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BBS P05 Membrane Transport
BBS P05 Membrane Transport
PhysioEx
TM
Picture 1.2 simple diffusion activity interface
TM
Picture 2.1 PhysioEx activity 2 interface
Picture 2.2 facilitated diffusion activity interface
No. Beaker A Beaker B Membrane glucose
carriers
1. Glucose 2.00 mM Deionized water 500
2. Glucose 8.00 mM Deionized water 500
3. Glucose 2.00 mM Deionized water 700
4. Glucose 8.00 mM Deionized water 700
5. Glucose 10.00 mM Deionized water 100
6. Glucose 2.00 mM Na+Cl- 2.00 mM 700
Table 2.1 facilitated diffusion activity instructions
2. Click start to run the test.
3. Observe the concentration display to the side of each beaker for any activity.
4. Record the data.
2) Data Collected
No. Beaker A Beaker B Time to reach Average
concentration concentration equilibrium diffusion rate
C. Osmotic Pressure
A special form of diffusion, called osmosis, is the diffusion of water through a selectively
permeable membrane down its water potential gradient. Because water can pass through the
pores of most membranes, it can move from one side of the membrane to the other relatively
freely. Osmosis takes place whenever there is a difference in water concentration between two
sides of a membrane. More solute dissolved means less water concentration. In other words,
water will move towards the region with higher dissolved solute concentration (water moves
down its own concentration gradient).
Osmotic Pressure is defined as the minimum pressure that must be applied to prevent
the movement of the water molecules. In a closed container, it is also the pressure that is
exerted by the water to the container due to the increasing volume. It is usually measured with
millimeters of mercury (mm Hg). Generally, more permeable membrane results in smaller
osmotic pressure.
Picture 3.1
TM
PhysioEx
activity 3
interface
D. Filtration
Filtration is a passive process which water and solutes pass through a membrane from an
area of high hydrostatic pressure to low hydrostatic pressure. For example, fluid and solutes
filter out of the capillaries in the kidneys into the kidney tubules because blood pressure in the
capillaries is greater than the fluid pressure in the tubules, so if blood pressure increases, the
rate of filtration increases.
Filtration is not a selective process. The amount of filtrate – the fluids and solutes that pass
through the membrane, depends almost entirely on the hydrostatic pressure gradient and the
size of membrane pores (Molecular Wight Cutoff). Solutes that are too large to pass through
are retained by the capillaries. Ions and smaller molecules like glucose and urea can pass
through, while large solutes like blood cells and proteins cannot pass through.
TM
Picture 4.1 PhysioEx activity 4 interface
1) Procedures
1. Prepare as follows:
E. Active Transport
Active transport is the process of moving substances across its membrane against its
concentration gradient using energy (ATP). There are several reasons that a substance might not
be able to pass through a membrane by diffusion: it might be too large to pass, it might not be
lipid soluble, it might have to move against its concentration gradient.
The process is enabled by protein carriers called solute pumps. The solute pumps aid in
the movement of the molecules from lower to higher concentration (against its concentration
gradient) with the help of ATP. Solute pumps are usually solute specific, meaning they only
transport a certain molecule, also called a uniporter. However, there are other types, for
example the carrier protein for Na+ ions and K+ ions in cell membranes. These carrier proteins
are said to participate in coupled transport. For protein carriers that move the solutes in
opposite directions are called antiporters. Whereas protein carriers that transfer two molecules
in the same direction are called symporters.
ion concentrations. If the extracellular environments have a high concentration of K+ ions, less K+
Picture 6.2 resting membrane potential activity interface
Membrane potential from microelectrode position
No. Extracellular Fluid Cell body Axon
Intracellular Extracellular Intracellular Extracellular
Control ECF
(5 mM K+, 150 mM
1.
Na+)
High K+ ECF
(25 mM K+, 130
2.
mM Na+)
Low Na+ ECF
3. (5 mM K+, 30 mM
Na+, 120 mM
2) Data Collected
v The egg mass in 30% sucrose solution is decreasing and the colour is whiter as it
shrinks
v The egg mass in distilled water is increasing and become more transparent as it gained
more volume (just like a balloon)
3) Conclusion
v The process of osmosis happened in the egg
v The egg in 30% sucrose solution loses its water content because the egg osmotic
pressure is higher than the solution osmotic pressure. This is because the solute
concentration of the solution is higher than the solute concentration of the egg
(hypertonic solution).
v The egg in distilled water gained more water content because the egg osmotic
pressure is lower than the solution osmotic pressure. This is because the solute
concentration of the solution is lower than the solute concentration of the egg
(hypotonic solution)