Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Building Structure Project 1
Building Structure Project 1
BLD61003
PROJECT 1 : STRUCTURAL DESIGN POST MORTEM
Tutor : Mr Mohamed Rizal
# 2
The interlocking culture is a visitor interpretation center designed to
allow visitors to further their knowledge on the culture and common
beliefs of Batu Caves. The VIC is located on a flat green land of with an
approximate area of 450m2.
1.0 INTRODUCTION The original structure of the VIC mostly make use of timber for the
structural member,such as the roof structure, post and beam which is
not comparatively unsuitable than the other materials that are
available.
Besides that, the VIC also utilize timber for the curve roof that are
mostly for aesthetically purposes rather than improving the function or
durability of the roof.
3
THE INTERLOCKING CULTURE
4
1.1 // BUILDING INTRODUCTION
The design of the VIC started off with the multicultural nature and
lifestyle of the people on site. With that in mind, the concept of
interlocking the culture was decided. Interlocking the culture and
lifestyle of the people is used as a means to bring the people of
different race and religion together in order to create a more united and
peaceful society.
The concept of interlocking the culture is then translated into the form it
is now, which is interlocking boxes creating interlocking and exciting
in-between spaces.
Besides that, the main feature of the VIC is its curved roof and large
curtain wall facade as well as the huge overhang roof.
The VIC is designed with the surrounding in mind, thus it uses natural
and environmental friendly material such as timber for most of its
building structure in order to blend in with its surrounding depicting the
humble and patient of the mountains and people on site.
However, sadly the design of the VIC have not taken the construction
feasibility and workability into consideration. Thus, causing the stability,
structure, strength, rigidity and feasibility to be at jeopardy.
5
The objective of this project is to enhance the understanding the basic
structural theory and structural behavior.
6
Lightweight Construction
3.0 CONSTRUCTION
costs.
7
3.1.1 Definition of Foundation & Floor System
3.1.2 Safety and Strength (Foundation System)
3.1 FOUNDATION AND 3.1.3
3.1.4
Safety (Floor System)
Strength & Rigidity ( Floor System)
FLOOR SYSTEM 3.1.5
3.1.6
Foundation System Proposed Design
Flooring System Proposed Design
8
3.1 // FOUNDATION AND
FLOOR SYSTEM
3.1.1 Definition and Criteria
Foundation
Flooring System
9
3.1.2 // SAFETY & STRENGTH
FOUNDATION : Inaccurate and missing foundation system
Problem :
Diagram 3.1.1
Existing foundation of the building.
The foundation system of the building consist only two rectangular pad
footing, one supporting a timber wall and the second one supporting the end
of the roof to the ground and the rest of the foundation system is missing. The
building itself is being supported by timber walls with no columns. This will
result in the failure and the collapsing of the entire design.
Solution :
10
3.1.3 // SAFETY
FLOOR SYSTEM : No mention fire safety protection and fungi
and insect attack
Problem :
Figure 3.1.2
Fire damaged timber flooring The floor system of the building consists of timber flooring without
mention of proper fire safety protection of the timber. It is a severe fire
hazard to the general public and to the building itself. Since the floor
system does not mention any timber preservatives, it is therefore also
vulnerable to fungi and insects attack.
Solution :
Diagram 3.1.3
Thermoguard fire varnish
11
3.1.4 // STRENGTH & RIGIDITY
Problem :
The floor system of the building is in direct contact with the soil and has no
floor substructure system and no insulator. Without the floor substructure,
Figure 3.1.3 the floor will crack. It will also affect the timber more quickly as it will absorb
Damaged flooring system
moisture from the soil and which will lead to fungi attack. The lifespan of the
existing floor structure is really low.
Solution :
The proposed solution is to have a steel floor framing system with timber
finish. Steel has one of the highest strength-to-weight ratios of any
construction material. This results in savings in the foundation required and
the lightness also makes for easier on-site handling. Because of its
strength, steel can span longer lengths, offering larger open spaces and
increased design flexibility. Steel’s inherent strength and noncombustible
qualities enable light steel frame houses to resist such devastating events
Diagram 3.1.4 as fires, earthquakes, and hurricanes.
