tambn³Ip«n sshZycpsS IrXnIÄ:

`mjbpw hyhlmchpw

tImgnt¡mSv kÀÆIemimebnÂ
tUmIvSÀ Hm^v ^ntemk^n _ncpZ¯n\v kaÀ¸n¨ {]_Ôw

_mh sI.

tImgnt¡mSv kÀÆIemime
aebmfþtIcf]T\hIp¸v
2015
 DÅS¡w

BapJw 1
]T\¯nsâ e£yw 3
]T\¯nsâ {]kàn 3
]T\coXn 4
]qÀÆ]T\§Ä 4
{]_ÔLS\ 6

`mKw H¶v : Ad_naebmfkmlnXyhpw tambn³Ip«n sshZycpw 8

A[ymbw : 1 Ad_naebmfw : kmaqlnIþcmjv{Sob]Ým¯ew 9
{]mNo\tIcf¯nsâ hmWnPy_豈 9
tIcfhpw Atd_y³\mSpIfpw 11
Ad_n`mjbpw kmwkvImcnIhn\nabhpw 13
Ad_nbpw, a[yImetIcfhpw 14
Ckvemansâ BhnÀ`mhw tIcf¯n 16
JemknamcpsS km¶n²yw 17
am¸nfi_vZ¯nsâ \njv]¯n 18
Ad_naebmfw, DXv]¯nbpw hnImkhpw 19
Ad_naebmfw 19
Ad_n¯angpw _wKmfnbpw 19
Ad_naebmf¯nsâ BhnÀ`mhw 21
]g¡w 23
kzX{´`mjmhmZw 25
]Z§Ä 25
hymIcWXew 26
aebmf¯nsâ en]y´cWw 26
Ad_naebmf¯nse Imhy`mjbpw, A\y`mjm]Z§fpw 28
Ad_naebmf¯nsâ hÀ¯am\w 31

A[ymbw : 2 Ad_naebmf kmlnXyw : BJym\sshhn[y§Ä 36

aplvbn±o³amebpw, BZyImecN\Ifpw 36
ame¸m«pIÄ : kz`mhhpw, khntijXIfpw 38
ameIfpsS LS\ 39
Jmkn apl½Zpw aplvbn±o³ amebpw 40
cN\m]Ým¯ew 41
`àn{]Øm\¯nsâ kzm[o\w 42
`mjm]camb khntijXIÄ 43
ame¸m«pIÄ aplvbn±o³ amebv¡p tijw 45
henb \kol¯pame: c−mas¯ kmlnXyIrXn 46
Ipªmbn³apkveymcpsS IrXnIÄ : I¸¸m«pw, \qÂaZvlpw 48
\qÂame 51
A¨SnbpsS Bcw`w 52
hnhn[Xcw BJym\§Ä 53
Ncn{XIrXnIÄ : KZy¯nepw ]Zy¯nepw 53
 Jnʸm«pIÄ 55
B[ymßnI{KÙ§Ä 57
JpÀB³]cn`mjIÄ 57
ss__nfpw {InkvXpNcnXhpw 58
IÀ½imkv{Xhpw A\p_Ô§fpw 58
sshZyimkv{X{KÙ§Ä 60
kÀKmßIcN\IÄ 61
t\mhepIfpw IYIfpw 61
k©mcKoX§Ä 62
hnem]Imhy§Ä 62
IÃymW¸m«pIÄ 63
sIÊp]m«pIfpw, I¯p]m«pIfpw 63

A[ymbw : 3 tambn³Ip«n sshZyÀ : PohnXhpw Fgp¯pw 69

PohnXImew 70
hoSpw IpSpw_hpw 72
_meyhpw hnZym`ymkhpw 73
BbpÀthZNnInÕmcwK¯v 76
tcmKhpw, acWhpw 77
IhnbpsS ]n³KmanIÄ 78
t]Àjy³kzm[o\¯nsâ thcpIÄ 79
X§ÄIpSpw_hpw t]Àjy³]mc¼cyhpw 80
t]Àjy³_Ô¯nsâ aäpssIhgnIÄ 82
t]Àjy³{]tab§fpw sshZycpw 83
kmaqlnIþcmjv{Sob]cnkcw 83
BZyImecN\Ifpw eLpImhy§fpw 84
\jvSs¸«cN\IÄ 85
I¯p]m«pIÄ 85
H«I¯nsâbpw am\nsâbpw IY 89
_mekmlnXyimJbpsS XpS¡w 90
H¸\¸m«pIÄ 91
aqe¸pcmWw 91
Inf¯name 92
s_¯ne¸m«v 93
]S¸m«pIfpsS BZyamXrIIÄ 94
kemko 94
Fen¸S 96
kvXpXnIoÀ¯\§Ä 98
Idma¯vame 98
ssiJvaplvbn±o³ IoÀ¯\w 98
eLpIh\§Ä 99
sIm«mcw\À¯IntbmSv 99
Xoh−n¨nµv 101
h−pw ]qhpw 103
ZoÀLImhy§Ä 103
keoJ¯v ]S¸m«v 103
_ZvdpÂap\oÀ lpkv\pÂPam 105
_ZvdpÂap\oÀþ aqeIrXn 107
 _ZÀ Jnʸm«v 108
DlZv]S¸m«v 111
ae¸pdw]S¸m«v 112
lnPvd 114
`mKw c−v : sshZyÀ¡rXnIfnse BJym\X{´w 118
A[ymbw : 4 BJym\`mj : hymIcWkhntijXIÄ 119
hn`àn{]Xyb§Ä 119
\nÀt±inI 120
{]Xn{KmlnI 120
kwtbmPnI 122
Dt±inI 123
{]tbmPnI 125
kw_ÔnI 126
B[mcnI 127
kwt_m[\ 130
Ad_nhn`àncq]§fpsS {]tbmKw 131
kap¨b\n]mX§Ä 133
kakvX]Z§Ä 134
`mjm]cnWma¯nsâ Bdp\b§Ä 136
A\p\mknImXn{]kcw 136
XmehymtZiw 139
kzckwhcWw 139
]pcpjt`Z\ncmkw 140
Jntem]kw{Klw 142
kÀÆ\ma§Ä 142
_ÔhmNoi_vZ§Ä 143
kwJymi_vZ§Ä 144
A_vPZpw, A¡s¡«pw 145
hyXykvX`mjIfnse kwJymi_vZ§Ä 148
enwKhN\{]Xyb§Ä 150
kenwK_lphN\w 154
]qPI_lphN\w 154
Cc«_lphN\cq]§Ä 154
\ntj[{Inb 155
kam\mÀ°{]Xyb§fpw {]tbmK§fpw 156
kZrikrjvSnbpw A]qÀh{]tbmK§fpw 159
sshZyÀ¡rXnIfpw {ZmhnUImhy]mc¼cyhpw 161
sN¿pÄhnImc§Ä 163
]ZkwkvIcWcoXnIÄ 164
hen¯Â 164
\o«Â 166
Ipdp¡Â 167
hncn¯Â 168
sXmIp¯Â 169
 Xangvkzm[o\w ]Z§fnepw, ]mZ§fnepw 170
kz\naXew 171
A[ymbw : 5 Imhy`mj : kuµcyZÀi\w 181
Ae¦mcw 181
i_vZme¦mc§Ä 181
Xmfhpw kuµcyhpw 183
{]mk\n_Ô\IÄ 183
samgn 184
I¼n 185
Igp¯v 186
hmep½Â I¼n 187
hm¡¼n 187
Nnsägp¯v 188
ZznXnbm£c{]mkw 189
baIw 190
BZn{]mkw 191
AÀ°me¦mc§Ä 193
Iev]\Ifnse HuNnXyw 196
D]am\§fnse kam\XIÄ 199
kmtaymàn Ae¦mc§Ä 199
A{]kvXpX{]iwk 201
hmkvXthmàn Ae¦mc§Ä 202
AÀ°m´c\ymkw 204
DZm¯w 205
hÀW\m]mShw 206
bp²hÀW\IÄ 208
ckmhnjvImcw 214
irwKmcw 214
`àn 216
hocw 217
timIw 219
lmkyw 221
tIcfobX 222
Bbp[§fpw hmtZym]IcW§fpw 226
Atd_y³Imhy_nw_§Ä 228
CiÂsshhn[yw 229
sshZyÀ¡rXnIfnse CiepIÄ 230
kJqw]S¸m«n \n¶v kzoIcn¨h 231
\qÂaZvlpw aäp {]mNo\IrXnIfpw 232
kz´wcN\Isf CiÂkwÚIfm¡Â 233
CiÂkzoIcW¯nse ]cnjvImc§Ä 234
CiepIfpw ]c¼cmKXhr¯§fpw 235
Ad_nhr¯§tfmSv kmayapff CiepIÄ 235
`mjmhr¯§tfmSpw \mS³]m«pItfmSpw kmayapffh 236
`mKw aq¶v : hyhlmc¯nsâ `n¶Xe§Ä 242
sshZyÀ¡rXnIfpsS hyhlmcXew þ {]thiIw 243
A[ymbw : 6 cmjv{SobZÀi\w : kzmX{´y¯nsâ A`nemjw 245
bp²Imhy§Ä þ {]mNo\ a²yImekmlnXy¯n 246
Ad_naebmf¯nse bp²Imhy§Ä 247
]S¸m«pIÄ ]nd¶ kmaqlnI cmjv{Sob ]Ým¯ew 247
]S¸m«pIfpw, {_n«ojv ae_mdnse kmaqlnI cmjv{Sob
Npäp]mSpIfpw 248
P·namcpsS NqjW§Ä 249
Sn¸phnsâ ]cnjvImc§fpw {]XymLmX§fpw 252
Iem]§fpsS kmapZmbnIam\w 254
C´y³ Ad_nkmlnXy¯nse kacImhy§fpw KZyIrXnIfpw 256
Xlvcofv 257
Xplv^¯p apPmlnZo³ 258
^Xlp ap_o³ 259
AÂJkoZ¯p PnlmZn¿ 262
Jp¯p_m¯p PnlmZn¿ 262
AssÊ^p _¯mÀ 263
D±¯p DadmAv 264
shfnbt¦mSv DaÀJmknbpsS cN\IÄ 265
A[n\nthi hncp²cN\IfpsS kzm[o\w. 266
]S¸m«pIÄ Ad_n¯angn 267
]S¸m«pIÄ Ad_naebmf¯n 268
]S¸m«pIfpsS kz`mhw 269
hntZi ]Ým¯e¯nepÅ cN\IÄ 269
I¸nX Imhy§Ä 270
tIcf Ncn{XImhy§Ä 270
]S¸m«pIfpsS kzm[o\w 271
]S¸m«pIfpsS Ncn{X[À½w 272
]S¸m«pIfpsS kmaqlnI[À½w 273
]S¸m«pIfpw ]mSn¸dbepw 274
]S¸m«pw, Jnʸm«pw 275
tambn³Ip«n sshZycpsS ]S¸m«pIÄ 276
]S¸m«pkmlnXyw sshZyÀ¡p ap¼v 277
{]tab§fnse sshhn[yw 277
tambn³Ip«n sshZycpw ]mSn¸dbepw 278
sshZyÀIrXnIÄ ]mSn¸db cwK¯v 280

A[ymbw : 7 Ihnhyhlmcw : aqey§fpsS ]p\ÀhnNmcw 284

kv{Xo: kzXzhpw Bhnjv¡mchpw 284
`n¶kz`mhapÅ IYm]m{X§Ä 284
km[mcW kv{XoIÄ 284
Ncn{X¯nse amXrImh\nXIÄ 286
]S¡f¯nse s]¬hocyw 287
lpkv\p Pam 288
 ImÂ]\nI {]hWXIÄ 291
ImÂ]\nIX aebmf¯n 292
ImÂ]\nIXbpw tambn³Ip«n sshZycpw 293
kmlknIXbpw kzmX{´yhmRvObpw 294
`mh\bpw BZÀi]cXbpw 295
ImÂ]\nIXbpsS t]Àjy³kzm[o\w 296
{ZmhnUkuµcyimkv{Xhpw sshZyÀ IrXnIfpw 297
{ZmhnUkuµcyimkv{Xw 298
{]tab¯nse {ZmhnUkzm[o\w 299
{KÙe£W ]cmaÀi§Ä 300
sImtfmWnb hncp² B[p\nIXbpsS ]mT§Ä 300

A[ymbw : 8 sshZycpsS Fgp¯v : kzm[o\¯nsâ cq]t`Z§Ä 304

kzm[o\w kaImenIcn 304
sshZyÀ ]ZtImiw 306
IrXnIfpsS {]Nmcw 307
kmlnXy]cnj¯v kt½f\w 308
IrXnIÄ aebmfen]nbn 308
k¼qÀWIrXnIÄ 309
hyhlmc¯nsâ \qX\aÞe§Ä 310
_Zvdp ap\oÀ lpkv\p Pam 310
lpkv\p PamÂ-- þ ]n.Sn. A_vZpdlnam³ 311
lpkv\p PamÂþFw.F³. ImctÈcn 311
lpkv\p PamÂþ Un. hn\bN{µ³ 311
t\mhepw \mSIhpw 312
KZy]p\cmJym\§Ä 312
lpkv\p Pam A\y`mjIfn 313
_ZÀ ]S¸m«v 314
ae¸pdw ]S¸m«v 315
sshZyÀ IrXnIÄ Zriyþ{imhy am[ya§fn 316
sshZyÀ tdUntbm\mSIw 317
Ne¨n{XKm\§Ä 317
dnbmenän tjm 319
sshZyÀ¡rXnIfpw aÕcthZnIfpw 320
]pXpXeapdbpsS cwK{]thiw 320
kzm[o\w hnhn[ Iemcq]§fn 321
tIm¡fn 321
]cnNap«pIfn 323
No\nap«v 324
Ad_\ ap«v 324
Nhn«pIfn 326
NcSp Ip¯n¡fn 326
H¸\bpw h«¸m«pw 327
sshZycpsS kw`mh\bpw kzm[o\hpw 329
IYm{]kwKw 329
IYm{]kwK¯nsâ kzm[o\hpw sshZyÀ IrXnIfpw 330

D]kwlmcwþ \nKa\§Ä 333

{KÙkqNn 346
 Npcps¡gp¯v kqNnI

A. þ Ad_n
A.I. þ AÚmXIÀ¯rIw
C. þ CiÂ
D. þ DÀZp
D.]. þ DlZv ]S¸m«v
Cw. þ Cw¥ojv
F. ]. þ Fen¸S
H.am.I þ H«I¯nsâbpw am\nsâbpw IY
I. þ I¶U
tI.]m. þ tIcf]mWn\obw
{In.h. þ {InkvXphÀjw
X. þ Xangv
]p. þ ]pdw
t]. þ t]Àjy³
_.ap. þ _ZvdpÂap\oÀ lpkv\pÂPamÂ
_.Jn. þ _ZÀ Jnʸm«v
s_.]. þ s_¯ne¸m«v
a. þ aebmfw
a.]. þ ae¸pdw ]S
aqe. þ aqe¸pcmWw
k.]. þ keoJ¯v ]S¸m«v
kem. þ kemkoÂ
kw. þ kwkvIrXw
ln. þ lnPvd
Bava K.“Works of Moyinkutty Vaidyar: Language and discource ”
Thesis. Department of Malayalam and Kerala studies, University
of Calicut, 2015.
 BapJw
Fgp¯pImcsâ kÀKmßIPohnXhpw AXp kaql¯n sNep
¯p¶ kzm[o\hpw kw_Ôn¨ At\zjW§Ä¡v kmlnXy¯nse¶
t]mse kmaqlnIhnImkNcn{X¯nepw {]m[m\yap−v. Hcp {]tXyI Ncn
{XkµÀ`¯n \n¶v Fgp¯pImc³ \S¯p¶ cN\IÄ¡v, XeapdI
tfmSv kwhZn¡m³ Ignbpt¼mgmWv Ah ImemXnhÀ¯nbmbn¯ocp¶
Xv. Xm³ t\cnSp¶ PohnXkakyIÄ¡v AbmÄ Is−¯p¶ D¯c§Ä
tZi¯nsâbpw Ime¯nsâbpw s]mXpkakyItfmSv kwhZn¡m³ ]cym
]vXamhpt¼mÄ Ahbv¡v kmaqlnIamb am\w ssIhcp¶p.
19-þmw \qäm−nsâ D¯cmÀ²¯n Pohn¨ tambn³Ip«n sshZysc
(1852þ1892) kw_Ôn¨ ]T\§Ä {]kàamIp¶Xv Cu ]Ým¯e¯n
emWv. `mjmkmlnXy¯nepw kmaqlnIþkmwkvImcnIaÞe§fnepw
sshZycpsS cN\IÄ \S¯nb CSs]SepIfpsS kz`mhhpw kzm[o\hpw
th−{X ]T\hnt[bambn«nà F¶ Is−¯ensâ `mKambmWv Cu
{]_Ôw X¿mdm¡p¶Xv.
sshZycpsS cN\Isf am¸nf¸m«pIÄ am{Xambn \yq\oIcn¡m\pw,
am¸nf¸m«pIsf¶m \mS³]m«pIfpsS Hcp hn`mKamsW¶p kmam\yhXv
¡cn¡m\pamWv kmlnXyNcn{XImc·mÀ s]mXpsh {ian¨n«pÅXv. A¡m
cW¯m apJy[mcmkmlnXys¯ kw_Ôn¨ NÀ¨Ifn Ah ]cnKWn
t¡−Xnsö [mcWbpw \ne\n¡p¶p−v. Ad_naebmf¯n cNn
¡s¸« IrXnIsf `mjmkmlnXyNcn{X¯n DÄs¸Spt¯−Xnsö
ImgvN¸mSn Ahsb ]qÀWambpw AhKWn¨htcbpw ImWmw.
am¸nf¸m«pIsf \mtSmSn¸m«pIfpsS hn`mK¯nte¡v BZyw amän
h¨Xv almIhn DÅqcmWv. DÅqcnsâ _rl¯mb ‘tIcfkmlnXyNcn
{X’¯nsâ H¶mw`mK¯n \mtSmSn¸m«pIsf hnebncp¯pt¼mÄ am¸nf
¸m«pIfpw ]cmaÀin¡s¸Sp¶p. Hcp JÞnIbn Xocp¶ Cu hnhcW
¯n tambn³Ip«n sshZycpsS t]cpt]mepw IS¶phcp¶nÃ. F¦nepw
GXp IrXnbnteXmsW¶p kqNn¸n¡msX sshZycpsS _ZÀJnÊbnÂ
\n¶pÅ F«phcn amXrIbmbn \ÂInbn«p−v.
sI.Fw. tPmÀÖv FUnäp sNbvX ‘kmlnXyNcn{Xw {]Øm\§fn
eqsS’ F¶ {KÙ¯nepw Cu ImhyimJsb ]cnKWn¡p¶Xv \mS³]m«p

1
IfpsS KW¯n Xs¶. Cu kamlmc¯nse ‘ip²aebmf imJ’ F¶
ioÀjI¯nepÅ Pn. i¦c¸nÅbpsS {]_Ô¯n ‘hS¡³]m«pIfpsS
A{X henb BkzmZIaÞes¯ krjvSn¨nsænepw at\mlchpw hoc
irwKmcmZnck{][m\hpamb Km\§fmWv am¸nf¸m«pIÄ’ F¶v \nco£n
¡p¶p−v. At¸mgpw, sshZycpsStbm Cu cwKs¯ aäp IhnIfpsStbm
t]tcm, kw`mh\tbm kw_Ôn¨ ]cmaÀi§Ä Hcp ]pd¯nsemXp§p¶
Cu Ipdn¸nepanÃ. F³. IrjvW]nÅbpsS ‘ssIcfnbpsS IY’bn hnhn
[Xcw \mS³]m«pIfpsS t]cp ]cmaÀin¡pt¼mÄ kmµÀ`nIambn kqNn
¸n¡p¶ ‘am¸nf¸m«v’ F¶ ]Z¯n Ahkm\n¡p¶ ]cmaÀitabpÅp.
Ad_naebmfImhyimJbv¡pw, tambn³Ip«n sshZyÀ¡pw kmam
\y]cnKW\ \ÂInb c−pt]À Fw. eoemhXnbpw, Fcptaen ]ctaiz
c³]nÅbpamWv. ‘aebmfIhnXmkmlnXyNcn{X’¯n Ad_naebmf
IrXnIÄ F¶ ioÀjI¯n c−p]pd§fnembn ChbpsS kz`mhhpw
GXm\pw {KÙIÀ¯m¡sf kw_Ôn¨ hnhc§fpw Fw. eoemhXn \Â
Ip¶p−v. ChnsSbpw sshZysc¸änbpÅ ]cmaÀiw c−phmIy¯nsemXp
§p¶p.
Fcptaen ]ctaizc³]nÅbpsS ‘aebmfkmlnXyw ImeL«§fn
eqsS’ F¶ IrXnbpsS ]cnjvIcn¨]Xn¸nÂ(2010) BZy]Xn¸pIfnÂ
\n¶p hyXykvXambn A©p]pd¯n am¸nf¸m«pIfpsS Ncn{Xhpw khn
tijXIfpw hnhcn¡p¶p. CXn aq¶nsemcp`mKw tambn³Ip«n sshZy
tcbpw At±l¯nsâ IrXnIsfbpw ]cnNbs¸Sp¯m³ {]tbmP\s¸Sp
¯nbn«p−v.
{_n«ojv Ncn{XKthjI\mb F^v. t^mkäv (F. Fawcett) 1899þÂ
tambn³Ip«n sshZysc¡pdn¨p cNn¨ {]_Ô¯n sshZyÀ¡pw At±l
¯nsâ cN\IÄ¡pw \ÂIp¶ {]m[m\ywt]mepw AXn\ptijw Ac
\qäm−pIgnªp cNn¨ DÅqcnsâtbm, ]n¡me`mjmNcn{XImc·mcp
sStbm IrXnIfn \ÂIn¡mWp¶nÃ. Ad_naebmfIrXnIsf \mtSmSn
¸m«pIfmbn am{Xw ]cnKWn¨XpsIm−mWv CXp kw`hn¡p¶Xv.
\mtSmSn¸m«nsâ kz`mhapÅ Nne cN\IÄ Cu cwK¯p ImWmsa
¦nepw `qcn]£w cN\Ifpw B KW¯n hcp¶XÃ. Imhy§Ä am{X
aÃ, At\Iw KZyIrXnIfpw Cu taJebnep−v. ]eXnsâbpw Imew,

2
IÀ¯mhv F¶nh kw_Ôn¨ hnhc§Ä IrXnbn¯s¶ e`yamWv.
Ad_naebmfw F¶ en]n k{¼Zmbap]tbmKn¨v tcJs¸Sp¯s¸« Ah
bv¡v \mtSmSnkmlnXy¯nsâbÃ; \mKcnIkmlnXy¯nsâ {]tXyIXI
tfmSmWSp¸w. ]qÀWambpw hmsamgnbneqsS {]Ncn¨pt]m¶hbpw, A
ÚmXIÀ¯rI§fpamb GXm\pw cN\Isf ap³\nÀ¯n, Ah \mtSmSn
kmlnXysa¶p sXän²cn¨Xn\memWv kmlnXyNcn{X{KÙ§fn taÂ
kqNn¸n¨Xp {]ImcapÅ ]nghpIÄ IS¶pIqSm\nSbmbXv.
Cu hn`mK¯nse cN\Isf `mjbnse kmlnXyIrXnIfnÂ
\n¶pw thÀXncn¨p\nÀ¯nbncp¶ LSI§fn {][m\w, Ah tcJs¸Sp
¯nbXv aebmf¯nÂ\n¶pw hyXykvXamb Hcp en]nbnemWv F¶Xt{X.
tIcf¯nse apkvenwIÄ¡nSbnemWv {][m\ambpw AXv {]Nmc
¯nencp¶Xv. aebmfen]n¡v kmÀÆ{XnIamb {]Nmcw kn²n¡p¶Xn\p
ap¼v, AXnse i_vZ§Ä tcJs¸Sp¯m³ ]mI¯n Ad_nen]n ]cn
jvIcn¨v cq]s¸Sp¯nb en]nkt¦XamWXv. ]n¡me¯v kmlnXy¯n
sâ hnhn[XpdIfnembn AkwJyw BJym\§Ä Cu cwK¯p−mbn.
tambn³Ip«n sshZyÀ Xsâ cN\IÄ \nÀÆln¨Xv Ad_naebmf
¯nsâ teJ\k{¼Zmbw {]tbmP\s¸Sp¯nbmbncp¶p.

]T\¯nsâ e£yw
Ad_naebmfkmlnXys¯bpw, am¸nf¸m«pIÄ F¶p kmam\yam
bn hyhlcn¨pt]mcp¶ AXnsâ ImhyimJtbbpw Ipdn¨pÅ ]T\§
fn am{Xambn Npcp§nt¸mb tambn³Ip«n sshZycpsS cN\IÄ, AXn
sâ `mjm]cambkhntijXIÄ, hyhlmcXe§Ä F¶nh ]cntim[n
¡pIbmWv Cu ]T\¯nsâ e£yw. sshZyÀ¡rXnIfpsS kÀKmßIhpw
kmaqlnIhpamb aqeyw Xncn¨dnªv `mjmkmlnXy¯n AXnsâ Øm
\w \nÀWbn¡p¶XneqsS, \nehnepÅ Ncn{X[mcWIsf Xncp¯m\pw
t]mcmbvaIÄ adnIS¡m\pamhpw.

]T\¯nsâ {]kàn
]mÀizhXv¡cn¡s¸« P\hn`mh§fpsS Ie, kmlnXyw F¶nh
sb¡pdn¨pÅ At\zjW§Ä¡v kao]Ime¯mbn Gsd {]m[m\yw
ssIh¶n«p−v. ZenXvþIogmf]T\§Ä A¡mZanI]T\taJebn Kuc
hkz`mhw BÀÖn¨p Ignªncn¡p¶p.

3
 Ad_naebmfkmlnXyapÄs¸sSbpÅ ]T\imJIsf apJy[mcm
kmlnXy¯n\v shfnbn \nÀ¯nbncp¶ ]c¼cmKXat\m`mh¯n\v amäw
hcp¶XmbnImWmw. imkv{Xobho£Whpw, Xpd¶kao]\hpamWv `mjm
kmlnXy KthjW§sf Ct¸mÄ \bn¡p¶Xv. FÃmhn`mKw P\§Ä
¡pw DÄs¡mÅmhp¶hn[w aebmfen]nbn 55 hÀjambn Ad_n
aebmfIrXnIÄ {]kn²oIcn¨phcp¶p−v F¶ hkvXpXbpw ]cnKWn
t¡−Xp−v. en]nkw_Ôamb A]cnNnXXzw AhbpsS BkzmZ\¯n
t\m, ]T\¯nt\m Ct¸mÄ XSÊamhp¶nÃ. Cu kmlNcy¯n {]kvXp
X kmlnXyhn`mK¯nsâ kphÀWZibn Pohn¡pIbpw anI¨ kw`mh
\IÄ \ÂIpIbpwsNbvX tambn³Ip«n sshZycpsS IrXnIÄ apt¶m«p
hbv¡p¶ BibaÞes¯bpw, AXmhnjv¡cn¡m³ kzoIcn¨ `mj
bpsS kz`mhs¯bpw Ipdn¨pÅ ]T\w {]kàambn¯ocp¶p.

]T\coXn
KthjW¯nsâ hnhn[ L«§fn DNnXamb ]T\coXnIÄ Ah
ew_n¨n«p−v. hymIcW]camb khntijXIÄ Is−¯p¶Xn\v hnhn
[ aebmfhymIcW{KÙ§fpw, eoemXneIw, \¶q apXembhbpw {]
tbmPs¸Sp¯n. Ad_n`mjmhnZKv[cpsS tkh\w Nne L«§fn klm
bIambn«p−v. B[p\nI`mjmimkv{Xw, kmaqlnI`mjmimkv{Xw, kmaq
lnIimkv{Xw, \chwiimkv{Xw, kmlnXy]T\w, Ncn{X]T\w F¶nh
bpsS kt¦X§Ä D]tbmKn¨pÅ A]{KY\coXn {]_Ô¯nepS\ofw
kmam\yambn Ahew_n¨n«p−v. Cu taJebn {]hÀ¯n¨phcp¶ Iem
Imc³amÀ, hnZKv[À, IhnbpsS ]n·pd¡mÀ, F¶nhcpambpÅ A`napJ
§fpw, ^oÂUvhÀ¡pw ]T\¯nsâ hnhn[ kµÀ`§fn D]tbmKs¸Sp
¯nbn«p−v.

]qÀÆ]T\§Ä
Ad_naebmfw, am¸nf¸m«v F¶o hnjb§fnepÅ aq¶p{]_Ôw
tImgnt¡mSvkÀÆIemimebn kaÀ¸n¡s¸«n«p−v. ‘am¸nf¸m«pIfpsS
kmlnXykmwkvImcnIaqey§Äþtambn³Ip«n sshZycpsS IrXnIsf B
[mcam¡n Hcp ]T\w’(F³.aplvbp±o³), ‘Ad_naebmfIrXnIÄ þ `mjm
]chpw kmwkvImcnIhpamb khntijXIsf ap³\nÀ¯n Hcp ]T\w’
(sI.Sn.Ajvd^v), ‘tIcfob\thm°m\¯n Ad_naebmfw sNep¯nb

4
kzm[o\w’ (sI.Fw. \koÀ) F¶nhbmWh. am¸nf¸m«nsâ ASnØm\
kz`mh§Ä NÀ¨ sN¿p¶XmWv F³. aplvbp±osâ (Fw.F³. ImctÈcn)
{]_Ôw. am¸nf¸m«n CuWamWv {][m\sa¶pw, AXv Xmf¯n\v
{]m[m\yw \ÂIp¶ {]IS\IebmsW¶pw At±lw A`n{]mbs¸Sp¶p.
AXnsâ ]mc¼cyw XoÀ¯pw \mS³]m«nsâXmsW¶pw hymIcWkz`mh
¯n Cu ]m«pIÄ Hcp kam´caWn{]hmfamsW¶papÅ \nKa\§
fnepw At±lw F¯nt¨cp¶p−v.
Ad_naebmf¯nse ]{XamknIIÄ, {KÙ§Ä F¶nh tIcf
¯nse \thm°m\{]{Inbbn sNep¯nb kzm[o\¯nsâ kz`mham
bncp¶p sI.Fw.\kodnsâ ]T\taJe. Ad_naebmf¯nse hyXykvX
hyhlmccq]§fn hcp¶ IrXnIsf Is−¯n hÀ¤oIcn¡m\pw, Ah
DSseSp¯ ]Ým¯ew ]cntim[n¡m\papÅ {iaamWv sI.Sn. Ajvd^n
sâ {]_Ôw.
Ad_naebmfIrXnIsfbpw, tambn³Ip«n sshZycpsS PohNcn
{Xw, cN\IÄ apXembhsbbpw ]cnNbs¸Sp¯p¶ GXm\pw {KÙ§fpw
Cu hnjb¯nep−v.
‘Ad_naebmfkmlnXyNcn{Xw’ (H.B_p, 1970), ‘al¯mb am¸n
fkmlnXy]mc¼cyw’(kn.F³.Al½Zvauehn, sI.sI. apl½Zv A_vZpÂ
Icow (1978)), ‘am¸nfþIogmf ]T\§Ä’(FUn. sI.sI. apl½Zv A_vZpÂ
k¯mÀþ2014), ‘am¸nf¸m«vþHcmapJ]T\w’(_meIrjvW³ hÅn¡p¶v,
1999), ‘am¸nf¸m«nsâ XmbvthcpIÄ’ (hn.Fw.Ip«n, 2007), ‘Ci N{IhÀ
¯n tambn³Ip«n sshZyÀ’ (_joÀ Np¦¯d, 2010), ‘almIhn tambn³
Ip«n sshZycpsS ImhytemIw’ (_meIrjvW³ hÅn¡p¶v, 2013), ‘am¸n
f¸m«pIÄ \qäm−pIfneqsS’ (hn.]n.apl½Zmen, 2007), almIhn tambn³
Ip«n sshZyÀ]T\§Ä’ (FUn.sI.Fw.Al½Zv, 2006), ‘am¸nf¸m«v ]mT
hpw, ]T\hpw’(DaÀ XdtaÂ, _meIrjvW³ hÅn¡p¶v, 2006) XpS§nb
hbmWv Ahbn {][m\w.
am¸nf¸m«pIfpsS Ncn{Xw, kwkvImcw, IrXnIfpsS kz`mhw F¶n
§s\bpÅ taJeIfn ]T\§Ä Gsd apt¶m«p t]mbn«p−v. AhbnÂ
tambn³Ip«n sshZycpsS PohnXhpw IrXnIfpw {]tabambn hcp¶ cN\
Ifn `qcn`mKhpw D]cn¹hamb kao]\w ssIs¡mÅp¶hbmWv. {]Ya

5
PohNcn{Xamb ‘am¸nfIhnk{am«v tambn³Ip«n sshZyÀ’ (sI.sI.apl½Zv
A_vZpÂIcow, 1955) F¶ eLp{KÙ¯nepÅ Is−¯en \n¶v Gsd
sbm¶pw apt¶m«pt]mIm³ ]n¡me PohNcn{XIÀ¯m¡Ä¡v Ign
ªn«nÃ. sshZyÀ¡rXnIfnse `mjm]cambkhntijXIÄ A]{KYn
¡p¶htbm, AXnsâ hyhlmcXew NÀ¨ sN¿p¶htbm Bb IrXnI
tfm ]T\§tfm D−mbn«nÃ. Cu ]Ým¯e¯n sshZyÀ]T\§Ä¡v
{]tXyI {]kànbp−v.

