Indian Agricultural Industry

India's Agriculture Industry*-*Contemporary Developments in Business and

Management I INTRODUCTION
Agricultural production in India is an important determinant of overall economic
growth and a huge employer of the rural populace. Total food grain production,
for instance, in 2004/2005 (April-March) amounted to 206.4 million tones,
including 87.8 million tones of rice and 73.0 million tones of wheat (Country
Report, 2005). However, yields per hectare remain low by international
standards. Other major crops grown include oilseeds, cotton, pulses, sugar, tea,
coffee, rubber, jute and potatoes. The recent slowdown in the sector is a cause
for concern and calls for a change in the government's agricultural policy. Some
academic research suggests that in order for India to sustain GDP growth of
around 7 percent or more, agriculture has to grow at, or in excess of, 4 percent
(India Economic Survey, 2004; Sinha, 2005; Nilekani, 2006). The following
management report attempts to analyse the agriculture sector in India,
assessing the affect of external and internal factors on the industry. SWOT
analysis framework is employed to give a more in-depth strategic insight into
the sector's current development, emphasising its internal strengths,
weaknesses, and external opportunities and threats. The application of PEST
analysis involves the assessment of industry's external environment of political,
economic, social and technological conditions that have a direct impact on the
performance of the industry and its future development. The significant part of
the report is also devoted to the critical evaluation of ecological factors
impacting the agricultural sector, examining industry's responses and
improvements for its sustainable growth. I INTRODUCTION 2.0 Indian
Agriculture Industry Overview
2.1 SWOT Analysis 2.1.1 Strengths The Indian agriculture is large,
competitive and well developed, offering products at low prices. The sector
experiences a constant demand, as Indians have a strong preference for fresh
rather than processed foods and for local spices and ingredients (The World
Bank, 1997). Provides employment for a large Indian population, living in
rural territories. Recent advances in technology and government initiatives
support the development of the sector. In pursuance of the government policy
to strengthen and promote IT led governance, the department of agriculture
and cooperation has been taking various measures to promote the use and
application of technology with the aim of making agriculture “online” for the
use of farmers, exporters, and traders, etc. 2.1.2 Weakness One of the
major weaknesses present for the agricultural sector in India is in the lack of
government support. Unlike in East Asian countries, the shift of the labour force
from agriculture to non-agriculture in India is peculiarly slow, largely
attributable to rigid labour laws in both the agricultural and industrial sectors.
Gliessman (1989) also highlights the need for pressing on with reforms in
agriculture, in particular, trade liberalisation and export promotion strategies.
Becker and et al. (1992) also claim that though India spends on agriculture
nearly twice as much as some East Asian economies, this level of spending on
agriculture does not translate into a significantly higher sectoral performance.
 Inadequate road linkages also remain a major constrain for the development
of well-functioning agricultural markets. A continuing fragmentation of land-
holdings, poor maintenance of existing irrigation systems and declining soil
fertility in some areas are other factors. Another weakness is based on
seasonality and the fact that agricultural sector output heavily depends on the
annual monsoon, as less than one-third of cropland is irrigated. The main
foodgrain crops, for example, and some cash crops (oilseeds, cotton, jute and
sugar) depend on the south-west monsoon (This brings 80% of India's rain,
usually within a three-month period from June to mid-September. The 2002
south-west monsoon was disastrous, causing the autumn grain harvest to fall
by 18% year on year. In 2004 the sector stagnated in comparison to the
previous year when the best monsoon rains in a decade generated growth of
around 10% in the agricultural sector. Excessive rainfall in 2005 caused severe
flooding in Maharashtra (The Economist Intelligence Unit Report, 2005a)).
2.1.3 Opportunities A growing population, rapid economic development, and
political and social demands exceed the mandate and capabilities of any
corporation in an emerging economy (Bhagwati, 1998), and India is no
exception to this. A growing population has made industrial development one
of the Indian government's highest policy priorities; it is an important element
of economic development as it assists in raising national income at a more
rapid pace. It is also a precondition for continued agricultural development.
