of network reconfiguration and DG sizing on power
losses
Most researchers have the same basic objective (minimize power
losses) for the reconfiguration problem in a distribution system, despite
the fact that their approaches differ in terms of methodology and
implementation. Also, research trends revealed additional objectives.
These objectives include minimizing the cost of the active power
generated by the companies and the active power cost generated by
the DGs; reducing the cost of DGs integration to the system; minimiz-
ing the cost of the system reliability; minimizing the operation cost of
the system; enhancing the service reliability under normal and island-
ing condition; improving the system power quality; balancing the
feeders load and eliminating the condition of overload; improving the
deviation of the bus voltage; reducing switching time, and minimizing
emissions.
The power loss incurred in the network can be reduced using two
techniques; reconfiguration and sizing of the DG. Although both
techniques can improve power losses, their simultaneous combination
and implementation during analysis will result in tremendous im-
provements to the system. Thus, the idea of simultaneous network
reconfiguration and sizing of the DG produced better results compared
to the single approach. In addition, the simultaneous technique
improves the searching speed and avoids the fitness value from being
trapped at a local optima.
O. Badran et al.
Table 1
A comparison of simulation results for IEEE 33 bus network for different algorithms.
Method Open Switches Total DG Output (MW) Minimum Value of Voltage Profile (pu)
GA [70] 7, 10, 28, 32, 34 1.9633 0.9766
RGA [70] 7, 9, 12, 27, 32 1.774 0.9691
HSA [70] 7, 14, 10, 32, 28 1.6684 0.9700
EP [20] 7, 10, 12, 16, 28 5.429 0.9978
PSO [97] 7, 12, 29, 33, 37 4.1863 0.9980
5.2. The impact of network reconfiguration and DG sizing on voltage
profile
Since DG is distinct in the distribution system, many researchers
choose to use DG that has not been reconfigured in their applications to
reduce power losses in their respective work, since network reconfi-
guration is conducted by opening sectionalized switches and closing
tie-switches of the network. Usually, opening the tie-switch yield to
transferring the voltage from one feeder to another, while the active
power loss is reduced by opening the appropriate sectionalizing switch.
As a result of this, the voltage will be balanced, and its profile will
inevitably improve.
In all cases, the distribution network power loss is the critical issues
that most researchers are trying to solve. Optimizing the size of the DG
is crucial in avoiding any negative effects of the network in the
distribution system. Network reconfiguration and sizing of the DG
share the objectives of reducing power loss. However, some works
focused on the determination of location and the size of the DG, while
others only reconfigure networks within distribution systems. New
researches deal with both network reconfiguration and DG sizing.
However, problem solving is carried out sequentially, where the
reconfiguration technique will be used upon gaining the right size
DG, or vice versa. Some of the review works directly discussed the
impact of the size of the DG on reconfiguration in the context of size
and location. Another reviews proposed a simultaneous network
reconfiguration and sizing of the DG in the network system to observe
their effect on power loss in a distribution system. Thus, the perfor-
mance and efficiency of the network distribution system can be
improved.
5.3. The impact of different methodologies on network
reconfiguration and DG sizing optimization problems
Different methodologies were used to optimize the size of the DG
and reconfigure the network. These methods are also quick and require
only the minimum number of iterations. Each method utilizes various
objectives and limited constants based on one or more algorithms, such
as Trial and error, Simulated annealing (SA), Tabu search (TS),
Evolutionary algorithm (EA), Genetic algorithm (GA), Evolutionary
programming (EP), Ant colony optimization (ACO), Particle swarm
optimization (PSO), Harmony search algorithm (HSA), Artificial Bee
Colony (ABC), Fuzzy, and Firework algorithm. These algorithms were
tested on the reconfiguration and sizing of the DG for an overview of
the strength of the proposed simultaneous approach. The algorithms
effectiveness in optimally reconfiguring network and sizing DGs,
reducing power loss and improving the bus voltage of the system are
tabulated in Table 1. Additionally, the results showed that HSA
outperforms GA, RGA, EP, and PSO. The main advantages and
drawbacks of various algorithm discussed in this work are shown in
Table 2.
