1.What is the importance of socialization?

Socialization can be described as the process of learning in the life of a human

being that enables such a person to acquire knowledge and skills that necessary for
him/her to be able to intermingle or rather interact with other human beings in the
society. In reference to Grusec and Hastings (2007), socialization refers to the
process through which people are assisted to become or acquire a belonging status
in one or more social groups (1). When one is actively involved in the socialization
process, there are both positive and negative results that are expected. Whereas this
is a process of learning that enables a person to integrate into a particular social
group, the results that are obtained during the learning process are not
standardized, i.e. they are not absolute positive results (2). The outcome depends
heavily on the environment that one is exposed to. This essay will therefore
examine the importance of socialization to individuals as social beings and how
failure by one to be involved in the socialization process results into a negative
impact on the overall lifestyle of a person.

The Importance of Socialization to Individuals:-

Human beings just like trees and animals have a responsibility to learn various
skills that will give them an opportunity to be in a position to interact freely with
their kind in the society. Whereas animals and plants will find different ways of
adapting to their respective environment, human being too have to find out ways of
coping with each other within their respective environments and in this case their
communities and their respective social groups. As the saying goes, that no man is
an island, there is no single person in this world that has the ability to live on
his/her own without being affected in a negative way. As a result, people need each
other in the society. However, it is important for one to understand that despite the
fact that people need to interact with each other in certain forms of relationships,
this cannot be achieved unless there are clear outlines on how these relationships
will be conducted. Therefore, this raises the need for socialization process or rather
socialization in the society (Grusec and Hastings 5).In reference to Pate (2006),
socialization is of paramount importance in the society as it contributes to the
overall existence of the society (81). This is particularly important as far as the
cultural and other values of the society are concerned. For example, without
socialization, the societies throughout the world cannot be able in any way be in a
position to disseminate skills and knowledge that concerns them to the next
generation (81). As a result of this, the society would be unable to grow culturally,
since the culture that is known to a few people cannot be passed on to the next
generation. A clear picture of how socialization influences the values that are
passed on from one generation to another is seen in the life of a parent and his
child. Despite the fact that a parent may have the best character in the whole world,
yet his absenteeism from home will result in his child learning a bad character
from people around him/her as he/she is able to learn more from people that he
interacts with rather than those that are related to him yet absent from their
lives.Therefore, socialization plays a critical role in holding the community
together. While this process may be ignored by most people in the society, the
existence of these societies depends heavily on the success of the whole process of
socialization and how it valued within a particular community. For example, the
communities that regard socialization as an important factor that need to be
integrated into their societal system are able to lead healthy lives in regard to their
interaction. The desirable behaviors and characters cannot be attained if the society
is unable to bring its members to socialize, interact and create a bond that would
necessitate them to desire to be with one another. While man is able to make
independent decisions, these decisions require calculated moves that would not
interrupt the running of socialization processes. However, when socialization
bonds and processes are broken, such vices as crime and other uncouth behavior
are introduced in the society, thus derailing the general development of the society
(Pate 82).Brown (2008) asserts that the society is able to hold together is certain
barriers are broken (32-37). The modern world is characterized by people from
different races and communities. However, it is worth to note that despite the
numerous or rather countless communities and races that exists today in the current
world, there is a growing interaction between these communities as technological
developments especially in communication continue to find their way even in the
remotest parts of this world. As a result of this, people have no choice but to
interact with each. In such cases therefore, socialization plays a vital role in
breaking the barriers that exists between different communities. While in the past,
racial interactions were minimal, the current world’s requirements considers
unrestricted interaction among different groups of people irrespective of their
racial or community backgrounds as one of the components that contributes to
success in achieving ones’ goals. However, it important to note that these racial
barriers cannot be broken or rather eliminated without socialization. Different
people from different racial backgrounds have to interact in social groups to be
able to eliminate these barriers and be able to create a world that is not limited by
racial or community barriers.
2. What do you mean by human rights give detail of basic
human rights?
Fundamental Rights are the basic rights of the common people and inalienable
rights of the people who enjoy it under the charter of rights contained in Part
III(Article 12 to 35) of Constitution of India. It guarantees civil liberties such that
all Indians can lead their lives in peace and harmony as citizens of India. These
include individual rights common to most liberal democracies, such as equality
before law, freedom of speech and expression, religious and cultural freedom
and peaceful assembly, freedom to practice religion, and the right
to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights by means of writs such
as habeas corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Certiorari and Quo Warranto. Violation
of these rights result in punishments as prescribed in the Indian Penal Code or
other special laws, subject to discretion of the judiciary. The Fundamental Rights
are defined as basic human freedoms that every Indian citizen has the right to
enjoy for a proper and harmonious development of personality. These rights
universally apply to all citizens, irrespective of race, place of birth,
religion, caste or gender. Though the rights conferred by the constitution other than
fundamental rights are equally valid and their enforcement in case of violation
shall be secured from the judiciary in a time consuming legal process. However, in
case of fundamental rights violation, the Supreme Court of India can be
approached directly for ultimate justice per Article 32. The Rights have their
origins in many sources, including England's Bill of Rights, the United States Bill
of Rights and France's Declaration of the Rights of Man.
The six fundamental rights recognized by the Indian constitution are the
1. Right to equality,
2. Right to live,
3. Right to freedom,
4. Right against exploitation,
5. Right to freedom of religion, cultural and educational rights,
6. Right to constitutional remedies.