{]_ÔLS\

Cu {]_Ôw ‘Ad_naebmfkmlnXyhpw tambn³Ip«n sshZy

cpw’, ‘sshZyÀ¡rXnIfnse BJym\X{´w’, ‘hyhlmc¯nsâ `n¶Xe
§Ä’ F¶n§s\ aq¶p`mKambn hn`Pn¨ncn¡p¶p. BsI F«v A[ymb
§fp−v.
‘Ad_naebmfw:kmaqlnI-þcmjv{Sob]Ým¯ew’ F¶ BZyA
[ymb¯n {]mNo\Ime¯v tIcfhpw Atd_y³\mSpIfpw X½n \S
¶ncp¶ hmWnPykmwkvImcnI_Ô§Ä, Ad_n-aebmf¯nsâ DXv]
¯nbpw hnImkhpw, AXnsâ `mjm]camb khntijXIÄ F¶nh A
t\zjn¡p¶p. ‘Ad_naebmfkmlnXyw: BJym\sshhn[y§Ä’ F¶ c
−ma[ymb¯n Ad_naebmf¯nse hnhn[ kmlnXyimJIsf¸än
s]mXphmbpw, BZyImeIrXnIfmb aplvbn±o³ame, I¸¸m«v, \qÂaZvlv
F¶nhsb hntijn¨pw, hniIe\w sN¿p¶p. Ad_naebmf¯nse c
−mas¯ kmlnXyIrXn, henb \kol¯pamebmsW¶ Is−¯epw
ChnsSbp−v.
‘tambn³Ip«nsshZyÀ: PohnXhpw Fgp¯pw’ F¶ aq¶ma[ymb
¯n IhnbpsS PohnXImew, IpSpw_]Ým¯ew, _meyw, hnZym`ym
kw, kmlnXykw`mh\IÄ F¶o taJeIfmWv ]cntim[n¨ncn¡p¶Xv.
{]_Ô¯nsâ c−mw`mK¯n sshZyÀ¡rXnIfpsS `mjm]camb
{]tXyIXIfmWv At\zjn¡p¶Xv. ‘hymIcWkhntijXIÄ’, ‘kuµ
cyZÀi\w’ F¶n§s\ c−v A[ymb§fnembn hn`àn{]Xyb§Ä, kap
¨b\n]mX§Ä, `mjm]cnWma¯nse Bdp\b§Ä, kwJymi_vZ§Ä,
kÀÆ\ma§Ä, _ÔhmNoi_vZ§Ä, enwKhN\{]Xyb§Ä, sN¿pÄ

6
hnImc§Ä, {]mk\nba§Ä, AÀ°me¦mcw, hÀW\, ckmhnjvImcw
CiÂ(hr¯)sshhn[yw, CiepIÄ¡v `mjbnsebpw Ad_nbnsebpw
hr¯§tfmSpw \mtSmSn¸m«pItfmSpapÅ_Ôw F¶nh A]{KYn¨n«p−v.
IrXnIfpsS hyhlmcXew At\zjn¡p¶ aq¶mw`mKw ‘cmjv{Sob
ZÀi\w:kzmX{´y¯nsâ A`nemjw’, ‘Ihnhyhlmcw:aqey§fpsS ]p\À
hnNmcw’, ‘sshZycpsS Fgp¯v : kzm[o\¯nsâ cq]t`Z§Ä’, F¶o A
[ymb§Ä DÄs¡mÅp¶p.
CXn ‘kzmX{´y¯nsâ A`nemjw’ F¶ Bdma[ymb¯nÂ
]S¸m«pIÄ ]nd¶ kmaqlnIþcmjv{Sob]Ým¯ew C´y³Ad_nkmln
Xy¯nse A[n\nthihncp²cN\IÄ, Ad_n¯angnsebpw, Ad_nae
bmf¯nsebpw ]S¸m«pIÄ, IrXnIÄ ]mSn hymJym\n¡p¶ ‘]mSn¸db
en’sâ {]tXyIXIÄ F¶nh hniZam¡p¶p. sshZyÀ Cu cwK¯p \Â
Inb kw`mh\Ifpw AXnsâ kzm[o\hpw {]tXyIw ]T\hnt[bam¡nbn
«p−v.
sshZycpsS kv{XoIYm]m{X§fpsS khntijXIÄ, IrXnIfnse
ImÂ]\nI{]hWXIÄ, {ZmhnUkuµcyimkv{Xt¯mSpw, sImtfmWn
bÂhncp² B[p\nIXbpsS Bib§tfmSpapÅ _Ôw F¶nhbmWv
‘Ihnhyhlmcw: aqey§fpsS ]p\ÀhnNmcw’ F¶ A[ymb¯n At\z
jn¨n«pÅXv.
‘sshZycpsS Fgp¯v : kzm[o\¯nsâ cq]t`Z§Ä’ F¶ Ahkm
\A[ymb¯n Ad_naebmfkmlnXyw, `mjmkmlnXyw, Zriyþ{imhy
am[ya§Ä, hnhn[Iemcq]§Ä apXembhbpsS aÞe§fn sshZyÀ
¡rXnIÄ sNep¯nb kzm[o\w ]cntim[n¡p¶p.
{]_Ôw apt¶m«phbv¡p¶ \nKa\§Ä D]kwlmc¯n t{Im
UoIcn¨n«p−v. `mjm]camb {]tXyIXIÄ A]{KYn¡pt¼mÄ IrXnI
fpsS ioÀjIhpw CiÂkwJybpw Npcps¡gp¯mbn \ÂInbn«p−v.
kmwkvImcnIhIp¸n\p IognepÅ tambn³Ip«n sshZyÀ kvamcII½nän
]pd¯nd¡nb k¼qÀWIrXnIfmWv (2005) CiÂkwJybv¡v B[mcam
¡nbn«pÅXv.
***

7
Bava K.“Works of Moyinkutty Vaidyar: Language and discource ”
Thesis. Department of Malayalam and Kerala studies, University
of Calicut, 2015.
 `mKw H¶v

Ad_naebmfkmlnXyhpw
tambn³Ip«n sshZycpw

8
 A[ymbw : 1

Ad_naebmfw
kmaqlnIþcmjv{Sob]Ým¯ew

{]mNo\tIcf¯nsâ hmWnPy_Ô§Ä
tIcf¯nsâ Ncn{Xs¯bpw kwkvImcs¯bpw cq]s¸Sp¯nbXnÂ
AXnsâ `qanimkv{X]camb khntijXIÄ \nÀWmbI]¦p hln¨n
«p−v. C´ybpsS sX¡p`mK¯v kap{Zt¯mSp tNÀ¶pInS¡p¶ kwØm
\amWv tIcfw. {]mNo\ImewapXÂ ]Ýntajy³cmPy§fpambpw ]n¶oSv
bqtdm¸pambpw \ne\n¶ncp¶ hmWnPy_Ô§tfsdbpw tIcfXocw hgn
bmWv \S¶ncp¶Xv. blqZþss{IkvXhþCkvemwZÀi\§Äs¡Ãmw D]`q
JÞ¯nte¡pÅ {]thi\IhmSambn hÀ¯n¨Xpw Cu \mSpXs¶bm
bncp¶p.
tIcfhpw hntZicmPy§fpambn kl{km_vZ§Ä¡p ap¼pXs¶
kPohambncp¶ hmWnPy_Ô§sf¡pdn¨pÅ \nch[n sXfnhpIfpw
Ncn{XtcJIfpw kao]Ime¯v shfn¨w I−n«p−v. _n.kn.1000þ¯n\
Sp¯v tkmfa³N{IhÀ¯n ^n\ojy³amcpsS t\XrXz¯neb¨ I¸Â
kwLw Hm^odn F¯n AhnsS\n¶pw kzÀWhpambn aS§nt¸mbXmbn
kqN\Ifp−v. Hm^oÀ Xncph\´]pcwPnÃbnse ]qhmdmsW¶pw, tImgn
1
t¡mSv PnÃbnse t_¸qcmsW¶pw hyXykvXm`n{]mb§fp−v.
aq¶phÀj¯nsemcn¡Â tkmfasâ I¸epIÄ Hm^odnse¯n A
hnsS\n¶pw kzÀ®w, shÅn, B\s¡m¼v, abnÂ, BÄ¡pc§v F¶nh
2
sIm−pt]mbncp¶Xmbn ss__nÄ ]gb\nba¯n ImWmw. tkmfa³
N{IhÀ¯nsb ti_mdmWn kµÀin¡m³sN¶Xv Idphm¸«bpw, Gehpw
tNÀ¯p−m¡nb kpKÔ{Zhy§fpsS t]SI§fpambmWv. Cu D¸¶
§sfÃmw A¡me¯pXs¶ tIcfXoc¯p\n¶p IbäpaXn sNbvXncp¶
Xmbn sXfnhpIfp−v. sFIy_m_ntemWnb³ N{IhÀ¯nbmbncp¶ s\
_p¡mtUmWkdnsâ (_n.kn.3000) sIm«mc¯nsâbpw, apsKbdnsâ N{µ
tZhmeb¯nsâbpw AhinjvS§fpsS Iq«¯n tX¡pXSnIÄ sIm−p

9
\nÀ½n¨ Nne hkvXp¡Ä (Chbnt¸mÄ {_n«ojvayqknb¯nep−v) I−p
3
In«nbn«p−v . A¡me¯v tX¡n³XSnIÄ tIcf¯n \n¶pam{Xta, Ib
4
än Ab¨ncp¶pÅpsh¶v {]kn² AÊodntbmfPnÌpIfmb skbvkpw
slhnäpw Nq−n¡mWn¡p¶p.
tIcfNcn{XKthjWtI{µw (sI.kn.F¨v.BÀ) UbdIvSÀ tUm.
]n.sP. sNdnbmsâ t\XrXz¯n sImSp§Ãqcn\p kao]w s]cnbmdnsâ
Xoc¯pÅ ]«Ww {]tZi¯v 2007, 2008 hÀj§fn \S¶ DZvJ\\§Ä
Cu cwK¯p hnes¸«hnhc§fmWv shfn¨¯p sIm−ph¶n«pÅXv. Chn
sS\n¶pw e`n¨n«pÅ Hä¯Snbn \nÀ½n¨Xpw Bdpaoätdmfw \ofw hcp
¶Xpamb ]pcmX\h©n, Ggv ac¡pänIÄ, Nnc« F¶nh Atacn¡bn
se tPmÀÖnbkÀhIemimebn h¨p tdUntbmImÀ_¬ ]cntim[\
bv¡p hnt[bam¡nbncp¶p. AX\pkcn¨v Chbv¡v 2065 hÀjs¯ ]g¡
amWp IW¡m¡nbXv. h©n \nÀ½n¨ Bªnen acw, tX¡n³Ipän F
¶nh _n.kn. 56 þ F.Un. 08 hÀj§Ä¡nSbnepÅXpw Nnc« F.Un. 17þ72
5
hÀj§Ä¡nSbnepÅXpamWv . sX¡³Cäenbnse Ifna®psIm−p \nÀ
½n¨Xmhmsa¶p IcpXp¶ tdma³Bwt^md (hoªv]m{Xw) shÌvGjy³
a¬]m{X§Ä, tdma³ a¬]m{X§fn {][m\amb sSdmknKnenä, ap¯p
IÄ, tdma³cmPm¡·mcpsS Øm\nIap{Zbmb Imantbm»m¦v F¶nhsb
Ãmw ]«W¯n \n¶p In«nbn«p−v. C§s\ ]pcmX\Imew apXÂXs¶
C´ybnte¡pÅ {]thi\IhmSambn \nesIm−ncp¶Xv apkvcnkv, apbn
cnt¡mSv, apNndn]«Ww Fs¶Ãmw Adnbs¸«ncp¶ sImSp§Ãqcmbncp¶p.
Ing¡nsâ BZy Fwt]mdnbambn (The first emporium of the orient) Ncn{X
Imc³amÀ apkvcnkns\ hmgv¯n.
temI¯v CXphsc Is−¯nb Gähpw]g¡apÅ BtKmfhmWn
Py¡cmÀ H¸n«ncn¡p¶Xv apkvcnknÂ\n¶pw B\s¡m¼pw XpWnbpw
sIm−pt]mIm\mWs{X. apkvcnknÂ\n¶pw AeIvkm³{Unb XpdapJ
t¯¡v IpcpapfIv, XpWn, B\s¡m¼v F¶nh Cd¡paXnsN¿m³ CuPn
]vXpImc\mb Hcp hym]mcn H¸p h¨ hym]mcDS¼SnbpsS tcJ, 1980þÂ
CuPn]vXn \n¶pw Is−¯nbn«p−v. Hmkv{Snbbnse hnb¶ ayqknb
¯n kq£n¨ 1800 hÀjw ]g¡apÅ Cu tcJ hnb¶ ]m¸nckv F¶m
Wdnbs¸Sp¶Xv. 70 e£w {UmIva (tdma³ shÅn¡miv) aqeyapÅ aq¶p

10
S¬ Nc¡v apkvcnknÂ\n¶pw tdmanse AeIvkm¬{Unb XpdapJ¯v
6.
Cd¡paXn sN¿m\pÅXmWv Cu IcmÀ
shÌvGjybnse ]mÀYnb³, kÊm\nb³ kwkvImctI{µ§fpam
bpw, ]«W¯n\p _Ôap−mbncp¶psh¶v ta kqNn¸n¨ DZvJ\\¯nÂ
\n¶p e`n¨ ]¨þ\oe \nd§fnepÅ a¬]m{X¡jvW§Ä kqNn¸n¡p
¶Xmbn KthjW¯n\p t\XrXzw \ÂInb ]n.sP. sNdnbm³ tcJs¸Sp
¯p¶p. ‘Cu kwkvImc§Ä _n.kn. c−mw\qäm−p apX F.Un. Ggmw
\qäm−phsc Ct¸mgs¯ Cdm³, CdmJv, AÂta\nb, A^vLm\nØm³,
XpÀ¡n {]tZi§fn \ne\n¶hbmWv. Ggmw\qäm−n CkvemanI
kwkvImc¯nsâ hym]\t¯msS Cu {]tZi§Ä CkvemanI kzm[o\
7
¯nte¡p hcnIbp−mbn .’

tIcfhpw Atd_y³\mSpIfpw
tIcfhpambn hym]mc_Ô§fnteÀs¸«ncp¶ hntZinIfn Ad
_nIÄ¡p apJyØm\amWpÅXv. Ckvemw cwK{]thi\w sN¿p¶ F.
Un. 7þmw iXI¯n\p ap¼pXs¶ Cu _Ôw kPohambn \ne\n¶ncp¶
Xmbn Ncn{XtcJIÄ ]cntim[n¨m hyàamIpw. _n.kn. c−mw\qäm
−n\pw F.Un. \memw\qäm−n\pw CSbv¡pÅ Imew apXÂ apkvcnkv t]m
epÅ tI{µ§fpambn Ad_nIÄ hmWnPy_豈 iàam¡nbn«p−v.
Ckvemw AXnsâ Bcw`L«¯nÂXs¶ tIcf¡cbnse¯m\pw, {]Nmcw
t\Sm\pw klmbIambXv t\cs¯Xs¶bpÅ hmWnPyþkmwkvImcnI
_Ô§fmbncp¶p. bqtdm]y³amcpsS hchn\p ap¼v Ad_nIÄ, XpÀ¡n
IÄ, CuPn]vXpImÀ, FtXym]y¡mÀ, ssN\¡mÀ F¶nhÀ tIcfhpambn
_Ô§fnteÀs¸«ncps¶¦nepw C¡q«¯n Ad_nIfpambpÅ _Ôw
Gsd ]pjvSns¸Sm³ Nne ImcW§fp−v. ISÂhgn¡v tIcfXochpambn
Gähpw ASp¯pÅ cmPyw Atd_ybmbncp¶p. sX¡p]Snªmd³ Ime
hÀj¡mäpw hS¡pIng¡³ ImehÀj¡mäpw Atd_y³ Xoc¯p\n¶p
Å ]mb¡¸epIsf {]bmkw IqSmsX tIcfXocs¯¯phm\pw aS§n
t¸mIm\pw klmbIambn hÀ¯n¨ncp¶ LSIambncp¶p. F.Un.1498þse
t]mÀ¨pKokv BKa\w hscbpÅ ImeL«¯n C¯cw _豈 tIc
fobkaql¯n sNep¯nb kzm[o\w \nÀWmbIamWv.
ae_mÀXocs¯ {][m\ tI{µ§fnseÃmw BhmktI{µ§fpw,
]m−nIimeIfpw Øm]n¨p X§fpsS hym]mcw hn]peam¡m³ Ad_n

11
IÄ {i²n¨pt]m¶p. a[yImeL«¯n tIcfw kµÀin¨ hntZik©m
cnIfpsS hnhcW§fn Atd_y³hym]mc¯nsâ hym]vXnsb¡pdn¨pw
tIcf¯n AhÀ¡p−mbncp¶ kzm[o\s¯¡pdn¨pw kqNn¸n¡p¶p
−v. Xt±iobcmb kv{XoIsf hnhmlwsNbvXpsIm−v ae_mdnse {][m
\ XpdapJtI{µ§fn ØncXmakam¡pIbpw hnhn[ Atd_y³\mSpI
fpambpÅ hym]mc¯n\p Np¡m³]nSn¡pIbpw sNbvXncp¶ Ad_n
{]amWnamsc¡pdn¨v C_v\p_¯q¯ (1343) Xsâ bm{Xm¡pdn¸pIfnÂ
]cmaÀin¡p¶p−v. At±l¯nsâ hm¡pIÄ t\m¡pI: ‘tImgnt¡mSv \
Kc¯nse hym]mc¯ehsâ t]cv C{_mlnw jmlv_µÀ F¶mWv. At±
lw _lssd³Imc\mWv... temI¯nsâ \m\m`mK¯p\n¶papÅ hym]m
8
cnIÄ At±l¯nsâ ]´nbnÂ\n¶p `£Ww Ign¡p¶p.’
‘sImïv Hcp kwLw apkvenwhym]mcnIfp−v. AhcpsS t\Xmhv
9
CdmJnÂs]« BhtZi¡mc\mb Aemhp±o³ AhpPnbmWv. ’
]´emb\nbn kap{ZXoc¯pÅ PpamakvPnZnse Jmkn A½m³
Imc\msW¶pw _¯q¯ FgpXp¶p. 14, 15 \qäm−pIfn tImgnt¡mSn
s\ {]Xm]¯nsâ sImSpapSnbnse¯n¨Xv Ad_nIfpÄs¸sSbpÅ hntZ
inIfpambpÅ hmWnPy_Ô§fmbncp¶p. Cu hkvXpX _¯q¯ hnh
cn¡p¶Xn§s\bmWv: ‘temI¯nsâ hn`n¶`mK§fn \n¶pÅ {]Xn\n
[nIsf tImgnt¡m«§mSnbn ImWmw. ChnSs¯ hym]mc{]m[m\yw h
¨p t\m¡pt¼mÄ temI¯nse Gähpw {][m\amb XpdapJ§fn Xs¶
10
A{][m\aÃm¯ Øm\amWv CXn\pÅXv.’
F¶m 16þmw \qäm−nsâ Bcw`ambt¸mtgbv¡pw ØnXnKXnIÄ
amdnadnªp. KmabpsSbpw Iq«cpsSbpw hchv Atd_y³kap{Z¯n Ad
_nIÄ¡p−mbncp¶ taÂss¡ Ahkm\n¡m³ hgnsXfnbn¨p. Ad_n
¡¸epIfpw hym]mctI{µ§fpw B{Ian¡s¸SpI ]XnhmbtXmsS, tIm
gnt¡m«pw ]cnkc¯pap−mbncp¶ Ad_nhym]mcnItfsdbpw X§fpsS
Xmhf§Ä Dt]£n¨p kz´w tZi§fnte¡p aS§n. H¶c kl{km_vZ
¯ntesd \ne\n¶ tIcfhpw Ad_n\mSpIfpw X½nepÅ hmWnPyþhy
hkmb _ԧġp a§te¡m\pw, tIcfNcn{X¯nsâ Zni asämcp
hgnbnemIm\pw t]mÀ¨pKokpImcpsSbpw CXc bqtdm]y³iànIfpsS
bpw BKa\w ImcWambn.

12
 tIcfhpw Ad_n\mSpIfpw X½n a[yImeL«¯nepS\ofw \S
¶Xv tIhew hmWnPy_Ô§fmbncp¶nÃ; AsXmcp kmwkvImcnI hn\n
abw IqSnbmbncp¶p. tIcfobcpsS PohnXcoXnIÄ, aXhnizmkw, BNm
cm\pjvTm\§Ä, `mj XpS§n kwkvImc¯nsâ kakvX aÞe§sf
bpw ]cnhÀ¯\¯n\p hnt[bam¡m³ Cu _Ô¯n\p km[n¨p.

Ad_n`mjbpw kmwkvImcnIhn\nabhpw
{InkvXphÀjw BZy\qäm−pIfnÂXs¶ Ad_n, temIs¯ k¼p
11
jvS`mjbmbn amdnIgnªncp¶p. {ItaW Atd_y³\mSpIfpambn k¼
À¡¯n h¶ tZi§sfsbÃmw B `mjbpw kzm[o\n¨p. sNdpXpw hep
Xpamb \nch[n temI`mjIfn Ad_nbpsS kzm[o\w {]ISambn¡m
Wmw. {InkvXphÀjmcw`¯n\p ap¼pXs¶ bqtdm¸ntebpw Gjybnse
bpw an¡cmPy§fpambn Ad_nIÄ ]peÀ¯nt¸m¶ hym]mc_ÔamWv
B \mSpIfnse `mjIÄ¡v Ad_nbpambn k¼À¡ap−mIp¶Xn\p hgn
sXfnbn¨Xv. Hä Ad_n]Zsa¦nepw kzoIcn¨n«nÃm¯ hniz`mjIÄ hnc
12
famsW¶mWp KthjI]£w.
temI¯nse \nch[n `mjIÄ Ad_nen]n D]tbmKn¨p tcJs¸
Sp¯nhcp¶p. tdma³en]n Ignªm temI¯v Gähpw IqSpX D]tbm
K¯nencn¡p¶ en]nbmWnXv. ‘Ad_nbpsS cq]t`Z§Ä _mÄ¡³ D]
Zzo]v, D¯cm{^n¡, a[yB{^n¡, XpÀ¡n, t]Àjy, at[yjy, C´y,
Z£ntWjy, ]qÀtÆjy XpS§nb tZi§fnse `mjsbgpXm³ D]tbm
Kn¡p¶p−v. t]Àjy³, DdpZp, XpÀ¡n, ]jvSp, kzmlnen, Pmhn XpS§nb
en]nIÄ Ad_nen]nbpsS cq]t`Z§fmWv... kvs]bn\nse AÂPmanb
13
Fgp¯pcoXnbpw Ad_nbn \n¶p−mbXmWv’ . `mcXob `mjIfmb
aebmfw, lnµn, Xangv, I¶U, sXep¦v, _wKmfn, admTn, KpPdm¯n XpS
§nb `mjIfpw Ad_nen]n D]tbmKn¨p tcJs¸Sp¯p¶ k{¼Zmbw \n
ehnep−mbncp¶p. Ad_naebmfw, Ad_n¯angv XpS§nb t]cpIfn
emWv Ah Adnbs¸«ncp¶Xv. DÀZp`mjbpsS en]n cq]s¸Sp¯nbXpw
Ad_n A£c§Ä {]tbmP\s¸Sp¯nsIm−pXs¶. Ad_nbnenÃm¯
Ggp en]n am{Xsa DdpZphn A[nIambpÅq.
tIcf¯n Ad_n`mjbv¡p ssIh¶ {]NmcW¯n\v ss{IkvXh
anj\dnamcpsS tkh\hpw klmbIambn«p−v. aebmf¯nse A\y

13
`mjm]Z§sf¡pdn¨p ]T\w \S¯nb ]n.Fw. tPmk^v tcJs¸Sp¯p¶
Xn§s\bmWv: ‘BZyIme¯v tIcf¯nse¯nbncp¶ [ss{IkvXh]aX
ta[mhnIÄ t]Àjybn \nt¶m, Atd_ybn \nt¶m BWv h¶ncp¶
Xv. kpdnbm\n, \{kmWn F¶o ]Z§Ä Ad_nbn \n¶v BZm\w sN¿
s¸«hbmWv. tIcf{InkvXym\nIsf kw_Ôn¨nSt¯mfw {][m\s¸«
Cu ]Z§Ä c−pw Ad_nbn \n¶p kzoIcn¡¯¡h®w B `mjbp
14
ambn AhcpsS k¼À¡w kPohambncp¶p.’
Cw¥ojnse sandal(Nµ\w) tamarid(]pfn) XpS§nb ]Z§fpw Ad
_nbn \n¶pw kzoIcn¨hbmWv. tIcf¯n \n¶p ]pfnbpw Nµ\hpw
Ad_nIÄ sIm−pt]mbn bqtdm]y³It¼mf§fn hnäncp¶p. Ad_n
bn shäne, tX§, Acn F¶nhsb kqNn¸n¡m\p]tbmKn¡p¶ Xw_q
 (Xmw_qew), \mdPo (\mcnbÂ/\mfntIcw), AdpÊv (Acnin/ Acn)
F¶nhbnepw Cu hmWnPy_Ô¯nsâ ap{ZIÄ sXfnªpInS¸p−v.

Ad_nbpw, a[yImetIcfhpw
a[yImeL«¯n Hcp BtKmf hn\nab`mj F¶ \nebn Ad
_n sNep¯nbncp¶ kzm[o\w hyàam¡p¶ \nch[n sXfnhpIÄ C¶p
\½psS ap¶nep−v. 1498þ tImgnt¡ms«¯nb t]mÀ¨pKokv \mhnI³
hmkvtImUKma kmaqXncn cmPmhn\p \ÂInb I¯v Ad_n`mjbnepÅ
15
Xmbncp¶p . t]mÀ¨pKense am\ph cmPmhv kmaqXncn¡p \ÂIm\mbn
Kmahiw sImSp¯b¨ I¯mWnXv.
tIcf¯nse sshhn[yamÀ¶ kkyeXmZnIsf¡pdn¨v U¨p KhÀ
Wdmbncp¶ sl³dn hm³doUnsâ \nÀt±i{]Imcw X¿mdm¡nb tlmÀ
¯qkv C³Un¡pkv ae_mdn¡pkvv F¶ {KÙ¯n\p tIcfNcn{X¯nÂ
{]tXyIØm\ap−v. A¨Sn¨ aebmfen]n BZyambn {]Xy£s¸Sp¶Xv
1678þ1703 Imebfhn BwÌÀUman \n¶p {]kn²oIcn¨ Cu {KÙ
¯nemWv. hnhn[ kkyeXmZnIfpsS t]cpIÄ aebmfw, emän³, sIm¦n
Wn F¶nhtbmsSm¸w Ad_n`mjbnepw Cu IrXnbn A¨Sn¨ncn¡p
¶p. ]mÝmXycpsS taÂt\m«¯n X¿mdm¡nb Cu {KÙ¯n aebmf
s¯t¸mse Ad_nbpw ]cnKWn¡s¸«p F¶ hkvXpX, A¡me¯v Ad
_n`mjbv¡p kn²n¨ncp¶ {]m[m\yw hyàam¡p¶p−v.

14
 Hcp tIcfob³ cNn¨ BZy tIcfNcn{X{KÙw F¶ JymXn, 16þmw
\qäm−n Pohn¨ {]apJ tIcfob]ÞnX\mb ssiJvssk\p±o³aJvZqw
(acWw:{In.h.1583) cNn¨ ‘Xplv^¯p apPmlnZo³’ F¶ Ad_n{KÙ
¯n\mWv. t]mÀ¨pKokv Imes¯ tIcfobPohnXs¯bpw {]Xntcm[
s¯bpw Hcp ]cn[ntbmfw kXykÔambn BhnjvIcn¡p¶ IrXnbm
WnXv. t]mÀ¨pKokpImÀ tIcf¯n ]peÀ¯nt¸m¶ a\pjyXzclnX
amb kao]\§Ä temI{i²bn sIm−phcm³, BtKmf`mjbmb Ad
_n am[yaam¡p¶Xp hgn km[n¡psa¶v ssk\p±o³ a\Ênem¡nbn
cp¶p. AXpt]mse, efnXhpw lrZyhpamb aebmfssienbn ‘aplvbn
±o³ame’ (1607) F¶ `ànImhyw cNn¨ Jmkn apl½Zv Xsâ ‘^XvlpÂ
ap_o³’ F¶ {]uVImhyapÄs¸sSbpÅ {][m\IrXnIsfÃmw cNn¨
Xpw Ad_nbn Xs¶bmbncp¶p.
15, 16 \qäm−pIfn tIcf¯nsâ kmaqlnIþcmjv{SobaÞe§
fn Ad_n `mj¡p−mbncp¶ Øm\w apIfn kqNn¸n¨ hkvXpXI
fn \ns¶Ãmw hyàamhp¶p−v. aebmf¯n {]Npc{]Nmcw kn²n¨
aqhmbnct¯mfw Ad_n]Z§fnepw, ssienIfnepw, Øe\ma§fnep
saÃmw Ad_n`mjmk¼À¡¯nsâ ap{ZIÄ ASbmfs¸«pInS¡p¶p. DZm
lcW§tfm, hniZoIcW§tfm BhiyanÃm¯hn[w Ahsb \mw
kzmwioIcn¨p Ignªn«p−v.
tIcfhpw Atd_y³D]`qJÞhpw X½n {]mNo\Imew apXÂ
\ne\n¶ncp¶ I¨hS_豈 kmaqlnIþkmwkvImcnIaWvUe§fn
te¡pw hym]n¨p. Ggmw\qäm−n Atd_ybn ]pXnsbmcp aXkwlnX
hnImkw {]m]n¡p¶Xn\p ap¼pXs¶ Atd_y³\mSpIfn \ne\n¶ncp
¶ hnizmkmNmc§Ä ]cnanXamb tXmXnemsW¦nepw C´y¡mcn kzm
[o\w sNep¯nbncp¶Xmbn Nq−n¡mWn¡s¸Sp¶p. ‘KpPdm¯nse {]
kn²amb tkma\mYt£{Xw Atd_ybnse ‘AÂa\m¯v’ F¶ hn{Kl
16
¯n\pth−n kaÀ¸n¡s¸«XmsW¶v sdmanemYm¸À Is−¯nbn«p−v’ .
AjvSmwKlrZb¯nsâ IÀ¯mhmb hmKv`S³ Hcp apl½Zob ]ÞnX
\n \n¶v BbpÀthZw ]Tn¨ tijamWv AXp tcJs¸Sp¯nbsX¶v
sFXnlyamebn ImWmw. {_mÒWÀ¡nSbn BbpÀthZ]ÞnX·mÀ
BcpanÃmsXhcnIbpw apl½ZobÀ¡nSbn AXn\n]pW·mcmb \nc

15
 17
h[nt]À D−mbncn¡pIbpw sNbvX kµÀ`¯nembncp¶pht{X AXv.
i_cnaebnse A¿¸s\¡pdn¨pÅ ]pcmhr¯¯nepw, At±l¯nsâ
kplr¯mbn Hcp apkvenw IYm]m{XwþhmhÀ IS¶phcp¶p−v. Ad_nþ
apkvenw ]mc¼cyhpambn \½psS \mSn\p−mbncp¶ Dujvafamb kulr
Z_豈 C¯cw an¯pIfn sXfnªpImWmw.

Ckvemansâ BhnÀ`mhw tIcf¯nÂ

ta kqNn¸n¨ _Ô§fpsS ^eambn apl½Zv\_nbpsS Ime¯p
Xs¶ CkvemanIZÀi\w tIcf¯n {]Ncn¡m³ XpS§nbXmbn A\p
am\n¡mhp¶XmWv. C´ybn \n¶ph¶ Hcp cmPmhv C©n \nd¨ Hcp
`cWn {]hmNI\v k½m\n¨Xmbpw, At±lw AXp Xsâ A\pNc·mÀ¡n
18
Sbn ]¦ph¨Xmbpw lZokv {KÙ§fnep−v . ]e {]hmNIhN\§fn
epw C´y ]cmaÀihnt[bamIp¶pap−v.
sImSp§ÃqÀ tIµam¡n `cWw \S¯nbncp¶ Hcp cmPmhv (]Ån
_mWs¸cpamÄ) kntemWnse BZwae F¶ t]cnednbs¸Sp¶ XoÀ°m
S\ tI{µ¯nte¡v t]mIp¶ Atd_y³k©mcnIfn \n¶p {]hmNI
s\¡pdn¨p a\Ênem¡nbXmbpw, AhÀ aS§nt¸mIpt¼mÄ AhtcmsSm
¸w ]pds¸« At±lw {]hmNIk¶n[nbnse¯nt¨À¶Xmbpw hnizkn¡
s¸Sp¶p.
tIcf¯nse GI apkvenwcmPhwiamb I®qÀ Ad¡Âhwi¯n
sâ DÛhw lnPvd H¶mwiXI¯nemsW¶v ({In.h.GgmwiXIw) Icp
Xm³ \ymbap−v. Cu cmPhwi¯nsâXmbn e`n¨n«pÅ Nne \mWb§
19
fn lnPvd 31, 35, 161 F¶o hÀj§Ä tcJs¸Sp¯nImWp¶p .
lnPvd BZy\qäm−n Xs¶ tIcf¯n Ckvemw {]Ncn¨psh¶
Xn\v Dt]mXv_eIamb sXfnhpIÄ thsdbpap−v. I®qcnse amSmbn¸
ÅnbpsS ap³hi¯pÅ amÀ_nÄ ^eI¯n ‘lnPvdþ21 dP_vþ11’ F¶v
tcJs¸Sp¯nbncn¡p¶p. AXpt]mse ImkÀtKmUvPpamakvPnZnsâ Xpem
¯n sIm¯nbn«pÅ Ad_nenJnX¯n lnPvd 22 dP_v 12 Xn¦fmgvN
{]kvXpX]ÅnbpsS \nÀ½mWw ]qÀ¯nbmsb¶pw ImWp¶p. {ioIrjvW
]pcw PpamakvPnZnsâ kao]¯pÅ asämcp inem^eI¯n {]hmNI
sâ klNmcnbmbncp¶ AZn¿v_v\p lm¯nw, 200 A\pbmbnItfmsSm¸w
I®qcnepw {ioIWvT]pc¯pw anj\dn{]hÀ¯\§fn hym]rX\mbn

16
cns¡, lnPvdþ74þÂ CltemIhmkw shSnªXmbn BteJ\w sNbvXn
20
«p−v . tImgnt¡mSv PnÃbnse ]´emb\n sImïpÅ a¿¯v Ip¶nÂ
ImWp¶ kvamcIineIfnsem¶n lnPvd 166  (F.Un. 788) ]ctemIw
{]m]n¨ Aen _v\p DXÀam³ F¶v tcJs¸Sp¯nbn«pÅXmbn 1912þÂ ae
21
_mÀ KkänbÀ X¿mdm¡nb kn.F. C¶nkv Nq−n¡mWn¡p¶p−v. Da
¿ Jeo^amcpsS({In.h.661þ750) Imes¯ \mepkzÀ®\mWb§Ä tImX
22
awKe¯p \n¶pw I−pIn«nbn«p−v .
Ggmw\qäm−nÂXs¶ ae_mdn Ckvemw {]Nmcwkn²n¨ncp¶
Xmbn ssiJvssk\p±osâ Xplv^¯p apPmlnZo³ Cw¥ojnte¡p hnh
À¯\w sNbvX due³k¬, sÌtdm¡v F¶o Cw¥ojvNcn{XImc·mcpw
hyàam¡p¶p. Ad_nþt]Àjy³I¨hS¡mÀ A¡me¯v C´ybpsS ]Sn
ªmsd Xoc§fnepÅ FÃm XpdapJ]«W§fnepw ØncXmakam¡nbn
cp¶psh¶pw, C´y³ kv{XoIsf hnhmlw sNbvXncp¶psh¶pw sÌtdm¡v
23
tcJs¸Sp¯p¶p . {]mNo\Ime¯v Ad_nIÄ¡nSbn \ne\n¶ncp¶
‘apAv¯’ F¶ Xm¡menI hnhmlk{¼Zmbhpw, tIcfobh\nXIfp
ambn IpSpw__Ôw ]peÀ¯m³ AhÀ¡p klmbIambn hÀ¯n¨ncp
¶p.

JemknamcpsS km¶n²yw
{]mNo\tIcf¯n hntZihmWnPy¯nsâ ^eambn \nehnÂh¶
XpdapJtZi§fn Ad_nIÄ hmkapd¸n¨tXmsSbmWv ]n¡me¯v
am¸nfamÀ F¶p hnfn¨pt]m¶ apkvenwP\hn`mKw cq]wsImÅp¶Xv. Ad
_nIÄ C¶m«nse kv{XoIsf hnhmlwsN¿pI hgnbp−mb k¦chn`mK
amWnhÀ F¶p IcpXs¸Sp¶p. tIcf¯nsâ Nne XoctZi§fn {]mNo
\ImewapXte A[nhkn¨p hcp¶ JemknamcpsS DXv]¯nbpambpw C
Xn\v _Ôap−mhWw. tImgnt¡mSn\Sp¯ t_¸qcnepw, I®qcnse hf
]«W¯psaÃmw kPohkm¶n[yadnbn¨ncp¶ Hcp sXmgnÂIq«amWv Jem
knamÀ. henb Dcp¡fpw t_m«pIfpsaÃmw ISenend¡p¶Xn Akmam
\y]mShw {]ISn¸n¡p¶ ChcpsS tkh\w, {_n«ojvImeL«¯n sdbn
Âth]me§fpsS \nÀ½mW¯n\pw hyhkmbØm]\§fn `mctadnb
b{´`mK§Ä Øm]n¡p¶Xn\psaÃmw {]tbmP\s¸Sp¯nbncp¶p. IS
en ap§p¶ I¸epIfpw t_m«pIfpw Ic¡Sp¸n¡m\pw ChÀ¡p {]tXy

17
I sshZKv[yap−v. Jemkn F¶ ]Z¯nsâ aqecq]amb ‘Jekv’ F¶
Ad_n]Z¯n\v Idp¸pw shfp¸pw IqSn IqSn¡eÀ¶h³ F¶ AÀ°
ap−v. Ad_n]nXmhnsâbpw tIcfobamXmhnsâbpw icochÀWt¯
bmWv Cu ]Zw hyRvPn¸n¡p¶Xv.

am¸nfi_vZ¯nsâ \njv]¯n
ae_mdnse apkvenwIsf Ipdn¡m³ D]tbmKn¡p¶ am¸nf F¶
]Z¯nsâ \njv]¯nsb¡pdn¨p KthjIÀ GIm`n{]mb¡mcÃ. ae_m
dn\p ]pd¯v, aäp {]tZi§fnse apkvenwIsf Cu ]ZwsIm−p hyhlcn
¡mdnÃ. ]pdta \n¶p ae_mdnte¡p IpSntbdnb apkvenwIÄ Ct¸mgpw
aäp t]cpIfnemWdnbs¸Sp¶Xv. ]me¡mSv, tImb¼¯qÀ XpS§nb Ø
e§fn \ns¶¯nb XangvamXr`mj¡mcmb apkvenwIsf ‘dmhp¯À’ F
¶pw, IÀ®mSIbn \n¶ph¶ DÀZpamXr`mjbmbpÅhsc ‘]TmWn’sb
¶pw hnfn¡p¶Xv DZmlcWw. XncphnXmwIqdnse ss{IkvXhsc ‘\{km
Wnam¸nf’sb¶pw, blqZsc ‘PqXam¸nf’ F¶pw hnfn¨ph¶ncp¶psh
¦nepw ae_mdn apkvenwIfpsS t]cnemWv Hcp kmapZmbnIkwÚ
bmbn ]n¡me¯v CXp cqVaqeambXv.
‘]pdsa \n¶ph¶v hntZihym]mchpambn _Ôs¸«p {]hÀ¯n¨
hsc am¸nfamcmbn IcpXp¶Xv ]gb ]XnhmsW¶pw, \{kmWnbpw PqX
\pw GsdbnÃm¯ hS¡³`mK§fn thÀXncnt¡− {]iv\anÃm¯Xn
\m apkvenwIsf ‘am¸nf’ F¶pam{Xw hnfn¨pt]m¶p F¶pw IcpXm
24
sa¶v’ Fw. KwKm[c³ A`n{]mbs¸Sp¶p−v.
C_v\p_¯q¯bpsStbm AXn\pap¼pÅ k©mcnIfpsStbm Ip
dn¸pIfnsem¶pw apkvenwIsf ]camÀin¡p¶nS¯v Cu {]tbmKw ImWm
¯Xn\m 14þmw \qäm−n\pap¼v AXp {]Nmc¯nensöv A\pam\n¡mw.
F¶m 16þmw \qäm−nsâ Bcw`¯nepff H¶pwc−pw ZiI§
fn 15 hÀjt¯mfw tIcf¯nep−mbncp¶ ZphmÀs¯ _Àt_mk F¶
t]mÀ¨pKokpImc³ FgpXnb {KÙ¯n (The book of Duarte Barbosa)
ae_mdnet§mfant§mfw apkvenwIÄ [mcmfaps−¶pw Cu \m«pImÀ
Ahsc am¸nfamÀ (Mapulers) F¶p hnfn¡p¶psh¶pw hyàambn tcJ
25
s¸Sp¯nbn«p−v. GItZiw 1518þemWv CXnsâ cN\.