6. Recommendations
Referring to previous research work, it can be concluded that up till
now, the majority of the research work on network reconfiguration
864
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 73 (2017) 854–867
Power Losses (kW) Percentage of the Power Reduction (%)
75.13 62.92
74.32 63.33
73.05 63.95
94.100 53.5
89.300 55.92
within DGs took into consideration network reconfiguration for plan-
ning purposes. The proposed methods will determine the new config-
uration of the network. Some of research works related to operations
are discussed in [85,86,88–91,93]. Thus, it is recommended that:
• Enhance network voltage stability and maximize the utilization of
DG.
• Find the optimal distribution network operation by taking into
account dynamic loads and DG operation modes.
• Find the optimal network reconfiguration simultaneously with DG
sizing and placement.
• Improve the algorithm that is suitable for real-time network
reconfiguration.
• Apply network reconfiguration strategy with voltage control, which
could be the capacitor bank, battery storage, or voltage regulator.
• Improve the operational performance of the Smart Distribution
Network by developing the detailed mode scheduling and transfer
schemes.
• Enhancing the stability of the Multiple Microgrid operation.
Renewable energy could include any energy resource that is
naturally regenerated through a short period of time and directly
from the sun (such as PV, and thermal), indirectly from the sun
(such as hydro power, WT, and biomass), or from the environment
(such as tidal energy and geothermal). Thus, it is recommended to:
• Analyze the effectiveness of the Active Power Curtailment method of
Wind Turbines, taking into account the transformer life loss cost.
• Looking for smart systems that combine different types of RESs to
minimize the total power generation cost and reduce overall
pollution.
7. Conclusion
This paper has provides a very detailed overview of distribution
network reconfiguration in the presence of DGs. It looks at the most
popular methodologies used in distribution network reconfiguration
within DGs have been proposed in literature. This paper also presents a
comparative study of different techniques for network reconfiguration
and sizing of the DG and location based on minimizing power loss and
the best voltage profile. The results show that distribution network
reconfiguration reduces power loss, leading to a reduction in both
distribution power losses and energy generated from the main power
supply. At the same time, the system voltage profile also improved.
Moreover, integrating DGs with the network also minimized power
losses, which subsequently reduced greenhouse gas emissions. Among
the methods being presented, the simultaneous methodology seems to
be the efficient approach to network system problems, due to its
reported advantages. Furthermore, many algorithms have been used to
solve optimization problems, with each having its own potentials and
features to prove its usefulness for solving the distribution optimization
problem in the presence of DGs.
Acknowledgement
This research is funded by University of Malaya under postgraduate
research grant: (PPP): PG192-2015B and PG179-2015B.
 O. Badran et al.

Table 2
A brief description of the main benefits and weakness of the most popular algorithms.

Algorithm Main benefits Weakness Functions Refs.

Trial and Error Efficient, accurate, less computational effort, could avoid
some of the local minima problems and could find the
optimum or near-optimum solution
Simulated annealing Rapid, surely find the local optimal solution, has the ability
(SA) of escaping local minima, some inferior solutions can be
chosen to join into evolution and diversity of population is
remained preferably
Tabu search (TS) It presents low computational effort, is able to find good
quality configurations, efficient search for optimal or
suboptimal value and it could avoid being trapped into
cycling of the solutions
Evolutionary algorithm Efficient, gave excellent results and computational efficiency
(EA)
Genetic algorithm (GA) Simple to implement, easy, with less computational effort,
efficient to search the large solution space without trapped in
local minima, able to produce a near optimal solution, give a
good solution of a certain problem in a reasonable
computation time and robust method for seeking for global
solution
Slow and sometimes it could be trapped in a local
minimum
It frequently needs a schedule and formulate to optimize
the system elements to find the best solution, take a large
computation time and have lower performance to find the
global optimum
Hard to code, convergence property is not guaranteed and
lower precision factor
Possible to trapped in to local optima and fewer literature
examples
Slow and could not find the optimal solution easily
Used for reconfiguration of radial electrical distribution [27,28]
network
It is applied to a multi-objective inventory problem, used to [30,31,98]
solve discrete stochastic optimization problems when the
range of the objective function is bounded and well suited for
solving combinatorial optimization