Palmer-Jones and Sen (2003) state that the government continues to play a
major role in assisting farmers through agricultural credits, subsidies, price
support schemes and extension services. Although there are no food security
concerns at present, better agricultural productivity will hold the key to stable
growth in food production, given the limits of the resource base. There is an
opportunity for the economic growth to benefit more people only if the country
raises agricultural productivity, improves its system of general education to
help the millions who must leave farming, and encourages labor intensive
manufacturing industries. 2.1.4 Threats About one-fifth of the country,
69m ha, is covered by forests and woodland, and one-half of this area is
reserved for the production of timber and other forestry products (Varshney,
1998). However, there are increasing concerns from environmentalists and
local government over the rapid depletion of forest areas, ecological factors,
and scarcity of natural resources. As income rises, India is becoming an
increasingly important market for processed foods, especially in the cities and
among young people. Aware of quality and international brands, consumers
are less likely to support national products, and are more vulnerable to pay
premium prices for foreign products of better quality. This represents a
potential substitution to the local products, impacting the production levels of
agriculture sector. Food support prices for wheat and rice have given
farmers little incentive to diversify and have filled government storage
facilities to overflowing, while keeping the market price of foodgrains artificially
high. Current agricultural policy, which supports cereal production, is
exceedingly expensive and will be unable to deal with the likely scenario of a
shift in consumption from cereal food towards non-cereal food. A lack of
market infrastructure also hampers the movement of crops, leading to sudden
shortages. India has considerable potential as an exporter of rice, cotton, many
types of fruit and even flowers, but this has so far not been tapped (Yeoh and
Siang, 2006). The introduction of high-yield crop varieties and new fertilising
 and irrigation techniques over recent decades ' the so-called Green
Revolution ' dramatically increased productivity in some regions. India has
been self-sufficient in food since the mid-1970s, maintaining buffer stocks
adequate to meet demand despite failed harvests and seasonal fluctuations
(Ramakrishnan, 1993; The World Bank, 1997). 2.2 PEST Analysis Realizing
the importance of Indian agricultural production for economic development, the
central Government of India has played an active role in all aspects of
agricultural development. Planning is centralized, and planned priorities,
policies, and resource allocations are decided at the central level. Food and
price policy also are decided by the central government. Thus, although
agriculture in India is constitutionally the responsibility of the states rather than
the central government, the latter plays a key role in formulating policy and
providing financial resources for agriculture. The main objectives of the
Government's price policy for agricultural produce, aims at ensuring
remunerative prices to the growers for their produce with a view to encourage
higher investment and production. Minimum support prices for major
agricultural products are announced each year which are fixed after taking into
account, the recommendations of the Commission for Agricultural Costs and
Prices (CACP). For example, the Government of India has also approved
proposals for joint ventures, foreign collaborations, industrial licenses and 100%
export in or with the agricultural sector, envisaging an investment of over $ 18.2
Billion (Agbola, 2004). One of the most critical obstacles of policies applications
in agricultural sector is in ensuring food security - access of the population to
sufficient food to meet nutritional requirements. Food security issues tend to
cover not only issues related to availability and stability of food supplies but also
issues of access to this supply. This last is related to the resources needed to
procure the required quantity of food. However, these issues in India are
considered to be sensitive and hence, where a large percentage of the
population is dependent on agriculture need a certain degree of autonomy and
flexibility in determining their domestic agricultural policies. The Economist
Intelligence Unit Report (2005) also implies that the government does not fully
understand its importance. These would have to be geared towards improving
productivity, enhancing income levels, reducing vulnerability to market
fluctuations ensuring stability of prices and so on. 2.2.2 Economic
India is a two-tier economy, with a cutting-edge and globally competitive
knowledge-driven service sector that employs the brightest of the middle
classes on the one hand, and a sprawling largely rain-fed agricultural sector that
employs the majority of the vast and poorly educated labour force, on the other.
