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Question Answer of Superconducator PDF
Question Answer of Superconducator PDF
1. A conductor having zero resistance is called a superconductor and this phenomenon is called as
superconductivity.
2. The temperature below which superconductivity is exhibited is called as critical transistor temperature
(Tc).
3. Superconductivity vanishes if temperature magnetic field and current density exceed the critical value.
For superconducting state
4. BCS theory states that the superconductivity state is an ordered state of a pair of conduction
electrons coupled through a phonon called a copper pair.
5. The expulsion of magnetic field flux from interior of superconductor, when cooled below
critical temperature is called as Meissner effect.
8. Persistent currents : When a current is induced in a superconducting ring or loop held below the critical
temperature, it persists undiminished as long as the temperature remains below the critical temperature.
9. The effective depth to which the magnetic field penetrates a superconductor is known as London
penetration depth. Its dependence on the temperature is given by.
10 Superconductors are characterized by an energy gap whose width is proportional to the critical
temperature.
11 Type I superconductors are pure specimens which expels completely magnetic field lines They exhibit
perfect diamagnetism They are also called soft superconductors.
12 Type II superconductors are characterized by two critical fields between the two critical fields, the
magnetic field partially penetrates the material above the upper critical field flux, penetration is total
They are also called as hard superconductors
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
Q 2. Write down the relation of critical field with critical temperature superconductors.
Ans. Relation between critical field and critical temperature is given by equation
Where be the critical magnetic field at absolute zero temperature and Hc(T) critical magnetic field at any
temperature is the critical temperature.
Q 4. Write the formula for variation of magnetic field intensity with temperature.
Q 9. What is SQUID?
Ans It stands for superconducting quantum interference device It is based upon the fact that the maximum
current in superconducting ring that contains a Josephson junction varies periodically as the magnetic flux
through the ring changes Magnetic field variations as small as T can be detected by it.
Ans. The minimum value of magnetic field at given temperature which is required to change the
superconducting state of a given sample to normal conducting state of sample at thattemperature is called
critical magnetic field. The variation of critical magnetic field w.r.t temperature is given by
Q 1. Derive and explain the London equations and calculate the expression for penetration depth.
Ans. (a) London Equation : London equations can be derived by using two filled model. According to this
theory, super conductors can be thought be composed of both normal and superfluid electrons.
Let Nn = no. of normal electrons per unit volume
Ns = no. of superfluid e’s per unit volume
Vn= velocity of normal electrons
Vs= velocity of super fluid electrons If no is total electron density, then
…(8)
……..(9)
…………………….(10)
……….(11)
Q. 2. Define Levitation effect and explain the various factors that can destroy superconductivity.
Ans. Levitation Effect: It is based upon Meissner effect that if a long superconductor is cooled in a magnetic
field to below the value of critical temperature, then magnetic field lines are pushed out of that material.
The factors that can destroy superconductivity are following
1. Magnetic field can destroy superconductivity. The minimum value of magnetic field at a given temperature
which is required to change the superconductivity state of a given sample to normal conducting state of the
sample at that temperature is called critical magnetic field.
2. The normal conductors get converted to superconductors at temperature below critical temperature. If we
increase the temperature above critical temperature, the superconductors gets converted to normal
conductor.
Consider a Fermi gas having probability of occurrence 0 and 1 with electron spins and
It is also clear that one form an excited state here by taking an electron from ‘the
Fermi surface and raising it just above the Fermi surface.
In BCS theory, there is interaction (attractive) between the electrons. So sufficient energy
has to be supplied to exceed the force of attraction between electrons. This implies that BCS
ground state is separated by a finite energy gap, Eg from its lowest excited state
Features of BCS state:
(a) Total energy of BCS state is lower w.r.t fermi state.
(b) If a state with vector K and spin up is occupied then the state with wave vector K and spin
down is also occupied. Similarly, if Kt is vacant, then —K is also vacant..
Significance of London 1st equation It show that even if the electric field is zero for
perconductors, they have current density . Which is constant i.e., along with zero resistivity
per conductiors have current density.
Q 7.Derive London equations of superconductivity and estimate the magnitude of the penetration depth of
an applied magnetic field.
Ans. According to him, a superconductor is made up of two types of electrons namely
normal (nn) and super fluid electrons (ns)
i.e n=nn+ns