18
 Cu i_vZ¯nsâ \njv]¯nsb¡pdn¨v hyXykvXho£W§Ä
\ne\n¡p¶ps−¦nepw ‘aIfpsS `À¯mhv’ F¶ AÀ°¯nepÅ Xangv
i_vZ¯nsâ (am¸nssf) XÛhamWsX¶v A\pam\n¡p¶XmWv bpàn
klw. I¨hSmhiymÀ°tam, aX{]t_m[\mÀ°tam ChnsSsb¯nbh
cn `qcn`mKhpw, AhÀ GXp hn`mK¡mcmbmepw Xt±iobcmb kv{Xo
Isf hnhmlw Ign¨p tIcf¯n ØncXmakam¡nbhcmWv. A{]Imcw
tIcfobcmb s]¬Ip«nIfpsS `À¯m¡·mcmbhsc ‘am¸nf’sb¶p hnfn
¨ncn¡m\nSbp−v.
ae_mdnse apkvenwIfpsS hyhlmc`mjbn am¸nf, ]pXpam¸nf
XpS§nb i_vZ§Ä `À¯mhv, aIfpsS `À¯mhv F¶o AÀ°§fnemWv
Ct¸mgpw {]tbmKn¨phcp¶Xv. Xangv`mjtbmSpw kwkvImct¯mSpw a[y
Ime apkvenwIÄ¡p−mbncp¶ k¼À¡w Cu ]Zw BZm\w sN¿p¶Xn\v
klmbIambncn¡mw.

Ad_naebmfw, DXv]¯nbpw hnImkhpw

Ad_naebmfw
\qäm−pItfmfw tIcfobapkvenwIfpsS `uXnIhpw Bßobhp
amb hyhlmc§fpsSbpw, kÀKmßIamb BhnjvImc§fpsSbpw am[y
aambn hÀ¯n¨ `mjmcq]amWv Ad_naebmfw. Ad_nbnenÃm¯Xpw
aebmf¯n ImWp¶Xpamb kz\na§sf¡qSn tcJs¸Sp¯mhp¶hn[w
Ad_nen]namebn Nne ]cnjvImc§Ä hcp¯n, AXp]tbmKn¨p ae
bmfw FgpXp¶ k{¼ZmbamWnXv. Ad_naebmf¯n kmlnXyIrXnI
fp−mhp¶Xn\p ap¼pXs¶ _wKmfn, Xangv apXemb `mjIÄ Ad_n
en]nkt¦Xw D]tbmKn¨p tcJs¸Sp¯nbncp¶Xmbn Nne KthjIÀ
A\pam\n¡p¶p−v.

Ad_n¯angpw _wKmfnbpw
{]Ya Ad_naebmfImhyambn ]cnKWn¨phcp¶ aplvbn±o³ ame
(1607)bpsS IÀ¯mhv Jmkn apl½Znsâ Ime¯pXs¶ Ad_n¯angv km
lnXyw k¼pjvSambn¯oÀ¶ncp¶p. Ad_n¯angvIhnIfmb D½À ]pe

19
hÀ, koX¡men ac¡mÀ, X¡e ]oÀapl½Zv kmln_v, kZJ¯pÅm
26
ln Kmlncn XpS§nb {]apJÀ At±l¯nsâ kaImenIcmWv. XangI
s¯ tImdaÞÂ {]tZi¯v {]Nmc¯nencp¶ `àn{][m\amb tImÀh
Isf amXrIbm¡nbmWv aplvbn±o³ame cNn¡p¶Xv. ‘tImÀh CsXms¡
bpw t\m¡nsbSpt¯mhÀ’ F¶ Imhy¯nse {]tbmKw CXnte¡p hnc
 Nq−p¶p−v. aplvbn±o³amebpsS cN\bv¡p ap¼pXs¶ Ad_n¯an
gn IrXnIfp−mbn«p−v. h®¡f©nb]pehcpsS ‘Bamcw akme’
F¶ Ad_n¯angvImhy¯nsâ cN\mImew {InkvXphÀjw 1572þBsW
27
¶v tXm¸n apl½Zv aocm³ Nq−n¡mWn¡p¶p. F¶m Ad_nae
bmf¯nse ame¸m«pImÀ¡p amÀKZÀiIamb XangIs¯ ‘amsseIÄ’
F¶mWmcw`n¨sX¶p hyàaÃ. 14þmw \qäm−ntesX¶p IcpXs¸Sp¶
Hcp eLpIrXn (]Äk´vamsse)Is−¯nbn«p−v. F«p sNdnb JÞ§
fpÅ Cu Imhyw AÚmXIÀ¯rIamWv.
Ad_naebmf ]ZykmlnXy¯nse {]apJimJbmb ]S¸m«pIÄ
¡pw, Ad_n¯angpambn _Ôap−v. a[pckztZin hcnssk aplvb±o³
]pehÀ lnPvd 1098þÂ (F.Un 1686)þÂ cNn¨ IrXnbmWv kJqw ]ssS
t¸mÀ. am¸nf¸m«pIfpsS CiepIsfbpw {]mkhyhØsbbpw KWyambn
kzm[o\n¨ Ad_naebmfImhyamb kJpw ]S¸m«v, kJpw ]ssSt¸m
dnsâ Bibm\phmZamWv. aplvbn±o³ame cNn¡s¸« AtX \qäm−nem
Wv Cu IrXnbpw FgpXnbn«pÅXv.
hnhn[ C´y³þAd_n`mjIfnep−mb kmlnXyIrXnIfn Adn
bs¸«nSt¯mfw BZy IrXnbp−mbXv Ad_nþ_wKmfnbnemsW¶v C.
Fw. lJv FUnäp sNbvX ‘apkvenw _w¥mkmlnXyw’ F¶ IrXnsb D²
cn¨v _meIrjvW³ hÅn¡p¶v A`n{]mbs¸Sp¶p. 1513þÂ k¿nZv kpÂ
28
¯m³ cNn¨ ‘\_nhwi’ ImhyamWv {]kvXpX IrXn.
aplvbn±o³ame¡v (1607) ap¼v Ad_n¯angnepw, Ad_n_wKmfn
bnepw IrXnIÄ cNn¡s¸«n«p−v F¶ÃmsX, C¯cwhkvXpXIsf B[m
cam¡n {]kvXpX cN\IÄ¡p ap¼v Ad_naebmf `mjtbm, kmlnXy
tam cq]s¸«n«nà F¶ \nKa\¯nse¯m\mhnÃ. cN\mImew IrXnbnÂ
Xs¶ ]cmaÀin¡s¸«Xn\m aplvbn±o³amebpsS ImeKW\ IrXyam
bn \nÀWbn¡m³ Ignbp¶p−v. CXns\ A\pIcn¨p−mb ]n¡me

20
ameIfnepw, sshZycptSXpÄs¸sSbpÅ Ad_naebmfImhy§fnepw,
{KÙIÀ¯mhnsâ t]cpw, Imehpw Imhy¯n Xs¶ tcJs¸Sp¯p¶
kz`mhw ImWmw.
Cu hn[apÅ ]cmaÀi§tfm kqN\Itfm Csænepw `mjm]c
amb khntijXIÄ ]cnKWn¡pt¼mÄ aplvbn±o³amebv¡p ap¼v cNn
¡s¸«Xmhm³ km[yXbpÅ Nne ]m«pIfp−v. AÚmXIÀ¯rI§
fmb Cu Km\§fn Bßobkz`mhapÅhbpw AÃm¯hbpw ImWmw.

Ad_naebmf¯nsâ BhnÀ`mhw
C´ymD]`qJWvU¯n CkvemanIktµiw BZysa¯pIbpw,
Bcm[\meb§fpw Ah tI{µoIcn¨pÅ kwLPohnXhpw BZyw cq]s¸
SpIbpw sNbvX \mSv F¶ \nebn tIcf¯n\p {]tXyI {]m[m\yap−v.
C´ybnse {]Ya apkvenw]ffn Øm]n¡s¸«Xv sImSp§Ãqcmbncp¶
tÃm. lnPvd BZy\qäm−n Xs¶ sX¡³ sImÃw, Ggnae, amSmbn,
{ioIWvTm]pcw, [À½Sw, ]´emb\n, Nmenbw, ImkÀtKmUv XpS§nb
Øe§fn ]ÅnIÄ \nÀ½n¡s¸«n«p−v.
Atd_y³\mSpIfpambn ]pcmX\Imew apXte tIcf¯n\p−m
bncp¶ hym]mcþhmWnPy _Ô§Ä, aX{]t_m[\mÀ°w ChnsSsb
¯nb BZyIme apkvenw]ÞnX·mÀ¡v KpWIcambn `hn¨p. Atd_y³
hÀ¯IÀ¡p e`n¨ AwKoImchpw kmaqlnI]Zhnbpw aX{]t_m[IÀ
¡pw e`n¨p. F.Un. 849þse Xcnkm¸Ån imk\¯n ImWp¶ Ad_n
29
t]cpIfpw kmaqXncnbpsS D]tZiI·mcmbn tImgnt¡ms« Jmknamsc
\nban¨XmbpÅ tcJIfpsaÃmw BZyImeapkvenwIÄ¡p e`n¨ AwKo
Imc¯n\p sXfnhmWv.
C§s\ aXþkmaqlnI aÞe§fn AØnhmcapd¸n¨psIm−v
tIcf¯nsâ XoctZi§Ä tI{µoIcn¨p hfÀ¶ph¶ apkvenwIÄ {]_e
hn`mKambn amdn. alÃpIÄ F¶ t]cn ]ÅnIÄ tI{µoIcn¨p hnizm
knIfpsS Iq«mbva cq]s¸«p.
aebmfw Hcp kzX{´`mjbmbn cq]s¸Sp¶Xv, F.Un. H¼Xmw \q
äm−nt\mSSp¯mWv. hs«gp¯v, tImsegp¯v XpS§nb en]ncq]§Ä DS
seSp¡m\pw, Ahbv¡p {]Nmcwkn²n¡m\pw ]ns¶bpw \qäm−pIÄ Ign
tb−n h¶p. hnizmkmNmc§fpsS `mKambn aXkw_Ôamb hnj
b§Ä ]Tn¡m\pw a\Ênem¡m\pw ae_mdnse apkvenwIÄ¡v, X§

21
fpsS amXr`mjbv¡v Hcp en]n A\nhmcyambncp¶p. Cu ]Ým¯e¯nÂ
BZyIme apkvenw]ÞnX·mÀ cq]s¸Sp¯nb teJ\k{¼ZmbamWv Ad
_naebmfw. aX{]t_m[¯nt\m, hym]mcmhiy¯nt\m ChnsSsb¯nb
hntZi apkvenwIfpw CXn ]¦phln¨n«p−v. Ad_nIÄ sNs¶¯nb
aäp tZi§fnepw kam\amb teJ\k{¼Zmbw cq]s¸Sp¯nbn«p−v.
thZ{KÙamb JpÀB³ Ad_nbnembXn\mÂ, km[mcW¡mcmb
hnizmknIÄ¡nSbnÂt]mepw B `mjbv¡v khntijamb Øm\w ssI
h¶ncp¶p. JpÀB³ ]mcmbW¯n\pw aäp BNmcm\pjvTm\§Ä¡pw
Ad_n`mjm]T\w A\nhmcyambXn\m \nÀ_Ô_p²ym AXp ]Tn¡p
¶Xnepw ]Tn¸n¡p¶Xnepw Bcw`Imew apXte, apkvenwIÄ _²{i²
cmbncp¶p. C§s\ kzmb¯am¡p¶ Ad_nen]n D]tbmKn¨p Xs¶,
X§fpsS amXr`mjbpw FgpXmsa¶p h¶Xv hensbmcp kuIcy ambn
A\p`hs¸«p. aX]camb Bhiy§Ä¡mWv XpS¡¯n CXp {]tbmP
\s¸Sp¯nbncp¶sX¦nepw, {ItaW aäp hyhlmcaÞe§fnte¡pw
hym]n¨p. Bßob{K٧ġp ]pdsa sshÚm\nIhpw kÀKmßIhp
amb cN\Ifpw Zn\]{X§fpw B\pImenI§fpsaÃmw ]n¡me¯v
Ad_naebmf¯n [mcmfambn {]kn²oIcn¡s¸«p. aebmf en]n
]cnNbs¸Sp¶XneqsS Hcp aebmfn¡v ssIhcp¶ an¡ {]tbmP\§fpw
Ad_naebmf]T\¯neqsS Xs¶ km[yamIp¶Xn\m 20þmw \qäm
−nsâ XpS¡whsc apkvenwIÄ aebmf]T\¯n henb Xmev]cyw
{]ISn¸n¨ncp¶nÃ. tIcfobs]mXpkaql¯n hfsc Ipdª km£
cXmiXam\w \ne\n¶ncp¶ Ignª \qäm−nsâ {]mcw`Zibn Xs¶,
asämcp en]nkt¦Xw D]tbmKn¨msW¦nepw X§fpsS amXr`mj Fgp
Xm\pw hmbn¡m\pw ae_mdnse apgph³ apkvenwIÄ¡pw km[n¨ncp¶p.
Ad_naebmf¯n {]kn²oIcn¨ A¿mbnct¯mfw IrXnIfpw
AkwJyw B\pImenI§fpw k¼qÀWkm£cX ssIhcn¨ Hcp kaql
¯nsâ hfÀ¨sb kqNn¸n¡p¶p. tambn³Ip«nsshZysct¸mepÅ {]Xn`m
imenIÄ AhcpsS cN\IÄ Ad_naebmf¯n {]kn²oIcn¨Xnsâ
ImcWanXmWv.
B[p\nI hnZym`ymk {]NmcW¯nepw, kmaqlnI ]cnjvIcW
kwcw`§fnepw ap³\ncbnep−mbncp¶ h¡w auehnbpw(1873þ 1932),
aàn X§fpw(1847þ1912) aebmft¯msSm¸w Ad_naebmf¯nsâbpw
km[yXIÄ {]tbmP\s¸Sp¯nbhcmWv. sI.cmaIrjvW]nÅbpsS

22
]{Xm[n]Xy¯n ]pd¯nd¡nb kztZim`nam\nbpsS DSaØ\mbncp¶
h¡w auehn, ‘apkvenw’ (1906), ‘Zo]nI’ (1931) F¶o t]cpIfn aebmf
¯nepw, ‘A Ckvemw’ (1917) F¶ t]cn Ad_naebmf¯nepw amkn
IIÄ {]kn²oIcn¨ncp¶p. hnhÀ¯\§fpw, kzX{´cN\Ifpambn ae
bmf¯nepw Ad_naebmf¯nepw \nch[n {KÙ§fpw, teJ\§fpw
At±l¯ntâXmbp−v. ]ptcmKa\ImgvN¸mSpIfn Du¶n\n¶psIm−v
Ad_naebmf¯nepw aebmf¯nepw Hcpt]mse cN\ \S¯nb aàn
X§Ä amXr`mjmhnZym`ymk¯n\v {]tXyI {]m[m\yw \ÂIn. At±lw
cNn¨ ‘ItTmc IpTmc’amWv (1884)Hcp aebmfnapkvenw aebmf¯n cNn
¨ BZy{KÙw. bqtdm]y³anj\dnamcpsS Ckvemw hnaÀi\§Ä¡p adp
]Sn F¶ \nebnemWv Cu {KÙw cNn¡p¶Xv. A{]IminX§fmb Ggp
cN\IÄ DÄs¸sS 36 aebmf{KÙ§fpsS IÀ¯mhmb aàn X§Ä
‘Ckvemapw acpa¡¯mbhpw’, ‘XAveoap CJvhm³’, ‘apAÃnap CJv
hm³’ F¶o Ad_naebmf IrXnIfptSbpw cNbnXmhmWv. ‘kXy{]Im
iw’ (1899), ‘]tcm]Imcn’ (1885) F¶o aebmfamknIÄs¡m¸w ‘Xplv^
¯p AJvbmÀ h lnZmb¯p AivdmÀ’(1894) F¶ Ad_naebmf
B\pImenI¯nsâ ]{Xm[n]Øm\hpw At±lw hln¨ncp¶p.

]g¡w
Ad_naebmfw GXpIme¯mWp cq]s¸«sX¶v B[nImcnIamb
sXfnhpIfpsS shfn¨¯n kYm]n¡s¸«n«nÃ. 600apX 1200hsc hÀ
js¯ ]g¡w Cu imJ¡pÅXmbn KthjIÀ ]dbp¶p. {]mNo\ imk
\§tfm, {]amW§tfm e`yaÃ. ]pcmX\ ]ÅnItfmS\p_Ôn¨p ImWp
¶ enJnX§sfÃmw ]qÀWambpw Ad_nbnepÅXmWpXm\pw.
am¸nf¸m«ns\ ]cmaÀin¡p¶nS¯v ‘Ahbn {]mNo\§fmbpÅh
bv¡v Adp\qdv sImÃs¯sb¦nepw ]g¡w ImWWsa¶mWv A`nÚ³
30
amcpsS ]£sa¶v’ DÅqÀ {]kvXmhn¡p¶p−v. {In.h. 15þmw \qäm−n\p
tijamWv Ad_naebmfap−mbsX¶mWv _meIrjvW³ hÅn¡p¶n
sâ A\pam\w. ‘Ad_naebmfen]n tIcf¯n hym]Iamhp¶Xv ]Ån
ItfmS\p_Ôn¨pÅ aX]T\tI{µ§fmb ZÀkpIfpsS Bcw`t¯msS
bmWv. tIcf¯n BZy ZÀkv ae¸pdwPnÃbnse Xm\qÀ henbIpf§c

23
]Ånbn ln. 670þepw ({In.h. 1272) c−mas¯ ZÀkv ln. 785 ({In. h
1383)Â tImgnt¡mSv Ipän¨nd PpamA¯v ]Ånbnepw XpS§nsb¶v’ At±
31
lw ]dbp¶p.
ZÀkpIfpsS hym]\w Ad_naebmf¯nsâ {]Nmc¯n\v B¡w
Iq«nbncn¡mw F¶ÃmsX AXnsâ XpS¡w, en]nbpsS {]mcw`ambn Im
Wm³ h¿. Fgp¯phnZy Bcw`n¨ kµÀ`¯n Xs¶ Ah ]Tn¸n¡p¶
tI{µ§fpap−mhWw F¶p IcpXn¡qSm. BZys¯ ZÀkpIÄ ta¸d
ªhbmsW¶v Øm]n¡p¶Xn\pÅ hnizk\ob tcJIfpw e`yamtI−
Xp−v. JpÀB³]T\w, ]mcmbWw F¶nhbv¡v BZyImew apXte,
{]tXyI {]m[m\yw Iev]n¨ncp¶ P\hn`mK¯n\nSbnÂ, At©m, Btdm
\qäm−pIÄ¡ptijamWv teJ\hnZy {]Nmc¯nembsX¶v hnNmcn¡m
\pw {]bmkap−v. aebmfw kzX{´`mjbmbn cq]s¸« {In.h.9þmw \qäm
−n\p tijw A[nIw sshImsX Ad_naebmfw cq]s¸«Xmbn A\pam
\n¡p¶hcp−v. ‘Nne Ncn{XhkvXpXIÄ h¨pt\m¡pt¼mÄ H¼Xmw
\qäm−ntem, 10þmw \qäm−nsâ Bcw`¯ntem Xs¶ Ad_naebmfw DS
32
seSp¯n«ps−¶mWv’ H. B_phnsâ ]£w.
Ad_nen]n {]Xy£s¸Sp¶ BZy tIcfobtcJbmb F.Un. 849þ
se Xcnkm¸Ån imk\¯n km£nIfmbn tNÀ¯ncn¡p¶hÀ Ad_n
en]nbn t]scgpXn H¸n«Xp ImWmw. tIcf¯n hmkapd¸n¨ hntZio
bcmb hÀ¯I{]apJcmhWw Cu km£nIÄ. Ad_nteJ\hnZy hiam
bncp¶ C¯cw hyànIfn \n¶pw, BZyIme apkvenw Bcm[\meb
§fn ]ptcmlnX³amcmsb¯nb hntZiobcnÂ\n¶pw Xt±iobapkv
enwIÄ Fgp¯p ]cnioen¨p. JpÀB³]mcmbW¯n\pw CXc A\pjvTm
\§Ä¡pw AXv A\nhmcyambncp¶pXm\pw. X§Ä ]cnioen¸n¨ ]pXn
b en]nkt¦Xhpap]tbmKn¨v XangIt¯bpw tIcf¯ntebpw hnizmkn
IÄ AhcpsS amXr`mj tcJs¸Sp¯n¯pS§n. aX{]t_m[\mÀ°w h¶
apkvenwanjWdnamÀ AXnsâ km[yXIÄ Xncn¨dnªv AXns\ t{]mÕm
ln¸n¡pIbpw sNbvXp.
C¯cw kmlNcy§Ä ]cnKWn¡pt¼mÄ tIcf¯nepw Xangv\m
«nse Nne tI{µ§fnepw apkvenw kmaqlnIPohnXw iàn{]m]n¨ 12, 13
\qäm−pIfn Ad_naebmfhpw, Ad_n¯angpw {]Nmc¯n h¶ncp
¶Xmbn A\pam\n¡mhp¶XmWv.

24
kzX{´`mjmhmZw
\nbXamb ]Zmhenbpw hymIcWhpapÅ Hcp kzX{´`mjbmWv
Ad_naebmfsa¶p hmZn¡p¶ KthjIcpap−v. Ad_naebmfs¯¡p
dn¨v cNn¨ {]YaNcn{X{KÙ¯nsâ IÀ¯mhmb H. B_phnsâ ho£W
a\pkcn¨v ‘sImSp§Ãqcn\pw, ImkÀtKmUn\panSbnepÅ tZiy`mjbm
WXv. hnhn[ `mjIfn \n¶pw k{i²w sXcsªSp¯v AeIpw ]nSnbpw
amän aebmfoIcn¨ AÀ°]pjvS§fmb ]Z§fmepw ssieohntij§
33
fmepw {]tbmK sshinjvSy§fmepw k¼pjvSamWXv.’
Ad_naebmfs¯, aebmfw FgpXp¶Xn\pÅ Hcp kwhn[m\w
am{Xambn¡−m AXn\p kmlnXyansöp ]dtb−nhcpsa¶ hmZw
D¶bn¡p¶hcpap−v.
aebmf¯n \n¶p hyXykvXambn ]ZXe¯nepw, hymIcWXe
¯nepw Ad_naebmfIrXnIfn ImWp¶ khntijXIsf ap³\nÀ
¯nbmWv Cu hn[apÅ kzX{´`mjmhmZw apt¶m«p hbv¡p¶Xv. A¯
c¯nepÅ Nne {]tXyIXIÄ ]cntim[n¡mw.

]Z§Ä
aebmf¯n {]Nmc¯nenÃm¯ \nch[n Ad_n, t]Àjy³,
lnµpØm\n]Z§Ä XÕacq]¯nepw, kwkvIrXw, Xangv, I¶U i_vZ
§Ä XÛhcq]¯nepw Ad_naebmf¯n ImWmw. aX]ctam, kmaq
lnItam Bb k¼À¡§fn am¸nfamcpsS hyhlmc`mjbnte¡pw,
AXphgn Ad_naebmf kmlnXyIrXnIfnte¡pw kw{Ian¨ ]Z§fmWv
Chbntesdbpw. ]Z§fpsS hmsamgncq]§Ä AtX cq]¯n {KÙ`mj
bnepw {]tbmKn¡p¶ ]Xnhv km[mcWbmbncp¶p. kwkvIrX i_vZ§
sf {ZmhnU amXrIbn kwkvIcns¨Sp¡p¶ cq]§fpw \nch[nbp−v.
Ip«w(IpjvTw), tImcw (tLmcw), kn¨ (in£), sImtcmZw (t{Im[w),
GXp(tlXp) apXemb cq]§Ä DZmlcWw. kwkvIrX¯n \n¶v ae
bmfw BZm\w sNbvX AXnJctLmjm£c§Ä DÄs¡mÅp¶ hn[w,
Ad_naebmfen]n ]cnjvIcn¡p¶Xn\pap¼v C¯cw cq]§Ä kmlnXy
IrXnIfn {]tbmKn¨ncn¡m\pw, ]n¡me¯pw AXp XpSÀ¶ncn¡m\p
apÅ km[yXbpap−v.

25
hymIcWXew
Ad_naebmfIrXnIfnse `mj ]cntim[n¨m hymIcW kw_
Ôambn aebmf¯nÂ\n¶p `n¶amb Nne khntijXIÄ Is−¯m
\mhpw.
hn`àn{]Xyb§fn ImWp¶ hyXnbm\amWv Ahbn {][m\w.
{]Xn{KmlnImhn`ànbmb ‘F’ bpsS Øm\¯v ‘s\’ F¶pw (DZmþ Hcp
¯ns\), {]tbmPnImhn`àn (BÂ)bpsS Øm\¯v ‘Bse’ (F¶Xn
\mse, h\Xn\mse) F¶pw {]tbmKn¨p ImWp¶p−v.
`mjbnse Dt±inImhn`ànbn (¡v, \v) hcp¶ cq]§Ä Ad_n
aebmf¯nemhpt¼mÄ Ah\n¡v(Ah\v),BWn\n¡v(BWn\v) F¶mbn
amdpw.
CXpt]mse ‘Hm\n¡n’, ‘]StÈm\n¡n’ XpS§nb {]tbmKamXrI
IÄ Ad_naebmf¯nepÅXmbn sI.Fw. {]`mIchmcnbÀ Nq−n¡mWn
34
¡p¶p .
{]tbmPnImhn`ànbpsS {]Xybamb BÂ, B[mcnIbpsS {]Xy
bamb C F¶nh kwtbmPnIbpsS AÀ°¯n {]tbmKn¡p¶XmWv
35
asämcp khntijX.
DZm. tIZam þ tJZt¯msS
s_k\an þ hyk\t¯msS
\ma§fn \n¶pw {Inbm[mXp D−m¡m³ ‘sN¿pI’ F¶Xn\p
36
]Icw ‘B¡pI’ D]tbmKn¡p¶p . DZm. k_qdm¡n (£an¨p)
sImSp´angv aebmfambn ]cnWan¨Xn\v tIcf]mWn\n Nq−n¡m
Wn¡p¶ A\p\mknImXn{]kcw, kzckwhcWw, ]pcpjt`Z\ncmkw
XpS§nb \ymb§Ä Ad_naebmf¯n A[nIsam¶pw {]hÀ¯n¨p
ImWp¶nÃ. ]et¸mgpw XangvamXrIIsf AtX]Sn ]n´pScp¶XpImWmw.
tambn³Ip«n sshZycpsS cN\IÄ Chbv¡p anI¨ DZmlcW§fmWv.

aebmf¯nsâ en]y´cWw (transliteration)

Ad_naebmfs¯ {]tXyI`mjbmbn ImWWsa¶p hmZn¡p¶
hÀ apJyambpw Nq−n¡mWn¡p¶Xv, aebmf¯n \n¶pÅ AXnsâ

26
hymIcW hyXnbm\§fpw IrXnIfnse {]tbmKhntij§fpw, ]Zmhen
bpamWv. C¯cw hmZKXnIÄ kq£vaambn A]{KYn¨m NphsS ]dbp
¶ \nKa\§fnse¯m\mhpw.
1. Ad_naebmfIrXnIfnse ]Z§fn Hcp `mKw ae_mÀ{]tZi
s¯ apkvenwIfpsS hmsamgnbn ImWp¶h Xs¶bmWv. IrXn
IÄ kwhZnt¡−Xv km[mcW P\§tfmSmbXn\m ]WvUnX
·mÀ t]mepw hmsamgncq]§Ä kmlnXyIrXnIfn {]tbmKn¨p.
]Z{]tbmK¯n ip²w, Aip²w XpS§nb thÀXncnhpIÄs¡m
¶pw AhnsS {]kànbp−mbncp¶nÃ. C§s\bpÅ hmsamgn cq]
§fpw, CXc `mjmkaql§fpambpÅ kwkÀ¤w hgn Ad_nae
bmf¯nte¡p kw{Ian¨]Z§fpw Nq−n¡mWn¨v Ah Ad_nae
bmf¯nse X\Xp ]ZmhenbmsW¶pw, AXpsIm−pXs¶ CsXm
cp {]tXyI `mjbmsW¶pw ]dbp¶Xp bpànklaÃ.
2. Ad_naebmf {KÙIÀ¯m¡fntesdbpw aebmf¯nse¶t]mse
Ad_n, Xangv`mjIfnepw ]mÞnXyapÅhcmbncp¶p. XangI¯p
cq]w sIm− Ad_n¯angv kmlnXyIrXnIfpw AhbpsS IÀ¯m
¡fpambn ChÀ¡p−mbncp¶ _Ôw kphyàamWv. enwKþhN\
{]Xyb§Ä tNÀ¶ {Inbmcq]§Ä Ad_naebmfIrXnIfn hym
]Iambn ImWp¶Xv AhbpsS cNbnXm¡fpsS Xangv_Ôtam
A\pIcW{`atam aqeamWv. Ahsb Ad_naebmf¯nsâ khn
tijXbmbn I−pIqSm.
3. hymIcWkw_Ôambn B[p\nIaebmf¯n \n¶pw hyXykvX
ambn ImWp¶ {]tbmK§Ä Xncp\ngÂame, Aw_cotjm]mJym
\w t]mepÅ {]mNo\IrXnIfnepap−v. aebmf¯nse Nne {]mNo
\ {]tbmKamXrIIsf Ad_naebmfw kwc£n¨p t]m¶p F¶
XmWp icn. hmsamgnbpsS kzm[o\hpw C¯cw {]tbmK§fnÂ
ImWp¶p−v.
4. hnhn[`mjIfnse ]Z§fpw {]tbmK§fpw CSIeÀ¯nbpÅ Hcp
cN\mssienbmWv am¸nfIhnIÄ s]mXpsh kzoIcn¨Xv. ‘Ifhv
]dbÃm F¶p½ sNm¶msd/IÅsâ I¿nev s]m¶v sImSpt¯m
hÀ’ F¶ a«nepÅ Jmkn apl½Znsâbpw, \mS³]m«pIfpsS Xmf
¯n cNn¡s¸« BZyIme am¸nf¸m«pIfptSbpw ssien AXoh
efnXamWv. F¶m am¸nf¸m«pIÄ DÄs¸Sp¶ Ad_naebmf

27
 ]ZyimJ{]tab¯nepw `mjbnepsaÃmw ]n¡me¯v Kuch
kz`mhamÀÖn¨p. Ahbn ImWp¶ A\y`mj]Z§fpsS kz`m
hhpw, Ah Ad_naebmf¯n IS¶ph¶ kmlNcyhpw ]cnK
Wn¡msXbpÅ \nKa\§Ä hkvXpXm]caÃ.
Ad_naebmf¯n ImWp¶ sNdnbtXmXnepÅ hymIcW hyXn
bm\§sftbm, X\naebmf¯n \n¶v hyXykvXambpÅ ]Zmhensb
tbm am{Xw ap³\nÀ¯n AXns\ Hcp {]tXyI`mjbmbn ]cnKWn¡m\m
hnÃ. AXv aebmf¯nsâ Hcp en]y´cWamsW¶ \nKa\amWv hkvXp
Xm]cambn icnbmhpI.