The agricultural sector, with fishing and forestry, accounts for around 20% of
GDP, services 53% and manufacturing 27%. Agriculture represents an important
economic activity for a large population of the developing world India’s
agricultural sector provides employment for about 60% of the country’s
workforce and accounts for one-fifth of GDP (Meisinger, 2006). Both in terms of
foreign investment and number of joint- ventures / foreign collaborations, the
consumer food segment has the top priority. The other attractive features of the
Indian agro industry that have the capacity to lure foreigners with promising
benefits are the deep sea fishing, aqua culture, milk and milk products, meat
and poultry segments. The serious foreign-exchange crisis in 1990 led to a
number of well-publicized economic reforms in the early 1990s dealing with
trade, industrial licensing, and privatization. The reforms had an impact on the
agricultural sector through the central government's effort to withdraw the
fertilizer subsidy and place greater emphasis on agricultural exports. The cut in
the fertilizer subsidy was a result of the government's commitment to reduce
New Delhi's fiscal deficit by removing grants and subsidies from the budget. The
government action led to a reduction in the use of chemical fertilizers and
protests by farmers and opposition from political parties. The government was
forced to continue the subsidies but at a somewhat lower level (Yeoh and Siang,
2006). Agricultural exports from India were 44 percent of total exports in FY
1960, decreasing to 27 percent in 2003 (India Economic Survey, 2004). This
drop in agriculture's share was somewhat misleading because agricultural
products, such as cotton and jute, that were exported in raw form in the 1950s,
have been exported as cotton yarn, fabrics, ready-made garments, coir yarn,
and jute manufactures since the 1960s. The composition of agricultural and
allied products for export from India changed mainly because of the continuing
growth of demand in the domestic market. This demand cut into the surplus
available for export despite a continuing desire, on the part of government, to
shore up the constant foreign-exchange shortage (Edward, 2006). Over the
period 1994-2005, the drive for market liberalization and globalization has
severely imposed on the rural household economies. The traditional mode of
agricultural practice has been destroyed. The government allocations on the
agriculture sector constantly register a decline (The Economist Intelligence Unit
Report, 2005). The recent economic system giving a free hand to multinational
corporations in agriculture sector has further caused a rapid shrinkage of the
traditional practices and replacement of folk crop varieties with high yielding
and hybrid varieties, which escalated the cost of agricultural production while
stagnating productivity. The farm credit system in Indian agriculture, evolved
over decades has been instrumental in enhancing production and marketing of
farm produce and stimulating capital formation in agriculture. Credit for Indian
agriculture has to expand at a faster rate than before because of the need to
step-up agricultural growth to generate surplus for exports, and also because of
change in the product mix towards animal husbandry, aquaculture, fish farming,
horticulture and floriculture, medicinal plants, which will necessitate larger
investments. 2.2.3 Social
Since its independence in 1950s, foreign aid has made a significant contribution
to the agricultural progress in rural India. Increasingly since independence, India
has been sharing its agricultural technology with other developing countries.
Numerous foreign scientists have received special and advanced training in
India; hundreds of foreign students have attended Indian state agricultural
universities. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, India provided short and long-
term training courses to hundreds of foreign specialists each year under a
variety of programs, including the Technical Cooperation Scheme of the
Colombo Plan for Cooperative Economic and Social Development in Asia and the
Pacific and the Technical Cooperation Scheme of the Commonwealth of Nations
Assistance Program. India is one of the oldest civilizations with a kaleidoscopic
variety and rich cultural heritage. During the period of 55 years independence, it
has achieved multifaceted socio-economic progress and is now the tenth
industrialized country in the world and the sixth nation to have gone into outer
space to conquer nature for the benefit of the people. However, those people
employed in agricultural sector, are those less educated, living in rural areas.
