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Jurnal Komunitas: The Impact of State Intervention On Social Capital of Fishermen Community in Small Islands
Jurnal Komunitas: The Impact of State Intervention On Social Capital of Fishermen Community in Small Islands
Jurnal Komunitas: The Impact of State Intervention On Social Capital of Fishermen Community in Small Islands
3304
JURNAL KOMUNITAS
Research & Learning in Sociology and Anthropology
http://journal.unnes.ac.id/nju/index.php/komunitas
Majoring in Rural Sociology (RS), Department Faculty of Human Ecology (FoHE), IPB, Indonesia
2
Permalink/DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/komunitas.v6i2.3304
Abstract
This paper aims to discuss the impact of state intervention on social capital of fishermen community in small
islands. The research was conducted in Barrang Lompo Island, Makassar. The data was collected through in-depth
interview and limited observation from twelve informants determined by snowball sampling. Questionnaires were
also spread to about 40 respondents. The data was then analyzed qualitatively to explain research’s data and
facts. The results of the research show that state intervention for the last ten years on small islands communities
has impact on various aspects such as the diminishing loyalty and trust among locals to the government.
Therefore, the intervention reduce the community’s participation, individually and collectively, in development
activities. The situation, in turn, could affect the diminishing political capacity of the locals and government in
the implementation of development in the islands. The state intervention, however, strengthened social solidarity,
local value practices and the enthusiasm to understand religious values which in turn could tighten the internal
bond of a community. This bond can become a potential strength to build communities in small islands.
Abstrak
Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mendiskusikan dampak intervensi negara pada kapital sosial komunitas nelayan di
pulau-pulau kecil. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Pulau Barrang Lompo, Makassar. Pengumpulan data dilakukan
melalui wawancara mendalam dan observasi terbatas dari dua belas informan ditentukan oleh snowball
sampling. Kuesioner juga menyebar ke 40 responden. Data tersebut kemudian dianalisis secara kualitatif untuk
menjelaskan data penelitian dan fakta. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa intervensi negara selama sepuluh
tahun terakhir pada masyarakat pulau-pulau kecil memiliki dampak pada berbagai aspek seperti, mengurangi
loyalitas dan kepercayaan di antara penduduk setempat kepada pemerintah. Oleh karena itu, partisipasi mereka,
secara individu dan kolektif, dalam kegiatan pembangunan kurang. Ini akan berakibat pada berkurangnya
kapasitas politik penduduk setempat dan kapasitas pemerintah dalam pelaksanaan pembangunan pulau.
Kendati demikian intervensi negara juga memperkuat solidaritas sosial, praktek nilai lokal dan semangat untuk
memahami nilai-nilai agama yang pada gilirannya dapat memperkuat ikatan internal masyarakat. Ikatan ini
selanjutnya dapat menjadi kekuatan potensial untuk membangun masyarakat di pulau-pulau kecil.
Keywords: impact; state intervention; social capital; local communities; trust; social network and values/
norms
How to Cite: Anwar, S.J., Kolopaking, L.M., Kinseng, R.A., & Hubeis, A.V.S. 2014. The Impact of State
Intervention on Social Capital of Fishermen Community in Small Islands. Jurnal Komunitas, 6 (2): 246-259 doi:
10.15294/komunitas.v6i2.3304
Corresponding author : ISSN 2086-5465
Address: 140 A Paccerakkang Street Daya, Makassar, Indonesia
Cellphone No: 081342473367 UNNES JOURNALS
E-mail: sakaria_anwar_ipb@yahoo.com
Jurnal Komunitas 6 (2) (2014): 246-259 247
UNNES JOURNALS
248 Sakaria J. Anwar et al, The Impact of State Intervention on Social Capital of Fishermen Commu-
the development programs in “BLI” through kassar which was governed by Drs. Patompo
its doers. There are three development pro- as the mayor. Then, several years after, Ko-
grams which have contributed so much to dingareng Island, Barrang Caddi Island, and
the change of those islands, especially the two more islands followed as grooves below
change of social capital. Those three deve- Ujung Tanah sub district area, Makassar
lopment programs will be discussed respec- and the name of the grooves followed each
tively as below explanation. island’s name.