Used to solve a wide range of hard optimization problems [22,33,34,98]
such as optimal network reconfiguration and energy
distribution
Used to solve distribution network reconfiguration problem [24,36]
Used to solve the combinatorial optimization problems and [16,38,40,42,46,70,71]
distribution reconfiguration problem

865
Evolutionary Simple and direct Large convergence time and fewer literature examples Used in large distribution system under widely varying load [50,52]
programming (EP) conditions
Ant colony Efficient algorithm, easy to understand and code Need high iteration to find the optimum solution and the Used to solve combinatorial and continuous optimization [53–55,57,58,98]
optimization (ACO) computation time is very long problems
Particle swarm Simple, precise, easy to implement, powerful algorithm to Does not designed for discrete functions optimization and Used to solve non-linear, combinatorial and continuous [22,59,61,87]
optimization (PSO) aid and speed up the decision-making, able to escape the hard to find the global optimum solution functions optimization problem
local optimal solution and can often find good solutions for
complicated problems
Harmony search Comparatively simple, fast, efficient, powerful and required Gets into trouble in performing local search for numerical Used to solve continuous, wide variety of optimization [65,66,68,69,71]
algorithm (HSA) shorter simulation time applications problem, optimization process of the network reconfiguration
and DG installation and identifying the high performance
regions of the solution space at a reasonable time
Artificial bee colony Gave effective and efficient solution and easy to code Need large number of iteration Used to solve a radial feeder reconfiguration with DG [73,75,77,78]
(ABC) optimization problem and for large scale optimization
problems, multi-dimensional and multi-modal optimization
problems
Fuzzy technique Easy to understand, feasible and effective and used to extract For large system fuzzy need large memory and large Successful to solve complex problems and suitable for [81,82,98]
the best compromised solution from the set of the Pareto computation time, difficulties in determining the uncertainties objectives or constraints and for multi-criterion
optimal solutions effectively membership function coefficients and fewer literature decision making
example
Firework algorithm Fast Hard to find the optimal solution Used to solve engineering problems like clustering [83,84]
(FWA)
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 73 (2017) 854–867
O. Badran et al.
References
[1] Sulaima MF, Mohamad MF, Jali MH, Bukhari WM, Baharom MF. A comparative
study of optimization methods for 33 kV distribution network feeder reconfigura-
tion. Int J Appl Eng Res (IJAER) 2014;9:1169–82.
[2] Chandramohan S, Atturulu N, Devi RK, Venkatesh B. Operating cost minimization
of a radial distribution system in a deregulated electricity market through
reconfiguration using NSGA method. Int J Electr Power 2010;32:126–32.
[3] Dall'Anese E, Giannakis G. Sparsity-leveraging reconfiguration of smart distribu-
tion systems. IEEE Trans Power Del 2014;29:1417–26.
[4] Jabr R, Singh R, Pal BC. Minimum loss network reconfiguration using mixed-
integer convex programming. IEEE Trans Power Syst 2012;27:1106–15.
[5] Moses PM, Odero NA. Solving the active distribution network reconfiguration
(ADNR) problem taking into consideration a stochastic wind scenario and load
uncertainty by using HBFDE method. Int J Emerg Technol Adv Eng (IJETAE)
2013;3:2250–459.
[6] Gutiérrez-Alcaraz G, Galván E, González-Cabrera N, Javadi M. Renewable energy
resources short-term scheduling and dynamic network reconfiguration for sus-
tainable energy consumption. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2015;52:256–64.
[7] Saidur R, Rahim N, Islam M, Solangi K. Environmental impact of wind energy.
Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2011;15:2423–30.
[8] Tyagi V, Rahim NA, Rahim N, Jeyraj A, Selvaraj L. Progress in solar PV technology:
research and achievement. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2013;20:443–61.
[9] Moosavian SM, Modiri-Delshad M, Rahim NA, Selvaraj J. Imperialistic competition
algorithm: novel advanced approach to optimal sizing of hybrid power system. J
Renew Sustain Energy 2013;5:053141, [13].
[10] Chandel S, Naik MN, Chandel R. Review of solar photovoltaic water pumping
system technology for irrigation and community drinking water supplies. Renew
Sustain Energy Rev 2015;49:1084–99.
[11] Pilo F, Pisano G, Soma GG. Optimal coordination of energy resources with a two-
stage online active management. IEEE Trans Ind Electron 2011;58:4526–37.
[12] Su C-L. Stochastic evaluation of voltages in distribution networks with distributed
generation using detailed distribution operation models. IEEE Trans Power Syst
2010;25:786–95.
[13] Berdahl S, Wheelock C. Executive Summary: Renewable Distributed Energy
Generation. 2010. Available from 〈http://www.navigantresearch.com/newsroom/
renewable-distributed-energy-generation-market-to-triple-in-size-by-2015〉 [Last
accessed on: 20-May-2015].