More than 60% of the India’s population is dependent on the agriculture
(Palmer-Jones and Sen, 2003). The last ten years of development in the
agriculture sector in India, show that the lower government investment in
agriculture and market driven system has adversely affected the livelihood of
rural India. Nilekani (2006) suggest that in India a majority of the farmers come
under the category of small and medium farmers and are solely dependent on
the local market rather than international market. The prices of their product are
determined by local variables rather than international markets, so the trade
liberalization may lead to an adverse impact on the Indian agriculture sector and
women may suffer. Large numbers of women are engaged in agriculture,
primarily in the production and processing of food. With male-selective
migration from rural areas on the increase, women are often left behind to take
care of both family and the farm on their own. According to the 2001 census,
27.5 percent of cultivators in the rural areas are female, while in the case of
agricultural labour, as much as 46.9 percent are women. Of the rural workforce,
an overwhelmingly large proportion, i.e., 80% are employed in the agriculture
sector. About 36.5% (40.6 million) work as cultivators on their own/family
landholding, while about 43.4 percent (48.4 million) are engaged as hired
agricultural labour (Palmer-Jones and Sen, 2003). It is, therefore, obvious that
women play no small role in food production. In other words the mode of female
participation in agricultural production varies with the land owning status to
farm household. Women’s roles range from managers to landless labour. Also,
as globalization shifts agriculture to capital and chemical intensive system,
women bear disproportionate costs of both displacement and health hazards.
2.2.4 Technological
The last few decades have witnessed a visible transition in the industrial
landscape of India. Technology has helped society to cut across the traditional
boundaries for getting converted into an emerging information society. The
Government's long-term vision on “Information and Communication Technology
(ICT) in the Agriculture Sector” aims to bring farmers, researchers, scientists and
administrators together by establishing a system known as “Agriculture Online”
for the exchange of ideas and information. A land information system has
already started using geographic information systems (GIS) and remote sensing
to help the farmers to plan their activities and facilitate decision-making and
planning at the local level (India, 2004). Farmers can find out the chemical
composition of their land through lab testing to know how fertile their land is
and what should they grow to make maximum profits. Achievements of Indian
agriculture supported by technology like development of High Yielding Varieties
(HYV) of seeds, new hybrids of different crops, research in the area of vaccine
production, varietal development through somoclonal variations, developing
better quality products and transgenic in crops such as brinjal, tomato,
cauliflower and cabbage have strengthened the field. In 21st century
agriculture, application of modern biotechnologies like DNA finger printing,
tissue culture, terminator gene technology and genetic cloning will hold the key
in raising the productivity (Ghosh, 2003). Also considering the irrigation needs in
Indian agriculture, emphasis has to be given to promote the proven cost-
reducing micro-irrigation technology of drips irrigation which helps conserve
water reduces fertilizer inputs and ensures higher productivity. With all the
benefits that technology can provide, there is an important issue of providing
sufficient and appropriate education for the labour to increase their skill sin
technology application that could be beneficially used for agro sector. 3.0
Ecological Factors Analysis
Agriculture, forestry and fisheries are traditional activities in the rural
environment of India. Forest conversion has been accelerated by activities
associated with rapid industrialization, such as mining and energy generation
through large hydroelectric projects. Nevertheless, much conversion is still due
to the extraction of timber for industrial uses and to meet the needs of the rural
poor in terms of food, fodder and firewood. In India, lakes and rivers are an
integral part of human settlement and the water is being used for drinking,
aquaculture, fishing and agriculture purposes. These freshwaters are under
considerable threat owing to the fast pace of modern technology, industrialized
and increased population densities. Industrial, agricultural, aquacultural,
transportation and other human activities like burning of fossil fuels and disposal
of solid and domestic waste deteriorates the air and water quality of the lakes.
The concept of economic development has been changing over a period of time.