Steel floor framing system with timber finish flooring
12
R.C Footing Stump for Column
Reinforcement 3.1.5 // PROPOSED FOUNDATION
concrete 600 IMPLEMENTATION OF PROPOSED FOUNDATION SYSTEM
6nos 38mm⌀
High tensile
Anchor Bolt and
1100
Nuts 600
Minimum cover to main
reinforcement shall not be less
2000
600
than 50mm on the surface of the
contact with the earth face.
900
R.C Pile
Refer to consultant
design 2000
2000
Diagram 3.1.5
R.C footing stump for column
Diagram 3.1.6
Foundation to steel column connection
13
3.1.5 // FLOORING SYSTEM
IMPLEMENTATION & CONCLUSION OF PROPOSED
FOUNDATION SYSTEM
Diagram 3.1.7
Sections with amended pad footings
The original design of the foundation system would not withstand the weight acting on it and would eventually
collapse. As a final proposal, rectangular pad footing with reinforced concrete with sloping face is used as
foundation. The pad foundation is fixed to steel columns supporting the roof structure. The weight of the building is
transferred by the beams and columns to the foundation. Therefore the design is now safer, more structurally rigid
and have a longer span. Strip footing as a second proposal will not be used due to cost and labour.
14
3.1.6 // PROPOSED FLOORING
IMPLEMENTATION OF PROPOSED FLOORING SYSTEM
Diagram 3.1.12
The beams and joists are laid out and bolted to the stumps in
much the same manner as wooden beams and joists. Steel posts
Angle brackets will need to be fixed
can also be attached to the frame in place of stumps if none are
using six 12x20 screws
available.
Many modular, steel framing elements will interlock with great
Diagram 3.1.9 ease.
Diagram 3.1.10
Non load bearing walls need only Steel Flooring System are galvanised to minimise corrosion,
be fixed to the floor lining. adequate ventilation should be provided where the system is
subjected to humid conditions
Diagram 3.1.11
15
3.1.6 // PROPOSED FLOORING
SYSTEM
IMPLEMENTATION & CONCLUSION OF PROPOSED
FLOORING SYSTEM
Diagram 3.1.15
Floor plan with amended flooring system
From the existing floor system, we can deduct that it would have not last for long due to its materiality and without any floor
substructure system. The proposed solution is to have a steel floor framing system with timber finish.Timber preservative is
used for treatment against decay and insect attack to prevent any damage to the building, and it also protected as a fire
safety measure, “Fire-retardant-treated wood” (FRTW). And steel substructure is galvanized and passive fire protection, such
as spray-on fireproofing is used. The flooring system as proposed is now more durable, there is less maintenance and the
substructure is rigid and also safer.
16
3.2.1 Definition of post and beam structure
3.2.2 Criteria of post and beam structure
17
3.2 // POST AND BEAM
STRUCTURE
3.2.1 Definition
Post and Beam Structural System
3.2.2 Criteria
Generally, beam width should not be more than the width of
the column on which it rests, or width of the wall below it so
that it can be concealed in the wall. It depends on many
aspects including its position in the structure, loads and
many other parameters. Having said this minimum depth of
beam can be decided based on the deflection requirement
that is based on span/depth ratio.
The post and beam structural system need to carry the
gravity load and lateral load, a good structural system will
ensure the building structure is stable and strong.
Diagram 3.2.2
Current building structure.
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3.2.3 // SAFETY
Material Properties
Figure 3.2.2
Steel structural system.
19
3.2.4 // STABILITY
Proper Load Bearing System
Problem : The overall structure of this building do not have any proper
column and beam to resist the lateral and gravity loads causing the
Diagram 3.2.3
Missing column and beam. structure lack of rigidity and stability. Generally the load of the slab is
transferred to the columns or walls through beams, down to the foundation,
and then to the supporting soil beneath. A Column transmits the load from
ceiling/roof slab and beam, including its own weight to the foundation.
Hence it should be realized that the failure of a column results in the
collapse of the entire structure.
Structural Connections
Diagram 3.2.7
Moment Connection.