[14] Javanmardi O, Nasri M, Sadeghkhani I. Investigation of distributed generation
effects on the voltage profile and power losses in distribution systems. Adv Electr
Eng Syst (AEES) 2012;1:74–7.
[15] Capitanescu F, Ochoa LF, Margossian H, Hatziargyriou ND. Assessing the potential
of network reconfiguration to improve distributed generation hosting capacity in
active distribution systems. IEEE Trans Power Syst 2015;30:346–56.
[16] Aspari SK, Sreenivasulu J. Reduction of energy loss based on network reconfi-
guration and distributed generation in radial distribution system. Int J Innovat Res
Electr Electron Instrum Control Eng (IJIREEICE) 2013;1:2321, [004].
[17] de Oliveira EJ, Rosseti GJ, de Oliveira LW, Gomes FV, Peres W. New algorithm for
reconfiguration and operating procedures in electric distribution systems. Int J
Electr Power 2014;57:129–34.
[18] Rao PR, Sivanagaraju S. Radial distribution network reconfiguration for loss
reduction and load balancing using plant growth simulation algorithm. Int J Electr
Eng Inform (IJEEI) 2010;2:266–77.
[19] de Oliveira LW, Carneiro S, de Oliveira EJ, Pereira J, Silva IC, Costa JS. Optimal
reconfiguration and capacitor allocation in radial distribution systems for energy
losses minimization. Int J Electr Power 2010;32:840–8.
[20] Dahalan WM, Mokhlis H, Ahmad R, Bakar AA, Musirin I. Simultaneous network
reconfiguration and DG sizing using evolutionary programming and genetic
algorithm to minimize power losses. Arab J Sci Eng 2014;39:6327–38.
[21] Song I-K, Jung W-W, Kim J-Y, Yun S-Y, Choi J-H, Ahn S-J. Operation schemes of
smart distribution networks with distributed energy resources for loss reduction
and service restoration. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 2013;4:367–74.
[22] Olamaei J, Niknam T, Gharehpetian G. Application of particle swarm optimization
for distribution feeder reconfiguration considering distributed generators. Appl
Math Comput 2008;201:575–86.
[23] Wu Y-K, Lee C-Y, Liu L-C, Tsai S-H. Study of reconfiguration for the distribution
system with distributed generators. IEEE Trans Power Del 2010;25:1678–85.
[24] Carreno EM, Romero R, Padilha-Feltrin A. An efficient codification to solve
distribution network reconfiguration for loss reduction problem. IEEE Trans Power
Syst 2008;23:1542–51.
[25] Gupta N, Swarnkar A, Niazi K. A modified branch-exchange heuristic algorithm for
large-scale distribution networks reconfiguration. In: Proceedings of the IEEE
power and energy society general meeting. p. 1–7. 2012.
[26] Kashem M, Jasmon G, Ganapathy V. A new approach of distribution system
reconfiguration for loss minimization. Int J Electr Power 2000;22:269–76.
[27] DcDermott T, Drezga I, Broadwater RP. A heuristic nonlinear constructive method
for distribution system reconfiguration. IEEE Trans Power Syst 1999;14:478–83.
[28] Gomes FV, Carneiro S, Jr, Pereira JLR, Vinagre MP, Garcia PAN, Araujo LR. A new
heuristic reconfiguration algorithm for large distribution systems. IEEE Trans
Power Syst 2005;20:1373–8.
[29] Gendreau M, Potvin J-Y. Handbook of metaheuristics, 2nd ed.. New York:
Springer; 2010.
[30] Alrefaei MH, Diabat AH. A simulated annealing technique for multi-objective
simulation optimization. Appl Math Comput 2007;8:3029–35.
[31] Zhanga F, Zhanga Y, Xina X, Zhangb L, Fana L. Study on oilfield distribution
866
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 73 (2017) 854–867
network reconfiguration with distributed generation. Int J Smart Grid Clean Energy
(SGCE) 2012;1:135–41.
[32] Glover F, Laguna M, Marti R. Principles of tabu search, 2nd ed.. United Kingdom:
Taylor & Francis Group; 2007.
[33] Lantharthong T, Rugthaicharoencheep N. Network reconfiguration for load bal-
ancing in distribution system with distributed generation and capacitor placement.
J Energy Power Eng (JEPE) 2012;6:409–14.