In the early 1980s a new concept of development had emerged as a reaction to
the negative experiences of development, which is known as “sustainable
development”. The concept “sustainable development” may be interpreted to
mean a certain pace of development which can be sustained even in the long
run. Since development is a process, sustainable development is also a process
in which the economic and social welfare of the people can be maximised with
minimum damage to ecology and the environment (Brookfield and Padoch,
1994). As in the case with India, the concern for the environment and its
protection was totally absent in the official policies from the very beginning of
the planning programmes (Ramakrishnan, 1992; Swift and et al., 1994). The
environmental policies of the Government were initiated with the setting up of
the National Committee on Environmental Planning and Co-ordination in 1972
and the creation of the Environment Department in 1980. Gliessman (1989)
states that since the 1980s, a number of legislative measures were adopted for
the preservation of the environment but they largely remain ineffective.
However, in recent years, much concern has been expressed about the alarming
rate of deforestation which has occurred. Although 22.86 percent of the total
geographical area in India has been declared as forest area, Brookfield and
Padoch (1994) claim that the actual forest covers to be as low as 19.46 percent,
of which, the good forest cover is only around 10 percent of the total land area
(Agbola, 2004). In fact, much of the good forest area is located in the north-
eastern region of India, where 65.19 percent of the total geographical area is
covered under forests, representing around 25.97 percent of India’s forest area
based on satellite imagery (Agbola, 2004). Soon after the Stockholm
Conference on Human Environment in 1972, India developed its own
environmental control system, laws and policies. The first of India’s modern
environmental laws were the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of
1974, which established the Central and State Water Pollution Control Boards,
The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1981 and the Environment
Protection Act of 1986 (Agbola, 2004; Country Report, 2005). The latter is an
umbrella legislation designed to provide a framework for the central
government. However, in such an undeveloped country such as India, the
contribution of pollution and ecological regulations is weak, partly due to
ineffective measures adopted or the lower relative value placed on the ambient
quality of life. The mandate of the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) is to
set environmental standards for all plants India-wide, lay down ambient
standards and co-ordinate the activities of the State Pollution Control Boards
(SPCBs). Unfortunately, the implementation of environmental laws and their
enforcement is decentralised and is the responsibility of the SPCBs (Agbola,
2004), and hence not subject to scrutiny by the CPCB. This is an ad hoc method
of addressing key environmental issues. In addition, the pollution control laws
have achieved little success. Slow responses by the courts to enforcement
actions sought by SPCBs, poor funding of the boards themselves, and charges of
corruption have been regular and widespread. As it was mentioned earlier in
the report, agriculture in India is an important economic activity for a large
population. Indian “green revolution” is largely confined to a small section of the
rural society and has had positive repercussions in terms of general self-
sufficiency in food production (Palmer-Jones and Sen, 2003). But this has had its
negative impacts too. First, this energy intensive activity is still confined to a
small sector of the predominantly agricultural society. Vast sections of the rural
communities are left out, leading to wide disparities in access to resources and
income generation arising out of effective use of natural resources using
affordable appropriate technology. More and more farmers have been
marginalized in spite of overall self-sufficiency in food production. This is apart
from the difficulties faced at India’ national level to have access to non-
renewable resources like petro-based chemical fertilizers and pesticides to
sustain the “green revolution” itself in the face of increasing population pressure
and to cope with the larger problems of environmental degradation caused by
excessive and uncontrolled use of water and chemical subsidies. Nevertheless,
on the local level there are few examples of effective responses from the
individual farmers with a regard to biodiversity and ecosystem functions.