1. Right to Equality

Right to Equality ensures equal rights for all the citizens. The Right to Equality
prohibits inequality on the basis of caste, religion, place of birth, race, or gender. It
also ensures equality of opportunity in matters of public employment and prevents
the State from discriminating against anyone in matters of employment on the
grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, descent, place of birth, place of residence or
any of them.

2. Right to Freedom
Right to freedom provides us with various rights. These rights are freedom of speech,
freedom of expression, freedom of assembly without arms, freedom of movement
throughout the territory of our country, freedom of association, freedom to practice
any profession, freedom to reside in any part of the country. However, these rights
have their own restrictions.

3. Right against Exploitation

Right against Exploitation condemns human trafficking, child labor, forced
labor making it an offense punishable by law, and also prohibit any act of compelling
a person to work without wages where he was legally entitled not to work or to
receive remuneration for it. Unless it is for the public purpose, like community
services or NGO work.

4. Right to Freedom of Religion

Right to Freedom of Religion guarantees religious freedom and ensures secular states
in India. The Constitutions says that the States should treat all religions equally and
impartially and that no state has an official religion. It also guarantees all people the
freedom of conscience and the right to preach practice and propagate any religion of
their choice.

5. Cultural and Educational Rights

Cultural and Educational Rights protects the rights of cultural, religious and linguistic
minorities by enabling them to conserve their heritage and protecting them against
discrimination. Educational rights ensure education for everyone irrespective of their
caste, gender, religion, etc.

6. Right to Constitutional Remedies

Right to Constitutional Remedies ensures citizens to go to the supreme court of India
to ask for enforcement or protection against violation of their fundamental rights. The
Supreme Court has the jurisdiction to enforce the Fundamental Rights even against
private bodies, and in case of any violation, award compensation as well to the
affected individual.
3. What Is Nationalism?
Nationalism is an ideology that gives a nation a sense of unity by imposing on
them the same set of identities (for instance linguistic, historical, and cultural).
Especially peculiar to nationalism is defining the nation against an other inside or
outside of the state borders. However, this short definition by no means exhausts
all the complexities of nationalism. So much so that some post-modern scholars
insist on using the plural “nationalisms” to do justice to the whole spectrum of
experiences. It matters, for instance, whether we are talking about nationalism in
19th-century Europe or nationalism in post-World War I India. Nationalism has a
subjective dimension to it. Members of a nation usually feel a sense of unity that in
certain circumstances may go beyond class inequalities; it is particularly the case
when the nation has a common enemy, be it a colonizer, or be it a specific minority
group. In nationalist rhetoric the nation is frequently conceptualized as a fraternity
that somehow holds a privileged position in the world. But what is “nation”?
Benedict Anderson came up with perhaps the most famous definition; he sees it as
an imagined community, because the overwhelming majority of its members never
personally met each other. This community is envisioned as both limited (by its
borders) and sovereign (it has the ability to self-govern). Border control is one
mechanism of maintaining national identity by “protecting” the nation from
dissolution in other cultures. In many cases immigrants are seen as an other,
against which the nation defines itself. Nationalists believe their shared interests
supersede all other individual or group interests. They oppose globalism and
empires. They also rally against any philosophy, such as religion, that supersedes
national loyalties. They are not necessarily militaristic but quickly become so if
threatened.
Nationalists' feeling of superiority differentiates their nationalism from patriotism.
The latter equates to pride in one's country and a willingness to defend it.
Nationalism extends that to arrogance and potential military aggression.
Nationalists believe they have a right to dominate another nation because of their
superiority. They feel they are doing the conquered a favor.
The History of Nationalism:-
Nationalism didn't arise until the seventeenth century. Before that, people focused
on their local town, kingdom, or even religion. The nation-state began in 1658 with
the Treaty of Westphalia. It ended the 30 Years War between the Holy Roman
Empire and various German groups. Industrialization and capitalism strengthened
the need for a self-governing nation to protect business rights, and merchants
partnered with national governments to help them beat foreign competitors. The
government supported this mercantilism because the merchants paid them in gold.
The steam-powered printing press helped enable nations to promote unity within
and prejudice against outsiders. In the late 18th century, the American and French
revolutions formalized large nations that were free of a monarchy. They ruled by
democracy and endorsed capitalism. In 1871, Otto von Bismarck created the nation
of Germany from different tribes. By the 20th century, the entire American and
European continents were governed by sovereign nations. The Great
Depression created economic conditions so harsh that most countries adopted
nationalism as a defense. Fascist leaders like Adolf Hitler in Germany and Benito
Mussolini in Italy used nationalism to override individual self-interest, subjugating
the welfare of the general population to achieve social goals. Nationalism under
fascism works within existing social structures, instead of destroying them. It
focuses on "internal cleansing and external expansion," according to Professor
Robert Paxton in "The Anatomy of Fascism." The thinking justifies violence as a
way to rid society of minorities and opponents. World War II convinced the Allied
nations to endorse global cooperation. The World Bank, the United Nations, and
the World Trade Organization were just three of many global groups. In the 1990s,
Europe's nations formed the European Union. Nationalism became dangerous, and
globalism became salvation.