Ad_naebmf¯nse Imhy`mjbpw, A\y`mjm]Z§fpw

Ad_naebmfIrXnIfnse an{i`mjmcoXnbpw, Ad_nen]n D]
tbmKn¨pÅ hcsamgnbpamWv ]et¸mgpw KthjIsc sXämb \nKa\§
fnte¡p \bn¡p¶Xv. Ad_naebmfsa¶Xv am¸nfamcpsS hmbvsamgnbm
sW¶p sXän²cn¡p¶hscbpw Ad_naebmfw, am¸nf`mj F¶o
kwÚIÄ kam\mÀ°¯n {]tbmKn¡p¶hscbpsaÃmw `mjmKthj
IÀ¡nSbn ImWmw. Cu hn`mK¯nÂs¸Sp¶ KZyIrXnIfnsebpw ]Zy
IrXnIfnsebpw `mjmcoXnIÄ X½n Gsd hyXymkap−v. KZyIrXnI
fn \sÃmcp ]¦pw CkvemanINcn{X§tfm, hnizmkmNmc§fpsS hnhc
Wtam BWv. Ad_n, Xangv`mjIfn \n¶pÅ ]Z§Ä XÕaþXÛh
cq]§fn Ahbn {]tbmKn¨n«ps−¦nepw, s]mXpsh k¦oÀWaÃ.
]Z§fpsS hmsamgncq]§fpw kpe`amWv.
F¶m ]ZyIrXnIfpsS kz`mhw XnI¨pw hyXykvXamWv. aebm
fhpw kwkvIrXhpw tNÀ¯v, aWn{]hmf¯n\p cq]w \ÂInbXpt]mse
hyXykvX `mjm]Z§Ä tNÀ¯v Ad_naebmf IhnIÄ Kuch kz`mh
apÅ Hcp Imhy`mjbv¡v P·w \ÂIpIbmbncp¶p. ]Z§fpsS sXcsª
Sp¸v, {]mkZo£, CiepIfpsS sshhn[yw F¶nh ]cntim[n¨m Cu
cwKs¯ IhnIÄ¡pÅ sshZKv[yw t_m[yamIpw.
Ad_naebmfImhyIrXnIfnse, Cu khntij kmlnXy`mjbn
emWv aebmft¯msSm¸w Ad_n, Xangv, t]Àjy³, I¶U, kwkvIrXw,
lnµpØm\n]Z§fpw IS¶phcp¶Xv. CXns\ kam´c aWn{]hmfambn
ImWp¶hÀ, aWn{]hmf`mjbnÂ\n¶pw hyXykvXambn Cu `mjbv¡p
Å khntijXsb A]{KYn¨n«nÃ. aWn{]hmf¯n\p e`n¨Xns\¡mÄ

28
kzoImcyX Ad_naebmf¯n\v F§s\ ssIh¶psh¶pw BtemNnt¡
−Xp−v.
aebmfs¯t¸mse kwkvIrX¯nepw kmam\y[mcWbp−mbncp
¶hÀ¡p am{XamWv aWn{]hmfIrXnIÄ BkzZn¡m³ Ignªncp¶Xv.
Ad_naebmfImhy§fpsS ØnXnbXÃ. tambn³Ip«n sshZycpsS GXm
\pw cN\IÄ amän \nÀ¯nbm km[mcW¡mcmb BkzmZIkaqls¯
Xr]vXns¸Sp¯p¶hbmWv an¡ IrXnIfpw. Ahbnse A\y`mjm]Z§
fpsS kz`mhw ]cntim[n¨m Nne s]mXpkhntijXIÄ Is−¯m\m
hpw. AXn `qcn`mKhpw Ad_n, Xangv, t]Àjy³`mjIfn \n¶pÅh
bmWv. I¶U, Cw¥ojv ]Z§Ä XmcXtay\ IpdhmWv. Ch Xs¶ apJy
ambpw {]Xy£s¸Sp¶Xv sshZycpsSbpw At±l¯nsâ A\pIÀ¯m¡fp
sSbpw cN\IfnemWpXm\pw. IhnIÄ aäp`mjIfn \n¶p ]Z§Ä kzo
Icn¡p¶Xv {]mk¯n\pth−n am{XamsW¶p IcpXm³ h¿. A¯c¯n
epÅ \nKa\§Ä D]cn¹hw am{XamWv. IhnIÄ¡p am{XaÃ, \sÃmcp
iXam\w BkzmZIÀ¡pw ]c¼cmKXambn kzmb¯ambncp¶ {]tbmK
§Ä Xs¶bmWnh.
AhÀ¡p \nXyk¼À¡ap−mbncp¶ aX{KÙ§fmWv Ad_n]Z
§fpsS t{kmXsʶp Is−¯m³ {]bmkanÃ. am¸nf hmbvsamgnbnÂ
IS¶phcp¶ Ad_n]Z§Ä kmlnXyIrXnIfnse¯pt¼mgpw BÀ¡pw
A]cnNnXXzw A\p`hs¸«ncp¶nÃ. Ahbn ]eXpw {ItaW aebmf
¯nte¡pw BZm\w sN¿s¸«p. (DZm. k¡m¯v, aplº¯v, lem¡v,
ldmw, d±v)
Xangvi_vZ§fpsS ØnXnbpw hn`n¶ambncp¶nÃ. Ad_naebmf
¯nse BZyImecN\Ifn {][m\amb kJqw ]S¸m«v, \q aZvlv XpS
§nbh ]n¡meIhnIsf Bg¯n kzm[o\n¨ IrXnIfmWv. `mjm
ssienbnepw, CiÂLS\bnepsaÃmw {]ISamb Xangvkzm[o\w Ahbn
ep−v. sshZyÀ¡rXnIfpw aäpw ]mSn hymJym\n¡p¶ ‘]mSn¸dbep’ImÀ
¡pw Gsd XmÂ]cyapÅ IrXnIfmbncp¶p Ch.
ae_mdnse apkvenwtI{µ§fn \S¶ncp¶ IhnkZÊpIfnepw,
t\À¨Ifnepw, hnhmlmtLmj§fnepw XangvapkvenwIhnIfpw, KmbI
cpw \nXykµÀiIcmbncp¶p. ]pehÀ, akvXm³ F¶o t]cpIfnemWv
ChÀ Adnbs¸«ncp¶Xv. ImkÀtKmUv sam{Kmense, ‘]m«pIq«’§fnÂ
I\ymIpamcnbn \n¶pw ]cnkc{]tZi§fn \n¶pw hcp¶ ^Jodp

29
amÀ¡v apJyØm\ap−mbncp¶p. Cu hn[w Ad_n¯angvIhnIfpsSbpw
KmbIkwL§fpsSbpw kzm[o\heb¯nemWv BZyImeam¸nf¸m«p cN
bnXm¡Ä hfÀ¶phcp¶Xv.
hoSphoSm´cw Ibdnbnd§n Ad_\ ap«n]mSp¶ Xangv ]peh·mÀ
ae_mdnse apkvenwtI{µ§fn ]XnhpImgvNbmbncp¶p. hnhmlmtLm
j§fpsS `mKambn Act§dnbncp¶ h«¸m«pt]mepÅ Iemcq]§fpw
km[mcW P\§sf Xangpambn _Ôn¸n¨Xn {][m\ ]¦phln¨ncp¶p.
hnhmlZnhkw hct\msSm¸w h[qKrl¯nse¯p¶ KmbIkwLhpw,
h[phnsâ ho«pImcpsS £W{]Imcsa¯p¶ KmbIkwLhpw, hr¯m
IrXnbnencp¶p ]ckv]cw ]mSn aÕcn¡pIbmWv h«¸m«nsâ kz`mhw.
]qc¡fnbnse adp¯pIfnsb A\pkvacn¸n¡p¶ Cu Iemhnt\mZw
hnhml\mfn AÀ²cm{Xn Ignªpw \o−pt]mhpI km[mcWbmbn
cp¶p.
17,18 \qäm−pIfn C{]Imcw h«¸m«v AhXcn¸n¨ncp¶ kwL
§Ä Xangv]peh·mtcm, Ad_n¯angv Imhy§fn \n¶pÅ CiepIÄ
Be]n¡p¶ C¶m«pImcmb KmbItcm Bbncp¶p. ‘h«¸m«n ]Z§Ä
]mSp¶XmWp {][m\w... ]peh³amcpsS cN\Ifmb kodIfpw, sh¬]
37
Ifpw, Nn´v, Xncp¸v apXembhbpamWv apJyambpw ]mSnbncp¶Xv.’
Ad_naebmf ImhyimJbn sXfnªpImWp¶ Xangv{]`mh
¯nsâ ]Ým¯eanXmWv. h«¸m«pw ]mSn¸dbepw hgn km[mcW am¸nf
amÀt]mepw, Ad_n, Xangv apXembh `mjIfpambn ASp¯ k¼À¡
¯n h¶p.
Ad_naebmf¯n ImWp¶ t]Àjy³ ]Zmhenbv¡pw, {]tab§
Ä¡pw ]n¶nepw kam\amb ]Ým¯eap−v. t]Àjybn \n¶v (Cdm³)
aX{]t_m[\mÀ°w ChnsSsb¯nb ]ÞnX·mcpw kq^nIfpambncp¶p
CXn\p ]n¶nÂ. t]Àjy³ ]mc¼cyapÅ sImt−m«n X§fpambpÅ k¼
À¡amWv tambn³Ip«n sshZysc B `mjbpambn ASp¸n¡p¶Xv. AtX
Ime¯p Xs¶bmWv(1866) XetÈcnkztZinbmb aplvbn±o³ _v\pamln³
Aen, AaoÀ Jp{kphnsâ ‘OmÀZÀthiv’ F¶ t\mh t]Àjy³ `mj
bn \n¶pw Ad_naebmf¯nte¡p hnhÀ¯\w sN¿p¶Xv. ({]Ya
aebmft\mhemb IpµeX {]kn²oIcn¡p¶Xn\v 21 hÀjw ap¼mWXv).
Ad_naebmf¯nse \nch[n IrXnIfn ImWp¶ jnbmNn´m[mc

30
bpsS kzm[o\hpw CXnsâ ^eamWv. X\n aebmf¯nte¡v BZm\w
sN¿s¸« t]Àjy³]Z§sf¡mÄ IqSpX i_vZ§Ä Ad_naebmf
¯n IS¶phcp¶Xv Cu _Ôw hgnbmWv.
Cu hkvXpXIÄ ]cntim[n¡pt¼mÄ F¯nt¨cp¶ \nKa\anXm
Wv: Ad_naebmf¯nsâ Imhy`mj am¸nfhmbvsamgntbm, {KÙIÀ¯m
¡Ä t_m[]qÀÆwkrjvSn¨ k¦oÀ®`mjtbm AÃ. tambn³Ip«n sshZy
cpsS Imhy`mj Ad_naebmf¯nsâ s]mXp[mcbn \n¶p hyXykvX
amWv. CXp amän\nÀ¯nbm Ad_nþXangvþt]Àjy³`mjIfpambn _Ô
s¸«p Ignªncp¶ `qcn`mKw A\phmNIÀ¡pw AhbpsS BkzmZ\¯n\v
`mj XSÊambncp¶nÃ. hyXykvX`mjIfn \n¶pÅ hn]peamb ]Zk
¼¯v kzmb¯am¡m³ km[mcW¡mÀ¡pt]mepw km[n¡p¶ kmaqln
IþkmwkvImcnI ]cnkc¯mbncp¶p AhÀ PohnXw \bn¨ncp¶Xv.

Ad_naebmf¯nsâ hÀ¯am\w
Ad_n¯angnteXpt]mse Ad_nbnepw {ZmhnU¯nepapÅ i_vZ
§sf DÄs¡mÅp¶ hn[amWv BZyIme Ad_naebmf A£came
cq]I¸\ sNbvXncp¶Xv. aebmfw kwkvIrX¯n \n¶p kzoIcn¨
AXnJctLmjm£c§Ä AXnep−mbncp¶nÃ. 19þmw \qäm−nsâ c−mw
]IpXn¡p tijamWv Cu A£c§ÄIqSn DÄs¡mÅp¶ hn[w en]n
]cnjvIcW{ia§Ä \S¶Xv. NmeneI¯v Ipª½ZvlmPn, h¡w A_v
Zp JmZÀ auehn, Ipf§c ho«n sambvXp apkvenbmÀ, H. B_p F¶n
hÀ Cu ]cnjvIcW{ia§Ä¡v t\XrXzw \ÂInbhcmWv. aebmfw ]Tn
¸n¡p¶ {]mYanIhnZymeb§Ä hym]IamhpIbpw, Zn\]{X§Ä¡pw
B\pImenI§Ä¡pw {]Npc{]Nmcw kn²n¡pIbpw sNbvX 20þmw \qäm
−nsâ BZyZiI§fnepw Ad_naebmf¯nsâ {]`mh¯n\v henb CSn
¨n kw`hn¨ncp¶nÃ. apkvenwIfpsS aXIobhyhlmcaÞe¯n hym
]Iambn {]tbmKn¨p t]m¶ncp¶ Ad_nkwÚItfm, JpÀB³, lZokv
apXembhtbm FgpXnImWn¡m\pÅ aebmfen]namebpsS ]cnanXnbm
bncp¶p apJyXSÊw.
Ad_nhÀWamebnse A, _, X, P, Z, d, k, i, I, e, a, \, h,
l, b F¶o 15 hÀW§Ä¡p am{XamWp aebmf¯n kam\i_vZ§
fpÅXv. Ahtijn¡p¶ 13 hÀW§Ä¡v X¯peycq]§fnÃ.

31
 1935  sI.Fw. auehnbpsS ]{Xm[n]Xy¯n ]pd¯nd§nb
‘A apÀinZv’ F¶ Ad_naebmfamknIbpsS {]Yae¡¯n tNÀ
¯ncn¡p¶ ]{Xm[n]¡pdn¸v CXnte¡p hncÂNq−p¶p−v. AXnsâ
{]kà`mKw C{]ImcamWv: ‘AÂapÀinZv aebmf`mjbnepw en]nbnepw
]pds¸Sphn¡msX Ad_naebmf¯n Xs¶ ]pds¸Sphn¡m³ ]e Imc
W§fpap−v. H¶maXmbn tIcfapkvenwIfn aebmfw FgpXm\pw,
hmbn¡m\pw Adnbp¶hsc At]£n¨v Ad_naebmfw Adnbp¶hcpsS
F®w hfscb[nIamWv. hntijn¨pw ]pcpj·msct]mseXs¶ apkvenw
kv{XoIÄ¡pw Ad_naebmfw hmbn¡phm³ km[n¡pw. c−maXmbn
Bb¯pIfpw,lZokpIfpw D²cn¡Wsa¦n Ad_naebmf¯n Bbn
38
cp¶mse km[n¡q.’
tIcf¯nse hensbmcphn`mKw apkvenwIfpsS aX]mTimeIfnse
]pkvXI§Ä C¶pw Ad_naebmf¯nemWv A¨Sn¨phcp¶Xv. JpÀB³
hN\§fpw lZokpIfpw, ]cn`mjmcq]¯neÃmsX aebmfen]n D]tbm
Kn¨v FgpXpt¼mgp−mhp¶ k¦oÀWXIfmWv CXn\p ImcWambn Nq−n
¡mWn¡p¶Xv.
ae¸pdw PnÃbnse Xncqc§mSnbnepÅ Nne {]km[IÀ Ct¸mgpw
Cu en]nbn ]gb Ad_naebmfIrXnIfpsS ]pXnb ]Xn¸pIÄ {]kn
²oIcn¨phcp¶p−v. F¶m B\pImenI§Ä \nehnenÃ. Ct¸mÄ
]qÀWambpw aebmf¯n ]pd¯nd¡p¶ ‘AÂapAÃnw’ amknIbmWv
Cu KW¯n DÄs¸«ncp¶ Ahkm\ {]kn²oIcWw.
***
Ipdn¸pIÄ
1. F. {io[ctat\m³, tIcfNcn{Xw, 1967 (Un.kn. _pIvkv, tIm«bw,
2010), ]p. 67
2. ]gb\nbawþ1 cmPm¡·mÀ 10:22 (aebmfwss__nÄ, {]km.
Hmim\, ]mem, 1995), ]p. 327
3. Rawlinson, The Relation of India with Western countries (D²cWw:
thembp[³ ]Wn¡tÈcn, tIcfNcn{X]T\§Ä, 1þmw `mKw, {]km.
kmlnXy {]hÀ¯I klIcWkwLw, \mj\ _p¡vÌmÄ,
tIm«bw, 1987), ]p. 11

32
4. Sayce, Hilbert Lectures, 1887, ]p. 137-þ8 (D²cWw : thembp[³
]Wn¡tÈcn, Sn.)
5. aebmf at\mca (tImgnt¡mSv), Pqsse 27, 2009
6. PntPm tPm¬ ]pt¯g¯v, ‘]«W¯nsâ `qXImew’, 'aebmf
at\mca RmbdmgvN¸Xn¸v, sabv 17, 2009
7. ]n.sP. sNdnbm³, sI.]n. jmP³, hn. skÂhIpamÀ, ‘Ncn{Xmcw`
Imes¯ kmwkvImcnIhn\nab§fpsS PohnXap{ZIÄ’, P\]Yw
amknI , 40, 10 (HIvtSm. 2008),]p. 25
8. thembp[³ ]Wn¡tÈcn, tIcfw Adp\qdvsImÃwap¼v, hnh.
(\mj\Â _p¡vÌmÄ, tIm«bw, 1970), ]p. 58
9. Sn. ]p.72
10. Sn. ]p. 57
11. kwkmcn¡p¶hcpsS F®w ]cnKWn¨m C¶pw temI¯v A©mw
Øm\w Ad_n`mjbv¡p−v. sFIycmjv{Sk`bpsS Bdv HutZym
KnI `mjIfnsem¶mWnXv. Ad_nbpsS {]Nmcw e£yam¡n Unkw
_À 18 A´mcmjv{S Ad_nZn\ambn bp. F³. BNcn¨p hcp¶p.
12. ]n.Fw. tPmk^v, aebmf¯nse ]cIob]Z§Ä, 2þmw ]cn.].
(tIcf`mjm C³Ìnäyq«v, Xncph\´]pcw, 1995), ]p. 87
13. sI.F. PeoÂ, en]nIfpw am\hkwkvImchpw (tIcf`mjm C³
Ìnäyq«v, Xncph\´]pcw, 1989), ]p. 158
14. ]n.Fw. tPmk^v, aebmf¯nse ]cIob]Z§Ä, 2þmw ]cn.].
(tIcf`mjm C³Ìnäyq«v, Xncph\´]pcw, 1995), ]p. 326
15. slÀa³ Kp−À«v, tIcf¸ga, 1868, (]p\x{]km. amXr`qan _pIvkv,
tImgnt¡mSv, 2þmw ]. 1996), ]p. 7
16. lpssk³ c−¯mWn, ‘tIcf¯nse Ckvemw kwkvIrXn’, am¸nf
ae_mÀ, (CkvemanIv ]»njnwKv _yqtdm, tImgnt¡mSv, 2005), ]p. 11
17. sIm«mc¯n i¦p®n, sFXnlyame (Idâv _pIvkv, tIm«bw,
1997), ]p. 143
18. lm¡nw, apkvXZpd¡v, 4:25, D²cWw: kn.F³. Al½Zv auehn,
sI.sI.apl½Zv A_vZpÂIcow, al¯mb am¸nfkmlnXy]mc¼cyw
(BkmZv _p¡vÌmÄ, tImgnt¡mSv, 1978), ]p. 116

33
19. F³. cmaIrjvW ]nssÅ, Rtd. Director of State Archives, History of The
March (Kerala History Assocition, 1996) ]p. 119, D²cWw:kn.sI. Icow,
tIcfapkvenwNcn{Xw ØnXnhnhc¡W¡v UbdIvSdn, 1997), hmeyw
þ1, (Ncn{Xw ]»nt¡j³kv, CS¸Ån, 1997), ]p.98
20. kn.sI. Icow, tIcfapkvenwNcn{Xw ØnXnhnhcIW¡v UbdIvSdn,
hmeywþ1, ]p. 97
21. CA Innes, Malabar and Anjergo District Gazetteer (Madras, 1912). P. 436,
D²cWw : Sn. ]p. 97
22. Roland E. Miller, Mappila Muslims of Kerala (Orient Longman Ltd, 1984) P.
43
23. Sturrock, South Canara Madras District Manuals, P. 180, D²cWw: kn.sI.
Icow, Sn. ]p. 98
24. Fw.KwKm[c³, am¸nf]T\§Ä, (hN\w _pIvkv, tImgnt¡mSv),
]p.13
25. Sn.]p. 11þ12
26. CJv_m tIm¸nem³, h«¸m«v (kvImÀ^v, tambn³Ip«n sshZyÀ
kvamcIw, sImt−m«n, 2008), ]p. 24
27. tXm¸n apl½Zv aocm³, ‘Ad_n¯angpw, Xangvapkvenw kmln
Xyhpw’, CiÂss]XrIw ss{XamknI, e. 1, (Unkw_À 2010), ]p. 16
28. _meIrjvW³ hÅn¡p¶v, A`napJw : 1.8.2009
29. ØmWp chnhÀ½ tNcN{IhÀ¯nbmbncp¶t¸mÄ, thWm«nse
\mSphmgnbmbncp¶ A¿\SnIÄ XncphSnIÄ adph³ Cutimk]oÀ
F¶ {InkvXy³ hmWnPy{]apJ\v FgpXnsImSp¯ Xcnkm]Ån
Xm{aimk\w H¼Xmw\qäm−nse apkvenwIfpsS kmaqlnI]Zhn
hnfnt¨mXp¶ Ncn{XtcJ IqSnbmWv. Xcnkm]Ån sNt¸Sn Ad_n
en]nbn ImWp¶ t]cpIÄ ChbmWv : ssaaq¬ _v\p C{_mlow,
apl½Zv _v\p aman, kmenlv _v\p Aen, DXvam³ _v\p AÂ amkn
_m³, apl½Zv _v\p blnb, AaÀ_v\p C{_mlnw, C{_mlnw _v\p
AÂXmJv, _¡À _v\p a³kqÀ, AÂImknw _v\p lmanZv, a³kqÀ
_v\p Cukm, Ckvabn _v\p bm¡q_v.

34
 Tharisppally Copper Plate, Keral Society Papers Series VI,
Thiruvanathapuram - 1913, P : 323, kn. sI. Icow, tIcfapkvenw
Ncn{Xw ØnXnhnhc IW¡v UbdIvSdn, hmeyw 1 þ ]p. 96
30. DÅqÀ Fkv. ]ctaizc¿À, tIcfkmlnXyNcn{Xw, `m. 1 (tIcf
kÀhIemime, Xncph\´]pcwþ 1990), ]p. 269
31. _meIrjvW³ hÅn¡p¶v, A`napJw : 1.8.2009
32. H. B_p, Ad_naebmfkmlnXyNcn{Xw, (\mj\Â _pIvÌmÄ,
tIm«bw, 1970), ]p. 22
33. Sn.]p. 11
34. sI.Fw. {]`mIchmcnbÀ, aebmfwþamähpw hfÀ¨bpw, (hÅt¯mÄ
hnZym]oTw, ipI]pcw, 2004), ]p. 129þ30
35. H. B_p, Ad_naebmf kmlnXyNcn{Xw, ]p.33
36. sI.Fw. {]`mIchmcnbÀ, aebmfwþamähpw hfÀ¨bpw, ]p. 129þ30
37. CJv_m tIm¸nem³, h«¸m«v, ]p. 52
38. sI.Fw. auehn, AÂ apÀinZv, 1935, D²cWw : A_vZpdlnam³
a§mSv,‘tIcfobapkvenw ]{X{]hÀ¯\Ncn{Xw’, {]t_m[\w Adp
]Xmw hmÀjnI]Xn¸v ({]t_m[\w, tImgnt¡mSvþ12, 2009), ]p. 159

35
Bava K.“Works of Moyinkutty Vaidyar: Language and discource ”
Thesis. Department of Malayalam and Kerala studies, University
of Calicut, 2015.
 A[ymbw : 2

Ad_naebmfkmlnXyw
BJym\sshhn[y§Ä

hyXykvX BJym\cq]§fnembn AkwJyw IrXnIÄ Ad_n

aebmf¯nep−v. Imew \nÀWbn¡s¸« BZyIrXnbmb aplvbn±o³ ame
bpsS cN\bv¡ptijw c−p\qäm−p IgnªmWv Cu cwK¯v A¨Sn¡v
XpS¡w Ipdn¡p¶Xv. AXphsc ssIsbgp¯p{]XnIfmbpw, hmsamgnbm
bpw {]Ncn¨ncp¶ IrXnIfn hfsc¡pd¨p am{Xta Is−Sp¡s¸«n«p
ffp. Ad_naebmfIrXnIfpsS F®w \nÝbn¡p¶Xn\pÅ {][m\ XS
Êw CXs{X. F¦nepw A¿mbnct¯mfwIrXnIÄ Cu imJbn cNn¡
1
s¸«XmbmWv IW¡m¡p¶Xv.
Ad_naebmf¯nse cN\Isf kmam\yambpw AXn tambn³
Ip«n sshZycpsS Imewhscbpff IrXnIsf {]tXyIambpw ]cntim[n¡p
IbmWv Cu A²ymb¯n sN¿p¶Xv.

aplvbn±o³amebpw, BZyImecN\Ifpw

`mjmkmlnXyNcn{X¯n cmaNcnX¯n\pÅ Øm\w I¸n¡m

hp¶ Ad_naebmf kmlnXyIrXnbmWv aplvbn±o³ ame. (F.Un. 1607)
Imew IrXyambn \nÀWbn¨ Ad_naebmfkmlnXyIrXnIfn {]Ya
Øm\¯pÅ Cu Imhyw ]n¡me¯v Hcp {]Øm\ambn hfÀ¶ ame
¸m«pIfpsS KW¯nse BZyIrXnbmWv. Fgp¯Ñsâ kaImenI\mb
Cu Ihn C¡mcW¯m Hcp {]Øm\¯nsâ D]ÚmXmhv F¶ \ne
bnepw ]cnKW\bÀln¡p¶p.
Hcp kmlnXyIrXnbpsS aqeyw \nÀWbn¡m³ ]n¡me kmlnXy
¯n AXp sNep¯p¶ kzm[o\w IqSn ]cnKWnt¡−Xp−v. AhnsS
bmWv aplvbn±o³amebpsS {]kàn. Cu IrXnsb A\pIcn¨psIm−v
Ad_naebmf¯nepw, X\naebmf¯nepw Ad_n¯angnepambn ame¸m
«pIfpsS Hcp ]c¼c Xs¶bp−mbn.

36
 t]cnÂt]mepw henb hyXnbm\w hcp¯msX c−pIhnIÄ ‘]pXn
b aplvbn±o³ ameIÄ’ cNn¨p; \meI¯v IpªnsambvXo\pw, Fw.]n.
^JoÀ apl½Zpw. Ad_n¯angn tXmdss¦ id^p±o³ cNn¨ ‘aplvbn
±o³ B−ssI ap¯angv amsse’ F¶ IrXnbn aplvbn±o³ amebpsS
]Zm\p]ZhnhÀ¯\w F¶p tXm¶n¸n¡p¶ hcnIÄ ImWmw. DZmlcW
ambn {]kvXpX IrXnbnse,
‘
X´bcn apXpInse
X¦nh\ \mfn\nte
Ip´Iw CÃmsX DhÀ
JpXp_msI Xn¦Ä´htcþ
]ns¶bpw Ggphm\nÂ
hn[n]pIssg sIm−hsc
G´³Icw ]nSnªcpÄhoÀ
F³ aplvb±o³ Hensb
Ccp´ Ccn¸nencpt´þ
gphmss\ I−htc
Ccpabm ae¡q¯nÂ
2
cmPmfnbm\htc’
F¶ `mKhpw aplvbn±o³ amebnse NphsS ImWp¶ hcnIfpw X
½n {]ISamb kmZriyw ImWmw.
"_mhmapXpIn¶v IpXp_mbn ht¶mhÀ
_m\w AtXfnepw tIfn \ndtªmhÀ
Ccp¶ Ccp¸nt¶fv BImiw It−mhÀ
3
Gdpw ae¡q¯n cmPmfnsbt¶mhÀ’
Ad_naebmf¯nep−mb ame¸m«pIfn \sÃmcp`mKhpw cq]`m
h§fnepw hr¯¯nepsaÃmw aplvbn±o³ amebpsS A\pIcW§fmWv.
Cu ImhyimJbn ASp¯Ime¯p−mb cN\IfnÂt]mepw {]kvXpX
IrXnbpsS kzm[o\w ImWmw. B[p\nIIme¯pw aplvbn±o³ ame kr
jvSn¨ `mhpIXz¯n\v henbtIm«sam¶pw kw`hn¨n«nÃ. _jodnsâ `mj
bpw cN\mcoXnbpw Jmkn apl½Zv hmÀ¯ aqibnÂ\n¶p h¶XmsW¶v
4
Fw.F. dlvam³ \nco£n¡p¶p−v. Cu Imhyw X§fn sNep¯nb

37
 5
kzm[o\s¯¡pdn¨v AtX teJI\pw IYmIr¯v inlm_p±o³ s]mbv
6
¯pw IShpw tcJs¸Sp¯nbn«p−v.

ame¸m«pIÄ, kz`mhhpw, khntijXIfpw

aplvbn±o³ amebpsS {]tabw, `mj F¶nh ]cnKWn¡p¶Xn\p
ap¼v ame¸m«pIfpsS s]mXpkz`mhw hyàamt¡−Xp−v.
Ad_naebmf¯nse IoÀ¯\Imhy§fmWv ameIÄ F¶ t]cn
ednbs¸Sp¶Xv. am¸nfKm\imJbn Gähpa[nIw P\Iob`mhw ssIh
¶ Imhy§fmWnh. ame¸m«pIfn \ndªp\n¡p¶ `ànbpw, `mjm
emfnXyhpw km[mcWP\§sf BIÀjn¡m³ ]cym]vXambncp¶p. "Cu
ImhyimJbv¡pÅ ame F¶ kwÚ, Ad_nbnse ‘auenZv’ F¶ ]Z
7
¯n \n¶p−mbXmsW¶' ho£Ww bpànklaÃ.
tIcf¯n henb {]NmcwssIh¶ Ad_nIoÀ¯\IrXnIfmWv
auenZpIÄ. KZyhpw ]Zyhpw CSIeÀ¶phcp¶ Chbpw ameIfpw X½nÂ
BJym\¯nepw LS\bnepsaÃmw {]ISamb hyXymk§fp−v. auenZv
]qÀWambpw Ad_nbnepw, ameIÄ Ad_naebmf¯nepw DÅ IrXnI
fmWv. auenZpIfpsS XpS¡w {In.h. 10þmw \qäm−nemWv. tIcf¯n Gä
hpa[nIw {]Nmcw kn²n¨ a³Jqkv auenZv, ssiJv ssk\p±o³ aJvZq
ansâ (1467þ1522) IrXnbmWv. aplvbn±o³ amebv¡v Hcp \qäm−pap¼mWv
CXnsâ cN\sb¶\pam\n¡mw. tIcfobAd_n]ÞnXÀ cNn¨ \nch[n
auenZpIÄ \qäm−pIÄ¡p aps¼ ChnsS {]Nmc¯nep−v. B \nebv¡v
auenZv F¶ t]cn cqVaqeamb Hcp kmlnXyimJ \nehnencnt¡
Jmkn apl½Zv Xm³ Bhnjv¡cn¨ ]pXnb ImhyimJbv¡v, AXnsâ
XÛhambn ame F¶ kwÚ \ÂIn F¶p IcpXm³ h¿.
Jmkn apl½Zn\v ASp¯ k¼À¡ap−mbncp¶ Ad_n¯angnÂ
kam\kz`mhapÅ IrXnIÄ t\cs¯ Xs¶ {]Nmc¯nep−mhWw. 14þmw
\qäm−nse cN\sb¶p IcpXs¸Sp¶ ‘]Äk´v amsse’ t]mepÅ IrXn
IfpsS ioÀjI¯n Xs¶ Cu kwÚbp−v. IpetiJc BgvhmcpsS
kvtXm{XIrXnbmb apIpµame, aebmf¯nse {]mNo\ ]m«pImhyamb
Xncp\ngÂame F¶nhbpsS ioÀjI§fnepw Cu i_vZw ImWmw.
At¸mÄ Xangnse ‘amsse’ F¶ ]Zw aebmf¯nse¯nbt¸mÄ
kzckwhcW\nba{]Imcw sFImcw AImcambXmsW¶p hyàw.

38
aplvbn±o³ amebnse \mensem¶p]Z§Ä XangmsW¶p IqSn HmÀt¡
−Xp−v.

ameIfpsS LS\
a¬adªpt]mb ]pWymßm¡fpsStbm Ncn{X]pcpj·mcpsStbm
A]Zm\§Ä hmgv¯pIbmWv ame¸m«pIfpsS s]mXpkz`mhw. AhcpsS
PohnX¯nse [\yaqlqÀ¯§fpw Aam\pjnIhr¯nIfpw `àymZc
]qÀÆw Ahbn {]IoÀ¯n¡p¶p. an¡ IhnIfpw ame¸m«pIÄ¡v, Hcp
s]mXpLS\ Ahew_n¨Xmbn ImWmw. Ah ssZh\ma¯n Bcw`n¨v
apl½Zp\_ntbbpw A\pNc³amscbpw kvacn¡p¶p. XpSÀ¶p {]Xn]mZy
hyànbpsS A]Zm\§Ä khnkvXcw hmgv¯p¶p. Ahkm\`mK¯v ‘Cc
hv’ F¶ ioÀjI¯n \n_Ôn¨n«pÅ {]tXyI{]mÀ°\bpap−v. ]q
Wymßmhns\ ap³\nÀ¯n ssZht¯mSpÅ {]mÀ°\bmWnXv. {][m\
ameIfnsem¶mb \^ok¯v amebn H¶mw Cchv, c−mw Cchv F¶n
§s\ c−v Cchv tNÀ¯XpImWmw.
A[ymßcmambWw, Úm\¸m\ XpS§nb IrXnIÄ¡v sslµh
Krl§fnÂe`n¨ kzoImcyXbv¡pkam\amWv aplvbn±o³ ame¡pw, \^o
k¯pame¡pw apkvenwIpSpw_§fnep−mbncp¶Xv. ameIfpsS ]mcmb
W¯neqsS CuizcNn´bpw, `ànbpw D±o]n¡psa¶pw, D±njvS Imcye
_v[n¡v klmbIamIpsa¶pw hnizmknIÄ IcpXnbncp¶p. tcmKia\
¯n\pw, Zpc´\nhmcW¯n\pw th−n ame sNmÃp¶Xpw, km[mcWbm
bncp¶p. KÀ`nWnIÄ¡p {]khthZ\bmcw`n¡p¶ thfbn kv{XoIÄ
Iq«ambn \^ok¯v ametbm, aplvbn±o³ ametbm Be]n¡p¶ ]Xnhp
−mbncp¶p. CXpaqew thZ\bnÂ\n¶p apàn e`n¨p kpJ{]khw km[y
amIpsa¶mWv k¦Â¸w. shÅnbmgvNcmhpIfnepw, aäp hntijZnhk§
fnepw kv{XoIfpw Ip«nIfpw hoSpIfn H¶n¨ncp¶p ame sNmÃpw. ameI
fpsS Bem]\w, X§Ä¡p ss[cyhpw Bßhnizmkhpw ]Icpsa¶v I
cpXnbncp¶hcpap−v. 1855 sk]vXw_À 11\v, A¶s¯ ae_mÀ IeIvSÀ
sImt\mensb h[n¨ am¸nfIem]ImcnIÄ, AXnsâ Xte¶v aplvbn
8
±o³ ame sNmÃnbncp¶Xmbn hneyw temK³ tcJs¸Sp¯nbn«p−v.
ameIfpsS kzm[o\w ae_mdn am{Xw HXp§n\n¡p¶Xmbncp
¶nÃ. ]gb XncphnXmwIqdnsâ `mKambncp¶ I\ymIpamcnPnÃbnÂ
t]mepw s]¬Ip«nIsf ameIÄ ]Tn¸n¨ncp¶ hnZKv[cmb kv{XoIfp−m

39
bncp¶p. cm{Xn JpÀB³]mcmbW¯n\ptijw ame ]mSp¶ ]Xnhp−m
bncp¶p. hnhmlthfbn kzÀWm`cWw AÂ]w Ipdªmepw ameIÄ
9
]Tn¡p¶ s]¬Ip«nIfmbm Xct¡Snà F¶Xmbncp¶p ØnXn.

Jmkn apl½Zpw aplvbn±o³ amebpw

ae_mdnse apkvenwIÄ¡v BßobtaJebn t\XrXzw \ÂIn
bncp¶ tImgnt¡ms« JmknamcpsS ]c¼cbn hcp¶ ]ÞnX\mWv
Jmkn apl½Zv F¶ apl½Zv_v\p A_vZp Akokv. lnPvd 1025þ ({In.
h.1616) At±lw A´cn¨p. hymIcWw, KWnXw, Ncn{Xw, tPymXnim
kv{Xw F¶o taJeIfn \nch[n {KÙ§Ä At±lw Ad_n`mjbnÂ
cNn¨n«p−v. Jmkn apl½Znsâ ‘^Xvlp ap_o³’ F¶ Imhyw, t]mÀ¨p
Kokv ImeL«s¯¡pdn¨pw, kmaqXncncmPm¡·mcpsS aXssa{Xnsb¡p
dn¨papÅ B[nImcnINcn{XtcJbmWv. t]mÀ¨pKokpImÀ tImgnt¡mSn
\Sp¯ Nmenb¯p \nÀ½n¨ tIm« ]nSn¨S¡p¶Xn kmaqXncnbpsS
\mbÀ¸Sbpw IpªmenbpsS \mhnI¸Sbpw, tNÀ¶p\S¯nb t]mcm«
10
¯n Cu Ihnbpw ]s¦Sp¯ncp¶p. Cu bp²amWv {]kvXpX Imhy¯n
sâ CXnhr¯w. tIcfNcn{Xw {]tabam¡n cNn¨ BZyImhyw F¶ k
hntijXbpw Cu IrXnbv¡p−v.
Adnbs¸«nSt¯mfw Jmkn apl½Znsâ GI Ad_naebmf cN\
bmWv aplvbn±o³ ame. CXnsâ cN\bv¡ptijw H¼XphÀjw IqSn
At±lw Pohn¨ncp¶n«p−v. At±l¯nsâ cN\IfpsS ssh]peyw ]cnK
Wn¡pt¼mÄ, Cu Imebfhn Ad_naebmf¯n Xs¶ aäp cN\IÄ
\S¯nbncn¡m\pÅ km[yXbp−v. th−{X kmlnXy{]m[m\yanÃm¯
Xn\mepw A¨Sn {]Nmc¯nenÃm¯Xn\mepw Ah \jvSs¸«pt]mbXmhm
\mWp km[yX. BtKmf_Ô`mj F¶ \nebn Ad_n¡v A¶p \ne
hnep−mbncp¶ Øm\w Xncn¨dnªv {][m\IrXnIsfÃmw B am[ya
¯n cNn¨ Ihn aplvbn±o³ ame Ad_naebmf¯n cNn¨Xv {]tXyI
Dt±iyt¯msSbmbncp¶p.
cmaNcnX¯nse¶t]mse, ‘Dugnbn sNdnbhÀ’ Xs¶bmWv Chn
sSbpw kwt_m[\ sN¿s¸Sp¶Xv. AhÀ am¸nfamcmsW¶ hyXymkw
am{XtabpÅp. Chcn `qcn`mKhpw sslµhkaql¯nse IogmfP\
hn`mK§fn \n¶v sXm«pap¼pÅ Ht¶m ct−m \qäm−n\nSbn ]cnhÀ
¯\w sNbvXhcmWv. ChÀ¡p {]tNmZ\taIm\pw, aX¯n\I¯v D¨\oN

40
Xz§Ä¡p Øm\ansöp kapZmb¯nse \yq\]£amb D]cnhÀ¤s¯
t_m[ys¸Sp¯m\pw Ihn B{Kln¨ncp¶p. IhnbpsS hm¡pIÄ t\m
¡pI,
"A¸Ä Ipew ]ps¡ ]pXnb Ckvemans\
A_vZme³amcm¡n I¸n¨p ht¨mhÀ
]d¡pw hens¿ ]Sn¡Â Xft¨mhÀ
]d¶n«v sNt¶msc Xu_ sN¿nt¨mhÀ
Adnhpw \nebpw AtXXpw CÃmt¯mÀ¡v
Adnhpw \nebpw \ndsb sImSpt¯mhÀ
\nebpw Adnhpw AsXms¡bpw DtÅmsc,
\nebpw Adnhpw ]dn¨p IftªmhÀ
\netbsd Im«n \St¶mcp ssiJns\
11
\ne¯nsâ Xmsg \S¯n¨pht¨mhÀ'
X§fpsS Xdhm«palna sIm«ntLmjn¡pIbpw, XoctZi§fnse
\hapkvenwItfmSv, AI¨]men¡pIbpw sNbvXncp¶ k¼¶scbmWp
Ihn ChnsS e£yw hbv¡p¶Xv. \hapkvenwIsf injy·mcmbn kzoI
cn¨psIm−v Xsâ BßobKpcp ssiJv aplvbn±o³ ImWn¨ amXrIbpw
ka`mh\bpw Ihn DZmlcn¡pIbmWnhnsS.

cN\m]Ým¯ew
Cu IrXnbpsS kmaqlnIam\t¯msSm¸w Xs¶ cmjv{Sobam\hpw
]cnKW\bÀln¡p¶p. ae_mdnse apkvenwIÄ kmaqlnIambpw cmjv{So
bambpw henb shÃphnfnt\cn« kµÀ`¯nemWv AXnsâ ]ndhn. Xoc
tZiw tI{µoIcn¨p \S¯nbncp¶ hmWnPyw hgn km¼¯nIambn `{ZX
ssIhcn¨ncp¶ am¸nfkaqlw t]mÀ¨pKokpImcpsS BKa\t¯msS hen
b {]XnkÔnbnembn. t]mÀ¨pKokv A[n\nthi¯ns\Xnsc, kmaqXncn
tbmsSm¸w tNÀ¶pÅ t]mcm«¯n\p\nZm\ambXv, Ad_nhym]mcnItfmSv
AhÀ ]peÀ¯nbncp¶ i{XpXm]camb \ne]mSmbncp¶p. a¡bnte¡p
I¸ÂamÀKw lÖn\pt]mbn Xncn¨phcp¶ kv{XoIfpw Ip«nIfpaS§p¶
kwLs¯t¸mepw hmkvtImUKmabpw Iq«cpw shdpsX hn«nÃ. ISenÂ
h¨p Ahsc {Iqcambn B{Ian¡pIbpw h[n¡pIbpw sNbvX kw`hw
12
Kp−À«v hnhcn¡p¶p−v.