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3.2.5 // STRENGTH AND
RIGIDITY
Affordability of Load and Stress
22
3.2.6 // ECONOMY
Advantages and Disadvantages
Figure 3.2.3 Solution : Replace timber with steel beam and column to increase
Timber frame structure.
the construction speed. While steel beam and column can erect
rapidly as this results in quicker economic payoff. Steel does not
need much maintenance. Using steel material less waste in terms of
environmental issue. They can be constructed off-site by
professional steel fabricators and then assembled on site. Steel is
durable as high strength structure.
Figure 3.2.4
Steel frame structure.
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3.2.7 // FEASIBILITY
Proper structural system
24
3.2.8 // OPTIMIZATION
Figure 3.2.6
Steel structure with timber finishes.
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3.2.9 // WALL SYSTEM
Insulation
Problem : Timber frame for walls was the initial design for the building. As
Steel Frame timber wall frame is having more disadvantage and also high maintenance.
Disadvantages such as deterioration of timber are due to biotic agent and
abiotic agent. Biotic agent include decay and mold fungi, bacteria and
insects, while abiotic agent include sun, wind, water, certain chemical and
fire. High maintenance on the treatment of timber preservations and also
remedial treatment.
Solution : Replace timber frame with steel frame. Steel frame is used to
erect the wall with proper insulation installation. Then plaster board as the
outer layer and use timber finishes to complete the walls. As steel frame is
more durable compare with timber frame, it resist fire, termites, rot and any
number of hazard which can affect any kind of organic materials. Beside
steel frame are predictable and affordable, it is definitely straight and slight
expensive than wood but with better quality. Steel frame are also
Timber Finishes lightweight comparing with timber which is suitable in lightweight structures.
Plaster Board
Diagram 3.2.12
Materials layer of wall.
26
3.2.10 // TIMBER LOUVER
Problem : Timber louvers is the original design in the building, but the
louvers are not connected to any supporting structure that are standing by
itself which is technically could not be build.
Solution : Timber louvers design are remaining in the design but adding
supporting structures like steel structure that connect both end of the
timber louvers to make sure the louvers can stand and build. Besides, steel
structure is used as other part of structure systems are using steel as well.
Besides, as this steel structure is exposing to the weather, so it must
undergo galvanization process which is metal has been coated with a thin
layer of zinc to protect it from corrosion.
Figure 3.2.7
Timber louvers connected to steel structure.
Diagram 3.2.13
Location of timber louvers.
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Ground Floor Plan (Before)
Scale 1: NTS
28
Rearrange the floor plan according to the
Extend the Length location of columns and beams, include
adjust the length and position.
Maximum span: 7m
Beam: 450mm x 200mm (I-Beam)
Column: 300mm x 300mm (H-Section)
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3.2.11 // CONCLUSION
The original structural system are lacking of proper supporting structure system which causes the building could not be build in
terms of stability, feasibility, strength and rigidity.
Besides, the original building design did not considerate of materials in terms of stability, safety, economy and optimization.
New structural system that added into the building are design to hold the load of roof and also the load of the building to make
sure that the building can is strong and stable.
Consideration material in the design is taken note by replacing timber structure to steel structure as steel are more suitable to fit
in this building. Even though timber structure was replaced with steel structure but the timber finished looking was remained in
this building for the aesthetic purpose.
30
3.3.1 Definition of Roof System
3.3.2 Criteria of Roof System
3.3.3 Safety
3.3.4 Strength and Rigidity
3.3 ROOF STRUCTURE 3.3.5
3.3.6
Stability
Integration
3.3.7 Economy
3.3.8 Optimization
3.3.9 Conclusion
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3.4 // ROOF STRUCTURE
3.4.1 Definition and Criteria
Roof Structural Frame
The roof rafters,beams and trusses are what forms the roof
structural frame.They are the most important components that
makes up the roof to stand strong and still.They also gives the
shape of the roof and maintains it whether it is in a geometric
or organic form acting as a skeletal.Every roof must have
these components in order to meet the criteria of constructing
a roofing structure.