[34] Rugthaicharoencheep N, Sirisumrannukul S. Feeder reconfiguration for loss
reduction in distribution system with distributed generators by tabu search.
GMSARN Int J 2009;3:47–54.
[35] Hemdan NG, Deppe B, Pielke M, Kurrat M, Schmedes T, Wieben E. Optimal
reconfiguration of radial MV networks with load profiles in the presence of
renewable energy based decentralized generation. Electr Power Syst Res
2014;116:355–66.
[36] Carreno E, Moreira N, Romero R. Distribution network reconfiguration using an
efficient evolutionary algorithm. In: Proceedings of the IEEE power engineering
society general meeting. p. 1–6. 2007.
[37] Vadivoo NS, Slochanal SMR. Distribution system restoration using genetic algo-
rithm with distributed generation. Mod Appl Sci (MAS) 2009;3:98–110.
[38] Ganesan L, Venkatesh P. Regular paper distribution system reconfiguration for loss
reduction using genetic algorithm. J Electr Syst 2006;2:198–207.
[39] Ochoa LF, Padilha-Feltrin A, Harrison GP. Time-series-based maximization of
distributed wind power generation integration. IEEE Trans Energy Convers
2008;23:968–74.
[40] Mendoza J, López R, Morales D, López E, Dessante P, Moraga R. Minimal loss
reconfiguration using genetic algorithms with restricted population and addressed
operators: real application. IEEE Trans Power Syst 2006;21:948–54.
[41] Prasad K, Ranjan R, Sahoo N, Chaturvedi A. Optimal reconfiguration of radial
distribution systems using a fuzzy mutated genetic algorithm. IEEE Trans Power
Del 2005;20:1211–3.
[42] Tolabi HB, Moradi MH. A new combination of simulated annealing, genetic
algorithm, and graph theory techniques for multi-objective reconfiguration of
distribution system. J Basic Appl Sci Res 2013;3:505–14.
[43] Rugthaicharoencheep N, Nedphograw S, Noyraiphoom S. Network reconfiguration
for loss reduction and improved voltage profile in distribution system with
distributed generation using genetic algorithm. Int J Electr Eng Inform (IJEEI)
2010:2.
[44] Martins VF, Borges CL. Active distribution network integrated planning incorpor-
ating distributed generation and load response uncertainties. IEEE Trans Power
Syst 2011;26:2164–72.
[45] Tomoiagă B, Chindriş M, Sumper A, Sudria-Andreu A, Villafafila-Robles R. Pareto
optimal reconfiguration of power distribution systems using a genetic algorithm
based on NSGA-II. Energies 2013;6:1439–55.
[46] Cho S-M, Shin H-S, Park J-H, Kim J-C. Distribution system reconfiguration
considering customer and DG reliability cost. J Electr Eng Technol (JEET)
2012;7:486–92.
[47] Zidan A, El-Saadany EF. Distribution system reconfiguration for energy loss
reduction considering the variability of load and local renewable generation. Energy
2013;59:698–707.
[48] Abdelaziz MMA, Farag HE, El-Saadany EF. Optimum reconfiguration of droop-
controlled islanded microgrids. IEEE Trans Power Syst 2016;31:2144–53.
[49] Golshannavaz S, Afsharnia S, Aminifar F. Smart distribution grid: optimal day-
ahead scheduling with reconfigurable topology. IEEE Trans Smart Grid
2014;5:2402–11.
[50] Hsiao Y-T. Multiobjective evolution programming method for feeder reconfigura-
tion. IEEE Trans Power Syst 2004;19:594–9.
[51] Khatod DK, Pant V, Sharma J. Evolutionary programming based optimal place-
ment of renewable distributed generators. IEEE Trans Power Syst
2013;28:683–95.
[52] Chakravorty J. Network reconfiguration of distribution system using fuzzy con-
trolled evolutionary programming. Int J Eng Sci Adv Technol (IJESAT)
2012;2:176–82.
[53] Dorigo M, Birattari M, Stützle T. Ant colony optimization. IEEE Comput Intell Mag
2006;1:28–39.
[54] Dorigo M, Blum C. Ant colony optimization theory: a survey. Lect Notes Comput Sci
2005;344:243–78.
[55] Nayak MR. Optimal feeder reconfiguration of distribution system with distributed
generation units using HC-ACO. Int J Electr Eng Inform (IJEEI) 2014;6:107–28.