According to Brookfield and Padoch (1994), through the mixed cropping
involving a large number of species and traditional weed management
strategies, the shifting agricultural farmer of North-East India ensures effective
checks on nutrient loss during the cropping phase. The emphasis is on cereals,
which are largely placed towards the base of the slope as they are less nutrient-
use efficient, while the more nutrient use-efficient tuber crops are placed
towards the top of the slope where soil fertility levels are low. Under shorter ten
or five year cycles, the cropping pattern shifts with emphasis on tuber crops
(Ramakrishnan, 1995). This indeed is an elegant example of adaptation towards
optimization of resource use and risk coverage, through manipulation of
biodiversity, by the humans within the ecosystem. Within a given landscape,
the tribal farmer of India also has a variety of land use systems contributing
towards biodiversity at all levels ranging from the sub-specific, through the
species, population and the ecosystem (Ramakrishnan, 1992; Palmer-Jones and
Sen, 2003). Thus, as Swift and et al. (1994) state, apart from the diversity in
cropping patterns within the shifting agriculture systems that he maintains, he
may have fallow systems, sedentary systems on hill slopes, wet rice cultivation
on valley lands involving a variety of rice cultivars and a whole variety of tightly
packed home gardens resembling a forest, where the farmer grows perennial
trees and shrubs of economic value along with herbs and vines. These mosaics
of ecosystem types of the landscape perform a variety of functions towards the
integrity of the system as a whole, while having a variety of service functions for
the humans (Venkateswaran 1992). Indeed, these indigenous farming practices
indicate the effort of individual farmers for conserving resources. For improving
the system of land use and resource management in India’s agricultural sector,
the following strategies can be suggested: With wide variations in cropping
and yield patterns practised by over 100 tribes under diverse ecological
situations, where transfer of technology from one tribe/area to another alone
could improve the valley land and home garden ecosystems (Palmer-Jones and
Sen, 2003). Thus, for example, emphasis on potatos at higher elevations
compared to rice at lower elevations has led to a manifold increase in
economic yield despite low fertility of the more acid soils at higher elevations.
Redesign and strengthen the agroforestry system incorporating ecological
insights on tree architecture (e.g. the canopy form of tree should be
compatible with crop species at ground level so as to permit sufficient light
penetration and provide fast recycling of nutrients through fast leaf turnover
rates). Condense the time-span of forest succession and accelerate
restoration of degraded lands based on an understanding of tree growth
strategies and architecture, by adjusting the species mix in time and space
(Brookfield and Padoch, 1994). Improve animal husbandry through improved
breeds of swine and poultry. Redevelop village ecosystems through the
introduction of appropriate technology to relieve drudgery and improve energy
efficiency (cooking stoves, agricultural implements, biogas generation, small
hydroelectric projects, etc.). Promote crafts such as smithying and products
based on leather, bamboo and other woods (The Economist Intelligence Unit
Report, 2005b). Strengthen conservation measures based on the traditional
knowledge and value system with which the tribal communities could identify,
e.g. the revival of the sacred grove concept based on cultural tradition which
enabled each village to have a protected forest once on a time, although few
are now left. Economic (monetary output/input analysis, capital savings or
asset accumulation and dependency ratio), social (quality of life with more
easily measurable indicators such as health and hygiene, nutrition, food
security, morbidity symptoms; the difficult to quantify measures such as
societal empowerment and the less tangible ones in the area of social and
cultural values). 4.0 Conclusion
From the above research it is evident that agricultural sector represents one of
the most significant sectors of the economy of India. Therefore, its prospective
growth has to be one of the primary objectives of the government development
plans. The current state of the agricultural sector is a cause for concern and
calls for a change in the government’s agricultural policy, indicating not only a
greater restructuring of the public spending and more government funds, but
also an integrated tolerant approach to farming, ecological concerns and future
growth prospects. However, it still represents a big challenge for the industry;
(though the industry has seen some policies and regulations) there is still a gap
between the intent of these environmental policies and the actual development.
Ahluwalia, I. and Little, I. (1998) India’s Economic Reforms and Development:
Essays for Manmohan Singh, Delhi: Oxford University Press. Asia Monitor
Report (2006) India: Risk Summary, South Asia Monitor, Vol. 12 Issue 1, p.2.
Becker, C., Williamson, J. and Mills, E. (1992) Indian Urbanisation and Economic
Growth since 1960, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. Bhagwati, J.