Fig 3.3.1
DIagram Of Roof Structure
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WEAK POINTS OF THE ROOF
3.3.3 // SAFETY
Collapsing and Cracking
Problem:
LACK OF COLUMN
Solution:
Fig 3.3.2
Roof Collapsing
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3.3.4 // STRENGTH AND RIGIDITY
Solution:
34
3.3.5 // STABILITY
Unable to Stay in Shape and Resist Load
Problem:
Solution:
35
3.3.6// INTEGRATION
Integration of Insulation and Gutter
Problem:
The existing roofing did not have any integration in its roof
which is a waste as it is a long span and all of its spaces are
Diagram 3.3.5
covered with roofing.The roofing only has one functions
No integration of systems on the roof which is only to protect from climatic exposure but gains a
lot of heat which then is transmitted into the interior.
Solution:
GUTTER Installing gutter at the edge of the roof allows the water to
flow down to it and able to channel it to the drainage on the
ground.This promotes better rainwater management in the
FIg 3.3.7 building service.
Diagram of roof integration
36
3.3.7// ECONOMY
Expensive Timber Roofing Covering
Problem:
Solution:
Fig 3.3.8
Zinc roofing A cheaper,lighter and able to be flexible in shape to fulfill
the structural efficiency,strength,rigidity,stability and a more
affordable installation and material rate.Zinc roofing would
be more suitable and easier to maintain as it is extremely
corrosion resistant which protects it from any climatic
exposure.
Fig 3.3.9
Zinc roofing details
37
3.3.8// OPTIMIZATION
ZINC ROOFING TO REPLACE TIMBER
Problem:
Solution:
Fig 3.3.11
Zinc roofing
38
3.4.9 // CONCLUSION
The original construction of the roof will not be able to stay in shape,resist loads,vulnerable to cracking and collapsing,parts of the roof
will bend and there is no integration of services as it does not have a structural system that acts as a skeletal frame for it to connect to
the column and beams which is also lacking.The timber material of the roof also contributes problems in the economy and optimization
aspect.
No integration of roof
insulation and gutter.
Diagram 3.3.6
Sections without admentmends of roof
39
The new proposed design integrates a roof beam and truss into it to keep it in shape, and also increasing its structural strength and
rigidity.More columns are added to support the roof and helps distribute loads into the ground.Insulation and gutter in integrated into the
roof.zinc roofing is used for roof covering.The new proposed design of structural integration brings an overall safety and balance to the
structural system.
INSULATION GUTTER
Integration of
gutter and
insulation.
Diagram 3.3.7
Sections with amendment of roof
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3.4.1 Definition of Double Glazing and Curtain Wall
3.4.2 Type of curtain wall system
3.4.3 Original curtain wall structural analysis
3.4.4 Curtain wall amendments and solutions
3.4 DOUBLE GLAZED 3.4.5 Safety
3.4.6 Strength
CURTAIN WALL 3.4.7 Feasibility
3.4.8 Economy
3.4.9 Sustainable
3.4.10 Conclusion
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3.4 // DOUBLE GLAZED CURTAIN WALL
3.4.1 Definition and Criteria
Double Glazed Insulating Glass
Insulated glass unit (IGU), more commonly known as double glazing
combines multiple glass panes separated by a vacuum or gas filled
space that reduces heat transfer into the building interior.
Insulating glass units (IGUs) mostly are manufactured with the thickness
that range from 3mm to 10mm. Laminated or tempered glass are also
used as part of the construction.
Interior 10mm single glazed
unit
Cavity - Gas infill
Exterior 10mm single glazed
Curtain Wall unit
Desiccant
Curtain wall system are non-load bearing cladding system for external
walls. The curtain wall systems does not carry any structural load from Secondary (structural) seal
the building other than its own dead load and also loads imposed on
them such as wind and seismic loads, which they are able to transfer the
load to the main building structure through connections at floors and
columns of the building. Curtain wall systems differ from storefront Diagram 3.4.1
Double Glazed Curtain Wall Section
systems as they are able to span up to multiple floors, with the design
requirements such as thermal efficiency, building movement, water
diversion, thermal expansion and contractions.
42
Mullions
Building Structure Stick curtain walling (SWC) is a type of system where the
mullions and transoms are factory cut and transported to
site as loose sticks and bars. The transported loose bars
Anchors
and sticks are then able to be assembled into a ladder
frame which is also known as the ladders for faster site
erection. The advantages of a stick curtain walling system
is its flexibility where the production of the sticks and bars
can be customized for both angular and complex
facades.