[56] Voropai NI, Bat-Undraal B. Multicriteria reconfiguration of distribution network
with distributed generation. J Electr Comput Eng 2012;2012:1–8.
[57] Kasaei MJ. Distribution network reconfiguration for optimal operation of distrib-
uted generation with ant colony algorithm. PRZ Elektrotechniczn 2012;88:255–8.
[58] Bagheri Tolabi H, Ali MH, Rizwan M. Simultaneous reconfiguration, optimal
placement of DSTATCOM, and photovoltaic array in a distribution system based on
fuzzy-ACO approach. IEEE Trans Sustain Energy 2015;6:210–8.
[59] Balakrishna G, Babu CS. Particle swarm optimization based network reconfigura-
tion in distribution system with distributed generation and capacitor placement. Int
J Eng Sci (IJENS) 2014;3:55–60.
[60] Dahal S, Salehfar H. Impact of distributed generators in the power loss and voltage
profile of three phase unbalanced distribution network. Int J Electr Power
2016;77:256–62.
[61] Arya A, Kumar Y, Dubey M. Reconfiguration of electric distribution network using
modified particle swarm optimization. Int J Comput Appl 2011;34:54–62.
[62] Nodushan MM, Ghadimi A, Salami A. Voltage sag improvement in radial
distribution networks using reconfiguration simultaneous with DG placement.
Indian J Sci Technol 2013;6:4862–9.
O. Badran et al.
[63] Tan S, Xu J-X, Panda SK. Optimization of distribution network incorporating
distributed generators: an integrated approach. IEEE Trans Power Syst
2013;28:2421–32.
[64] Nikmehr N, Ravadanegh SN. Optimal power dispatch of multi-microgrids at future
smart distribution grids. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 2015;6:1648–57.
[65] Lee KS, Geem ZW. A new structural optimization method based on the harmony
search algorithm. Comput Struct 2004;82:781–98.
[66] Mahdavi M, Fesanghary M, Damangir E. An improved harmony search algorithm
for solving optimization problems. Appl Math Comput 2007;188:1567–79.
[67] Hemmatpour M, Mohammadian M, Rashidinejad M. A novel reconfiguration
mixed with distributed generation planning via considering voltage stability
margin. Amirkabir/Electr Electron Eng (AIJ-EEE) 2011;43:23–34.
[68] Abdelaziz AY, Osama RA, Elkhodary SM, El-Saadany E. Reconfiguration of
distribution systems with distributed generators using ant colony optimization and
harmony search algorithms. In: Proceedings of the IEEE power and energy society
general meeting. p. 1–8. 2012.
[69] Pardhavi Sai Sree T, Poorna Chandra Rao N. Optimal network reconfiguration and
loss minimization using harmony search algorithm in the presence of distributed
generation. Int J Electr Electron Res (IJEER) 2014;2:251–65.
[70] Rao RS, Ravindra K, Satish K, Narasimham S. Power loss minimization in
distribution system using network reconfiguration in the presence of distributed
generation. IEEE Trans Power Syst 2013;28:317–25.
[71] Safavi V, Vahidi B, Abedi M. Optimal DG placement and sizing in distribution
network with reconfiguration. Sci Int 2014;26:1071–7.
[72] Karaboga D, Basturk B. On the performance of artificial bee colony (ABC)
algorithm. Appl Soft Comput 2008;8:687–97.
[73] Karaboga D, Akay B. A comparative study of artificial bee colony algorithm. Appl
Math Comput 2009;214:108–32.
[74] Jamian JJ, Dahalan WM, Mokhlis H, Mustafa MW, Jie LZ, Abdullah MN. Power
losses reduction via simultaneous optimal distributed generation output and
reconfiguration using ABC optimization. J Electr Eng Technol 2014;9:1229–39.
[75] Rao RS, Narasimham S, Ramalingaraju M. Optimization of distribution network
configuration for loss reduction using artificial bee colony algorithm. Int J Electr
Power Energy Syst Eng 2008;1:116–22.
[76] Hemanth Kumar D, Babu PS, Lalitha MP. Reconfiguration of distribution system
network with distributed generation for loss reduction using artificial bee colony
algorithm. Int J Recent Adv Eng Technol (IJRAET) 2013;1:135–9.
[77] Murthy GK, Satyanarayana S, Rao BH. Artificial bee colony algorithm for
distribution feeder reconfiguration with distributed generation. Int J Eng Sci Emerg
Technol (IJESET) 2012;3:50–9.