The change of the governmental status
The Development of Government Insti- has brought consequences to the people of
tutions “BLI”, as explained by an informant (ARDT)
The two lowest structures of government in- in the interview as follows:
stitutions in Indonesia are Village Governing
System and Groove Governing System. Villa- The change of governmental status in
ge Governing System is in coordination with Barrang Island from Village Governing
sub district government. In this case, chief System to Groove Governing System has
as the governing person of a village is res- caused so many changes in our society.
One of those changes is the disobedien-
ponsible to a regent (Regency Government)
ce of the locals to the government. When
while Groove Governing System which is we were governed by our village chief, we
also in coordination with sub district go- were obedient because the chief elected
vernment is responsible to a mayor (City was highly regarded figure who was a des-
Government). A chief of a village is elected cendant of the past king. He was originally
by the villagers and nominated by the regent from here and lived here too. But when we
so a chief will have legitimating and strong are governed by our groove chief, we be-
authority to the villagers. While a chief of a come less obedient, even we seem to hate
groove is nominated directly by the mayor. our groove chief because the elected chief
Despite having strong authority from the is not originally from here and doesn’t live
here. Even often, the elected chief rarely
mayor, the position does not always come
comes to the office. Maybe he comes only
from the villagers. Such circumstance is one twice a week. That’s why it makes us unfa-
factor which makes the Village Governing miliar with our own chief so we don’t re-
System and Groove Governing System dis- ally get along well. When there’s a village
tinct. That condition will surely affect the event like communal volunteer work, only
process and the situation of the government few people participate in the event, usual-
that happen in each area/region. ly they are people who live near the chief’s
Initially, Barrang Lompo Island (”BLI”) office and some of the groove workers’ fa-
used to apply Village Governing System as mily. (Interview, 9/6/2012).
the lowest governmental unit under Tum-
pa Biring subdistrict area, Pangkep Regen- The interview above shows that the
cy. However, this island then changed the loyalty of the locals in the island has been
system into Groove Governing System and diminished. The diminished loyalty of the
is administratively placed below Ujung Ta- locals to the government after its status
nah sub district area, Makassar. This status changed into a groove happens because the
change came from the villagers’ longing to chief is not family-related to the locals so
integrate with Makassar because this island the inner-relation among them is very weak.
is geographically closer to Makassar than to This weak connection affects the level of
Pangkep Regency. The other reason must obedience and trust of the locals to the go-
be from Makassar government that wanted vernment. Then, it makes the locals, as an
to make “BLI” as a tourism island. Based on individual or a community, become less par-
those two reasons above, in 1971 Barrang ticipative in the development program from
Lompo Village officially changed into Bar- the groove chief (government). In this case,
rang Lompo Groove and became one of are- the groove chief has lost his own authority
as under Ujung Tanah sub district area, Ma- from his own people. Such view strengthens
UNNES JOURNALS
Jurnal Komunitas 6 (2) (2014): 246-259 249
the opinion of Kolopaking, Santoso dan Su- time they have election (legislative, mayor,
setiawan (2011) that since the new order until etc.) because the elected one usually forgets
the reformation era, local government had the promises to the people after the elec-
lost the authority from its own people. The tion. Second, the groove instruments have
opinion above is supported by the data of apparently lost their ability to do the de-
questionnaires: Table 01 shows that people’s velopment in their own area. The develop-
trust to the government has decreased com- ment of the infrastructures was established
pared to the past ten years. This is not ad- by the government (state) that used to be
vantageous for both sides (government and helped by ABRI when it was in New Order
the people), because of the occurrence of era. Now, it is at project manager’s control
distrust or even suspicion to each other so who wins the tender of infrastructure deve-
the government can’t go on effectively. Sure- lopment. In this case, the project manager,
ly, it will affect the development process that in the name of the state, is hegemonic to the
has temporarily been going on. authority of groove/village government, so
The other factor that is affected by the government loses their authority in car-
the change of governmental status is the rying out the development program in the
decreasing community capacity of Barrang area. Their task and function are only to give
Lompo Island. First, “BLI” community has stamp seal from the state government.