43
3.4.3 // Double Glazed Curtain Wall
Analysis
The building uses curtain wall as an opening for natural lighting for
the space as a mean for sustainability and energy cost saving
solution.
Firstly, the curtain wall does not have sufficient support for the
curtain wall. The original design of the curtain wall only have
supports at its two end connecting it to the columns of the
building. However, the span of the curtain wall designed for the
building is too wide and tall to support its own weight without
sufficient structural support.
44
7.4m
1.2m
2.7m
Diagram 3.4.7
# 46
3.4.4 // Curtain Wall Structural
Amendments
Diagram 3.4.6
Curtain wall section after amendment
45
3.4.4 // Curtain Wall Structural
Amendments
Diagram 3.4.9
Curtain wall mullions after amendment
47
3.4.5 // SAFETY
Theft
Diagram 3.4.10
Standard and Tempered glass load stress diagram
48
3.4.2 // SAFETY
Fire Safety
49
3.4.6 // STRENGTH
Problem : The usage of standard glass.
Standard glass is weaker in comparison to tempered glass. Standard
glass are weak and are only able to withstand its own dead load,
Standard glass bends when is under a certain level of load and stress.
Once a standard glass starts cracking under a certain level of stress, the
crack will disseminate throughout the glass as there are no structure
within the glass to hold and support it.
50
3.4.7 // FEASIBILITY
Anchor -
Angle clip bolted to
spandrel beam
Problem : Connection Failure
The curtain wall system of the building exceeded well over 8m which is
higher than the criteria height of a curtain wall and also the usual
Structural steel beam
manufactured height of glass. Besides that, the surface of the the
facade wall does not have any structure to connect the wide span
curtain wall system to the building structure.
Diagram 3.4.11
Curtain wall section after amendment
51
3.4.8 // ECONOMY
Problem : Usage of modular system curtain wall.
Unitised system curtain wall requires higher field labour
which have higher pay than standard labour.
52
3.4.9 // SUSTAINABLE
Problem : Usage of single glazed curtain wall.
Heat Loss 45% Single glazed curtain wall does not help maintain the thermal
comfort of the interior spaces thus requiring the usage of air
conditioning to maintain the quality of the indoor air.
Diagram 3.4.14
Double glazed curtain wall heat transmission diagram
53
3.4.10 // CONCLUSION
The original design of the curtain wall consists of many mistakes in terms of structural, safety, strength, feasibility and stability.
The structural system of the curtain wall have been amended to support its own dead load as well as imposed loads such as wind and
seismic load, by strengthening the connection to the building structure.
Besides that, the curtain wall design and also structural system of the building have been altered in order to accommodate the
connection anchor between the curtain wall and the beam structure.
Moreover, the design of the curtain wall have also been altered to be more strong, sustainable and economic by changing the materials
used. Tempered glass have been suggested as a solution to solve the problem of heat gain through the large glass opening as
tempered glass is stronger and is able to reflect part of the heat directed into the space back to the environment.
54
7m
1.8m
Diagram 3.4.15
# 55
4.0 ORTHOGRAPHICS 5.1
5.2
Before Readjustment
After Readjustment
DRAWINGS
56
4.1 ORTHOGRAPHICS DRAWINGS
BEFORE AMENDMENTS
57
4.2 ORTHOGRAPHICS DRAWINGS
AFTER AMENDMENTS
58
The initial design of the building consists of many problems
regarding the structure and construction systems.
However, we have provided several proposals and solution
that is able to modify and strengthen the structure of the
building.
5.0 CONCLUSION In conclusion, we are able to identify the problems on the
building structure and provide solutions to amend it without
affecting or changing much of the design and aesthetics.
59
6.0 REFERENCE &
APPENDIX
60
Reference 3.3 Roof System
En.wikipedia.org. (2018). Domestic roof construction. [online] Available at:
3.1 Foundation and Floor System https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_roof_construction [Accessed 2 Oct. 2018].