(1998) The design of Indian development, in Ahluwalia, I.J., Little, I.M.D (Eds),
India’s Economic Reforms and Development: Essays for Manmohan Singh, Delhi:
Oxford University Press, pp.23-39. Brookfield, H. and Padoch, C. (1994)
Appreciating biodiversity: a look at the dynamism and diversity of indigenous
farming practices, Environment, Vol. 36 pp.6-11. Country Report (2005) The
economy: Economic structure, Country Profile: India, pp.29-30. Dreze, J. and
Sen, A. (1995) India - Economic Development and Social Opportunity, Delhi:
Oxford University Press. Edward, L. (2006) One land, two planets, New
Statesman, 1/30/2006, Vol. 135 Issue 4777, pp.23-25. Ghosh, A. (2003) Issues
of e-learning developments in India, Paradigm, July-December, Vol. 8 Issue 2,
pp.127-39. Ghosh, R. and Roy, K. (1997) The changing status of women in
India: Impact of urbanization and development, International Journal of Social
Economics Vol. 24 Issue 7/8/9, pp. 902 ' 917. Gliessman, S. (Ed.) (1989)
Agroecology: Researching the Ecological Basis for Sustainable Agriculture, Ecol.
Studies, New York: SpringerVerlag, Vol. 78 pp.380. India (2004) Ministry of
Information and Broadcasting: India 2004: A Reference Annual, New Delhi:
Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. India Economic Survey (2004)
Economic Survey 2002-03-04, New Delhi: Ministry of Finance and Company
Affairs, Government of India Press. Joshi, V. and Little, I. (1996) India’s
Economic Reforms: 1991-2001, Delhi: Oxford University Press. Khatkhate, D.
(1997) India’s economic growth: a conundrum, World Development, Vol. 25
Issue 9, pp.1551-1559. Meisinger, S. (2006) Global Workforce Issues: Challenge
and Opportunity, HR Magazine, Vol. 51 Issue 1, p.10. Nayyar, D. (1998)
Economic development and political democracy: interaction of economics and
politics in independent India, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 33 Issue 49,
pp.3121-3131. Nilekani, N. (2006) The other side of the global economy, Smart
Money, Vol. 15 Issue 2, pp.24-25. Palmer-Jones, R. and Sen, K. (2003) What Has
Luck Got To Do With It? A Regional Analysis of Poverty and Agricultural Growth
in Rural India, Journal of Development Studies, Vol. 40 Issue 1, pp.1-31.
Rangnekar, S. and Sharma, M. (2006) India's Split Personality, Far Eastern
Economic Review, Vol. 169 Issue 1, pp.18-21. Ramakrishnan, P. (1992) Shifting
Agriculture and Sustainable Development of North-Eastern India, Paris: UNESCO-
MAB Series, p. 424. Ramakrishnan, P. (1993) Shifting Cultivation and
Sustainable Development: An inter-disciplinary Study from North-Eastern India,
New Delhi: Oxford University Press. Sinha, J. (2005) Checking India's vital signs,
McKinsey Quarterly, Special Edition, pp.16-25. Swift, M., Vandermeer, J.,
Ramakrishnan, P., Anderson, J., Ong, C. and Hawkins, B. (1994) Biodiversity and
agroecosystem function, in Mooney, H.A. (Eds), London: John Wiley. The
Economist Intelligence Unit Report (2005a) India: Market profile, Food & Drinks
Forecast Asia & Australasia, June, pp.52-60. The Economist Intelligence Unit
Report (2005b) Resources and infrastructure: Natural resources and the
environment, Country Profile, India, p.23. The World Bank (1997) India ' 1997
Economic Update: Sustaining Rapid Growth, Washington: The World Bank.
Yeoh, C. and Siang, W. (2006) Extending Economic Boundaries and Exporting
Expertise: New Evidence on Singapore's Gambit in Indonesia, Vietnam and India,
Journal of the Asia Pacific_Economy_, Vol. 11 Issue 1, pp.79-105. Varshney, A.
(1998) Democracy, Development and the Countryside: Urban-Rural Struggles in
India, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Venkateswaran S. (1992) Living
on the Edge: Women, Environment and De Development, Friedrich Ebert

Inserted from <http://www.allfreeessays.com/essays/Indian-Agricultural-Industry/29982.html>