Lecture 3

Diodes

1
 Basic Power Supply
• An electronic device that supplies electric energy to an
electrical load.
• Converts standard 120 V, 60 Hz ac voltage at wall outlets
to dc voltage
• Power all types of electronic circuits
- consumer electronics i.e. TV, DVDs, computers,
industrial controllers and laboratory instruments
• Most applications require low voltages

2
 Basic Power Supply
• Transformer - device for reducing or increasing the voltage of an
alternating current
• Rectifier - converts the ac input voltage to a pulsating dc voltage i.e.
half-wave rectifier
• Filter – eliminate fluctuations in rectified voltage, provide smooth dc
voltage
• Regulator - maintains constant dc voltage for variation in input line
voltage
• Load – electric component of a circuit that consumes electric power

3
 Transformer coupling
• Transformer is usually coupled between ac source and
rectifier
• Two advantages
- source voltage to be step down
- ac source is isolated from rectifier(prevent shock hazard
in secondary circuit)
where, n=turn ratio
if n>1, secondary voltage is greater than primary voltage
if n<1, secondary voltage is less than primary voltage
if n=1, 𝑉𝑠𝑒𝑐 = 𝑉𝑝𝑟𝑖
𝑉𝑠𝑒𝑐 = 𝑛𝑉𝑝𝑟𝑖
𝑉𝑝(𝑜𝑢𝑡) = 𝑉𝑝(𝑠𝑒𝑐) − 0.7
4
PIV = 𝑉𝑠𝑒𝑐
 Transformer coupling
• Determine peak value of the output voltage

Solution:
𝑉𝑝(𝑝𝑟𝑖) = 𝑉𝑝(𝑖𝑛) = 170 V
𝑉𝑝(𝑠𝑒𝑐) = 𝑛𝑉𝑝(𝑝𝑟𝑖) = 0.5 170 = 85 𝑉
𝑉𝑝(𝑜𝑢𝑡) = 𝑉𝑝(𝑠𝑒𝑐) − 0.7 = 85 − 0.7 = 84.3 𝑉
5
 Center Tapped Full-Wave Rectifier
• Allows the current to flow during both positive and
negative half cycle
• This method of rectification employs two diodes
connected to a secondary center-tapped transformer.
• The i/p voltage is coupled through the transformer to the
center-tapped secondary
Coupled input voltage

6
 Center Tapped Full-Wave Rectifier
• What is the wave output of center tapped full-wave
rectifier ?
Half of the total
secondary
voltage appears
between the center
tap and each end of
the secondary
winding as shown.

Solution:

7
 Center Tapped Full-Wave Rectifier
• Effect of turn ratio on the output
• If n=1, 𝑉𝑝(𝑠𝑒𝑐) = 𝑉𝑝(𝑝𝑟𝑖)
𝑉𝑝(𝑝𝑟𝑖)
𝑉𝑝(𝑜𝑢𝑡) = − 0.7 𝑉
2

• If n=2,𝑉𝑝(𝑠𝑒𝑐) = 2𝑉𝑝(𝑝𝑟𝑖)
𝑉𝑝(𝑜𝑢𝑡) = 𝑉𝑝(𝑝𝑟𝑖) − 0.7 𝑉

•In any case, the o/p voltage is always

one-half of the total secondary voltage
minus the diode drop (barrier potential),
no matter what the turns ratio.
𝑉𝑠𝑒𝑐 8
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = − 0.7 𝑉
2
 PIV in Center Tapped Full-Wave Rectifier

𝑉𝑝(𝑠𝑒𝑐) 𝑉𝑝(𝑠𝑒𝑐)
• Maximum anode voltage , 𝐷1 = + , 𝐷2 = −
2 2
• D1: forward-bias – its cathode is at the same voltage of its anode minus
diode drop, likewise in 𝐷2
• PIV across 𝐷2
𝑉𝑝(𝑠𝑒𝑐) 𝑉𝑝(𝑠𝑒𝑐)
PIV = ( − 0.7 ) - (− ), PIV = 𝑉𝑝(𝑠𝑒𝑐) − 0.7 𝑉
2 2
𝑉𝑝(𝑠𝑒𝑐)
As, 𝑉𝑝(𝑜𝑢𝑡) = ( − 0.7 ) , 𝑉𝑝(𝑠𝑒𝑐) = 2𝑉𝑝(𝑜𝑢𝑡) + 1.4 𝑉
2
9
Hence,
𝑃𝐼𝑉 = 2𝑉𝑝(𝑜𝑢𝑡) + 0.7 𝑉
 The Bridge Full-Wave Rectifier
• Rectifies mains AC input to DC output

• Used 4 diodes
- 2 diodes forward, 2 diodes reverse
• Without ideal drop (ideal diode)
𝑉𝑝(𝑜𝑢𝑡) = 𝑉𝑝(𝑠𝑒𝑐)
• With ideal drop (practical diode)
𝑉𝑝(𝑜𝑢𝑡) = 𝑉𝑝(𝑠𝑒𝑐) − 1.4
10
• PIV = 𝑉𝑝(𝑜𝑢𝑡) + 0.7 𝑉