41
 t]mÀ¨pKokpImcpsS B{IaW¯n\pw `ojWnIÄ¡pw ap¼n ]n
Sn¨p \n¡m\mhmsXbmWv XoctZi§fn Bhmkapd¸n¡pIbpw hen
b ]m−nIimeIÄ \nÀ½n¨p hym]mcw\S¯pIbpw sNbvXncp¶ Ad_n
hym]mcnItfsdbpw tIcfXocw hnSp¶Xv. km[mcW¡mcmb am¸nfamÀ
Xoc{]tZiw Dt]£n¨p DÄ\mSpIfnte¡p IpSntbäw hym]n¸n¨Xpw CXn
sâ ^eambmWv.
s]mXpaÞe¯n X§Ä¡p e`n¨ncp¶ CSw \jvSs¸«tXmsS
am¸nfamcpsS kmaqlnIm´co£w IepjnXambn. kam\amb AfhnÂ
Xs¶ Cu cmjv{SobImemhØ CXc P\hn`mK§tfbpw kzm[o\n¡p
¶p−v. F. {io[ctat\m³ hyàam¡p¶Xp t]mse \m«pImsc Iq«wIq«
ambn sIms¶mSp¡nbpw lnµp¡fptSbpw, apkvenwIfptSbpw tZhmeb
§Ä XIÀ¯pw, t]mÀ¨pKokpImÀ sNbvX ss]imNnIhr¯nIÄ km[m
13
cWP\§fpsS a\Ên HckzmØyw krjvSn¨ kµÀ`ambncp¶p AXv.
kmaqlnIþcmjv{Sob taJeIfnse¶t]mse, kwkvImcnI kZmNm
ccwK§fnepw aqeyNypXn {]ISambncp¶p. A¨oNcnX§fpÄs¸sSbpÅ
aWn{]hmfIrXnIÄ CXnsâ Bgw hyàam¡p¶p−v. A¡me¯v tIc
fobkaqlKm{Xs¯ s]mXphmbn{Kkn¨ tcmKmhØ Ahbn {]Xn^en
¨pImWmw.
\mSphmgnIfpw D¶XIpePmXcpw, DÄs¡mÅp¶ D]cnhÀKw km
[mcWP\§sf FÃm AÀ°¯nepw NqjWwsNbvXp. P·nXzhpw \mSp
hmgn¯hpw P\PohnXs¯ \cIXpeyam¡n. PmXobamb D¨\oNXz§Ä
iàambn. \m«pcmPm¡·mÀ X½nepÅ sshchpw, Gäpap«epIfpw, \mSn
sâ kam[m\m´co£w XIÀ¯p. Cu kµÀ`¯nemWv Iq\nt·Â Ipcp
sh¶t]mse t]mÀ¨pKokpImcpsS A[n\nthihpw iàn{]m]n¡p¶Xv.

`àn{]Øm\¯nsâ kzm[o\w
XangI¯p XpS¡wIpdn¨ `àn{]Øm\¯nsâ AesbmenIÄ
tIcf¯nse¯p¶Xv C¯csamcp kmaqlnIþcmjv{Sob Npäp]mSnemWv.
P\§sf CuizchnNmc¯nte¡pw BßobXbnte¡pw \bn¨v Cu
{]XnkÔnXcWw sN¿msa¶ Nn´bn \n¶mWv Fgp¯Ñsâ IrXnIÄ
]ndhnsbSp¡p¶Xv. `mjm]nXmhv kzoIcn¨ {]tabhpw BJym\hpw,
kwt_m[\ sNbvXXv `qcn]£whcp¶ sslµhkaqls¯bmbncp¶p.
kam\amb {]XnkÔn, AXns\¡mÄ Xo{hambn t\cn« am¸nf

42
kaqlt¯mSp kwhZnt¡− _m[yX Jmknapl½Zv Xsâ IrXnbneqsS
\ndthäpIbmbncp¶p.
cmambWwInfn¸m«nsâ cN\bv¡v A©phÀjw ap¼mWp aplvbn
14
±o³ ame cNn¨sX¶ A`n{]mbw bpànklasænepw ChcpsS PohnX
Imew X½n henb A´cansöp Is−¯m\mhpw. AXpsIm−pXs¶
Fgp¯Ñsâ cN\IÄ¡v t{]cIamb LSI§Ä Jmkn apl½Zns\bpw
kzm[o\n¨n«ps−¶p \nÊwibw ]dbmw. c−pt]cpw Pohn¨Xv ae_mdnÂ
Xs¶bmWpXm\pw.
Bßobamb Nne e£y§fpw amebpsS cN\ \nÀÆln¡pt¼mÄ
Ihnbv¡p−mbncp¶p. Xm³ hnizkn¨ncp¶ BßobNn´mkcWnbpsS
(XzcoJ¯v) {]NmcWambncp¶p AXv. 13þmw \qäm−papXÂ Xs¶ hnhn[
XzcoJ¯pIÄ¡v tIcf¯n hàm¡fp−mbncp¶p. GsX¦nepsamcp
BßobmNmcys\ (ssiJv) Kpcphmbn kzoIcn¨v, At±l¯nsâ ZÀi\
§Ä¡v {]mapJyw \ÂIn {]hÀ¯n¡pIbpw, {]mÀ°\Ifpw A\pjvTm\
§fpw Nn«s¸Sp¯pIbpamWv C¯cw XzcoJ¯pIfpsS kz`mhw. ]ÅnI
tfmsSm¸w Jm³JmlpIÄ F¶dnbs¸Sp¶ `P\aµnc§Ä ]WnXv {]tXy
IkwLambn ChÀ {]hÀ¯n¨pt]m¶p. XzcoJ¯pIfpsS F®w hÀ²n¨
tXmsS Ahbv¡nSbn BibkwLÀjhpw iàambn.
C¯cw BßobkwL§fn {][m\amb ‘JmZncn¿ XzcoJ¯nÂ’
{]hÀ¯n¨p hcpt¼mgmWv Jmkn apl½Zv tImgnt¡mSv Jmknbmbn NpaX
etb¡p¶Xv. tImgnt¡mSn\Sp¯ Nmenbambncp¶p A¡me¯v Jmkn
amcpsS BØm\w. hyXykvX XzcoJ¯pIsf H¶n¸n¨p Xsâ amÀK¯n
 AWn\nc¯m\pw, AXphgn BßobkwLÀj§Ä¡v ]cnlmcw Im
Wm\pw At±lw B{Kln¨p. JmZncn¿ XzcoJ¯nsâ BNmcy\pw _mKv
ZmZnse {]apJ kq^oNn´I\pambncp¶ ssiJv aplvbn±osâ ({In.h 1077þ
1165) PohnXhpw ZÀi\hpw km[mcW¡mÀ¡v DÄs¡mÅmhp¶ hn[w ]cn
Nbs¸Sp¯pIbpamWv At±lw aplvbn±o³ amebneqsS sN¿p¶Xv.

`mjm]camb khntijXIÄ
aplvbn±o³ame¡p e`n¨ {]Nmchpw, ]n¡meIhnIfnepw ]Þn
X³amcnepw AXp sNep¯nb kzm[o\hpw IhnbpsS e£yw k^eamb
Xnsâ km£yamWv. AXnsâ `mjmemfnXyw, Imhy`wKn, BJym\coXn
F¶nhbmWv CXn\p \nZm\ambXv.

43
 km[mcWa\pjytcmSv AhcpsS `mjbnÂXs¶ kwhZn¡Wsa¶
Nn´bmWv Ad_n¡p ]Icw, Ad_naebmfs¯ am[yaam¡m³ Ihn
bv¡p {]tNmZIambXv. Úm\¸m\sb A\pkvacn¸n¡p¶ hn[w AXoh
efnXamb `mjbpw BJym\coXnbpw Ahew_n¡p¶Xv CXpsIm−mWv.
Nne amXrIIÄ ImWpI:
‘
]mense sh®t]m ss_¯m¡n sNmÃp¶p
]m¡nbw DtÅmhÀ CXns\ ]Tnt¨mhÀ’ (12)
‘Fs¶ ]nSnt¨mhÀ GXpw t]Snt¡−
Ft¶ ]nSnt¨mÀ¡v Rm³ Imhset¶mhÀ’ (48)
‘Ip¸n AI¯pÅ hkvXphns\t¸mse
Im¬am³ Rm³ \n§sf JÂ_Iw Ft¶mhÀ’ (61)
‘DuWpw Dd¡hpw AsXm¶pta IqSmsX
Hmcm−pImew s]mdp¯p \St¶mhÀ’ (80)
‘Ifhv ]dbÃ, F¶p½ sNm¶msc
IÅsâ I¿nev s]m¶psImSpt¯mhÀ’ (102)
‘I\nbnÃmImew I\nsb\ndt¨mhÀ
Icnª ac¯n³ta Imbmbv \ndt¨mhÀ’ (129)
Ae¦mc{]tbmK¯n s]mXpsh anXXzw ]men¡p¶ Ihn, Nne
kµÀ`§fn lrZyamb D]aIfneqsS Bib§Ä¡v angnhp ]Icp¶Xv
ImWmw.
‘
tX\o¨ h¶ t]mÂ, Ddp¼p Nmen«t]mÂ
Xni AhÀ Ft¸mfpw Bh®w DtÅmhÀ’ (93)
‘]mense sh®t]m ss_¯m¡n sNmÃp¶p’(11)
XpS§nb hcnIÄ DZmlcWw.
Ihn sXcsªSp¯ ]Z§Ä ]cntim[n¨m aebmft¯msSm¸w
Xangv, Ad_ni_vZ§fpw [mcmfambn ImWmw. ip²Xantgm, XangvP\y
aebmf i_vZ§tfm Bbh \mensem¶p hcpw. Ad_n]Z§fpw F®
¯n IpdhÃ. F¶m Chsbm¶pw km[mcW¡mÀ¡v A{]m]ytam,

44
AÀ°{KlWs¯ ¢njvSam¡p¶ hn[¯nepÅtXm AÃ. B `mjIÄ
X½nepÅ ASp¯ k¼À¡whgn FÃmhÀ¡pw kp]cnNnXambn amdn¡gn
ªhbmbncp¶p.
Ad_nbntem, Xangntem DÅ A£c§Ä am{Xta aplvbn±o³
amebn ImWq. kwkvIrXi_vZ§Ä aebmfw hym]Iambn kzoIcn¨
Imeambncp¶n«pw Ad_n¯angns\bmWv Ihn amXrIbm¡nbXv. kwkv
IrX¯n \n¶pw aebmfw kzoIcn¨ i_vZ§sf Xangva«n kwkvIcn
¨p {]tbmKn¨Xp ImWmw. DZm: ]m¡nbw (`mKyw), XpZn (kvXpXn). Ad
_n¯angnsâ kzm[o\t¯¡mfp]cn A¶s¯ Ad_naebmfen]nbpsS
]cnanXnbpw CXn\p ImcWambn«p−v. kwkvIrXi_vZ§sf IqSn Fgp
Xn¡mWn¡mhp¶ hn[w en]n ]cnjvIcWw \S¡p¶Xp \qäm−pIÄ¡p
tijw am{XamWv.
{]mNo\aebmf]Z§Ä, hmsamgncq]§Ä XpS§nbhbpw IrXn
bn IS¶phcp¶p. (DZm. Ft¶mhÀ(F¶hÀ), ht¶mhÀ(h¶hÀ), Nm¨n
(Nmbv¨p).
Cu amXrI kzoIcn¨mWv tambn³Ip«n sshZyÀ DÄs¸sSbpÅ
IhnIÄ X§fpsS IrXnIfn hmsamgni_vZ§Ä¡p {]thi\w \ÂIp
¶Xv.
]Z§fpsS XncsªSp¸v, BJym\coXn F¶nh ]cntim[n¡p
t¼mÄ Hcp Imcyw hyàamIpw. aWn{]hmfIhnIÄ DbÀ¯n¸nSn¨ htc
Wy]mc¼cy¯ns\Xnsc km[mcW¡mcsâ ]£¯p\n¶p cN\ \S¯m
\mWv amemIÀ¯mhv B{Kln¨Xv. Ad_naebmfsa¶ `mjmcq]¯n\
I¯p IpSp§nt¸mbXpsIm−pam{Xw \qäm−pItfmfw tIcfobs]mXp
kaql¯n\v Cu IrXnbpsS {]m[m\yw {Kln¡m³ IgnbmsXt]mhpIbm
bncp¶p.

ame¸m«pIÄ aplvbn±o³ amebv¡p tijw

aplvbn±o³amebv¡p e`n¨ {]Nmcw ame¸m«pIÄ Hcp kmlnXy {]
Øm\ambn hfÀ¶phnIkn¡m³ ImcWambn¯oÀ¶p. AXns\ A\pI
cn¨v At\Iw IoÀ¯\Imhy§Ä Cu cwK¯p−mbn. cq]¯nepw `mh
¯nepw aplvbn±o³amesb AtX]Sn A\pIcn¡m\mWv an¡ cNbnXm
¡fpw {ian¨Xv. XzcoJ¯v {]Øm\§Ä hym]IambtXmsS Hmtcm hn`m

45
Khpw X§fpsS BßobKpcphns\ {]IoÀ¯n¨psIm−v ame¸m«p cNn
¡p¶Xn aÕcn¡p¶ kmlNcyw \nehnÂh¶p.
‘ame’ F¶ ioÀjI¯n ImWp¶ IrXnIsf apgph³ kvXpXn
IoÀ¯\§fmbn ]cnKWn¡m³ h¿. Xt¯zm]tZi§tfm, kmaqlnI
{]kàamb hnjb§tfm NÀ¨sN¿p¶ IrXnIfpsS ioÀjI§fnepw
ame F¶p tNÀ¡p¶ ]Xnhv {]Nmc¯nep−mbncp¶p. kvXpXn IoÀ¯\
§fpsS KW¯n ‘\^ok¯pame’(\meI¯v IpªnsambvXo³, 1905),
‘_ZÀame’ (a¼m«v Ipªncmbn³), ‘cn^mCame’, ‘aª¡pfwame’, ‘al
aqZvame’, ‘kn±oJvame’, ‘tIm«p¸Åname’ F¶nhbv¡v \à {]Nmcw ssI
h¶ncp¶p. tambn³Ip«n sshZycpsS cN\bmb Idma¯vamebpw Cu
hn`mK¯nep−v.
sshZycpsS ‘Inf¯name’, IpªmhsshZycpsS ‘_nZvA¯vame’,
]pent¡m«n sslZdnsâ ‘ZpcmNmcame’ apXemb \nch[nIrXnIÄ aäp
hnjb§Ä DffS¡ambn hcp¶ cN\IfmWv.
`àn{][m\asænepw, B[p\nIIme¯pw ame¸m«pIÄ D−mIp
¶p−v. ssh¡w apl½Zv _jodnsâ PohnXw BhnjvIcn¡p¶ Fw.F³
ImctÈcnbpsSbpw, hn.Fw Ip«nbpsSbpw ame¸m«pIÄ DZmlcWw.

henb \kol¯pame: c−mas¯ kmlnXyIrXn

aplvbn±o³ amebv¡ptijw Ad_naebmf¯n cNn¡s¸« IrXn

tbsX¶v IrXyambn \nÀWbn¡m³ KthjIÀ¡v CXphsc Ignªn«nÃ.
aXnbmb At\zjW§Ä \S¯msX Ipªmbn³ apkveymcpsS "\qÂ
aZvlv' F¶ Imhys¯ Cu taJebnse c−mas¯ IrXnbmbn ]ecpw
]cnKWn¨p hcp¶p−v. "Cu c−pIrXnIÄ¡panSbn 130þhÀj¡mes¯
15
hnShv ImWs¸Sp¶Xmbn' Ad_naebmfNcn{XImc·mÀ Hcpt]mse
{]kvXmhn¡pIbpw sN¿p¶p.
Ad_naebmf¯nse aäp Nne {KÙ§fpsS cN\mImew ]cntim
[n¡pt¼mÄ Cu \nKa\w icnbsöp hyàamhp¶p. a\m¡mâI¯v
Ipªnt¡mb¯§Ä cNn¨ henb \kol¯pamebn Imew tcJs¸Sp
¯nbncn¡p¶Xv C{]ImcamWv:

46
 ‘sIm©w Ch samfns´
Imew Dc¯nSpth³
tI¸o³ lkmdpw ]n¶m
lwko³ CXnbn c−pw
X©w abv\ sNmÃmw
k^dpw \h shÅnbnÂ
kmZm DdpZn sIm©w
16
sNmÃn \ndp¯n Bao³’
1052 k^À 9 \v ImhycN\ ]qÀ¯nbmbXmbmWv Cu {]kvXmh\
bn \n¶pw hyàamhp¶Xv. CXv {InkvXphÀjw 1642þ\p kam\amWv.
‘
aebmf¯nse am¸nfamÀ¡p kp]cnNnXamb D¯aJÞImhyw’ F¶p
al¯mb am¸nfkmlnXy]mc¼cy¯n hntijn¸n¡p¶ Cu Imhy
¯n\pw aplvbn±o³amebv¡panSbn 35 hÀjs¯ AIetabpÅp F¶p
hyàamIp¶p. AXn\m Ad_naebmf¯nse I−pIn«nb c−mas¯
kmlnXyIrXn henb \kol¯p amebmsW¶p a\Ênem¡m³ {]bmk
anÃ. Cu Imebfhn thsd IrXnIÄ cNn¡s¸«Xmbn sXfnhpIfpanÃ.
H¸\¨mbÂ, H¸\apdp¡w, I¸¸m«v XpS§nb Ci \ma§Ä Cu
IrXnbn tNÀ¯p ImWp¶p−v. I¸¸m«v CXn\ptijw cNn¡s¸« IrXn
bmbXn\m Cu CiÂkwÚ ]n¡me {]km[IÀ FSp¯p tNÀ¯
Xmhm\mWp km[yX. am¸nf¸m«pIfnse ]pcmX\IrXnIfpsS KW¯nÂ
17
Cu IrXnbpsS t]cv almIhn DÅqcpw ]cmaÀin¡p¶p−v.
\kol¯pamebpsS IÀ¯mhmb Ipªnt¡mb¯§Ä ae¸pdw
PnÃbnse XncqÀ Xmeq¡nepÄs¸« Iq«mbnemWv Pohn¨ncp¶Xv. Iq«mbn
aplvbn±o³ ]ÅnbpsS A¦W¯n At±l¯nsâ J_dnSap−v. Ihn
bpsS aäp IrXnIÄ Is−¯nbn«nÃ. acWw, ]ctemIw, kzÀK\cI§Ä
XpS§nbhsb kw_Ôn¡p¶ hnizmk§fpw k¦Â]§fpamWv {]ta
bw. IrXnbpsS BapJ¯nepÅ {]km[IcpsS Ipdn¸n C§s\ kqNn
¸n¡p¶p: ‘Cu ]m«v Iq«mbn a\m¡mâI¯v Ipªnt¡mb¯§fmÂ
D−m¡s¸«Xpw FÃm Ckvemamb BWvs]®p§Ä Adnhn AXymh
iyambXpw auXv, J_À, alvid, knbmdXv, \cIw ChIfnepÅ AZm_v
sIm−pw kzÀKw, Xr¡ÃymWw, enJmAv apXemb \nlva¯pIsfs¡m
−pw aäpw D−m¡s¸« AXnan\pkamb ]m«mIp¶p.’

47
 ae_mdnse apkvenwKrl§fn aplvbn±o³ amebv¡p kam\amb
kzoImcyX Cu Imhy¯n\p e`n¨ncp¶p. IrXnbnse H¸\bpsS Cien
epÅ Nne `mK§Ä h«¸m«pkwL§fpw Be]n¨ncp¶p.
BßobhnZym`ymk kuIcy§Ä ]cnanXambncp¶ Ime¯v B
taJebn {]mYanIkm£cX ssIhcn¡m³ km[mcW¡msc {]m]vX
cm¡pIbmbncp¶p Imhy¯nsâ cN\me£yw.

Ipªmbn³apkveymcpsS IrXnIÄ : I¸¸m«pw, \qÂaZvlpw

XetÈcnbnse sskZmÀ]Ån¡p kao]w F.Un. 1700-þ\Sp¯v P\n
¨Xmbn IcpXs¸Sp¶ Ipªmbn³apkveymcpsS cN\IfmWv I¸¸m«v,
\qÂaZvlv, \qÂame F¶nh. At±lw kmaqXncncmPmhnsâ sIm«mcwhnZq
jI\pw, a{´nbmb a§m«¨sâ kplr¯pambncp¶psh¶p s]mXpsh
hnizkn¨pt]mcp¶p. Ipªmbn³apkveymsc¡pdn¨v ]cmaÀin¡p¶ {KÙ
Imc³amscÃmw henb At\zjW¯ns\m¶pw apXncmsX C¯cw Imcy
§Ä BhÀ¯n¡p¶hcmWv. Ipªmbn³apkveymcpsS t]cn {]Ncn¨n
«pÅ \nch[n \ÀaIYIÄ XeapdIfmbn am¸nfamÀ ssIamdn hcp¶p−v.
Ah kamlcn¨p hnhn[ {]km[IÀ {KÙcq]¯n ]pd¯nd¡nbn«p
ap−v. At±ls¯ a§m«¨\pw kmaqXncn¸mSpambn _Ôn¸n¡p¶ ]cm
aÀi§Ä ChbnepS\ofw ImWmw.
F¶mÂ, CXp ]qÀWambpw hnizk\obasöv IcpXp¶hcpap−v.
B[nImcnINcn{X{KÙ§fntem, kmaqXncncmPIpSpw_hpambn _Ô
s¸« {KÙhcnIfntem Ipªmbn³apkveymcpsS t]cv ImWm¯Xn\mÂ
18
CXnsâ hnikz\obX tNmZyw sN¿s¸«n«p−v.
]c¼cbmbn ssIamdnt¸mcp¶ ^enXIYIfnse \mbI\mb
Ipªmbn³apkveymÀ F¶ IYm]m{Xw km¦Â¸nIamsW¶p h¶mepw,
I¸¸m«ntâbpw \pÂaZvlnsâbpw IÀ¯rXzw CXphsc tNmZyw sN¿s¸«n
«nÃ. lmkyw apJy`mham¡n cNn¨ IrXnIfÃ, Chsb¶p {]Xy£¯nÂ
Xs¶ hyàamhpw. BßobX, X¯zNn´ F¶nhbv¡v {]mapJyapÅ
KuchcN\IfmWv Cu IrXnIÄ.
\qÂaZvln \ndªp\n¡p¶Xv apl½Zv\_ntbmSpÅ `ànbpw,
kvt\lhpamWv. hnizmka\pkcn¨p kÖ\§Ä¡p ]ctemI¯ph¨p
{]hmNIs\ I−pap«m³ ku`mKyw e`n¡pw. C{]Imcw acWm\´cw

48
Xncp\_nsb ZÀin¡m\pÅ Xo{hm`nemjw hnhcn¡p¶ `mKw IhnbpsS
cN\m]mSh¯n\p anI¨ amXrIbmWv.
‘
]p®nbh³ Xncpap¯n\n shbv¯v ]pIĨ anI¨htc,
hn®n ad¯v ad¡Ita ]ncni¡S ]q−htc,
a®peIn aWna¡aXn h´v ]nd´htc,
I®v IpfnÀ¸Xn A´apl½sZ ImWphtXsXmcp \mÄ?
Xn¦Ä \nd´hÀ Xn¦Ä XnI´hÀ Xn¦fn h´htc
sb¦pw sbfp´v Ad_m\À lminw C¡nf B−htc
]¦nbn a¦lqdm\nIÄ h´v ]Wn´mSn \n−htc
I¬Ipfc¡\n A´apl½sZ ImWphtXsXmcp\mÄ?
h³Ip^nÀ A¦v CcpÄ X¶nse a¦en C¦v ]ncn´htc
I³Ip Xgps¯ Cchv Cutcgn Ihn Xn¦Ä DZn¯htc
]¦w AXmw DZbkvXeanepw AhÀ ]ÞnXcmWhtc
19
I¬Ipfnc¡\n As´ apl½sZ ImWphtXsXmcp\mÄ?’
(\q aZvlv C.2)
`àn apJy`mhambXn\m hnizmknIÄ¡nSbn Npcp§nbImew
sIm−pXs¶ Cu IrXn¡p henb {]Nmcwkn²n¨p. CXp ]mSn hymJym
\n¡p¶ kZÊpIfpw [mcmfambp−mbncp¶p.
aplvbn±o³ amebnse emfnXys¯¡mtfsd k¦oÀWamb `mjm
coXnbpw, iàamb Xangvkzm[o\hpw \qÂaZvln ImWmw. ]Z§fpsS
XncsªSp¸v, Ae¦mcIÂ]\, DÄ¡m¼pÅ ZÀi\w F¶o taJeIfnÂ
]n¡mecNbnXm¡sft¸mepw AXnibn¸n¡p¶ {]Xn` Cu Ihn¡p
−v. aebmfw, Ad_n, Xangv`mjIfn Ihn¡pÅ ]mShw Akmam\y
amWv. 15 CiepIfnembn 666 hcnIfpÅ \qÂaZvlnsâ cN\mImew lnPvd
1151 ({In.h. 1737) BsW¶v Imhy¯n hyàam¡nbn«p−v.
a\pjyicocs¯ ]mb¡¸embpw PohnXs¯ AXnsâ k©mcam
bpw Iev]n¡p¶ knwt_mfnIv ImhyamWp I¸¸m«v. Ad_naebmf¯n
se Gähpw iàhpw at\mlchpamb knwt_mfnIvcN\bpw CXpXs¶.
sFlnItemIamIp¶ ]mcmhmcw ]n¶n«p ]mc{XnIPohnXamIp¶ Xpdap
J¯nte¡mWp I¸ensâ {]bmWw. icocmhbh§sf I¸ensâ hnhn[
`mK§fmbn cq]Ww sNbvXpsIm−pÅ Ihn`mh\ {]mNo\KZyIrXn
bmb Aw_cotjm]mJym\s¯ A\pkvacn¸n¡p¶p−v. Ihn ]dbp¶Xv
t\m¡pI.

49
 ‘
Nmb Hcp I¸Â D−v \ap¡v
NmªpsÅ ]m−n¨msWm¼Xv \ofw
\ofw AWnbpw \Sp aÃt¯mfw
\qen« ]m−n ]pf¡ma CuÀ¶p
tImsfms¯ ]m−n¡qsdm¼Xnsäm¶p
sIm−§v XmÀ¨oe aq¶m¡n sh¨m³
Xmfpw aWn¡meps−«ncp ]mIw
X¶n ]nSns¨ ]eIbpsam¶v
Gip−v N¸md A¸em X¶nÂ
F¯nc tImSn aeÀ Xdmbp−v
D−v ae¡pÅo ]¯mbsam¶v
DÅmbw sNmÃpIn Hmtcm NmWp−v.
D−v s_fn¡Xn H¼Xv _mXnÂ
Du¡v IXIpsÅ _mXnepw aq¶v
Xp−w acw sb®s«, sb¼Xv \m¦v
kpºqlv sNbvsX ]Wn¡¸Â X¶nÂ
sIms− sImSpXw aämem¯ sX®w
tIm«nbpw \m\qäv \m¸¯n \m¦v
\memdpw \qdv ]ew ]´ap−v
20
\¶msbgp]¯ocmbncw I¸n’
Ad_naebmfkmlnXys¯ Bg¯n kzm[o\n¨ IrXnbmWv
I¸¸m«v. Cu imJbnse ]ZyIrXnIsf ASp¯Imewhsc k^o\¸m«p
IÄ F¶phnfn¨pt]m¶ncp¶p F¶XpXs¶ CXn\p ZrjvSm´amWv.
‘
k^o\’ F¶ ]Z¯nsâ AÀ°w I¸Â F¶mWv. I¸¸m«nsâ ]n¶mse
cNn¡s¸« ]m«pIÄ¡p k^o\¸m«pIÄ F¶ s]mXp\maw \ÂIn,
{]kvXpX IrXn¡v B {]Øm\hpambpÅ ASnØm\]camb _Ôw
21
klrZbtemIw Ac¡n«pd¸n¨Xmbn H. B_p {]kvXmhn¡p¶p−v.
Cu cwKs¯ BZyZmÀi\nIImhyw F¶ _lpaXnbpw I¸¸m«n\v
AhImis¸«XmWv. aplvbn±o³amebpsS BibXe¯n \n¶pw Gsd
hn`n¶amWXv.
Adp\qdv hcnIfmWv Cu Imhy¯nepÅXv. CX{Xbpw Htc Ci
enÂXs¶ cNn¨hbmWv. {]tXyIt]cv \ÂInbn«nÃm¯ Cu Cui I¸

50
¸m«v F¶ t]cnÂXs¶ ]n¡me¯v {]Nmcwt\Sn. tambn³Ip«n sshZyÀ
hnhn[ Imhy§fnembn GgpXhW Cu Ci {]tbmKn¨n«p−v. \qÂaZv
ln \n¶p hyXykvXambn \Àat_m[w, emfnXyw F¶nh {]ISamhp¶
hcnIfpw I¸¸m«n ImWmw. hmsamgn cq]§Ä, ]gs©mÃpIÄ F¶nh
bpsS kar²amb {]tbmK¯neqsS km[mcW¡mcpsS `mjbnsegpXm\pw
X\n¡p km[n¡psa¶v Ihn sXfnbn¡p¶p−v.
euInIPohnX¯nsâ {]tem`\§fnÂs]«p Xncn¨dnhp \jvSs¸
Sp¶ a\pjysc, \Àa¯n Nmen¨p hnaÀin¡p¶ hcnIÄ t\m¡pI:
‘
I−n«dnhmt\m I®ntà s]m«m,
ImcptWmÀ sNms¶ sNm tI«ntà s]m«m,
]−ptÅmÀ sNmÃn ]Xncpt−m s]m«m,
ss] X¶ ]men\v Ibv]pt−m s]m«m
tI«mepw tI«mepw tI«ntà s]m«m
Dt−m \o GXm\pw tbmÀ¯n«v s]m«m
D³aoin sIs« IpcpSmtbm s]m«m
]«w s]mfnªm ]d¡ptam s]m«m
]mew apdnªm IS¡mtam s]m«m
s]m«\v tbXm³ ]Zapt−m s]m«m
]p®nbw sNmÃma tI¡ptam s]m«m
t_«mf³ ImXnev IqSot«m s]m«m
t_ZnIÄ \mhv XfÀ¶tÃm s]m«m
]m«n ]dªm IpiªtÃm s]m«m
]mho \n\s¡´dnhntà s]m«m
tb«nepw ]mhw \ndªtÃm s]m«m
22
sb¶pw \n\¡v \n\hntà s]m«m’

\qÂame
Ipªmbn³apkveymÀ Ahkm\ambn cNn¨ ImhyamWv \qÂame.
lnPvd 1200 ({In.h. 1785) BWv cN\mImew. ssiJv aplvbn±o³ A_vZpÂ
JmZnÀ Poem\nbpsS A]Zm\§fmWv {]tabw.
I¸¸m«n\pw \qÂaZvln\pw kn²n¨ {]Nmcw Cu IrXn¡p e`n¨n
«nÃ. C¯cw Hcp IrXn apkveymÀ cNn¨Xmbn BZyIme KthjIÀ¡v
Adnhp−mbncp¶nÃ.

51
 ]Xnaq¶v CiepIfnembn Adp\qdntesd hcnIÄ Cu IrXnbnep
−v. {]tabXe¯n aplvbn±o³ ametbmSv kmayaps−¦nepw AXnsâ
emfnXyw \qÂamebv¡nÃ. F¶mÂ, kmlnXyKpW¯n CsXm«pw
]n¶neà Xm\pw.

A¨SnbpsS Bcw`w
Jmkn apl½Zn\ptijw tambn³Ip«n sshZycpsS ImewhscbpÅ
c−c\qäm−pImes¯ Ad_naebmfkmlnXyNcn{Xw th−hn[w A\m
hcWw sN¿s¸«n«nÃ. Cu Imebfhn cNn¡s¸« IrXnIfn \sÃmcp
]¦pw \mamhtijambn¯oÀ¶ncn¡p¶p. A¨SnhnZybpsS A`mhambncp
¶p CXnsâ apJytlXp. 1870þt\mSSp¯v Xo¸q¯n Ipªl½Zv F¶
bmÄ XetÈcnbn Ad_naebmf A¨Snime Øm]n¨tXmsSbmWv Cu
KW¯nepÅ ]pkvXI§Ä tIcf¯n A¨Sn¨pXpS§p¶Xv. 1868þÂ
_mkÂanj³ImÀ XetÈcnbn Øm]n¨ {]Ên \n¶pw A¨Sn ]cnio
en¨ tijamWv At±lw Cu kwcw`¯n\p XpS¡w Ipdn¡p¶Xv.
F¦nepw 19þmw \qäm−nsâ BZy]IpXnbnÂXs¶ Ad_naebmf
A¨Sn¡p XpS¡w Ipdn¨Xmbn ImWmw. {]hmNIsâ sshZyhn[nIÄ DÄ
s¡mffp¶ "Xnºp¶_n¿v' F¶ KZyIrXn tImgnt¡mSv kztZinbmb
Al½ZvtImb apkveymÀ XÀÖa sNbvXv t_mws_bn \n¶pw A¨Sn¨n
cp¶p. 1840þembncp¶p AXv. Ad_naebmf A¨pIqS§fnÃm¯Xn\mÂ
Hmtcm ]pd¯nsâbpw t»ms¡Sp¯v A¨Sn¡pIbmbncp¶p. Ad_naebm
f¯nse BZys¯ \_nNcn{X{KÙamb "AIv_mdp Al½Zn¿',
]mSqÀ tImb¡p«n¯§Ä cNn¨ "a\mknIpÂasse_mcn ^o lÖn
ss_¯nÃmlnÂ_mcn' (1862)F¶nhbpw t_mws_bnemWv A¨Sn¨Xv.
kmlnXyIrXnIfpw, BßobsshÚm\nI{KÙ§fpsaÃmw ]IÀ
¯nsbgpXn ]ÅnZÀkpIfnepw henb XdhmSpIfnepw kq£n¨p hbv¡p
¶ ]XnhmWv A¨Sn \nehn hcp¶Xn\p ap¼p−mbncp¶Xv. A¡me¯v
aebmf¯nsâ ØnXnbpw Gsdsbm¶pw hn`n¶ambncp¶nÃ. CXnsâ Hcp
\qäm−pap¼p am{XamWv kwt£] thZmÀ°w(1772) ]pd¯nd§p¶Xv.
AXpw {]kn²oIcn¨Xv tIcf¯n\p shfnbnemWv. tIcf¯ne¨Sn¨
BZys¯ aebmfIrXnbmb ‘sNdpss]X§Ä¡v D]ImcmÀ°w Cw¥o
jnÂ\n¶pw ]cn`mjs¸Sp¯nb IYIÄ’ ]pd¯nd§p¶Xv 1824þemWv.