lost its political capacity. When the status of Project-based development program
the community was still a village, all organi- which rather pursues profit than quality of
zation in the village such as youth organiza- the result has caused the manager to hire
tion, fishermen organization, and housewi- workers from outside the island than peop-
ves organization were formed by the locals le from the island itself. Even if there are
and controlled by the village. But since its people from the island who participate in
status became a groove, all organizations the program, it must be only a few and they
have been formed and strongly controlled do the lowest job. The impact of the lack in-
by the state. As a result, all activities of the volvement of the people in the project (non-
organizations must be reported to the state, participative) is that it decreases the sense
according to Gramsci; the state spreads its of belonging of the people in the island to
hegemony towards village community. By the result of the development. Consequent-
having that change, we cannot create new ly, when the government asks them to parti-
organization with new spirit and more de- cipate in the road maintenance activity such
mocratic organization pattern straight away. as cleaning the ditch and the others, only
In fact, people’s ability in creating commu- a few people involved in the activity. The
nity and organization is scraped. Island’s people of the island prefer to do their own
community has clearly lost its political ca- activities for example painting the boat, fi-
pacity and they do not really understand the xing the net, and even some of them only
mechanism and how to have arguments to talk to each other at the terrace of their hou-
convey their aspirations robustly. Moreover, ses. This condition emphasizes that how
so far, people often feel disappointed every high someone is regarded and charisma of
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250 Sakaria J. Anwar et al, The Impact of State Intervention on Social Capital of Fishermen Commu-
a leader determine to put in motion to the torcycle; even there was once public tran-
development process especially in the villa- sportation in the island. However, because
ge community level. Because of this, there of the inefficient usage of it (the unbalance
will be feeling of high loyalty marked by the of operational cost and the result), in 2004,
obedience of the people to their chief. it was replaced by modified motorcycle (the
people in the island call it Bentor) which
The Development of the Road Infra- is like trailed motorcycle as the main local
structure transportation in “BLI”. Bentor is not only
Road infrastructures, such as island’s ring used to transport goods and people to the
road and some streets that connect the vil- pier of the harbor but also used as a recre-
lages, alleys, and the houses have been avai- ational transportation especially in the af-
lable. However, the condition is still in form ternoon and at dusk. There will be a lot of
of sandy soil just like common characteristic Bentors passing by the street taking all kinds
of the roads in small islands of South Sula- of passengers such as children, teenagers,
wesi and around Indonesia perhaps. The and old people especially housewives du-
people of the island have used the road with ring that schedules. Besides that, Bentor
that condition for a long time until the situ- really helps to increase the intensity of visi-
ation changed after the coming of the road ting each other’s house and solidarity in the
renovation program by using pavement society. Then, it is easy for the people to feel
blocks that needs a long time for the imple- empathy, care to each other, and feel their
mentation because it has stages to finish. togetherness. It means that the social capi-
General Affair Department of Makas- tal bonding among the people in the island
sar started the first stage of road renovation is evident in their daily life.
by attaching pavement blocks in 1999 from The other development occurred
state budget. The island’s ring road and along with the improved road facility is
street building had caused higher mobility the availability of electric lamps on the
of the people in the island and become the main roads from PLN or people’s initiative
most important part of the society’s upturn. so at night, the main roads and alleys will
Then, because of the facility development, be bright. The people, especially teenagers
there were people capable of buying mo- children and their parents, use this condi-
Table 2. The certainty level of the people about their neighbors being good
Period of time
The certainty level of the people
After Before
about their neighbors’ being good
F % F %
Very sure 14 35.0 22 55.0
Not really sure 26 65.0 16 40.0
Unsure 0 0.0 2 5.0
Total 40 100,00 40 100.0
Source: Tabulation of the Primary Data, 2012
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Jurnal Komunitas 6 (2) (2014): 246-259 251
tion to relax. Often, they make a plank bed salary in order to have great houses furnis-
in front of their houses as a place to relax, hed with expensive household furnishings
have a chit-chat, and joke around especially to look luxurious. Based on that behavior,
in the evening and at night. Those facilities they can have prestige in a society. They will
make the intensity of people’s interaction be regarded highly and respected by others.
especially to neighbors become higher so It can be seen when they attend an invitati-
they know each other even they can know on. They will have a special seat that is diffe-
people from all over the island. rent with seats for common people.
