EARLY RELATIONS WITH ASIAN

COUNTRIES
 THE SRI-VISHAYAN EMPIRE
Before 500 AD, there are no known archeological findings of native
Southeast Asian Malay inscriptions. Thus, we have to rely on Chinese
documents about Southeast Asia. Southeast Asian history pioneer George
Coedus, determined that the state known to the Chinese as Shihlifoshih was the
same as Sri Vishaya. Chinese monk I Tsing noted during his travels from 671 –
695 AD that Sri-Vishaya practiced Mahayana Buddhism but the latter show no
traces of Buddhism faith because only the Vishaya aristocracy adhered to
Mahayana. Vishaya established trading outposts in Taiwan. It makes it easy to
suppose then that some of them migrated to the Philippines and settled to what
is now the Visayas. Three major ethnic groups call themselves Bisaya and their
language Binisaya. They are the Ilongo, Cebuano and Waray. No matter that
they speak three separate languages and have three distinct identitites, still they
are collectively known as Bisaya. Cebuano may be the purest form of Binisaya.
Ilongo root words are mostly Cebuano, with a significant mixture of Tagalog.

 THE MAJAPAHIT EMPIRE

The short life of an empire that once defeated the mongols.
The mongols are perhaps best known as one of history’s greatest conquerors. As
they extended their borders, numerous empires were destroyed and dynasties
replaced. The story of Majapahit empire begins at the end of the 13 th century AD
in the Singhasari Kingdom with Raden Wijaya (the founder of the majapahit
empire), and Jayakatwang(the last ruler of the Singhasari Kingdom). The
Majapahit empire was short-lived, as its power began to shortly after Hayam
Wuruk’s death. At the begging of the 15th century AD,a war of succession that
lasted four years broke out. At the same time, Islam was spreading in the region,
and many kingdoms were converting to this faith. Amongst these was the rising
Sultanate of Malacca, founded by the last Raja Singapura. Remaining as Hindu-
Buddhists , the Majapahit Empire was unable to compete with its Muslim
neighbors, and continued to disintegrate, finally collapsing in either 1478 or the
early 16th century AD.

 Cultural influences Under:

A. Arabi
 Center of the Arab Empire
 Center of commerce from India, China and Africa
  Center of Islamic religion
 Usual trade items :
 Textile
 Wool
 Calico (a kind of cloth)
 Metal tools
 Gold bullions jewelry and other precious gems
 First to introduce weapons
 SARIMANOK DESIGN most common in Lanao (Mindanao) a very
colorful bird.

B. Indian
 SANSKRIT WORDS
Is the classical language of Indian and the liturgical language of
Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism.it is also one of the 22 official
languages of India. The name Sanskrit means “refined”, “consecrated”
and “sanctified”. It has always been regarded as the high language and
used mainly for religious and scientific discourse.
1. Bathala – God
 Comes from an Indian word “Bhattara Guru” which means highest
of all Gods in India.
2. Asawa – Spouse
3. Puri – Reputation
4. Wika – Dialect
5. Guru – Teacher
6. Maharlika – Noble

 SUBJECTS AND CHARACTERS

1. Darangan – Lanao Epic
2. Mahabharata – Indian Epic
3. Lam ang – Ilocano Epic
4. Ang Lawin at ang Inahing Manok – Fable
5. Alamat ng Agusan - Legend
 CLOTH WAVING, BOAT MAKING AND MINING
 FRUIT BEARING TREES
 Mango, Jackfruit, Spongegourd and Bittergourd
 CLOTHS
 Sarong, Putong, Pantalong hapit, Burdadong balabal.
 WEDDING
1. Use of veil and cord
2. Splashing of rice
  BAHALA NA ATTITUDE LEAVING OUR FAITH TO GOD GIVING OF DOTE OR DOWRY
SUPERSTITIONS AND BELIEVE
EXAMPLES:
 Singing while cooking – will marry a widower
 Pregnant women eating banana – will bear twins
 Occurrence of comet in the sky – war or calamity is coming.