52
CXn\ptijapÅ Ac\qäm−n\Iw Xs¶ Ad_naebmfIrXnIÄ ChnsS
A¨Sn¡s¸«n«p−v.
A¨Sn {]Nmc¯n hcp¶Xn\pap¼p cNn¡s¸« IrXnIsf¡pdn
¨pff At\zjW¯n \nch[n {]iv\§Ä t\cntS−n hcp¶p. hmsamgn
bmbn {]Ncn¨ ]m«pIfn ]eXnepw Imew, IÀ¯mhv XpS§nbhsb¡p
dn¨pÅ {]Xy£kqN\IÄ ImWp¶nÃ. {KÙIÀ¯mhnsâ t]cpw cN\m
Imehpw ]m«nÂXs¶ \n_Ôn¡p¶ ]Xnhv BZyImew apXte Ad_n
aebmfIhnIÄ A\phÀ¯n¨ncp¶Xmbn ImWmw. F¶m hmsamgnbm
bn ssIamdnt¸m¶ cN\Ifn C¯cw `mK§Ä A{][m\sa¶p IcpXn
]m«pImÀ Hgnhm¡nbncn¡m\nSbp−v. ]n¡me¯v ]IÀ¯nsbgpXnb
t¸mÄ hn«pt]mbXpamhmw. am¸nfamsc {_n«ojvhncp²cpw Iem]ImcnIfp
am¡n amäm³ t{]cn¸n¡p¶p, F¶ \ymbap¶bn¨v A[nImcnIÄ \ntcm
[n¡pIbpw I−psI«pIbpw sNbvXXn\m \jvSs¸« cN\Ifpap−v. tN
dqÀ ]S¸m«v, a®mÀ¡mSv ]S¸m«v, at©cn ]S¸m«v apXembh C¯c¯nÂ
\ntcm[n¨ IrXnIfmWv. Ban\p½mâI¯v ]co¡p«n apkveymÀ cNn¨
‘apln½m¯p apAvan\o³’ F¶ IrXn ssIhiw hbv¡p¶hsc hnNm
cWIqSmsX A©phÀjw in£n¡p¶XmsW¶v 1921þse a{Zmkv Kkän
23
bÀ hgn hnfw_cw sNbvXncp¶p.

hnhn[Xcw BJym\§Ä
Ad_naebmfIrXnIsf AXpÄs¡mÅp¶ hyhlmc§fpsS kz`m
hs¯ B[mcam¡n ]cntim[n¡p¶Xv At\zjW¯n\v klmbIamIpw.
Ncn{XIrXnIÄ, B[ymßnI{KÙ§Ä, sshZyimkv{X{KÙ§Ä, kÀKm
ßI cN\IÄ, sIÊp¸m«pIÄ F¶n§s\ hyXykvX hn`mK§fmbn
Ahsb hn`Pn¡mw.

Ncn{XIrXnIÄ : KZy¯nepw ]Zy¯nepw

Ad_naebmf¯nse Ncn{XIrXnIfn KZy¯nepw ]Zy¯nepap
ff cN\IÄ ImWmw. KZyhn`mK¯nÂhcp¶ cN\Ifn ipPmbnsam
bvXpapkveymcpsS ‘ss^fpÂ^¿mfv’, ‘^XvlpÂ^¯mlv’ (temI Ncn{X
kw{Klw), ]«n¡mSv C{_mlnw auehnbpsS ‘ae_mÀNcn{Xw’, ssk\p

53
±o³ aJvZpw c−ma³ cNn¨ ‘Xplv^¯p apPmlnZo³’ F¶ IrXnbpsS
hnhÀ¯\w F¶nh {][m\yaÀln¡p¶p. ipPmbn sambvXp apkveymcpsS
‘temINcn{X kw{Klw’ aq¶v hmey§fnembn {]kn²oIcn¨ _rlZv
{KÙamWv. BZy`mKw {In.h 1892þ A¨Sn¨p. PhlÀem s\lvdphnsâ
‘¥nwkkv Hm^v thÄUv lnÌdn’ {]kn²oIcn¡p¶Xnsâ 42 hÀjw ap¼m
bncp¶p AXv. Ncn{Xhnjb§Ä {]tabambn cN\ \S¯p¶hcpw, aäp
ffhcpw Gähpw IqSpXÂ Ahew_am¡nbncp¶Xv Cu IrXnbmbncp¶p.
Ad_naebmf¯nse BZytIcfNcn{X{KÙamb ‘ae_mÀNcn{X’
¯n\v c−p `mK§fps−¦nepw H¶mw`mKw am{Xta, {]kn²oIcn¨n«pffp.
1928þemWv AXnsâ BZy]Xn¸v ]pd¯nd§p¶Xv. {KÙIÀ¯mhmb
]«n¡mSv C{_mlnwauehn kzmX{´ykactk\m\nbpw _lp`mjm]
ÞnX\pambncp¶p.
hnhÀ¯\cq]¯n shfn¨w I− "Xplv^¯p apPmlnZo\v'
\mep`mK§fp−v. Ad_naebmfamknIbmb "AÂapÀinZn'sâ BZy
e¡w apXÂ (1935) AXnsâ ]{Xm[n]À IqSnbmb sI.Fw. auehnbmWv
CXp hnhÀ¯\w sNbvXp JÞi: {]kn²oIcn¨p XpS§nbXv. H¶mw
`mKw am{XamWv At±lw ]cn`mjs¸Sp¯nbXv. aäp `mK§fpsS hnhÀ
¯\w sI.Fw aqkm³Ip«nauehnbmWv X¿mdm¡nbXv. CXn\ptijw 28
hÀjw IgnªmWv (1963) thembp[³ ]Wn¡tÈcnbpsS aebmfhnhÀ
¯\w ]pd¯nd§p¶Xv.
Atd_ybpsSbpw Ckvemansâbpw Ncn{XapÄs¡mffp¶ \nch[n
KZyIrXnIfpw 19þ20 \qäm−pIfn ]pd¯nd§nbn«p−v. sIm«nep§Â
sambvXp®n apkveymÀ 13 hmey§fnembn cNn¨ "ss^kp a¶m³' F¶
IrXn, temImcw`w apXÂ apl½Zv\_nbpsS Imewhscbpff {]hmNI
·mcpsSbpw, P\hn`mK§fpsSbpw Ncn{XapÄs¡mffp¶p. {In.h.1912-þÂ
H¶mw`mKhpw XpSÀ¶v aäp`mK§fpw ]pd¯nd§n. Atd_y³ Fgp¯pIm
c\mb Al½Zv Zlvem³ cNn¨ "kod¯p¶_hn¿ h Bkmdp apl½
Zn¿' F¶ {KÙw NmeneI¯v A_vZpà auehn c−p`mKambn hnhÀ
¯\w sNbvXp. apl½Zv \_nbpsS B[nImcnIPohNcn{Xw F¶ \ne
bn ]cnKWn¡s¸«phcp¶ IrXnbmWnXv. aqe¼m¯v Ipªmap cNn¨
"AIv_mdp Al½Zn¿' F¶ IrXnbpw \_nbpsS PohNcn{XamWv. KZy
¯nsegpXnb BZy \_nNcn{X{KÙamWnXv.

54
Jnʸm«pIÄ
Ncn{Xkw_Ôamb {]tab§fpÄs¡mffp¶ Imhy§fmWv JnÊ
¸m«pIÄ F¶dnbs¸Sp¶Xv. cmPyNcn{Xw, {]mtZinINcn{Xw, CkvemanI
Ncn{Xw, PohNcn{Xw, Atd_y³]Ým¯e¯ntem, tIcfNcn{X¯ntem
\S¶ bp²§fpsS Ncn{Xw F¶n§s\ hyXykvXkz`mhw ]peÀ¯p¶
JnÊ]m«pIfp−v.
]pent¡m«n sslZdnsâ ‘tIcfNcn{Xw’ F¶ ZoÀLImhyw
CXn {it²bamWv. efnXamb `mjbn tIcfNcn{X¯nse hnhn[
kw`h§Ä sslZÀ BhnjvIcn¨n«p−v. ]−mcAd¡Â Al½ZpIp«n
cNn¨ ‘tIcfapkvenwNcn{Xw’ F¶ IrXn tIcf¯ntâbpw apkvenwIfp
tSbpw Ncn{Xw ]cmaÀin¡p¶ _rlXvImhyamWv. PohNcn{X§fpw ]S
¸m«pIfpambn thsdbpw IrXnIÄ At±l¯nsâ kw`mh\bmbp−v.
Xncph\´]pcw Ica\kztZinbmbncp¶ hn.F. apl½Zv apkveymÀ cNn¨
‘_lphntij \qX\IoÀ¯\w’(1928) XncphnXmwIqÀNcn{X¯nte¡v
shfn¨w hoip¶ ImhyamWv. IrXnbpsS BapJ¯nse DÅS¡]cmaÀi
¯nÂ\n¶v AXnsâ kz`mhw hyàamIp¶p−v. AXv C{]ImcamWv:
‘CXmIp¶Xv XncphnXmwIqÀ almcmPmhv aqewXncp\mÄXncpta\nbpsS
\mSp\o§Â apX Nn¯ncXncp\mÄalmcmPmhv AhÀIÄ ]«w [cn¨Xp
hscbpÅ AÛpXNcn{X§fpw, tIm«, tIm«¡fw, sIm«mcw tImhneIw,
embw, Nme _Pmdv, Bdm«v, ]qsPSp¸v apXemb Fgps¶Å¯mtLmjm
ÛpX§fpw CeIv{SnIv, dbn F¶Ã; Xncph\´]pc¯pÅ kÀhhnti
j AÛpX§Ä klnXw efnX`mjbn _lphntij\qX\IoÀ¯\
24
JnÊ F¶ ]m«mIp¶p.’
{]hmNI³amÀ, kq^oNn´IÀ, cmjv{St\Xm¡Ä apXembhcpsS
PohnXhpw ZÀi\hpw Imhycq]¯n BhnjvIcn¡p¶ At\Iw cN\
IÄ ImWmw. tambn³Ip«n sshZycpsS ‘lnPvd’(1892), apkveymcI¯v Al
½ZvIp«n apkveymcpsS ‘lnPvd]m«v’ (1887) Fc−¸pd¯v Ipªhdp apÃ
bpsS ‘h^m¯v Jnʯp¶_n’, A_vZpdÒm³ aJvZqansâ ‘JkoZ¯pÂ
hnXvcn¿’, kÀZmcI¯v_mhbpsS ‘bqk^v Jnʸm«v’, C. sambvXp«n aue

55
hnbpsS ‘kmenlv \_n JnÊ’, tImSt©cn ac¡mÀ apkveymcpsS ‘aqkm
^nÀHu³ Jnʸm«v’, hÅn¡mS³ apl½Znsâ ‘Jnʯvbqk^v alm
Imhyw’, amb³Ip«n FfbmbpsS ‘kpsseam³\_nNcn{Xw’(1847) AÚm
XIÀ¯rI§fmb ‘Cukm\_n Jnʸm«v’, ‘C{_mlnw\_n Jnʸm«v’,
‘Zm\ntbÂ\_n Jnʸm«v’ F¶nh {]hmNI³amcpsS PohNcn{XImhy
§fmWv.
tNäphmbn ]co¡p«nbpsS ‘an³B¯pÂ_mcn’, tImS¼nb¯v Ip
ªnkoXnt¡mb¯§fpsS ‘k¿nZ¯p¶nkmAv’(1894), aq¨n¡q«¯nÂ
IpªmhsshZycpsS ‘aplvbn±o³ JnÊ’ XpS§nb At\Iw IrXnIÄ B
ßobcwKs¯ {]apJcpsS PohnXmJym\§fmbp−v.
tIcfNcn{Xkw_Ôamb {]m[m\yapÅ Nne PohNcn{X{KÙ§
fpw ImWmw. hÃm©nd Ipªnapl½Zv (1842þ1912) sslZcenbpsSbpw Sn¸p
hnsâbpw Ncn{Xw ‘AIv_mdp lnµv’ F¶t]cn cNn¨p. ISp¯ {_n«o
jvhncp² kao]\w ]peÀ¯p¶Xn\m \ntcm[\w `b¶v {]km[I³
amÀ CX¨Sn¡m³ X¿mdmbncp¶nÃt{X. km{amPyXzhncp²\ne]mSpI
fpsS t]cn {_n«ojpImÀ \mSpIS¯nb a¼pdw k¿nZv ^kÂ]qt¡mb
¯§fpsS PohNcn{Xamb ‘ankv_mD ^pBZv’ (Imªncme Ipªn
cmbn³þ1901), {_n«ojpImÀs¡Xnsc \nIpXn \ntj[{]Øm\¯n\v t\
XrXzw \ÂIn PbnÂhmkw hcn¨ shfnbt¦mSv DaÀJmknbpsS PohNcn
{XImhyamb ‘DaÀJmkname’(tImSt©cn ac¡mÀ apkveymÀ), sImt−m
«nbnse apl½Zv jmlvX§fpsS PohnXIYbmb ‘Jnʯv apl½Zv jmlv
X§Ä’ (InÂkn§mâI¯v Ipªmh), ‘amenIv C_v\p Zn\mÀ Jnʸm«v’
(AÚmXIÀ¯rIw, 1883) F¶o cN\IÄ¡v Ncn{X]camb {]m[m\y
ap−v.
Ad_naebmf¯nse Ncn{XImhy§fn asämcp hn`mKw ]S¸m«p
IfmWv. Ckvemansâ BhnÀ`mhZibn Atd_ybn \S¶ bp²§fpw,
tIcf¯n sshtZinIiànIfpsS A[n\nthi¯n\pw \mSphmgnI
fpsS ASn¨aÀ¯epIÄ¡psaXnsc DbÀ¶ph¶ kac§fpamWv ChbpsS
{]tabw. tambn³Ip«n sshZycpsS cN\Ifn `qcn`mKhpw Cu hn`mK

56
¯nÂs]Sp¶Xn\m AhbpsS khntijXIÄ asämc[ymb¯n NÀ¨
sN¿p¶p−v.

B[ymßnI{KÙ§Ä
]qÀWambpw B[ymßnIkz`mhapÅ hensbmcphn`mKw cN\IÄ
Cu cwK¯p−v. kzX{´cN\Ifpw hnhÀ¯\§fpÄs¸Sp¶ KZyIrXn
Ifpw BßobXt¯zm]tZiImhy§fpw Chbnep−v.
JpÀB³, lZokv (\_nhN\w) F¶nhbpsS hnhÀ¯\§fpw
hymJym\§fpamWv Chbn {]Ya Øm\¯pÅXv.

JpÀB³]cn`mjIÄ
aebmfen]nbn JpÀB³]cn`mjIÄ ]pd¯phcp¶Xv 1950þ\p
tijamWv. ‘AarXhmWn’ (sI.Pn. cmLh³\mbÀ, 1997), ‘ZnhyZo]vXn’
(tIm¶nbqÀ cmLh³\mbÀ, 2000) F¶o c−pImhy]cn`mjIfpÄs¸sS
\mÂ]tXmfw hnhÀ¯\§Ä Cu cwK¯p−v. 1951þ cN\bmcw`n¨v
1963þ ]qÀ¯oIcn¨ kn.F³. Al½Zv auehnbpsS hymJym\amWv `mj
bnse BZy k¼qÀW JpÀB³ hnhÀ¯\w.
Cu kwcw`¯nsâ GItZiw Hcp \qäm−pap¼pXs¶ Ad_nae
bmf¯n JpÀB³]cn`mj {]kn²oIcn¨n«p−v. I®qÀkztZinbmb
amb³Ip«n Ffb F¶ ]ÞnX³ Ad_nbnepÅ JpÀB³ hyJym\amb
‘X^vkoÀ Pemsse\n’sb B[mcam¡n Bdv hmey¯nemWv {]kvXpX
XÀPa \nÀÆln¨Xv. ]Xn\©vhÀjs¯ {ia^eambn ]qÀ¯oIcn¨ ]cn
`mj 1869þÂ I®qÀ Ad¡ÂsIm«mc¯n\p kao]¯v Hcp ent¯m{]Êp
Øm]n¨v AhnsS \n¶pw A¨Sn¨p. Cu taJebnse c−mas¯ ]cn`mj
sI. DaÀauehnbpsS ‘XÀPpam\p JpÀB³’ BWv. 1955þ\pw 1965þ\pw
CSbn Bdv hmeyambn A¨Sn¨ Cu {KÙw ]n¶oSv aebmfen]nbnÂ
Hä hmeyambn {]kn²oIcn¨p.
Ad_naebmf¯nse aäp hymJym\§sfÃmw JpÀB\nse Nne
`mK§fpsStbm A[ymb§fpsStbm(kqd¯v) am{Xw XÀPaIfmWv. ]n.
sI. aqkauehn (1938), tX³]d¼n JmZÀIp«n apkvenbmÀ (1955), Icn
§\mSv sI.]n.apl½Zv apkvenbmÀ(1973), aplvbn±o\p_v\p A_vZpÂJmZÀ
s]m¶m\n(1902), kn.F apl½Zvauehn(1928), sNdnbap−wIpªnt¸m¡À
(1920), Xp¶who«n apl½ZvapkveymÀ(1905), sIm§Wwho«n C{_mlnw

57
apkveymÀ(1915), sI.Fw.auehn(1935), henbsXmSphn apl½ZvapkveymÀ
(1954), shfnbt¦mSv lk³apkveymÀ, tImap¡p«nauehn (1958), F.F³.
a½n auehn (1959), ]n. sNdnbtImbX§Ä, Ben¡p«n auehn sImf
¯qÀ F¶nhcmWv Cu cwK¯v kw`mh\IfÀ¸n¨ {]apJÀ.
Fw.kn.kn. Al½Zv auehnbmWv Ad_naebmf¯n lZokv ]cn
`mjbv¡p XpS¡wIpdn¨Xv. 1935þÂ sI.Fw.auehnbpsS ]{Xm[n]Xy¯n
 {]kn²oIcWw Bcw`n¨ ‘AÂapÀinZv’ Ad_naebmfamknIbpsS
XmfpIfnembncp¶p AXv. AXnsâ BZye¡w apXÂXs¶ ‘kzlolpÂ
_pJmcn’ F¶ {]hmNIhN\§fpsS kamlmc¯nsâ ]cn`mjbpw hym
Jym\hpw {]kn²oIcn¨ph¶ncp¶p.

ss__nfpw {InkvXpNcnXhpw
ss__nfn\pw Ad_naebmf¯n XÀPabp−v. ss__nÄ skm
sskän Hm^v C´y {]kn²oIcn¨ {]kvXpX ]cn`mjbpw C´y³ Chm©
en¡Â eqYd³ NÀ¨v ]pd¯nd¡nb {InkvXphnsâ PohNcn{X{KÙamb
‘D¯a kvt\lnX³’(1970) F¶ IrXnbpw ss{IkvXhaXkw_Ônbmb
25
IrXnIfmWv.

IÀ½imkv{Xhpw A\p_Ô§fpw
aX]camb BNmcm\pjvTm\§Ä, hnizmk§Ä F¶nh {]Xn]mZn
¡p¶ ‘In¯m_pÊem¯p I_oÀ’ (Jmkn Ipªnaqkmauehn, 1882),
‘C_vdmkp C\mb’ (tN\¯phf¸n sslt{ZmkvapkveymÀ,1895), ‘Alv
Imap lbhm³ ^nÂlemen hÂldmw’ (Be¸pg kpsseam³ aue
hn), ‘a\mknIpÂasse_mcn ^olÖn ss_¯nÃmlnÂ_mcn’(1861),
‘sshXpeyw’ (]mSqÀ tImb¡p«nX§Ä, 1862) F¶n§s\ \nch[n kzX
{´IrXnIÄ Cu hn`mK¯nep−v. Cu taJebnse hnhÀ¯\imJbv¡v
anI¨ kw`mh\ \ÂInb ]ÞnXcmWv NmeneI¯v Aenlk³aue
hnbpw, ktlmZc³ A_vZpÃauehnbpw. IÀaimkv{Xhnjb¯nse {]m
amWnI {KÙ§fnsem¶mb CamwC_v\plPdp sslXanbpsS ‘Xplv^’
hnhÀ¯\amWv ChcpsS {][m\kw`mh\. CXnsâ 756 ]pdw hoXapÅ
BZy c−phmeyw Aenlk³auehnbpw, aq¶mwhmeyw A_vZpÃauehn

58
bpamWv XÀPa sNbvXXv. Ad_naebmf¯nse BZyamknIbmb ‘lnZm
b¯p CJvhmsâ’ kl]{Xm[n]cmbncp¶ At±lw aX¯nsâ t]cnÂ
{]Ncn¨ncp¶ A\mNmc§tfbpw AÔhnizmk§tfbpw \ninXambn
hnaÀin¨ncp¶p.
Aenlk³auehnbpw A_vZpà auehnbpw tNÀ¶p X¿mdm¡nb
asämcp hnhÀ¯\ {KÙamWv ‘In¯m_v In^mb¯p C¯vJnbmAv’.
ssk\p±o³ aJvZqw H¶ma³ cNn¨ ‘lnZmb¯p AZvInb’ F¶ IrXn¡v
Atd_y³ ]ÞnX\mb, k¿nZv A_q_¡À_¡cn, a¡ cNn¨ hymJym
\¯nsâ XÀPabmWXv. CtXmsSm¸w IÀaimkv{Xw, X¯zimkv{Xw, Ncn
{Xw F¶o taJeIfnepÅ ]{´−v _rlXv{KÙ§Ä Ad_nbn \n¶pw
lk³auehn kz´ambn hnhÀ¯\wsNbvXp. ‘Clvbm Deqap±o³’, ‘^Xv
lp apCu³’, ‘CB\¯p \men_n³’, ‘id^p AJmCZv’ XpS§nb
{KÙ§fpsS hymJym\§Ä CXn {][m\amWv.
Fw.kn.]n. ssk\p±o³Ip«n auehn X¿mdm¡nb ‘aplvbn A\mw’
(1951) BWv Bßob{]m[m\yapÅ asämcp IrXn. ssZhhnizmk¯nsâ
ASnØm\ X¯z§Ä hniZam¡p¶ ‘In^mb¯p Ahmw’ (AlvaZpÂ
aÀkqJn) F¶ cN\bpsS ]cn`mjbmWnXv.
BNmc\pjvTm\§fpw, hnizmk§fpw km[mcW¡mÀ¡v Ffp¸w
{Kln¡m\pw HmÀabn kq£n¡m\pw klmbIambhn[¯n Ah ]Zy
cq]¯n hnhcn¡p¶ ‘henb \kol¯vame’(a\m¡mâI¯v Ipªn
t¡mbX§Ä, 1642), ‘AJoZame’ (sNdptÈcn IpªdapapkveymÀ), ‘D]
tZicXv\ame’(hn. Bbnj¡p«n), ‘a\m^nDÂau¯v’(ipPmbn sambvXp
apkveymÀ), ‘Bbncw akvAe¸m«v’(sambvXp_v\p A_vZpdlnam³), ‘kv{Xo
DdpZname’ (Xncqc§mSn AÃp), ‘XSn DdpZname’ (Jmkn A_q_¡À Ip
ªn), ‘almcXv\ame’(Imªncme Ipªncmbn³), ‘Z_olv ame’, ‘enJm
ame’ (amb³Ip«n Ffb), ‘\nkvImc¸m«v’ (tImS¼nb¯v IpªnkoXn
t¡mbX§Ä), ‘\nkvImc¡p½n’ (tNäphmbn ]co¡p«n), ‘\nkvImc¸m«v’
(sI.Sn.A_vZpdlnam³Ip«n), ‘PpapAx ame’ (hS¡n\ntbS¯v Al½Zv
Ip«n samÃ), ‘Xplv^¯p _md’ (Nm¡ocn sambvXo³Ip«n) F¶n§s\

59
At\Iw Imhy§Ä Bßob{][m\amb cN\Ifmbp−v. ipPmbn
sambvXpapkveymcpsS ‘k^eame’ (1896), ‘C¨ akvXmsâ hncp¯§Ä’
apXemb ZmÀi\nIam\§fpÅ Imhy§fpw Cu hn`mK¯nep−v.

sshZyimkv{X{KÙ§Ä
Ad_naebmf¯n sshZyimkv{X{KÙ§fpsS k¼¶amb Hcp
hn`mKap−v. kzX{´cN\Ifpw, Ad_n, kwkvIrXw, Xangv `mjIfn \n
¶pff hnhÀ¯\§fpw AhbnepÄs¸Sp¶p. A¨Sn¡s¸« BZyAd_n
aebmfKZyIrXnbmb ‘Xnºp¶_n’bmWv Cu KW¯nse H¶mas¯
IrXn. apl½Zv\_n D]tZin¨ NnInÕmhn[nIfmWv {]Xn]mZyw. tImgn
t¡mSv kztZin Al½ZvtImb apkveymÀ Cu {KÙw AtXt]cn hnhÀ
¯\w sNbvXp.
BbpÀthZ{KÙamb AjvSmwKlrZb¯n\v KZy¯nepw ]Zy¯nepw
hnhÀ¯\§fp−v. ImkÀtKmUv ]«fwkztZin Ipªnamb³Ip«n sshZy
cmWv ]Zycq]¯nepÅ hnhÀ¯I³. 1880þ sam{Kmense ssakd¯v
Ipªl½Zv AXp {]kn²oIcn¨p. AXoh efnXambssienbn am¸nf
¸m«p coXnbnemWv XÀPa. HcpZmlcWw ImWpI,
‘Xn¶nSmw s\bvIÄ sNmÃmw,
NnämarXnSn¨ \oänÂ
s\bv AXpw tNÀ¯p Im¨n
Acns¨Sp¯n«p Xn¶mÂ
h¶nSpw timWnX§Ä
Hs¡bpw t]mboSpta.’

hnjqNnINnInÕm AjvSmwKlrZbw, henb sshZykmcw XÀPa,

hkqcnNnInÕmIoÀ¯\w apXembhbpw AjvSmwKlrZbs¯ D]Pohn
s¨gpXnbhbmWv.
Huj[§fpsS tbmKhn[nIÄ am¸nf¸m«pcq]¯n hnhcn¡p¶
{KÙamWv ‘NnInÕm\qÂ’. AÚmXIÀ¯rIamb Cu IrXn XangnÂ
\n¶pÅ kzX{´]cn`mjbmWv.
hSIckztZinbmb ]pXnbhf¸n Ipªl½ZvapkveymÀ BbpÀ
thZ¯nepw bq\m\nNnInÕbnepw IgnhpsXfnbn¨ ]ÞnX\mWv. 1111
sshZyhn[nIÄ hnhcn¡p¶ ‘Xnºp Awdmfv’ F¶ _rlXv{KÙhpw,

60
‘bq\m\nsshZyapdIfp’amWv At±l¯nsâ {][m\IrXnIÄ. s]m¶m\n
Ipª³_mh apkveymÀ cNn¨ "henb_me NnInÕ’, l¡ow Ipªl
½Zv auehnbpsS ‘sshZytbmKcXv\w’, ]n. Ipªnambn³Ip«n sshZy
cpsS ‘sshZyhnÚm\w’, C{_mlnwIp«n apkveymcpsS ‘]tcmP\ D]tZiw
NnInÕm]pkvXIw’, s]m¶m\n]pXnbI¯v A_vZpdlnam³ apkveymcpsS
‘almkmcw ^o Pt\m]Imcw’, ]md¸pd¯v hocm³Ip«n sshZycpsS cN\
Ifmb ‘sNdnb_meNnInÕ’, ‘\S¸pZo\NnInÕ’, ‘\m¡menNnInÕ’,
a®psXmSnI sNdnbIpªnt¸m¡cpsS ‘hkqcnNnInÕmIoÀ¯\w’ F¶n
hbmWv aäp {][m\IrXnIÄ. 18þhn[w hkqcnIÄ¡pff BbpÀthZ NnIn
Õmhn[nIÄ efnXamb`mjbn hnhcn¡p¶ IrXnbmWv ‘hkqcn NnIn
ÕmIoÀ¯\w’(1935).

kÀKmßIcN\IÄ
]Zy¯nepw KZy¯nepambn hcp¶ kzX{´IrXnIfmWv asämcp
hn`mKw. t\mhepIÄ, IYIÄ, hnem]KoX§Ä, k©mcKoX§Ä, IÃym
W¸m«pIÄ, sIÊp¸m«pIÄ F¶nh Cu KW¯nep−v.

t\mhepIfpw IYIfpw
kzX{´IrXnIfpw hnhÀ¯\§fpambn A¼tXmfw t\mhepIÄ
Cu cwK¯p−v. Ad_naebmf¯n {]kn²oIcn¨ {]Yat\mhÂXs¶
Hcp hnhÀ¯\IrXnbmbncp¶p. t]Àjy³`mjbn AaoÀJp{kp cNn¨
‘OmÀZÀthiv’ BWXv. XetÈcnkztZin aplvbn±o\p_v\p amln³ Aen
\mep`mKambn CXp hnhÀ¯\w sNbvXp. BZy`mKw 1866þepw c−mw`mKw
1872þepw {]kn²oIcn¨p. aebmf¯nse BZyt\mh IpµeXbpsS
cN\bv¡p ap¼pXs¶ Ad_naebmf¯n t\mh {]kn²oIcn¨psh
¶Xv Ncn{X{]m[m\yaÀln¡p¶p. XetÈcnkztZin aqem¼¯v Ipªmap
lnµpØm\n `mjbn \n¶v hnhÀ¯\wsNbvX t\mhemWv ‘tXmXm In
Ilm\n’ (X¯ ]dª IYIÄ) 1889þ CXv XetÈcnbn \n¶pw A¨
Sn¨p. Cu taJebn GähpwIqSpX t\mhepIÄ hnhÀ¯\w sNbvXXv
s]m¶m\n \meI¯v IpªnsambvXo³Ip«nbmWv. AaoÀlwk, JaÀ
kam³ JnÊ, Jnʯp\qÀPlm³, Jnʯp_ÀkJnbm³, DaÀA¿mÀ,

61
OmÀZÀthiv, _ZvdpÂap\oÀ lpkv\pÂPamÂ, a{´nIpamcNcnXw F¶nh
At±l¯nsâ kw`mh\IfmWv. OmÀZÀthinsâ XÀPa {]kvXpXIrXn
bpsS c−mas¯ hnhÀ¯\ambncp¶p. At±lw an¡hnhÀ¯\§fpw
\nÀÆln¨Xv t]Àjy³`mjbn \n¶mbncp¶p. tX\m«n¡Â A_vZpÂ
JmZÀ apkvenbmÀ Ad_nbn \n¶pw ]cn`mjs¸Sp¯n 1908þ {]kn²o
Icn¨ ‘ssk^p apeq¡v’, AtXhÀjw shfnbt¦mSv lk³apkveymÀ
hnhÀ¯\w sNbvXp {]kn²oIcn¨ ‘Jnʯp lk\p kmCJp _kcn’
F¶nhbmWp aäp t\mhepIÄ.
1877þÂ XetÈcnkztZinIfmb IcnbmS³ Ipªnaqkbpw Sn.kn.
Ipªmb\pw tNÀ¶v ‘Bbncs¯m¶v cmhpIÄ’ hnhÀ¯\w sNbvXp. F«v
hmeyambn ]pd¯nd¡nb Cu IrXn henb {]Nmcwt\Snbncp¶p. ae¸pdw
Iogp]d¼vkztZin sNdnb Ipªnt¸m¡À hn{IamZnXyIYIfpw ]cn`mj
s¸Sp¯nbncp¶p.

k©mcKoX§Ä

Imhycq]¯n cNn¨ k©mckmlnXyIrXnIfmWv ‘kÀ¡o«v]m«

pIÄ’ F¶dnbs¸Sp¶Xv. ‘tImemÀbm{X’, ‘sjmÀ®qÀbm{X’ (]pent¡m
«n sslZÀ), ‘tImemÀJ\n¸m«v’ (sI.a½Zp Ip«n), ‘`{ZmhXnkÀ¡o«v
]m«v’(HäI¯v Bät¡mbX§Ä), ‘{iocwKbm{Xm¸m«v’ (AÃp), ‘lÖv
bm{Xm¸m«v’ (]n.Sn _ocm³Ip«nauehn) F¶nh Cu ImhyimJbnÂs¸
Sp¶p. sI.Sn. am\papkveymcpsS ‘lÖvbm{X’ k©mcKoX§Ä¡nSbnse
Gähpw anI¨cN\bmWv. 47 CiepIfnembn I¸ÂamÀKw Atd_ybn
te¡p \S¯nb bm{Xbpw, lÖnsâ A\pjvTm\§fpw, a¡, aZo\
XpS§nb Øe§fpsS hÀW\IfpsaÃmw efnXhpw BIÀjIhpamb
ssienbn Bhnjv¡cn¨n«p−v.

hnem]Imhy§Ä

hnem]Imhy§fpsS taJebnep−mb {][m\cN\IfmWv ‘h^m

¯p Jnʯp¶_n’ (F.]n IpªhdpsamÃ), ‘h^m¯p dkqÂ’ (sI.Sn
apl½Zv), ‘h^m¯v^m¯na’ (kn.F¨v.Ipªmbni), ‘h^m¯p¶_n¿v’
(ssiJv A_vZp JmZnÀ), ‘h^m¯p¶_n JnÊ’(BenlʳIp«n), ‘JZo

62
P¯p h^m¯v JnÊ’ (hn. Bbni¡p«n) XpS§nbh. aebmf¯nepw
Cw¥ojnepw ImWp¶ hnem]Imhy§fnÂ\n¶pw hyXykvXamWv Ch
bpsS kz`mhw. Chbn ]cmaÀin¡p¶ hyànIÄ cNbnXm¡fpambn
t\cn«p_ÔapffhcÃ. apl½Zv\_n, At±l¯nsâ ]Xv\n JZoP, aIÄ
^m¯na F¶nhcpsS thÀ]mSpIfmWv taÂkqNn¸n¨ Imhy§fpsS CXn
hr¯ambn hcp¶Xv.