The other change occurred as the im-
pact of the favorable road in “BLI” is the pro-
cess of their traditional wedding ceremony.
Before the implementation of Bentor, the
groom and the bride were marched around
the island on a sedan chair before they were
sat on a dais. The march was followed by
groups of guests and families also music in
the background from a traditional musical
instrument named Kendang and the harmo-
nica which was a special song of the people
in the island (they call it Djidor). However,
after the road renovation, they use Bentor
to march around the bride and the groom
instead of a sedan chair even if they still use
the same ceremonial pattern. Using Bentor
as the way to march the wedding couple is
considered as an effective way and less costly
compared to using sedan chair. It’s just like
the statement of an informant (Hi.D) as fol-
lows:
Source: taken on August 4th, 2012
Picture 1. The interaction of the people in front
of their houses in the afternoon and while they If there was a marriage in Barrang before
are playing pool at night we sat the groom and the bride on a dais,
we used to march them around the island
by using a sedan chair lifted by 12 people
A community consisting of people on foot in order to let the people see them.
who know each other will help to create so- Behind the groom and the bride were
cial solidarity and also grow trust among the groups of guests and families who were
people easily, in Fukuyama’s term, it’s called following them with Djidor as the backg-
high trust. On the contrary, if the trust level round song played by the traditional mu-
of the people is too low, Fukuyama calls it a sicians. However, after the road becomes
low trust society because it has been rubbed favorable, the people in the island prefer
down by the development process. It’s dif- to march them around the island by using
ficult to create solidarity. It goes along with Bentor, because it’s more efficient and
less costly. If we use Bentor, the march of
the result data of the questionnaires in Table
people is put far behind the couple while
2 and 3 which show that now (after the state the traditional musicians are put in front,
intervention) the trust of the people in the following them in the middle are groups
island is rather weak compared to ten years of guests and families while in the past,
ago (before the intervention) but it’s strong the march was put in front, followed by
enough even if it’s not as strong as it was ten Djador traditional musicians and the last
years ago. The diminished trust among the are groups of guests and families (Inter-
people and the neighbors is caused mainly view, 7/9/2012)
by a strong desire to compete to have higher
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252 Sakaria J. Anwar et al, The Impact of State Intervention on Social Capital of Fishermen Commu-
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Jurnal Komunitas 6 (2) (2014): 246-259 253
the communal work is not only caused by followed by the people using it made the si-
not being involved in the road renovation tuation in the first pier was getting more and
program, but also the acknowledgement more crowded. There were many kinds of
factor of the people to their chief who is ships tied up at the pier. Some of the highly
not from the island.(Interview, 7/6/2012).
regarded people started a fund-raising and
asked for the participation of the people in
The statement above shows how im-
the island to build a new pier named the se-
portant it is to involve the people in every
cond pier. The source of the budget to build
activities especially the implementation of
the second pier came from the government
development program in the island to get
and people’s effort which was done in 1970s.
their participation. The other important
The need to build the second pier emerged
things are how high the chief is regarded
from the incapability of the first pier to be
and the close relationship between the chief
a place to dock big capacity motorboats or
and the people because it’s more common
ships. The cause of such problem was the
for the people in the island to obey their
condition of the pier had already been bad
chief through emotional relationship (in-
at that time and the location was not really
formal) than through rational and structu-
strategic and too narrow.
ral relationship (formal).
The existence of the second pier in-
creased the mobility of goods and people
Building Harbor’s Pier
from and to “BLI” which directly and indi-
Through the development program, state
rectly increased the economic condition of
intervention which has big impact in the
the people in the island. Since 2012 (until
change of social capital in “BLI” is pier re-
this research finished), the second pier had
novation program as the place to tie up the
been repaired by General Affair Department
trading ships, fishermen, and ships used to
through PNPM Mandiri program which was
transport goods or people. This program co-
bridge/pier renovation. The development
vers two piers that are the first pier and the
included widening and lengthening the pier
second pier. The first pier was built through
so it was easy for heavy and big capacity mo-
self-effort of the people in 1950s. The first
torboats and ships to dock at the pier.