CWC. (2018). Fire-Retardant-Treated Wood - CWC. [online] Available at: Gupta (2018). Steel roof trusses. [online] Slideshare.net. Available at:
http://cwc.ca/wood-products/treated-wood/fire-retardant-treated-wood/ https://www.slideshare.net/Dudesid1/steel-roof-trusses [Accessed 2 Oct. 2018].
[Accessed 1 Oct. 2018].
Understand Building Construction. (2018). Steel Frame Structures | Steel Framing | Steel
Stratco.com.au. (2018). Stratco. [online] Available at: Structures. [online] Available at:
https://www.stratco.com.au/siteassets/pdfs/steel_framing_tuffloor.pdf. http://www.understandconstruction.com/steel-frame-structures.html [Accessed 2 Oct.
2018].
Stratco.com.au. (2018). Stratco. [online] Available at:
https://www.stratco.com.au/products/building-construction/probeam-flooring/
[Accessed 1 Oct. 2018].
Civil Construction Tips (2018). Wide strip foundation | Civil Construction Tips. [online]
3.4 Curtain Wall System
Available at: 3rdreality.me. (2018). Incredible Unitized Curtain Wall Details Unitized Curtain Wall Cad
http://civilconstructiontips.blogspot.com/2011/06/wide-strip-foundation.html
Details – 3rdreality.me. [online] Available at:
[Accessed 29 Sep. 2018].
http://3rdreality.me/unitized-curtain-wall-details/incredible-unitized-curtain-wall-details-unitize
Structural Detail (2018). Steel column footing foundation detail. [online] Available at: d-curtain-wall-cad-details/ [Accessed 25 Sep. 2018].
https://www.structuraldetails.civilworx.com/shop/steel-frame-details/steel-column-f
Allard Double Glazing. (2018). Double vs Triple Glazing - The Differences. [online] Available at:
ooting-foundation-detail/ [Accessed 29 Sep. 2018)
https://www.allarddoubleglazing.co.uk/blog/faq/double-vs-triple-glazing/ [Accessed
25 Sep. 2018].
Load transfer from beam to column. (2018). How are loads transferred from beam to
column[online] Available at:
https://www.quora.com/How-are-loads-transferred-from-beams-to-columns 61
Appendix
3.1 Foundation and Floor System 3.2 Post and Beams
Figure: Figure :
3.1.1 Rectangular reinforced pad footing 3.2.1 Timber structure decay and collapse.
3.1.2 Fire damaged timber flooring 3.2.2 Steel structural system.
3.2.3 Timber frame structure.
3.1.3 Damaged flooring system
3.2.4 Steel frame structure.
3.2.5 Fully timber structure.
Diagram: 3.2.6 Steel structure with timber finishes.
3.2.7 Timber louvers connected to steel structure.
3.1.1 Existing foundation of the building.
3.1.2 Wide strip reinforced concrete foundation Diagram :
3.1.3 Thermoguard fire varnish
3.2.1 Post and beam structural system.
3.1.4 Steel floor framing system with timber finish flooring
3.2.2 Current building structure.
3.1.5 R.C footing stump for column 3.2.3 Missing column and beam.
3.1.6 Foundation to steel column connection 3.2.4 Location of column and beam.(Section)
3.1.7 Sections with amended pad footings 3.2.5 Location of column and beam. (Floor Plan)
3.1.8 Steel frame flooring system 3.2.6 Bolted Connection and Welded Connection.
3.1.9 Steel frame to timber finish 3.2.7 Moment Connection.
3.2.8 Axonometric view of location of column and beam.
3.1.10 Load bearing to steel frame
3.2.9 Load stress diagram of column and beam..
3.1.11 Non load bearing to steel frame 3.2.10 Load stress diagram of column and beam.(Axonometric)
3.1.12 Dimension of Joist and Bearer 3.2.11 Axonometric view of column and beam.
3.1.13 Bearer and joist connection 3.2.12 Materials layer of wall.
3.1.14 Bearer and joist to column connection 3.2.13 Location of timber louvers.
3.1.15 Floor plan of amended flooring system
62
Appendix
3.3 Roof System 3.4 Curtain Wall System
Diagram: Figure :
63