IÃymW¸m«pIÄ
hnhmlmtLmj§fpsS `mKambn H¸\bpw, h«¸m«pw {]Nmc¯nÂ
h¶tXmsS IÃymW¸m«pIfpsS Hcp ]c¼cXs¶ Cu cwK¯p−mbn.
am¸nf¸m«pIfpsS BZyImecN\Ifpw AÚmXIÀ¯rI§fpamb ‘BZn
apXÂ ]pcmWw’, ‘BImiw `qan’, ‘anAvdmPv’ F¶nh Cu hn`mK¯nÂ
DÅhbmWv.
tambn³Ip«n sshZycpsS ‘s_¯ne¸m«v’, ‘aqe¸pcmWw’ XpS§nb
cN\IÄ Gsd {]kn²amWv. ]n.sI. leoabpsS ‘Nµnckpµcname’, ‘_Z
dp ap\oÀ H¸\¸m«v’, ‘cmPawKew’, kn.F¨v. IpªmbnibpsS ‘Bbnim
_ohnbpsS Xr¡ÃymWw’, sI. Ban\¡p«nbpsS ‘awKeme¦mcw’, \Sp
t¯m¸n BbniIp«nbpsS ‘D]tZicXv\ kwKoXame’ F¶nh kv{XoI
fpsS cN\ F¶\nebn {]m[m\yaÀln¡p¶p. ‘Xivcn^v H¸\’ (am«p
½Â Ipªnt¡mb), ‘ku`mKykpµcn’(tNäphmbn ]co¡p«n), ‘kqcy
Ipamcname’(H.sI. Ipªnapl½Zv), ‘k`me¦mckwKoXw’(If¯n apl
½Zv Ip«n), ‘\hcXv\ame’ (Imcbv¡Â apl½Zv), ‘ckwIrXame’ (sI.kn.
apl½ZvIp«nsamÃ), ‘Xr¡ÃymW¸m«v’(\ocmäp]oSnI Ipªl½Zv), ‘_ZÀ
H¸\’ (\Ãfw _ocm³), ‘aZnc¸qame’(\meI¯p IpªnsambvXo³),
‘aqe¸pcmW ]pXpa’ (tIm«¼d¼¯v Ipªn¡m¡) F¶nh aäp Nne cN
\IfmWv.

sIÊp]m«pIfpw, I¯p]m«pIfpw
am¸nfKm\imJbn {]apJØm\apÅ sIÊp]m«pIfnse {][m\
hn`mKamWv I¯p]m«pIÄ. Chbntesdbpw {]WbKoX§fmWv. t£am

63
t\zjW§Ä am{XaÃ, {]Wbm`yÀ°\bpw ]m«nsâ cq]¯nembmÂ
AXn\p ]pXpassIhcpsa¶mbncp¶p A¡mes¯ s]mXp[mcW. k¦
ev]¯nse \mbnIamÀ¡v I¯p]m«pIfb¨p Xr]vXnbSbp¶hcpw hncf
ambncp¶nÃ. CjvS`mP\§fpsS a\wIhcp¶hn[w, I¯p]ms«gpXm³
Ignbm¯hÀ, IhnIsf kao]n¨v, C¼amÀ¶ CiepIfnÂ, {]Xn^ew
\ÂIn ]ms«gpXn¡p¶ ]Xnhpap−mbncp¶p.
I¯p]m«pIfnse, {]WbKoX§fn sXfnbp¶ apJy`mhw amwk
\n_²ambcmKw Xs¶bmWv. DZm¯amb kvt\lk¦ev]¯n\v AXnÂ
Øm\anÃ. a\pjya\Ênse hnImchnNmc§Ä \nb{´W§fnÃmsX {]
Imin¸n¡m³ kaqlw ]et¸mgpw A\phZn¡mdnÃ. ]c¼cmKXamb aqey
k¦ev]§fpw hnizmk§fpw Chbv¡p \nb{´WtaÀs¸Sp¯p¶p. F¶m
 CXns\ adnIS¡ms\¶h®w kwKoXw, Ie, kmlnXyw XpS§nb
am[ya§fneqsS BhnjvIcn¡pt¼mÄ Ahbv¡v kmaqlnI AwKoImcw
ssIhcp¶p.
kv{Xo]pcpj_Ô§fn bmYmØnXnI aqeyk¦ev]§Ä \nbm
aIiànbmbn hÀ¯n¨ncp¶ Npäp]mSnepw, irwKmc{][m\amb sIÊp
]m«pIÄ¡v kzoImcyX e`n¡p¶Xv CXpsIm−mWv. IÀjIs¯mgnemfn
Ifpw, _oUnsXdp¸pImcpw, Imfh−n¡mcpapÄs¸Sp¶ km[mcWP\
§Ä¡nSbnÂ, kwKoXmßIXtbmsSm¸w, emfnXyhpw Xpfp¼n\n¡p¶
I¯p]m«pIÄ AXnthKw {]Ncn¨p. Hmtcmcp¯cpw Cu ]m«pIÄ X§
fpsSXs¶ BßmhnjvImcambn¡cpXn BkzZn¨p. tambn³Ip«n sshZyÀ,
At±l¯nsâ ]p{X³ Al½ZpIp«nsshZyÀ, tXmt«mfn apl½Zv, ]pen
t¡m«n sslZÀ, Ipän¸me³ Al½ZpIp«n, a¨n§eI¯v sambvXo³
apÃ, hmg¸Ån apl½Zv, ap−{¼ D®na½Zv, \Ãfw _ocm³ XpS§nbhÀ
I¯p]m«pimJbnse {]apJcmWv. I¯p]m«pIsfÃmw {]Wb¯nsâ
BhnjvImc§tfm kv{XohÀW\Itfm AÃ. IhnIfmb kplr¯p¡Ä
]eXcw Bibhn\nabw I¯p]m«pIÄ hgn\S¯p¶ ]Xnhpw hym]Iam
bncp¶p. ]pent¡m«nÂsslZÀ F¶ Ihn, ]n.Sn. _ocm³ Ip«n auehn,
\Ãfw _ocm³, kn.sI. Abapsamà F¶nhÀ¡b¨ I¯pIÄ DZml
cWw.
‘adnb¡p«nbpsS I¯v’ F¶ t]cn ]pent¡m«nÂsslZÀ cNn¨
I¯p]m«v Cu imJbnse anI¨cN\bmWv. ae_mÀIem]Ime¯v XShp
Imc\mbn _ÃmcnPbnen Ignbp¶ `À¯mhn\v, `mcy adnb¡p«n Ab

64
¡p¶ I¯mWnXv. CXnse {]tabw hmkvXhamsW¶pw, Xsâ ]cnNb
¡mcnbmb adnb¡p«nbpsS {]bmkwI−v A\pI¼tXm¶nb Ihn `À¯m
hn\bbv¡m³ FgpXns¡mSp¯ I¯mWnsX¶pw IcpXp¶hcpap−v.
GtXm, Ip_p²nIfpsS A]hmZ{]NmcW¯nsâ ^eambn `À¯mhn\v,
Xs¶¡pdn¨p−mb sXän²mcW amäpI F¶ e£yamWv I¯nepÅXv.
"htÃmcpw ^kmZp¶p¶Xp tI«p apjn¡−m
hSnhptämcpssa Fs¶ Dt]£n¡−m þ a\Ênev
hepXmsb shdps¸m¶pw hnNmcn¡−m
JÃm¡n³ hn[nbmse Ignª PpapB cmhv
I\n´v Rm\pssaIsf Hcp In\mhv þ AXn\mÂ
IcÄ I¯n Icnªp t]m¶nXm, F³ Pohv!
_Ãmcn¡pSs\ Rm³ hcmw, H«p hgnbpt−m
hÃnIÄ¡hntS¡v hcm³ ]mSpt−m, DasX
26
hcpIn I−nSm³ hà \nhr¯nbpt−m?'
(kmcw : Bsc¦nepw A]hmZw ]dbp¶XptI«v apjnbcpXv, A§v Fs¶
Dt]£n¡bpacpXv, a\Ên \ockwtXm¶cpXv. ssZhm\p{Kl¯m Ign
ª shÅnbmgvNcmhn Rm³ \n§sf kz]v\wI−p. AXn\ptijw
henb Zp:J¯nemWv. hgnbps−¦n Rm\pSs\ s_Ãmcnbnte¡phcmw.
kv{XoIÄ¡v AhntS¡phcm³ A\phmZapt−m? F§s\sb¦nepw F¯n
t¨À¶m \n§sf ImWm³ km[n¡ptam?)
sXmÅmbnc¯n F¬]XpIfn tIcf¯nepw KÄ^v\mSpIfnep
apÅ aebmfnIÄ¡nSbn XcwKambnamdnbncp¶ Fkv.F. Paoensâ
Zp_mbn¡¯mWv (1978) Cu hn`mK¯n Gähpa[nIw P\{]oXn t\Snb
asämcp cN\, "F{Xbpw _lpam\s¸s«msc³ {]nb `À¯mhv hmbn¡p
hm³...' F¶p XpS§p¶ Cu Km\w adp\m«n tPmen sN¿p¶ `À¯mhn\v
`mcy Ab¡p¶ I¯p]m«mWv. CtXmsSm¸w Fkv.F. Paoensâ "Zp_mbn
¡¯n\pÅ adp]Sn¡¯pw' {]Ncn¨ncp¶p.
sIÊp]m«pIfpsSbpw I¯p]m«pIfpsSbpw DÛhw F¶msW¶pw,
Chbv¡p XpS¡w Ipdn¨XmcmsW¶pw \nÀWbn¡pI Ffp¸aÃ. Ihnbp
sS t]tcm cN\mImetam hyàaÃm¯ \nch[n]m«pIÄ am¸nfKm\ im
Jbnep−v. \mS³]m«nsâ Nne khntijXIÄ Chbv¡p tNcp¶Xn\m
emhmw, Chsb DZmlcn¨psIm−v am¸nf¸m«pIsf \mS³]m«pIfpsS KW

65
¯nÂs¸Sp¯m³ kmlnXyNcn{XImc³amÀ ]et¸mgpw hy{KX ImWn¡p
¶Xv.
‘Xmac¸q¦mh\¯nev, Xmakn¡pt¶mtf/]©hÀWss¸¦nfnbnev
]¦v d¦ptÅmtf...’ F¶p XpS§p¶ Km\w DZmlcWw. _joÀ _meyIme
kJnbn CXnsâ BZy`mKw D²cn¡p¶p−v. Cu Km\¯nsâ CienÂ
]n¡me¯v \nch[n cN\Ifp−mbn. {]kn²amb "\^ok¯p ame'
cNn¨n«pÅXv Cu CienemWv.
Xmcm«p]m«pIÄ, cmjv{SobKm\§Ä, Bt£]lmkycN\IÄ,
ImÀjnIKm\§Ä F¶n§s\ hIXncn¨p ImWn¡mhp¶ At\Iw cN\
IÄ thsdbpap−v. aebmf¯nse hnhn[kmlnXyimJIÄ¡p kam´c
ambn hfÀ¶phnIkn¨ Ad_naebmf¯nse KZy]ZyIrXnIÄ AhbpsS
k¼¶amb kmlnXy]mc¼cys¯ HmÀ½s¸Sp¯p¶p.
KZy¯nepw ]Zy¯nepapÅ C¯cwBJym\§sf¡pdn¨pÅ At\z
jW¯n\v `mjbpsS Ncn{XhpwhnImkhpw kw_Ôn¨ ]T\¯n Gsd
{]m[m\yap−v. 18þ19 \qäm−pIfn hnImkw{]m]n¨ aebmf¯nse
B[p\nI KZy`mjbpsS khntijXIsf¡pdn¨pw anj\dnamÀ AXn\p
\ÂInb kw`mh\Isf¡pdn¨pw \nch[n]T\§Ä \S¶n«p−v. F¶mÂ
AtX Imebfhnse Ad_naebmf KZyIrXnIÄ AhbpsS ]cn[nbnÂ
DÄs¸Sp¯n¡mWp¶nÃ. AXpIqSn DÄs¸Spt¼mÄam{XamWv `mjmkmln
XyNcn{Xw ]qÀWamhpI.

***
Ipdn¸pIÄ
1. Fcptaen ]ctaizc³]nÅ, aebmfkmlnXyw ImeL«§fneqsS,
10þmw ]. (Idâv _pIvkv tIm«bw, 2010),]p.95
2. tXmdss¦ id^p±o³, ‘aplvbn±o³ B−ssI ap¯angvamsse’, D²
cWw : kPoÀ _pJmcn hÅn¡mSv (kp¶n thmbvkv, 30, 16 (amÀ¨v 1
2011)
3. Jmkn apl½Zv, aplvbn±o³ame, Häamfntb¡Â ap¯pt¡mb¯
§Ä (Aivd^n _p¡v skâÀ, Xncqc§mSn, 2000), ]p. 8-þ9

66
4. Fw.F dlvam³, ‘aplvbn±o³ ame Hcp {]Xnt_m[ Imhyw’, aplvbn
±o³ame: Ncn{Xw ]mTw ]T\w, FUn. ssk\p±o³ aµemwIp¶v
(ssIk¬ _pIvkv, XrÈqÀ þ 2008), ]p. 37
5. Sn.]p. 33
6. ‘Fsâ al¯mb ¢mÊn¡ÂIrXn Ct¸mgpw aplvbn±o³ ame
bmWv... A{Xsbm¶pw kmlnXyIrXnIÄ Rm³ hmbn¨n«nsænepw
hmbn¨Xns\sbms¡ kvXw`n¸n¡p¶ Xc¯nepÅ CtaPdnIÄ
aplvbn±o³ amebnep−v. AsXsâbpÅnepw CtaPdnIfpsS hn¯p
]mInbn«p−v. AXnsâsbms¡ ss_ s{]mUIvSv am{XamWv Fsâ
sNdnbXc¯nepÅ Fgp¯pIÄ’, A`napJw:inlm_p±o³ s]mbv
¯pwIShv/ Sn. Fw. cmaN{µ³, amXr`qan BgvN¸Xn¸v, , 89, 52, (2012
amˬv 4), ]p. 36
7. hn.]n.apl½Zmen, am¸nf¸m«pIÄ \qäm−pIfneqsS,(Idâv _pIvkv
tIm«bw, 2007), ]p. 32
8. hneyw temK³, ae_mÀ am\zÂ, hnh. Sn. IrjvW³(amXr`qan
_pIvkv, tImgnt¡mSv, 2004), ]p. 629
9. tXm¸n apl½Zv aocm³, ‘sshZyÀ{]`mhw XangI¯v’, almIhn
tambn³Ip«n sshZyÀ]T\§Ä, FUn. sI.Fw. AlvaZv, tambn³
Ip«n sshZyÀ kvamcII½nän, 2006), ]p. 163
10. a¦S A_vZpÂAkokv, ‘BapJw’, ^XvlpÂap_o³]cn`mj (AÂ
lpZm _pIvÌmÄ, tImgnt¡mSv, 1996), ]p. 32
11. Jmkn apl½Zv, aplvbn±o³ ame, hnh. Häamfntb¡Â ap¯p
t¡mb¯§Ä, ]p. 50þ51
12. slÀa³ Kp−À«v, tIcf¸ga, 1868 (]p\:{]km. amXr`qan _pIvkv,
tImgnt¡mSv, 2þmw ]. 1996), ]p. 18þ19
13. F. {io[ctat\m³, tIcfNcn{Xw, 1967 (Un.kn. _pIvkv, tIm«bw,
2010), ]p. 231
14. kn.F³. Al½Zv auehn, sI.sI. apl½Zv A_vZpÂIcow, al
¯mb am¸nfkmlnXy]mc¼cyw, ]p.152, H. B_p, Ad_naebmf
kmlnXyNcn{Xw, ]p. 75
Fgp¯Ñsâ PohnXImew IrXyambn \nÀWbn¡s¸«n«nÃ. F.Un.
16þmw iXI¯nemsW¶v s]mXpsh IcpXs¸Sp¶p. 17þmw \qäm−n

67
 emsW¶pw ]£ap−v. sImÃhÀjw 670\pw 750\pw (F.Un. 1495þ
1575) CSbv¡mhmsa¶v CXpkw_Ôamb hyXykvX A`n{]mb§Ä
t{ImUoIcn¨v DÅqÀ A\pam\n¡p¶p. (tIcfkmlnXyNcn{Xw,
hmeyw þ2) ]p. 545
15. kn.F³.Al½Zvauehn, al¯mbam¸nfkmlnXy]mc¼cyw,]p.163
16 a\m¡mâI¯v Ipªnt¡mb¯§Ä, henb\kol¯pame,
Ad_naebmfw ]. (Bandp Ckvemw ent¯m{]kv, Xncqc§mSn,
1980)
17. DÅqÀ, tIcfkmlnXyNcn{Xw, hmeywþ1, (tIcfkÀÆIemime,
Xncph\´]pcw, 1990) ]p. 269
18. Fw.F³. ImctÈcn (aplvbp±o³ F³), ‘Ipªmbn³apkveymÀ;
an¯pw bmYmÀ°yhpw’ amXr`qan dwkm³ k¹nsaâv, 1995, ]p. 70þ72
19. sI.sI. apl½Zv A_vZpÂIcow, cknIintcmaWn Ipªmbn³
apkveymcpsS I¸¸m«pw \qÂaZvlpw(hymJym\w), (AÂAam³
In¯m_v `h³, XocpÀ, 1983), ]p. 167
20. Sn. ]p. 58
21. H. B_p, Ad_naebmfkmlnXyNcn{Xw. ]p.84þ85
22. sI.sI. apl½Zv, A_vZpÂIcow, cknIintcmaWn Ipªmbn³
apkveymcpsS I¸¸m«pw \qÂaZvlpw, ]p. 124þ125
23. D²cWw: kn.F³. Al½Zvauehn, ‘al¯mb am¸nfkmlnXy
]mc¼cyw’, ]p. 72
24. Sn.]p. 476
25. Roland E. Miller, Mappila Muslims of Kerala P. 288
26. ]pent¡m«n sslZÀ, ]pent¡m«nÂIrXnIÄ, FUn. Fw.F³.
ImctÈcn (tIcfkmlnXy A¡mZan, XrÈqÀ, 2007)]p. 105

68
Bava K.“Works of Moyinkutty Vaidyar: Language and discource ”
Thesis. Department of Malayalam and Kerala studies, University
of Calicut, 2015.
 A[ymbw : 3

tambn³Ip«n sshZyÀ
PohnXhpw Fgp¯pw

Ad_naebmf ImhyimJbn hn¹hIcamb ]cnhÀ¯\§Ä¡p

XpS¡wIpdn¡p¶Xv tambn³Ip«n sshZycpsS cwK{]thit¯msSbmWv.
Cu taJebn sshZyÀ¡pap¼pÅ IrXnIfpw, At±l¯nsâ cN\Ifpw
kmam\yambn ]cntim[n¨mÂXs¶ Cu hkvXpX hyàamIpw. {]tabw,
`mj, BJym\coXn F¶n§s\ ImhycN\bpsS FÃm Xe§fnepw At±
lw ]co£W§Ä \S¯n. A¶phsc XmcXtay\ ipjvIambn \ne\n¶n
cp¶ Hcp `mjmcq]s¯bpw AXpÄs¡mÅp¶ kÀKmßIhyhlmc§
sfbpw PohÊpäXm¡n amäm³ sshZyÀ¡p Ignªp.
tIcfhÀ½bpsSbpw F.Bdnsâbpw kaImenI\mb sshZycpsS
cN\IÄ Ad_naebmf¯neÃmbncp¶psh¦nÂ, A¡me¯pXs¶ Ah
tIcfobs]mXpaÞe¯nÂ, kPohNÀ¨bv¡p hgnsbmcp¡pambncp¶p
sh¶v IcpXp¶hcp−v. D]cn¹hambn CXp icnbmsW¶p tXm¶msa¦n
epw kq£vaambn]cntim[n¡pt¼mÄ Nne {]iv\§Ä D−v. s]mXp aÞ
ew F¶ kwÚbv¡v C¶p Iev]n¡p¶Xp t]mepÅ hnimeamb AÀ°
Xesam¶pw 19--þmw\qäm−n ChnsS ssIh¶ncp¶nà F¶ hkvXpXbmWv
AXn {][m\w. `mjbnepw kmlnXy¯nepw kmaqlnIþkm¼¯nI t{i
Wnbn ap³\ncbnepÅ Hcp \yq\]£w B[n]Xyw ]peÀ¯pIbpw `qcn
`mKw P\§fpw \nc£ccmbn XpScpIbpw sNbvXncp¶ ImeL«amWXv.
B[p\nIcoXnbnepÅ hnZymeb§Ä Øm]n¡pIbpw ]pkvXI§fpw
B\pImenI§fpw hym]Iambn {]kn²oIcn¨p XpS§pIbpw sNbvX
20þmw \qäm−nsâ BZyZiI§fnemWv s]mXpaÞe¯nsâ hnImkw
Bcw`n¡p¶Xv. hnZym`ymkw hne¡s¸« I\nbmbncp¶ IogmfP\hn`m
K§Ä AXphsc CXnsâ ]cn[n¡p ]pd¯mbncp¶psh¶v hyàw.
aebmfkmlnXy¯nse, \thm°m\Zibv¡p ap¼pÅ IrXnIÄ
{][m\ambpw c−p ssIhgnIfnepÅhbmWv. CXnlmk]pcmW§sf D]
Pohns¨gpXnbtXm `ànck{][m\ambhtbm Bb Imhy§fmWv CXn

69
 BZyt¯Xv. Nocmasâbpw, \ncWwIhnIfptSbpw, Fgp¯Ñ³, sNdp
tÈcn, ]q´m\w, cma]pc¯phmcyÀ XpS§nbhcpsSbpw cN\IfmWv Cu
KW¯n hcnI. D]cnhÀ¤¯nsâ kpJmkànIsfbpw, Aek PohnX
s¯bpw Xr]vXns¸Sp¯m³ t]m¶ A¨oNcnX§fpw, ktµiImhy§fp
apÄs¸Sp¶ aWn{]hmfIrXnIfpw aäpamWv c−mas¯hn`mK¯nepÅXv.
tambn³Ip«nsshZycpsS Ime¯v sImSp§ÃqÀtImhneIw tI{µam¡n km
lnXy{]hÀ¯\w \S¯nh¶ncp¶ sh¬aWn¡hnIfpw, AhcpsS A\p
IÀ¯m¡fpw krjvSn¨ `mhpIXzw CXnsâ XpSÀ¨bmbmWv \nesIm−n
cp¶Xv. C¯cw Hcp ]Ým¯e¯n aebmf¯nepw kwkvIrX¯nepw
anI¨ ]cnÚm\ap−mbncp¶ sshZyÀ, Xsâ {][m\IrXnIfpsS cN\
bv¡v Ad_naebmfw am[yaambn kzoIcn¨Xnsâ ImcW§Ä hniI
e\w sNt¿−Xp−v.
X\n¡pNpäpapÅ kaqlt¯mSv kwhZn¡m\pÅ am[yaamWv Fgp
¯pImc\v `mj. km[mcW¡mcpsS Nn´sb sXm«pWÀ¯pIbpw, `mh\
sb {Xkn¸n¡pIbpw sN¿m³ AhÀ¡p ]cnNnXamb `mjmcq]w Xs¶
kzoIcnt¡−Xp−v. Gd\mS³þhÅph\mS³ {]tZi§fnse am¸nfkaq
lt¯mSv kwhZn¡m³ AhÀ¡nSbn ]nd¶ Hcp Ihn Ad_naebmfw
XncsªSp¯Xv kzm`mhnIw am{Xw. aebmfw FgpXm\pw hmbn¡m\padn
bmhp¶htc¡mÄ ]Xn·S§mbncp¶p A¡me¯v Ad_naebmfadnbp
¶hcpsS kwJy F¶ hkvXpX IqSn ]cnKWn¡Ww. B\p]mXnIambn
t\m¡nbm 19þmw \qäm−nsâ A´y]mZ§fnse tIcf¯nse s]mXp
km£cXm\nc¡nt\¡mÄ hfsc IqSpXembncp¶p AXv.
F¶m aäp kaql§tfmSv kwhZnt¡−nhcpt¼mÄ sshZycpsS
Imhy`mjbnepw I¸\IfnepsaÃmw {]ISamb amäw hcp¶Xmbn Xncn
¨dnbp¶p−v. Häs¸« cN\IfmsW¦nepw sshZyÀ¡rXnIfn Ahbv¡v
{]tXyI Øm\ap−v. kmaqXncnbpsS kZÊnse \À¯Insb {]IoÀ¯n
s¨gpXnb kwkvIrX ]Z_lpeamb cN\ CXn\pZmlcWamWv.

PohnXImew
ae¸pdwPnÃbnse, sImt−m«nbn 19þmw \qäm−nsâ D¯cmÀ²
¯nemWv tambn³Ip«nsshZycpsS PohnXw. Ihnbpw BbpÀtÆZ NnInÕ
I\pambncp¶ D®na½Zv sshZycpsSbpw, aW¡Sh³ Al½Znsâ aIÄ
Ipªman\bpsSbpw ]p{X\mbn {In.h. 1852þemWv At±l¯nsâ P\\w.

70
\mev]XphÀjw am{Xta At±l¯n\v BbpÊp−mbncp¶pÅq. 1892þÂ
(lnPvd : 1309, iA_m³ :13)\v A´cn¨p.
sshZycpsS {]YaPohNcn{XImc\mb sI.sI.apl½Zv A_vZpÂ
Icow apXepÅ teJI·mscÃmw Cu Imebfhv s]mXpsh kzoIcn¡p
¶p−v. kwØm\kÀ¡mcnsâ kmwkvImcnIhIp¸n\pIogn sImt−m
«nbn {]hÀ¯n¡p¶ kvamcIaµnc¯nse tcJIfnepw, AXnsâ taÂ
t\m«¯n ]pd¯nd¡nb sshZycpsS k¼qÀWIrXnIfn tNÀ¯ Poh
Ncn{XIpdn¸nepw PohnXImewkw_Ôn¨v Cu ]cmaÀiamWpÅXv. {_n«o
jv ae_mdnse t]meokvkq{]−pw Ncn{XKthjI\pambncp¶ F^v.
t^mskänsâ (F. Fawcett) {]_Ô¯nse {]kvXmhw am{XamWv CXnÂ
\n¶p thdn«p\n¡p¶Xv. FS¡Â KplmNn{X§fpÄs¸sSbpÅ \nch[n
Ncn{XhkvXpXIÄ KthjIcpsS {i²bn sIm−ph¶ At±lw sshZy
cpsS kaImenI³ IqSnbmWv. At±l¯nsâ hnhcW¯n \n¶pw, Ihn
bpsS PohnXImeL«ambn A\pam\n¡mhp¶Xv 1847apXÂ 1892hscbmWv.
‘C³Uy³BânIzmdn’bpsS 1899 amÀ¨ve¡¯n _ZdpÂap\oÀ lpkv\pÂ
Pam F¶ Imhys¯¡pdns¨gpXnb Cw¥ojnepÅ {]_Ô¯nemWv
1
Cu kqN\bpÅXv. sshZycpsS P\\acWhÀj§Ä FSp¯p ]dbp¶n
sænepw BdphÀjw ap¼v 45þmw hbÊn Ihn A´cn¨p F¶p ]cmaÀ
in¡p¶p−v. teJ\w {]kn²oIcn¡p¶Xv C´y³BânIzmdnbpsS 1899
amÀ¨ve¡¯nembXn\m BdphÀjw ap¼v F¶ kqN\bn \n¶pw A
Xp 1892Xs¶bmhmsa¶p IcpXp¶Xn sXänÃ. F¦nepw P\\w A©ph
Àjw ]ndtIm«p IW¡mt¡−n hcpw. Cu {]_Ô¯nsehnsSbpw t^m
käv Ihnsbtbm, At±l¯nsâ IpSpw_mwK§sftbm Hcn¡se¦nepw
t\cn I−v hnhctiJcWw \S¯nbXmbn kqN\bnÃ. tImgnt¡ms«
Sn.I®³ _n.F. F¶ t]meokv DtZymKØ\mWv Imhy¯nsâ ]cn`mj
bn At±ls¯ klmbn¨sX¶v ASn¡pdn¸n \n¶pw hyàamIp¶p
ap−v. IhnbpsS thÀ]mSn\v BdphÀj§Ä¡ptijw {]kn²oIcn¨
{]_Ô¯n\v Gsd Ncn{X{]m[m\yaps−¦nepw, PohnXIme \nÀWbw
Dd¸n¡m³ ]cym]vXaÃ.
F t]m¸peÀ am¸nf tkmwMv (A Popular Mopla Song) F¶ ioÀj
I¯nepÅ Cu ]T\hpw, C³Uy³BânIzmdnbpsS 1901 \hw_À, Unkw
_À e¡§fnse t^mkänsâ Xs¶ teJ\§fpw (hmÀtkmwMvkv Hm^v

71
am¸nfmkv Hm^v ae_mÀ) IhnbpsS PohnXs¯bpw IrXnIsfbpw kw_
Ôn¨ Nne hnhc§fpÄs¡mÅp¶hbmWv. At±l¯nsâ ]nXmal³,
lnµp¡fnse the kapZmbwKambncp¶psh¶pw, aX]cnhÀ¯\¯n\p
tijw D®na½ZpsshZyÀ F¶ t]cp kzoIcn¨psh¶pw t^mskäv tcJ
s¸Sp¯p¶p. sshZyw AhcpsS Ipehr¯nbmWv. sshZyÀ F¶Xmhs«
‘the³’ F¶Xnsâ ]cymbi_vZhpw.

hoSpw IpSpw_hpw
IhnbpsS ]qÀWamb t]cv Hm«p]md¡pgn Bep§ÂI−n tambn³
Ip«n sshZyÀ F¶mWv. CXnse BZy`mKamb IpSpw_\maw sImt−m«n
bnse c−p ]d¼pIfpsS t]cpIÄ IqSnt¨À¶XmWv.
"XrÈqÀ PnÃbnse Hm«p]d¡Â F¶ {]tZi¯p\n¶p sImt−m«n
bn h¶p Xmakam¡nb BbpÀthZIpSpw_amWv sshZycptSsX¶' Fw.
Pn.Fkv \mcmbWsâ Hcp {]`mjW]cmaÀiw "sImt−m«nbpsS thcp
2
IÄ' F¶ {]mtZinI Ncn{X{KÙ¯n ImWp¶p−v.
sshZyÀIpSpw_¯nse ]n³apd¡mcpw CXp icnhbv¡p¶p. XrÈq
cnse hS¡mt©cnbn Hm«p]md F¶ Øe\maw Ct¸mgpap−v. X§
fpsS ]qÀÆ]nXmal³ AhnsS \n¶pff Hcp {_mÒWIpSpw_mwKamsW
3
¶mWv AhcpsS ]£w.
sImt−m«nbn BZyamsb¯nb sshZyÀ IpSpw_mwKw IhnbpsS
]nXmhv D®na½Znsâ Aѳ D®ntambn³Ip«nbmWv. (t^mskänsâ {]_
Ô¯n ]nXmalsâ t]cv D®na½ZvsshZyÀ F¶p ]cmaÀin¨Xv ]ni
Imhm\mWp km[yX.) At±lw Xmakam¡nb Øew Hm«p]md¡pgn F
¶dnbs¸«p. sImt−m«nbnse ]pcmX\tZhmebamb ]gb§mSn]ffnbp
sS ]Snªmdp`mK¯mbn Hm«p]md¡pgn F¶ t]cn Hcp ]d¼v \nehn
encp¶Xmbn `qkw_Ôamb 1936-þse dokÀsh doskänÂsaâv tcJIfn
4
epw ImWp¶p−v.
]mc¼cyambn BcysshZyNnInÕIcmbncp¶ IhnbpsS ]qÀhnIÀ
Xmakn¨ncp¶Xv Cu Øe¯mbncp¶p. sshZyhr¯nbn D®na½Zv
sshZycpsS {]ikvXn hÀ[n¨tXmsS, Øes¯ P·nbmb CjvXnbmJv
jm X§Ä At±ls¯ Xsâ IpSpw_sshZy\mbn \nÝbn¨p. Hm«p]md
¡pgnbnse ]pcbnSw A\ym[o\s¸«t¸mÄ X§Ä AhÀ¡v ]pXnb Xma
kØew \ÂIn. X§fpsS BØm\amb X¡nbmhn\Sp¯v Bep§Â

72
I−n F¶dnbs¸«ncp¶ c−ctb¡À Ic`qanbmWv D®na½Zn\v e`yam
bXv. IoS¡mSv ]p¯³]oSnI¡Â a½Zv F¶bmÄ sImt−m«n X§Ä¡p
Zm\ambn \ÂInb ]d¼mbncp¶p CXv. ]m«hpw \nIpXnbpw Hgnhm¡n
D®na½ZpsshZyÀ¡v kuP\yambn \ÂInb Cu Øe¯v \nÀ½n¨,
]pÃptaª Ccp\neho«nemWv Ihn PohnXm´ywhsc sNehgn¨Xv.
IhnbpsS Imetijw sImt−m«n X§fpsS Imcyس Cu hoSv
s]mfn¨pamän Øew kz´am¡nbt{X. F¶mÂ, X§ÄIpSpw_¯nse
A¶s¯ {]apJ³ apkvXnbmJv jm CSs]«v sshZycpsS ]n³apd¡mÀ¡v
`qan XncnsI \ÂIn. A\´cmhIminIÄ AXv ssIamdnbtXmsS Bep
§ÂI−n XdhmSv \mahtijambn amdn.