pier had ever been used by Japanese to tie
Following the previous development,
up their ships (“BLI” community calls it an-
a pier gate was also built. In addition, the
choring), that was why it was chosen as the
park of the pier was decorated so it looked
first location. After the pier had finished, it
more beautiful and attractive. The increase
started to get crowded. There were a lot of
of load capacity of the second pier had caus-
boats tied up at the pier. Indeed, it affected
ed the quantity of the ships that docked at
the life of the people especially they who li-
the pier to increase with various weight and
ved near the pier. In the interview, an infor-
capacity and raised the volume of loading
mant said:
and discharging goods and people. This con-
dition has caused the economic condition
The first pier was built by a local Chinese-
born businessman in 1950. The early pur-
of the people in the island to rise. It can be
pose of building the pier was as a place to seen from so many houses which had semi-
tie up his ship, to stock up and to dischar- permanent and/or permanent architecture
ge what he’d got and his load. Moreover, in the island like the buildings in the city.
it can be used to tie up the other ships The increase of people’s prosperity in the
too. It used to be a place to tie up Japanese island showed by the form of their houses
ships in the past. The existence of the pier has affirmed the social stratification of the
made it easy for the people to load and di- owner. How the village people in general in-
scharge the cargo so it became more and cluding the island community stratify their
more crowded.(Interview, 7/6/2012)
social level is the condition and the model
of their houses. People who have a good and
The growing technology of motorboat
luxurious house (based on community le-
UNNES JOURNALS
254 Sakaria J. Anwar et al, The Impact of State Intervention on Social Capital of Fishermen Commu-
vel) surely have better social level than the college, and/or researchers who want to do
others and so on until the lowest social level. research there. So many people from the
other island working as fishermen’s worker
are especially caused by the high demand of
man power. Because the price of sea cucum-
bers in the market is very high, the owner of
the ship including Ponggawa and Sawi are
motivated to increase their production be-
sides to raise their crew’s payment/income.
In keeping with the situation above,
there is no wonder if some people in the
island can interact with the people outside
the island. Furthermore, from the interacti-
on, they build good social network either as
friends or as work relation. Through the so-
cial network, they can grow better in quanti-
ty and quality. As explained by an informant
(Hi.D) below:
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Jurnal Komunitas 6 (2) (2014): 246-259 255
ding sea cucumber takes about one until mily-like connection which become strong-
one and a half months on sea then they er and stronger as the time goes by. It builds
can go back to this island. The finding ta- social solidarity between them (bridging so-
kes place in the east area of Indonesia for cial capital). Whereas, the social interaction
example the area near Maluku, Ambon, between the fishermen workers and their
Papua and even border area of Australia.
Ponggawa/Juragan which passes the limit of
Because they stay on the ship for months
to find sea cucumbers, some of them
geographical area and social level has made
make friends and make good coordinati- them into beneficial working partners (lin-
on. They always keep the situation until king social capital). The interaction is kept
the go back to the island and even until and developed by both sides even though
they have already separated to each other, they don’t have any working relationship an-
for example if the migrant workers have ymore (end of contract).
gone back to their hometowns.(Interview, The change of social capital in “BLI”
12/6/2012). is not only caused by the existence of state
intervention but also the development of
This information explains that the mosque in “BLI”. This is described as follows:
impact after the bridge/pier renovation is
the better relation and interaction between The Impact of Mosque Development on
people in and outside the island. The inte- Social Capital
raction happens not only between people Generally, it is known that mosque has be-
with the same social level (between wor- come a symbol of the existence of Islam in
kers) but also between people which have an area. Even the history explains the impor-
different social level (between workers and tant role and effect of Islam and mosque in
Ponggawa or Juragan). building the character of the society around
The social interaction among the fis- it. As in Barrang Lompo Island, there are
hermen workers which passes the limit of two sturdy and glorious mosques. The first
the island area has built friendship and fa- mosque is called the “old” mosque located
Matrix 1. The Impact of State Intervention on Social Capital of Fishermen Community in
Small Islands
Social Capital Change of Fishermen Community in
No. State Intervention
small islands
1. Government Organi- The diminishing of :
zation Development The Island community’s trust to the government,
The Island community’s loyalty to the government,
Social participation of the island community,
The capacity of politic and organization of the island com-
munity.
The capacity of government authority in the development
program.
2. The Development of The improvement of social solidarity among the people in
the Road Infrastruc- the island community (bonding social capital).
ture The change of methods in the process of traditional wedding
ceremony.