CULTURAL INFLUENCES UNDER

JAPAN
 The Japanese introduced duck farming/raising and fish
breeding
 Japanese influences :
 Removing of slippers before entering the house
 Bonsai planting
 Manufacturing farm tools
 War weapons
 Origami
 Martial arts
 Judo
 Tanning of deer skin

CULTURAL INFLUENCES UNDER

CHINA
 INFLUENCES
1. Use of jars for burials of bones
 They could bring the remnants of their relatives anywhere
2. Food
 Food like tofu, hopia, lomi, batchoy, goto, siopao, lumpia, siomai, etc.
Chinese ingredients:
 Bihon, Kinchay, Petchay, Toge, Miswa, etc.
3. Use of Filipino words borrowed from China.
Most of these words are from the Amoy Dialect
A CHI ATE
KO A KUYA
TAU KUA TOKWA
 BI KO BIKO
HI KAU HIKAW
BAK KHIAQ BAKYA
4. Established the first convenience store
 The sari – sari store
5. Wearing of “Kamisa de chino, loose pants and long sleeved shirt”.
6. Games and Toys
 Tops
 Cards
 Sungka
 Flying kites
 Mah – jong
7. Customs and Traditions :
 Arranged Marriage
 Respect for elders
 Wearing of white for mourning
 Use of fireworks during celebrations
 The most lasting influence of China : Commerce and Trade

 CHINESE BELIEFS
 Chinese New Year
 Feng Shui
 Chinese Zodiac Sign
 Lion and dragon dances

 COMMON PRACTICES
 Hitting others with a broom will result in bad luck for many years to come.
 Brooms are to be kept during the Chinese New Year period and no sweeping of
the house is allowed because this will result in bad luck and loss of wealth for the
household.
 Wearing a mustache and not shaving will bring about bad luck.
 Cutting or trimming one’s nail at night is not encouraged at this practice will
attract wandering spirits to one.
 Dogs are believed to be able to see ghosts and spirits due to the fluid in their
eyes.
 When dogs howl for long periods at the wee hours of the morning, this signifies
death in the surrounding area.
 Babies can also sense spirits when they sense unclean spirits, they will cry
without reason.
 When one dreams of teeth or show, it means death of one’s parent.
 Pointing at the moon will result in one’s ears to be cut off.
 JUNK – trading ships from South China came to the Philippines for barter.
 CHINESE BARTER GOODS – silk, porcelain, copper, iron, needle, plow, glass
mirror and assorted glass beads.
 BARTER – means exchange of goods and services.
 FILIPINO BARTER GOODS – cotton, pearl, coconut, abaca, tortoise shell,
beeswax, betel nut and uta cloth.
 CHINESE WORDS IN FILIPINO LANGUAGE
 Ditse, ate, susi, siyaho, impo, mangkok, siyanse

OTHER ASIAN COUNTRIES

 MALAYSIA
 Influenced modern day lifestyle of Filipinos
 Malay influence is still strong in the culturally conservative regions of
Mindanao and Sulu – Archipelago

 MORO PEOPLE
 The native Muslim population of the Philippines that inhabit Mindanao
Sulu – Archipelago, parts of Visayas and the Quiapo district in Manila.

 SOUTH KOREA
 It exports include K-pop high quality smartphones and broadbands and
new animation since 2010, however the Korean wave is extremely
successful in the Philippines firstly with :
 Korean Soap Opera
 Historical Dramas
 Gangnam Style
 K-pop
 Korean films

 THAILAND
 Food recipe
 Thai cuisine
 PHILIPPINE SOCIETY UNDER
SPAIN
 Philippine Government Under Spain
 Central Government- was headed by the governor and captain - general
or governor general.
 Captain- General or Governor- General - was appointed by the King of
Spain. He possessed vast executive, legislative, and judicial powers.

 Two Branches of Government under Spain

1. The executive
2. the judicial

 SUPERIOR DECREES - order from governor - general.

 ROYAL DECREES- orders coming from the king of spain.
 The governor-general
- He is the president of Audencia, he was also the Vice Royal Patron in the
philippines.
- He can appoint minor official in the government including the parish priests.
- He is the commander in cheif of the armed forces.

 THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL IS POWERFUL

o Complase - the right of the governor-general to suspend the operation of
a royal decree or order relative to the Philippines.

 THE AUDIENCIA
- The Audiencia was established in the philippines in 1853.
- Governor Santiago de Vera(first president of Audiencia)
- Highest court insofar as civil and criminal case.
- In the absence of Governor the audiencia exercised political and
administrative powers. King of Spain re-establish the audiencia in 1595

 LOCAL GOVERNMENT
o Provincial Government- under by central government, which were
already recognizing the authority of spain.
o Alcalde mayor- he was appoint by the governor - general.
 Indulto de comercio
o A right given to alcalde mayor to engage in trade, what made him rich and
powerful
o It was abolished in 1844 because the alcalde mayor his power to the
extent of scandalizing the spaniards.

 Municipal Government – under the provincial government and it compose of

several barrios.

 Gobernadorcillo (little governor) - also called capitan municipal or simply

capitan.Today he is called mayor.