[78] Kumar DH, Babu PS, Lalitha MP. Distribution system network reconfiguration by
using artificial bee colony algorithm. IOSR J Electr Electron Eng (IOSR-JEEE)
2014;9:48–52.
[79] Qiu R, Lv X, Chen S. A Survey on Artificial Intelligence Algorithm for Distribution
Network Reconfiguration. LECT NOTES CONTR INF. Springer. 2011. p. 497–504.
[80] Tan Y, Zhu Y. Advances in swarm intelligence. Verlag Berlin Heidelberg: Springer;
2010.
[81] Niknam T, Fard AK, Seifi A. Distribution feeder reconfiguration considering fuel
cell/wind/photovoltaic power plants. Renew Energy 2012;37:213–25.
[82] Sedighizadeh M, Esmaili M, Esmaeili M. Application of the hybrid big bang-big
867
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 73 (2017) 854–867
crunch algorithm to optimal reconfiguration and distributed generation power
allocation in distribution systems. Energy 2014;76:920–30.
[83] Nguyen TT, Truong AV. Distribution network reconfiguration for power loss
minimization and voltage profile improvement using cuckoo search algorithm. Int J
Electr Power 2015;68:233–42.
[84] Imran AM, Kowsalya M, Kothari D. A novel integration technique for optimal
network reconfiguration and distributed generation placement in power distribu-
tion networks. Int J Electr Power 2014;63:461–72.
[85] Xu T, Taylor P. Voltage control techniques for electrical distribution networks
including distributed generation. In: Proceedings of the 17th on the international
federation of automatic control. p. 11967–71. 2008.
[86] Casavola A, Franzè G, Menniti D, Sorrentino N. Voltage regulation in distribution
networks in the presence of distributed generation: a voltage set-point reconfi-
guration approach. Electr Power Syst Res 2011;81:25–34.
[87] Su S-Y, Lu C-N, Chang R-F, Gutierrez-Alcaraz G. Distributed generation inter-
connection planning: a wind power case study. IEEE Trans Smart Grid
2011;2:181–9.
[88] Chalise S, Atia HR, Poudel B, Tonkoski R. Impact of active power curtailment of
wind turbines connected to residential feeders for overvoltage prevention. IEEE
Trans Sustain Energy 2016;7:471–9.
[89] Alam MJE, Muttaqi KM, Sutanto D. A multi-mode control strategy for VAr support
by solar PV inverters in distribution networks. IEEE Trans Power Syst
2015;30:1316–26.
[90] Kroposki B, Sen PK, Malmedal K. Selection of distribution feeders for imple-
menting distributed generation and renewable energy applications. IEEE Trans Ind
Appl 2013;49:2825–34.
[91] Shariatzadeh F, Vellaithurai CB, Biswas SS, Zamora R, Srivastava AK. Real-time
implementation of intelligent reconfiguration algorithm for microgrid. IEEE Trans
Sustain Energy 2014;5:598–607.
[92] Pfitscher L, Bernardon D, Canha L, Montagner V, Garcia V, Abaide A. Intelligent
system for automatic reconfiguration of distribution network in real time. Electr
Power Syst Res 2013;97:84–92.
[93] Bernardon D, Mello A, Pfitscher L, Canha L, Abaide A, Ferreira A. Real-time
reconfiguration of distribution network with distributed generation. Ent J Electr
Res 2014;107:59–67.
[94] Abbasi F, Hosseini SM. Optimal DG allocation and sizing in presence of storage
systems considering network configuration effects in distribution systems. IET
Gener Transm Dis 2016;10:617–24.
[95] Kotamarty S, Khushalani S, Schulz N. Impact of distributed generation on
distribution contingency analysis. Electr Power Syst Res 2008;78:1537–45.
[96] Ding F, Loparo KA. Feeder reconfiguration for unbalanced distribution systems
with distributed generation: a hierarchical decentralized approach. IEEE Trans
Power Syst 2016;31:1633–42.
[97] Dahalan W, Mokhlis H, Bakar A, Jamian J. The simultaneous application of
optimum network reconfiguration and distributed generation sizing using PSO for
power loss reduction. PRZ Elektrotechniczn 2013;89:137–41.
[98] Eldurssi AM, O'Connell RM. A fast nondominated sorting guided genetic algorithm
for multi-objective power distribution system reconfiguration problem. IEEE Trans
Power Syst 2015;30:593–601.