3. Building Harbor’s The improvement of:
Pier Social mobility of people going in and out the island.
Social network.
The development of social solidarity; bridging social capital
and linking social capital.
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256 Sakaria J. Anwar et al, The Impact of State Intervention on Social Capital of Fishermen Commu-
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Jurnal Komunitas 6 (2) (2014): 246-259 257
beard so long as an identity of the group. faith. Then, it strengthens people’s feeling
The group did their missionary endeavor in and togetherness so it is easier for them to
turns in both mosques to persuade Moslem get close and make friends. Generally, in a
to have faith and obey the Islamic law. “Ja- society which has the same point of view,
maah Tabliq” also asked people from door to needs, and pint interest is usually easy to
door and on the street/alleys to pray regu- make coordination (mechanical social soli-
larly and go to the mosque to pray together. darity). The implementation of local values
One of the routines of “Jamaah Tabliq” in strengthened by good religious understan-
mosque was every time they finished pray- ding can reinforce friendship and family-
ing, they would recite/tell story and hadist like feeling among the people in the island
of Prophet Muhammad SAW which con- community.
tained persuasion to obey the rule of Islam. “Jamaah Tabliq” in the island not only
They always did their missionary endeavor succeeded in improving the people’s under-
in turn by coming to “BLI” and stayed for standing about Islamic rule but also slowly
about two or three days. changed people’s habit not to do any ritu-
Because of the proponents’ working als or traditional ceremonies which don’t
hard, the society’s religious spirit and faith go along with Islamic rule such as a habit
slowly grew. That moment was used by the of taking a bath (syafar) before Ramadhan
proponent to create Islamic group discus- month, lighting up candle at night in mos-
sion which had an activity named “arisan” que before Ramadhan, going to ancestor’s
(gathering). The participants of that group grave when there is celebration, doing offe-
discussion were generally women but there ring ceremony (pa’rappo) before finding sea
were also a few men. The activity had done in cucumbers or fish.
turn in the houses of the people and some-
times they held it in the mosque. Through CONCLUSION
that activity, the people got enlightenment State intervention through development
and knowledge about their religion. In ad- program of government organization, road
dition, it created interaction among the infrastructure and harbor’s pier has some
people so they could be close to each other. impacts in: 1) The diminishing of the island
It could then strengthen the social solidarity community’s trust and loyalty to the go-
and friendship among them; like what was vernment, social participation, the capaci-
said by a woman informant (MM) as follows: ty of politic and organization of the island
community and the capacity of government
The existence of Jamaah Tabliq authority in the implementation of deve-
(“Pa’janggo-janggo”) was very helpful lopment program; 2) The improvement of
to build the religious spirit and faith of social solidarity among the people in the
Barrang’s people. Because of them, we island community (bonding social capital),
could create Islamic group discussions
social mobility out and inside the island,
that involve the people in the island.
Then, because of that group discussion, the existence of new social network; 3) The
we got good religious knowledge so we growing of social solidarity among people
became so diligent to come to the mosque with the same/different social levels in the
to pray together. Moreover, we could meet island (bridging social capital) and out of
every time we had gathering so we could the island (linking social capital); and 4)
be close to each other. The change of methods in the process of
(Interview, 20/6/2012). traditional wedding ceremony in the island
community.
Based on the information given by The change of social capital in “BLI”
MM, it is clear that the existence of both is not only caused by the existence of state
mosques followed by the coming of “Jamaah intervention but also the development of
Tabliq” to do their missionary endeavor gre- mosque in “BLI”. It has contributed its exis-
atly affect the society’s religious spirit and tence to change the condition in the island
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258 Sakaria J. Anwar et al, The Impact of State Intervention on Social Capital of Fishermen Commu-
Matrix 02. The Impact of Mosque Development to Social Capital Change in the Island Community
The Impact
• The improvement of religious spirit, faith and social solidarity in the island community,
• The existence of new social network,
• The diminishing of local values and traditions that don’t get along with the rule of Islam.
Then, they’re replaced by values and traditions that are suitable with the rule of Islam.
UNNES JOURNALS
Jurnal Komunitas 6 (2) (2014): 246-259 259
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