 THE CITY AND ITS GOVERNMENT

During first century
1.Cebu 2.Manila

 After 17th Century, the Philippines had six cities:

Cebu Vigan Arevalo
Manila Nueva Segovia
Nueva caseres(Naga)

 Ayuntamiento - the city government equivalent todays city hall consisted of two
alcalde, twelve regidors (counsilors), a chief of police, a secretary, and few other
lesser officials.
 Cabeza- who headed the barrio or barangay he did not receive salary

 SPANISH COLONIZATION
Spanish conquest and colonization of the Philippines

 THE MAGELLAN EXPEDITION

 1517 – Magellan went to Spain and offered his services to King Charles.
 September 20, 1519 – a royal commission was sent, allowing Magellan to
head the expedition.

 The Amanda de Molluca consisted of 5 ships with 237 men.

 Santiago under Juan Rodriguez Serrano
 San Antonio under Juan de Cartagena.
 Conception under Gaspar de Quesada.
  Trinidad (flagship) under Ferdinand Magellan captain general
 Victoria under Louis de Mendoza
 September 20, 1519 – departure from Sanlucar de Barrameda, Spain
 March 17, 1512 – Magellan and his fleet landed at Homonhon Island.
 March 28, 1512 – the fleet landed at Limasawa (an island at Southern Leyte).
It was ruled by Rajah Kolambu.
 March 29, 1521 – Rajah Kolambu decided to seal their new friendship and
performed the “Kasi - kasi” or blood compact ceremony with Ferdinand
Magellan.
 March 31, 1521 – the first catholic mass was held at Limasawa with Rev.
Father Pedro de Valderama, officiating.
 April 7, 1521 – Magellan together with Rajah Kolambu, fleets landed on Sugbu
(now Cebu). Humabon made a blood compact with Magellan for he won his
trust and friendship.
 April 14, 1521 – a mass on the shore of Cebu was held.
-after the mass Magellan planted the huge wooden cross and gave an image of the
child Jesus as a gift to wife of Rajah Humabon
-800 Filipinos who participated in the mass and underwent ritual baptism.
-the mass and baptism was officiated by Fr. Pedro de Valderama.

 April 27, 1521 – the battle of mactan

 May 1, 1521 – the natives of Cebu carried out the plan to massacre the
Spaniards.
 September 6, 1522 – the Victoria reached San Lucas Spain with only 18
survivors.

 SPAIN SENDS OTHER EXPEDITIONS

 1525 – Garcia Jofre Loaisa
 1526 – Sebastian Cabot
 1527 – Alvaro de Saavedra
 1542 – Rudy Lopez de Villalobos
 1564 – Miguel Lopez de Legazpi
 Only Legazpi succeeded in colonizing the Islands.
 THE VILLALOBOS EXPEDITION
 November 1, 1542 – Ruy Lopez de Villalobos set sail for the Philippines
from Natividad.
 February 2, 1543 – he followed the route taken by Magellan and reached
Mindanao.

 THE LEGAZPI EXPEDITION

 1556 – Philip II instructed Luis de Velasco to prepare a new expedition.
 November 21, 1564 – Legazpi sailed from the Mexican port.
 February 1565 – the expedition reached Cebu.
 April 27 – Legazpi and his men entered Cebu harbor.

 The settlement in Panay

 The founding of Manila
 April 20 – Legazpi leave for Luzon with Manila at the object of his
expedition.
 1571 – The Filipinos were defeated and Legazpi took over Manila.
 June 24, 1571 – Legazpi made Manila the capital of the Philippines.
 1572 – Salcedo went to Northern Luzon and defeated the Philippines.
 August 20, 1572 – Legazpi had died.

 Peninsulares – Spaniards who grew up in Spain.

 Insulares – Spaniards who grew up in the Philippines.
 Spanish Mestizos – half-Spaniards
 Principalia – former Filipino tribe leaders
 Chinese Mestizos – half-Chinese
 Chinese – Chinese living in the Philippines
 Indios – what the Spaniards derogatorily call the Filipinos.

 PROPAGATING THE CATHOLIC FAITH

 1565 – first Augustinians came with Legazpi
 1577 – Franciscan missionaries arrival
 1581 – the Jesuits spread Catholicism
  1587 – the Dominican came and spread catholic faith
 1606 – the recollect missionaries came and propagated the faith

 THE UNION OF CHURCH AND STATE

Church official:
o Archbishop Francisco de la Cuesta (1719 - 1721)
o Bishop Juan Amechederra (1745 - 1750)
o Bishop Miguel Lino de Ezpeleta
o Archbishop Manuel Rojo

 THE CHURCH ORGANIZATION

 Districts – represented geographic regions.
 Parishes – represented villages
 Missions – represented areas or regions that were not yet conquered to
Catholicism.
 In 1578 – manila became a diocese
 Father Domingo de Salazar – first bishop of Manila.