_meyhpw hnZym`ymkhpw
BcysshZyNnInÕbn X\n¡pÅ kn²n ]IÀ¶psImSp¯v aI
s\ B cwK¯v {]kn²\m¡Wsa¶mbncp¶p ]nXmhv D®na½Znsâ B{K
lw. Cu e£yt¯msS sshZycpsS hnZym`ymk¯n At±lw {]tXyIw
{i² ]Xn¸n¨p.
Ncn{X]chpw cmjv{Sob]chpamb ImcW§fm Cw¥ojnt\mSpw
aebmft¯mSpw Gd\m«nse apkvenwIÄ ]pdwXncnªp\n¶ncp¶ kmaq
lnI]cnkc¯mbncp¶p sshZycpsS P\\w. F®¯n Ipdhmbncp¶p
sh¦nepw, Nne \m«p]Ån¡qS§Ä Gd\mS³, hÅph\mS³ {]tZi§
fn A¶v \nehnep−mbncp¶p. F¶m am¸nfapkvenwIfn alm`qcn
`mK¯nsâbpw hnZym`ymkw ]ÅntbmS\p_Ôn¨pÅ Hm¯p]ÅnIfnsem
Xp§n \n¶p. Ad_nbnepÅ JpÀB\pw, Ad_naebmf¯nepÅ ameI
fpw hmbn¡p¶Xn\pw, aXm\pjvTm\§Ä \nÀÆln¡p¶Xn\pw Ip«nIsf
{]m]vXcm¡pI F¶Xmbncp¶p Hm¯p]Ånbnse hnZym`ymk¯nsâ e
£yambn I−ncp¶Xv. aebmftam aäp hnjb§tfm AhnsS ]Tn¸n¨ncp
¶nÃ. k¿nZv k\mDÃm aàn X§Ä, h¡wauehn apXemb ]cnjvIÀ
¯m¡fpsS {ia^eambmWv amXr`mjm]T\t¯mSpw, B[p\nI hnZym
`ymkcoXnItfmSpw \ne\n¶ncp¶ {]XnIqeat\m`mh¯n amäwhcp¶Xv.
H«pw t{]mÕml\P\IaÃm¯ Cu Npäp]mSnepw aIs\ aebmfw,
kwkvIrXw, Xangv, Ad_n apXemb `mjIfpw BbpÀthZhpw ]Tn¸n¡m
\pÅ [ocamb NphSphbv]pIfmWv D®na½ZvsshZyÀ \S¯nbXv.
sImt−m«nbnepw kao]{]tZi§fnepw A¡me¯p {]kn²\mbncp¶

73
sNÀ¸pftÈcn thep Fgp¯Ñ\mWv amXr`mjbpsS BZym£c§Ä
sshZyÀ¡p ]IÀ¶p\ÂIp¶Xv. sX¿p®n Fgp¯Ñ\mbncp¶p asämcp
Kpcp. sNdptÈcnbpsSbpw Fgp¯Ñsâbpw, Ip©³ \¼ymcpsSbpw Imhy
§Ä _meyIme¯p Xs¶ ]cnNbn¨v Imhym\pioe\w t\Sm³ At±l
¯n\p km[n¨Xv Cu Kpcp\mY·mcpsS in£Ww hgnbmbncp¶p.
kwkvIrX`mjbpw BbpÀtÆZNnInÕbpw ]Tn¨pXpS§nbXv ]nXm
hv D®na½ZvsshZycn \n¶pXs¶bmWv. BbpÀtÆZ¯nsâ B[mc{K
Ù§Ä kwkvIrX¯nembncp¶Xn\m Ipes¯mgnembn ]cnKWn¨p
t]m¶ sshZyhr¯n¡v kwkvIrX]cnÚm\w A\nhmcyambncp¶p.
t]cptI« BcysshZy³ F¶ \nebn B cwKs¯ {]apJcpw, ]ÞnX
cpsaÃmw D®na½Znsâ kplr¯p¡fmbncp¶p. Cu _Ôap]tbmKn¨v
hnZKv[cmb BbpÀtÆZ]ÞnX·msc ho«n £Wn¨phcp¯n aI\v ]Tn
¡m\hkcw \ÂIm³ At±lw {i²n¨pt]m¶p. C{]Imcw sshZyÀ¡v
hgnIm«nbmbn amdnb c−p {]apJÀ, tNet¡m«p ]mtecnho«n hocm³
Ip«n sshZycpw, ]mtecn henb cmbn³Ip«n sshZycpambncp¶p. sImt−m
«n¡Sp¯ ]p¯qÀ]Ån¡ense ]mtecn ho«pImÀ A¡me¯p Adnbs¸
Sp¶ sshZy]mc¼cyapÅhcmbncp¶p. cmbn³Ip«nsshZyÀ Ihnbv¡v
kwkvIrX¯nepw in£Ww \ÂIn.
CtXmsSm¸w Xangv, Ad_n¯angv `mjIfpw B[ymßnIhnjb§
fpw kzmb¯am¡p¶Xn\pÅ Ahkchpw ssIh¶p. sImt−m«n tae
§mSn kztZinbpw Ihnbpambncp¶ NpÅnb³ _ocm³Ip«nbpsS klmb
t¯msS Xangv]cnÚm\w t\Sm³ Npcp§nbImeta, At±l¯n\v th−n
h¶pÅq. Iuamc¯n Xs¶ XangIs¯ Ad_n¯angv IhnIfpsSbpw
KmbIcpsSbpw tI{µ§fmbn Adnbs¸«ncp¶ Imb¸«Ww, tX§m
]«Ww XpS§nb tZi§fnse¯n B taJeIfnse {]apJcpambn kulr
Zw Øm]n¡pIbpw, IhnkZÊpIfn ]s¦Sp¡pIbpw sNbvXpt]m¶p.
sshZycpsS Imhyk¦ev]s¯ amänadn¨ bm{XIfmbncp¶p Ah. irwKmc
¨phbpÅ I¯p]m«pIfpsS temI¯p \n¶v, ImhycN\sb Kuchambn
kao]n¡p¶ \ne]mSpXdbnte¡p sshZyÀ kzbwhfcpIbmbncp¶p.
]n¡me¯v sshZyÀ {]tbmKn¨ CiepIfnepw Imhy`mjbpsS aäp Xe
§fnepw Ad_n¯angnsâ kzm[o\w sXfnªpImWp¶p−v.
ae_mdnse apkvenwhnhmlmtLmj§fn XangIs¯ KmbI
IhnIfmb ]peh·mÀ t\XrXzw \ÂIp¶ h«¸m«pkwL§Ä¡v apJy

74
Øm\ap−mbncp¶ ImeamWXv. Cu ]Ým¯e¯nemWv Xt±iobcmb
KmbIsc DÄs¸Sp¯n, Hcp h«¸m«pkwL¯n\v sshZyÀ cq]w\ÂIp¶Xv.
Npcp§nbIme¯n\Iw FÃmhn`mKw P\§fpsSbpw {]iwkbv¡p ]m{X
amhm³ Cu kwL¯n\p Ignªp. hnZqctZi§fn \n¶v sshZycpsS
kwLs¯t¯Sn, BfpIÄ F¯nt¨cpI ]Xnhmbn. `mjbnepw LS\bn
epw Xangvssien ]peÀ¯p¶ ]m«pIfmWv ]peh·mcpsS kwL§Ä Be
]n¨ncp¶Xv. XangvImhy§fn hyp¸¯nt\Sm\pw, AhbpsS kmwkvIm
cnI khntijXIÄ ASp¯dnbm\pw sshZysc klmbn¨ LSI§fnÂ
{][m\w ]peh·mcpambpÅ aÕcamWv. B cwK¯v hfscthKw At±lw
hnPbw ssIhcn¨psh¶Xn\v, BZyImecN\IÄ km£nbmWv.
Ad_n`mjbnepw Ad_naebmf¯nepapÅ hnZym`ymkw aX]T\
¯nsâ `mKambmWv Bcw`n¨Xv. \m«pImc\mb tImWnbI¯vhocm³Ip«n
samÃbmWv Cu cwKs¯ BZyKpcp\mY³. {]mYanI]T\¯n\p tijw
At±lw sImt−m«n X§fpsS \nb{´W¯nep−mbncp¶ X¡nb¡Â
PpaA¯v]ÅnZÀkn tNÀ¶p. ]pÃpsXmSnI BenapkveymcpsSbpw XpSÀ
¶v apkveymcI¯v Al½ZvIp«n apkveymcptSbpw injyXzw kzoIcn¨p.
ae_mdnse am¸nfamcpsS Ncn{X¯n CSwIs−¯nb ]ÞnX\pw {]`m
jI\pambncp¶ Al½ZvIp«napkveymÀ sImf¯qÀ, s\Snbncn¸v, Acn{¼,
hÅph{¼w, h−qÀ, a¼mSv, \ne¼qÀ XpS§nb 26 Awi§fnse Jmknbm
bncp¶psh¶v, 1881-þÂ Gd\mSv Xmeq¡v c−mw¢mkv aPnkvt{Säv tImSXn
5
bn kaÀ¸n¨ JmknamcpsS ]«nIbnÂ\n¶pw hyàamIp¶p−v. ssh
ZycpsS BZyImeIrXnbmb kemkoentâbpw, _ZÀ ]S¸m«ntâbpw cN
\bv¡p ]n¶n At±l¯nsâ t{]cWbp−v. "lnPvd', "kZqw]S¸m«v', "d±p
inB F¶ h^m¯v ^m¯na', "aZmC³ ame' XpS§nb Imhy§fpw At±
lw cNn¨n«p−v.
sImt−m«nbnse ]T\¯n\ptijw Acn{] sF{ZpapkveymcpsS in
jy\mbn Ipd¨pImew h−qÀ PpaA¯v ]ÅnZÀknepw, sshZyÀ]T\w \S
¯p¶p−v. Ihn ]pent¡m«n sslZdnsâ ]nXmhv ]pe¯vsF¯p A[n
Imcnbpambn h−qÀ]T\Ime¯v Ihnbv¡v ASp¯ _Ôap−mbncp¶p.
aX]ÞnX³ F¶Xnep]cn, kmlnXy¯nepw hyànap{Z ]Xn¸n¨
Jmkn A_q_¡ÀIpªnbpw (acWw 1884) IhnbpsS Kpcp\ncbn hcp
¶p−v. Ad_nbnepw Ad_naebmf¯nepapÅ At±l¯nsâ cN\IÄ
]mÞnXyhpw kÀKssh`hhpw H¯nW§nbhbmWv. Jmkn apl½Zv

75
H¶masâ ‘CemIw A¿pl CJvhm³’ F¶ Ad_nImhy¯n\v ‘XSn
DdpZname’ F¶ t]cn At±lw \ÂInb samgnamäw Ad_naebmf¯n
se {][m\IrXnIfnsem¶mWv. "imZpename', "AJoZame' F¶o cN\I
fpw At±l¯nsâXmWv. sshZycpsS DlZv]SbpsS cN\bv¡mhiyamb
Z¯§Ä hnhn[ Ncn{X{KÙ§fn \n¶v kw{Kln¨p \ÂInbXv Ct±l
amWv. A_q_¡ÀIpªn cNn¨ "apÀkeo§sf¡pdn¨pÅ ]Zyhpw’, ‘_À
¡¯vamebpw' ]cntim[n¨v Xncp¯n \ÂInbXv sshZycmbncp¶p.

BbpÀthZNnInÕmcwK¯v
BbpÀthZNnInÕI³ F¶\nebnepÅ IhnbpsS PohnXw th−
hn[w ASbmfs¸Sp¯s¸«n«nÃ. ]c¼cmKXambne`n¨ NnInÕm apdItfm
sSm¸w, sshZyimkv{X{KÙ§fn t\Snb AhKmlamb]mÞnXyw IqSn
bmbt¸mÄ ]nXmhv D®na½Zns\t¸mse tambn³Ip«nbpw B cwK¯v
Adnbs¸«p.
aäp NnInÕmcoXnIsfm¶pw {]Nmc¯nenÃmXncp¶Xn\m ]mc¼
cysshZys¯bmbncp¶p A¡me¯v FÃmhcpw B{ibn¨ncp¶Xv. Häaqen
IfpsS {]tbmK¯n Ihn¡v {]tXyI sshZKv[yap−mbncp¶p. \m«nse
{]apJsshZy·mÀ ssIsbmgnª tcmKnIÄ¡v Ahkm\s¯ B{ibw
IhnbpsS Häaqen{]tbmK§fmbncp¶p. ZoÀLImeambn InS¸nembncp¶,
kmaqXncntImhneIs¯ Hcp kv{Xo, IhnbpsS NnInÕhgn kpJw{]m]n
¨ncp¶p. cmPIpSpw_hpambn _Ôs¸«XmbXn\m sshZyÀ¡pw AXv h
enb {]ikvXn t\Sns¡mSp¯p. \m«pImcpw, _Ôp¡fpamb aäp sshZy
·mÀ¡v NnInÕ {][m\ D]Poht\m]m[nbmbncp¶p. F¶m Cu Bh
iymÀ°w, Xs¶ tXSnsb¯p¶ km[mcW¡mcn \n¶pw {]Xn^ew kzo
Icn¡p¶ ]Xnhv At±l¯n\p−mbncp¶nÃ. CXv ]etcbpw AkzØcm
¡n. \nch[n FXnÀ¸pIfpw Bt£]§fpw Ihn¡p t\cntS−nh¶p.
hn{iaanÃm¯ ImhycN\bv¡pw, bm{XIÄ¡panSbn NnInÕm
cwK¯v {i²sNep¯m³ At±l¯n\mhpambncp¶nÃ. IhnkZÊpIfnÂ
]s¦Sp¡p¶Xn\pw, ]ÞnX³amcpambn kwhZn¡p¶Xn\pambn Znhk§
tfmfw bm{X sN¿m³ At±lw kabw Is−¯nbncp¶p. bm{XmkuIcy
§Ä ]cnanXambncp¶n«pt]mepw, ImkÀtKmUpÅ sam{Kmenepw, Xangv\m
«nse Imb¸«W¯pw, \S¶ncp¶ apimbndIfnÂ(Ihnbc§v) At±lw

76
F¯nt¨À¶ncp¶p. Xsâ IrXnIfpsS {]km[\¯n\mbn XetÈcnbnse
A¨SnimeIfnte¡pw \nc´cw bm{XsNt¿−n h¶p.
amk§tfmfw \o−p\n¡p¶ At\zjW§fpw bm{XIfpw \S
¯nbmWv {][m\IrXnIfpsS cN\bv¡mhiyamb Z¯§Ä tiJcn¨ncp
¶Xv. DlZv]SbpsS cN\bv¡pth−n tImgnt¡mSv ap¨p´n¸Ånbnepw,
ae¸pdw]SbpsS cN\mhiymÀ°w ae¸pdw henb§mSn]Ånbnepw, amk
§tfmfw Xmakn¨p hnhctiJcWw \S¯nbncp¶p. {]Xn]mZyhnjb¯n
sâ ka{KXbv¡pw hnizmkyXbv¡pw CX\nhmcyamsW¶ \ne]mSnÂ
AXn\p th−n GXp XymKhpw kln¡m³ X¿mdpambncp¶p.

tcmKhpw, acWhpw
sNdp¸w apXte, hnhn[ tcmK§Ä Ihnsb th«bmSnbncp¶p. Ip«n
¡me¯v Hcn¡Â tcmKw_m[n¨v At±lw InS¸nembn. ]nXmhp \ÂInb
NnInÕIsfm¶pw ^ewImWmsX tcmKwaqÀÑn¨p. HSphn sImt−m«n
X§fpsS {]mÀ°\bpw A\p{Klhpw aqeamWv tcmKim´n ssIhcn¨X
t{X. CivXnbmJv jmbpsS kvXpXnIoÀ¯\amb ‘Idmam¯vame’bn Cu
kw`hw A\pkvacn¡p¶p−v. càkm£nIfpsS ]pWy¯m Xsâ A
kpJw amdWsa¶ {]mÀ°\ Nne ]S¸m«pIfn ImWp¶p−v.
tcmK]oUtbmsSm¸w \nc´camb bm{XIfpw ImhycN\bpw Ihn
bpsS BtcmKys¯ XfÀ¯n. \mÂ]Xmas¯ hbÊn hnjPzcw _m[n
¨p InS¸nembn. lnPvd F¶ t]cn Hcp ZoÀLImhy¯nsâ ]Wn¸pcbn
embncp¶p At±lw. AXnsâ 26 CiepIÄ am{Xta ]qÀ¯nbmbncp¶p
Åp. At±l¯nsâ thÀ]mSn\ptijw ]nXmhv D®na½ZvsshZycpw, Ihn
NpÅnb³ sambvXo³Ip«nbpw tNÀ¶mWv AXp ]qÀ¯nbm¡nbXv.
tcmKi¿bn Xs¶ kµÀin¡ms\¯nb kplr¯p¡tfmsSÃmw
acWs¯¡pdn¨mWv Ihn kwkmcn¨psIm−ncp¶Xs{X. At±lw Ah
km\ambn cNn¨ {]mÀ°\mKoX¯nepw, Xm³ {]Xo£n¨ncn¡p¶ acW
s¯¡pdn¨ hnNmcw Xs¶bmWpÅXv. D®na½Zv sshZyÀt¡m, kplr¯p
¡fmb aäp sshZy·mÀt¡m At±l¯nsâ Poh³ c£n¡m\mbnÃ. A
kpJw HcmgvN ]n¶n«t¸mÄ AXp aqÀÑn¨p h¶p. ln. 1309 iA_m³ 13 \v
({In.h.1892) Â IhnbpsS [\yPohnX¯n\v XncÈoe hoWp. PohnX¯n
 \sÃmcp ]¦v sNehgn¨ sImt−m«n X¡nbmhnsâ ]cnkc¯p Xs¶
bmWv IhnbpsS A´yhn{iaØew. sImt−m«nbpsS Ncn{Xw \nÀWbn¨

77
apl½Zv jmlntâbpw CjvXnbmJv jmlntâbpw J_dnS¯n \n¶v
GXm\pwhmc AIew am{Xta AXn\pÅq.

IhnbpsS ]n³KmanIÄ
Xebt©cn a½Znsâ aIÄ ^m¯na¡p«nbmWv IhnbpsS BZy
`mcy. {]tZi¯v Adnbs¸«ncp¶ H¸\¸m«pImcnbmbncp¶p AhÀ. Cu
_Ô¯n Ihn¡p Ip«nIfnÃ. ]m¯p¡p«nbp½ F¶ hn[hsb ssh
ZyÀ ]n¶oSp hnhmlw sNbvXp. IhnbpsS a¡fmbn D®na½Zv, Al½Zp
Ip«n, Ipªman\ F¶nhÀ Cu kv{Xobn ]nd¶hcmWv.
IhnbpsS BZy]p{X\mb D®na½Zv _mey¯n Xs¶ acn¨p. aI
sâ acWthfbn sshZyÀ \m«nep−mbncp¶nÃ. ae¸pdw]S¸m«nsâ
{]km[\mhiymÀ°w GXm\pw Znhkw At±lw XetÈcnbnembncp¶p.
AhnsS \n¶pw XncnsI kztZis¯¯nbt¸mÄ aIsâ acWm\´cNS
§pIÄ \S¡pIbmbncp¶pht{X. ZpxJnX\mb Ihn aIsâ IpgnamS¯n
\cnInencp¶v Be]n¨,
‘IcpaWnap¯v aIt\ \o,
J_dIamb hn[w sIm−o
IYIfsXm¶pw AdnbmsX
J_dIw t]mtbmþ I®nÂ
IpcpanÈn tams\þ adbv´p¦Ä
IpcphnSemtbm...
IcpW]pcms\, sbss\ tams\
IcpWISm£¯msesb¶pw,
JkvsZmcpan¡m³ alvidX¶nÂ
sbss\ dlvams\þ IcpW
JÂ_XnepÅ sImXn XoÀ¯v
6
XtcWw ]pcmt\...’
F¶v XpS§p¶ Km\w {]kn²amWv. timIck{][m\amb B Km\
¯nse Nne {]tbmK§Ä {ihn¨v Ihn¡v Adw]äpsa¶p IcpXnb kplr
¯p¡Ä ]mSm\\phZn¡msX hmbs]m¯nsb¶pw, Ihnsb AhnsS\n
¶pw FSp¯psIm−pt]msb¶papÅ IYIÄ ]ga¡mÀ ssIamdn t]m¶n
cp¶p. CXnse BZyhcnIÄ sambvXo³Ip«n sshZyÀ F¶ asämcp Ihn
bpsS cN\bmsW¶pw, kam\amb A\p`h¯nsâ ]Ým¯e¯n At±

78
lw cNn¨ Imhy¯nsâ XpS¡w, tambn³Ip«n sshZycpw {]tbmP\s¸Sp
¯pIbmbncp¶psh¶pw IcpXs¸Sp¶p.
sshZycpsS c−mas¯ aI³ Al½ZpIp«nsshZyÀ `mh\mk¼
¶\mb Ihnbpw KmbI\pambncp¶p. At±lw cNn¨ ‘hntijs¨½eÀ
t¯m¸nÂ’ F¶mcw`n¡p¶ I¯p]m«v {]kn²amWv. At±l¯nsâ awK
eyame, \_nIoÀ¯\w apXemb cN\Ifpw, ImhyKpWw XnIªhbm
Wv. ]nXmhv acn¡pt¼mÄ 13 hbÊpam{Xw {]mbap−mbncp¶ Al½Zp
Ip«nbpw Cfb ktlmZcn Ipªman\bpw ap¯Ñ\mb D®na½Znsâ kwc
£W¯nemWv hfcp¶Xv. C¯n¡p«n½bmbncp¶p Al½ZvIp«nbpsS
`mcy. At±l¯nsâ aIÄ ]m¯p½Ip«nbp½ BZy{]kht¯mS\p_
Ôn¨v acn¨p.
IhnbpsS aIÄ Ipªman\ hnhmlnXbmbncp¶psh¦nepw k´m
\ku`mKyap−mbnÃ. C{]Imcw Al½ZpIp«nsshZycpsS ]p{XnbpsS th
À]mtSmSpIqSn sshZycpsS Xeapd Ahkm\n¨p. IhnbpsS IpSpw_mwK§
fmbn, Ct¸mÄ Ahtijn¡p¶Xv ]nXrktlmZc·mcpsS Xeapdbn s]
Sp¶hcmWv. ChÀ sImt−m«nbnepw kao]Øe§fnepambn A[nhkn
¨phcp¶p.

t]Àjy³kzm[o\¯nsâ thcpIÄ
Ad_n, kwkvIrXw, Xangv apXemb `mjIfpw kmlnXyhpw tambn
³Ip«n sshZycpsS cN\Ifn sNep¯nb kzm[o\¯nsâ ]Ým¯ew
Ffp¸w {Kln¡mhp¶tXbpffp. BbpÀthZNnInÕmÀ°w kwkvIrX¯n
epw aX]T\¯nsâ `mKambn Ad_nbnepw At±lw {]mhoWyw t\Snb
Xmbn ta hnhcn¨ PohNcn{Xkw{Kl¯n \n¶pw hyàamhpw. _mey
¯n t\Snb Xangv`mjm]cnÚm\w XangIs¯ IhnIfpambpff k¼À
¡t¯msS ]pjvSns¸SpIbpw sNbvXp. F¶m sshZyÀ¡rXnIfn IS
¶phcp¶ t]Àjy³ {]tab§fpsSbpw ]Z§fpsSbpw ]Ým¯ew th−
hn[w A\mhcWw sN¿s¸«n«nÃ. IhnbpsS PohNcn{XImc³amcpw Cu
Znibnepff At\zjWw \S¯n¡mWp¶panÃ.
sshZycpsS cN\mtemIt¯¡pff Xmt¡m¸gpXv F¶ \nebnÂ
AXp {]kàambn¯ocp¶p−v.
tambn³Ip«n sshZycpsS PohnX¯nepw IrXnIfnepw \nÀWmbI
amb kzm[o\w sNep¯nb LSIamWv CjvXnbmJv jmlv X§fpambpÅ

79
_Ôw. sImt−m«nbnse Bßobt\Xmhpw `q{]`phpambncp¶p At±lw.
At±l¯nsâ amXmal³ apl½ZvjmlvX§fpsS (1708þ1795)]qÀÆnIÀ
aX{]t_m[\mÀ°w t]ÀjybnÂ\n¶pw C´ybnte¡ph¶hcmWv.
apwss_bnse IÃymWn\Sp¯ IÂZm\nÂ\n¶mWv apl½Zvjmlv sIm
t−m«nbnte¡p hcp¶Xv. Sn¸phnsâ £Wa\pkcn¨mWv X§Ä AhnsS
F¯nt¨À¶sX¶p IcpXs¸Sp¶p. X§fpsS Bßob{]`mh¯n BIr
jvS\mb Sn¸p At±l¯n\v C\mwZmÀ]Zhn k½m\n¡pIbpw, \nch[n
7
`qkz¯p¡Ä \nIpXn Hgnhm¡n\ÂIpIbpw sNbvXp. X§fpsS injy
Xzw kzoIcn¨ {]tZihmknIÄ At±lamcw`n¨ BßobtI{µ¯n\v
KWyamb tXmXn `qan Zm\wsNbvXncp¶p.
Sn¸phn\ptijw {_n«ojv A[nImcnItfmSpw X§Ä IpSpw_w ku
lrZ_Ôw \ne\nÀ¯nt¸m¶p. A¡mcW§fm AhcpsS A[nImcmh
Imi§Ät¡m, Øm\am\§Ät¡m ]n¡me¯pw tIm«sam¶pw kw`
hn¨nÃ. Gd\mS³{]tZis¯ `qcn]£wP\§fpw ISp¯ {_n«ojv hntcm
[w ]peÀ¯nbncp¶ ae_mÀIem]¯nsâ \mfpIfnÂt]mepw Cu \ne
]mSpXs¶bmbncp¶p AhÀ¡p−mbncp¶Xv.
tambn³Ip«n sshZycpsS ]nXmhv D®na½Zn\v BbpÀtÆZ NnInÕm
cwK¯pÅ sshZKv[yw Xncn¨dnªv At±ls¯ Hm«p]md¡pgn F¶ Ø
e¯p\n¶pw Xsâ BØm\¯n\Sp¯v sImt−m«ntae§mSnbn sIm
−ph¶p Xmakn¸n¨Xv CkvXnbmJv jm Bbncp¶p. PohnXm´ywhsc
Cu kulrZ_Ôw AhÀ \ne\nÀ¯nt¸m¶p. X§sf {]IoÀ¯n¨psIm
−v sshZyÀ cNn¨ "Idma¯v ame' ({In.h. 1868) F¶ Imhyw AXnsâ
{]Xn^e\amWv.

X§ÄIpSpw_hpw t]Àjy³]mc¼cyhpw
X¡nbmhv F¶dnbs¸Sp¶ sImt−m«n X§fpsS BßobtI{µ
¯n ]n´pSÀ¶p t]m¶ Nne BNmcm\pjvTm\§Ä¡v {]Xy£¯nÂ
8
Xs¶ t]Àjy³þjnbmNn´m[mcItfmSv kmZyiyap−mbncp¶p. Gd\m
S³þhÅph\mS³{]tZi§fnse ]c¼cmKX CkvemwhnizmknIÄ¡nS
bn A`n{]mb`n¶X krjvSn¡m³ CXp \nan¯ambn. cmjv{SobcwKs¯
¶t]mse BßobtaJebnepw CjvXnbmJv jmbpsS \ne]mSpIÄ hn`n
¶ambtXmsS s]m¶m\nbnse aJvZqansâbpw k¿nZvPn{^nbpsSbpw t\Xr
Xz¯n kp¶n ho£WKXn¡mcmb ]ÞnXÀ At±l¯ns\Xnsc

80
cwK¯ph¶p. Ccphn`mK¯n\panSbn H¶c\qäm−ntesd¡mew \ne
\n¶ BibkwLÀjambncp¶p CXnsâ A\´c^ew. "sImt−m«nþ
s]m¶m\n ssI¯À¡w' F¶ t]cnednbs¸«ncp¶ Cu hnhmZw ae_mÀ
apkvenw Ncn{X¯nse {][m\ A[ymbamWv.
apl½Zvjmlv X§fpsS Imew apXÂ At±l¯nsâ BØm\amb
X¡nbmhv ae_mdnse t]Àjy³kwkvImc¯nsâ tI{µØenbmbn \ne
sIm−p. AXnsâ ASbmf§Ä Ct¸mgpw AhnsSImWmw. HlmtbmtÌäv
bqWnthgvknänbnse s{]m^. Ìo^³ F^v. sUbvepw, tUm. Fw. KwKm[
c\pw tNÀ¶v X¿mdm¡nb {]_Ô¯n C¡mcyw kqNn¸n¡p¶p−v:
‘t]Àjy³Awi§Ä sImt−m«nbnse¯p¶ GXp kµÀiI\pw Gsd
kv]jvSamWv. Gähpw {]Xy£amb ASbmfw apl½Zvjm H¶masâ ih
IpSocw Xs¶. ZÀK F¶ t]Àjy³t]cn sImt−m«nbnednbs¸Sp¶
Cu ihIpSocw hS¡³tIcf¯n ImWmhp¶ GI D¯tc´y³
9
apkvenw hmkvXpinev]amWv.’
apl½Zvjmlv X§fpsS ]c¼cbn Ct¸mgpÅ {]apJ³ sI.Sn.
dlvam³ X§fmWv. ‘Bjnbm\’ F¶ t]Àjy³t]cmWv X§fpsS hoSn\v
\ÂInbncn¡p¶Xv. At±l¯nsâ ]nXmal³ \nÀ½n¨ Cu hoSnsâ P
\meIfnÂt]mepw t]Àjy³amXrIbnepÅ Nn{X¸WnIÄ ImWmw. ssI
sbgp¯p {]XnIfpÄs¸sS GXm\pw t]Àjy³{KÙ§fpw ChnsSbp−v.
18þmw \qäm−n apl½Zvjmlv X§Ä XpS¡wIpdn¨Xpw kao]Imew
hsc BtLmj]qÀÆw sIm−mSnbncp¶Xpamb sImt−m«n t\À¨bnepw
t]Àjy³þjnbm _Ôw {]ISamWv.
t\À¨bpsS {][m\ NS§pIfmb sImSntbäw, s]«nhchv, Nµ\
¡pSw Fgp¶Ån¸v F¶nhbv¡v jnbmapkvenwIfpsS A\pjvTm\§fpam
bpÅ _Ôw _meIrjvW³ hÅn¡p¶pw Nq−n¡mWn¨n«p−v. t\À¨
bpsS NS§pIÄ¡nSbn apg§nt¡Ä¡p¶ No\nhnfn t]Àjy³kwKo
tXm]IcWamb jl\mbntbmSv kmZriyapÅ \mS³hmZyw D]tbmKn¨p
ÅXmWv. t\À¨bpsS kam]\¨S§n\p tijw hnXcWw sN¿p¶ {]km
Zw ‘acoZ’ F¶ t]Àjy³ t]cnemWdnbs¸Sp¶Xv. X§·mcpsS t]cns\m
¸apÅ ‘jmlv’ F¶ kwÚbpw t]Àjy³ Xs¶.

81
 t]Àjy³_Ô¯nsâ aäpssIhgnIÄ

Ad_ntbmsSm¸w t]Àjy³`mjbnepw ]cnÚm\wt\Sm³ sshZy

sc t{]cn¸n¨Xv A¡mes¯ cmjv{SobþkmaqlnI Npäp]mSpIfmWv. t]À
jy³]mc¼cyapÅ sImt−m«nX§fpambpÅ _Ôw am{Xambncp¶nÃ
AXnsâ ImcWw. t]Àjy³`mjbpw kmlnXyhpw ae_mdn s]mXphn
epw, apkvenwIfn hntijn¨pw, kzm[o\w sNep¯nbncp¶ kµÀ`ambn
cp¶p AXv. apKf`cWIme¯n D¯tc´y³`mjIfpw t]Àjy\pw X½n
 kPohk¼À¡¯n h¶ncp¶psh¦nepw, tIcf¯n AXnsâ A\p
cW\w Imcyambn D−mbncp¶nÃ. F¶m ssakqÀkp¯m³amcpsS
ae_mÀA[n\nthiIme¯v (1765þ1792) Cu AhØbv¡p amäwh¶p. `c
Wkw_Ôamb Bhiy§Ä¡v AhÀ D]tbmKn¨ncp¶Xv t]Àjy\mbn
cp¶p. Cu taJebpambn _Ôs¸« aebmf]Zmhen ]cntim[n¨mÂ
AXn \sÃmcp`mKw ssakqÀ `cW¯nsâ XpSÀ¨bmbn t]Àjy\n \n
¶pw BZm\w sNbvXhbmsW¶p hyàamIpw.
kq^oNn´IfpsS {]t_m[\mÀ°w tIcf¯nte¡ph¶ t]Àjy³
]ÞnXcpsS {]hÀ¯\§fpw B `mjbpsS {]Nmc¯n\v klmbIambn
«p−v. sImt−m«nX§Ä am{XaÃ, s]m¶m\nbnse aJvZqapamcpw t]À
jy³ _ÔapÅhcmbncp¶phtÃm. ba\nÂ\n¶pw tIcf¯n F¯nt¨
À¶ ssiJv ssk\p±o³aJvZqansâ tkh\§fmWv CXn {]YaØm\
¯pÅXv. s]m¶m\n PpaA¯v]Ånbn At±lamcw`n¨ ZÀkv t]Àjy³
amXrIbnepÅXmbncp¶p. Ad_ntbmsSm¸w t]Àjy³`mjbnepÅ B
[ymßnI {KÙ§Ä ChnsS ]Tn¸n¨ncp¶p. ChnsS\n¶pw ]pd¯nd§nbn
cp¶ ]ÞnX·mcmWv tIcf¯nse hnhn[ ]ÅnIfn {]mÀ°\bv¡pw
aX]T\¯n\pw A¡me¯p t\XrXzw \ÂInbncp¶Xv. tIcfob Ckvem
an ImWp¶ t]Àjy³]mc¼cyw Hcp ]cn[nhsc aJvZqapamÀ hgn Xs¶
10
bmWv.
t]Àjy³`mjbnse Nne kmlnXyIrXnIÄ Ad_naebmf¯nte
¡v samgnamäw sN¿s¸Sp¶Xpw Cu kzm[o\¯nsâ ^eamWv. {]Ya ae
bmft\mhemb CµpteJbpsS ]ndhn¡papt¼, Ad_naebmf¯n {]
kn²oIcn¨ "OmÀZÀthiv' t]Àjy³`mjbn AaoÀJp{kp cNn¨ t\mh
ensâ `mjm´cambncp¶p. sshZycptSXpĸsSbpÅ Nne {][m\ Imhy

82
§fnepw, Ncn{XmJymbnIIfnepw t]Àjy³kmlnXy¯nse ¢mÊnIv Ir
XnIsf D]Pohns¨gpXnb cN\Ifp−v.

t]Àjy³{]tab§fpw sshZycpw
aX]chpw kmwkvImcnIhpamb taJeIfn Cu hn[w {]ISamb
t]Àjy³ B`napJyw \ne\n¶ncp¶ {]tZiambncp¶p tambn³Ip«n ssh
ZycpsS X«Iamb sImt−m«n. t]Àjy³]ÞnX\pw kmlnXyXev]c\p
amb CjvXnbmJvjm X§fpw, At±l¯nsâ ImcyØ\pw KpcpØm\ob
\pambncp¶ ]p¯³amfnb¡Â \nkmap±o³anbbpw sshZycn sNep
¯nb kzm[o\w A\ev]amWv.
Ihn F¶ \nebn buh\¯n Xs¶ sshZyÀ¡v {]ikvXnbpw
AwKoImchpw k½m\n¨ "_ZdpÂap\oÀ lpkv\pÂPamÂ' F¶ Imhy
¯nsâ {]tabw Hcp t]Àjy³{]WbIYbmWv. AXp sshZyÀ¡v ]cnNb
s¸Sp¯p¶Xpw cN\mthfbn Bhiyamb amÀK\nÀt±iw \ÂIp¶Xpw
\nkmap±o\mWv. Cu IS¸mSv IrXnbn Xs¶ {]ISn¸n¡p¶pap−v. _Z
dp ap\odnsâ cN\bv¡v \mephÀjwap¼v cNn¨ keoJ¯v ]S¸m«pw
t]Àjy³IY Xs¶. _mekmlnXyIrXnbmb kemkoÂ, Inf¯name
F¶nhbpw Cu hn`mK¯nepÄs¸Sp¶p.
Ad_naebmf{KÙIÀ¯m¡fn `qcn`mKhpw CkvemanINcn{X
{KÙ§sf Ahew_am¡nbt¸mÄ, t]Àjy³]pcmhr¯§Ä IqSn Bhn
jvIcn¡m³ sshZyÀ \S¯nb{iaw bmZrÑnIambncp¶nÃ. kmaqlnIam
b t{]cWbpw A\nhmcyXbpw AXn\p ]n¶nep−mbncp¶p. keoJ¯v ]
S¸m«nsebpw Inf¯namebnsebpw {]tab§Ä CkvemanINcn{X]mT§
Ä¡p \nc¡p¶Xsöpw Ah jnbmhnizmknIfpsS `mh\mkrjvSnbm
sW¶papÅ hnaÀi\§Ä Ihn¡v A`napJoIcnt¡−n h¶n«p−v.

kmaqlnIþcmjv{Sob]cnkcw
tambn³Ip«n sshZyÀ F¶ IhnbpsS krjvSnbn At±lw P\n¨p
hfÀ¶ kmaqlnIþcmjv{Sob ]cnkcs¯ amän \nÀ¯nbpÅ Hct\zjW
hpw ]qÀWamhnÃ. BbpÀtÆZNnInÕm]mc¼cyw, aebmft¯msSm¸w hn
hn[`mjIfnse kmlnXyIrXnIÄ ]cnNbs¸Sm³ e`n¨ Ahkcw, Ie
sbbpw kmlnXys¯bpw ]cnt]mjn¸n¡pIbpw, t]Àjy³þjnbm ss]
XrIw Im¯pkq£n¡pIbpw sNbvX CjvXnbmJv jm X§fpambpÅ
kulrZw F¶o LSI§Ä sshZycpsS IhnXzs¯ cq]s¸Sp¯nb

83
LSI§fn {][m\amWv. AtXmsSm¸w, P·nXz¯n\pw sshtZinI ta
[mhnXz¯n\psaXnsc DbÀ¶ph¶ P\IobIem]§fpw Bßob Npäph
«§fn AebSn¨ BibkwLÀj§fpw tNÀ¶pkrjvSn¨ kmaqlnIm
´co£w IqSnbmbt¸mÄ FgpXmXncn¡m³hs¿¶ \ne]mSn Ihn F
¯nt¨cpIbmbncp¶p. _joÀ, tZhv, XIgn, s]m³Ip¶w hÀ¡n apXemb
\thm°m\ ImYnI·mcpsS ]ndhnbnÂ, 20þmw \qäm−nsâ aq¶pw\mepw
ZiI§fn \ne\n¶ kmaqlnIþcmjv{Sob ImemhØ hln¨ ]¦n\v
CXnt\mSv kmayap−v.
CtXIme¯p Xs¶ Pohn¨t¸mgpw D]cnhÀ¤¯nsâ t`mKXrjvW
Isf Xr]vXns¸Sp¯pwhn[w IhnXsb Hcp hnt\mtZm]m[n F¶\nebnÂ
am{Xw kao]n¨ sh¬aWn¡hnIfpsS Imhyk¦ev]§fpw sshZycpsS
ZÀi\hpw X½ntesd AIeap−v. Gd\m«nse kwLÀj`cnXamb cm
jv{Sob]cnkct¯mSv kwhZnt¡−n h¶Xn\memWv At±l¯nsâ _Z
dp ap\oÀ HgnsIbpff {][m\ cN\IsfÃmw ]S¸m«pIfmbXv.

BZyImecN\Ifpw eLpImhy§fpw

sshZycpsS 20þmw hbÊnemWv _Zvdp ap\oÀ lpkv\p Pamensâ

cN\. {]tab¯nepw BhnjvImc¯nepw ]XnhpcoXnIsf shÃphnfn¨
Cu IrXnbpsS cN\bmWv At±l¯nsâ ImhyPohnX¯n hgn¯ncn
hmbn ]cnWan¡p¶Xv. F¶m AXnsâ Hcp ]Xnäm−pap¼p Xs¶ Xsâ
kÀKhmk\ At±lw {]ISn¸n¨p XpS§nbncp¶p.
IhnbpsS _meyIme¯p\S¶ Hcpkw`hw CXnte¡p hncÂNq−p
¶p−v: CjvXnbmJvjm X§Ä kwLSn¸n¨ Imf]q«paÕcw ImWm³, ]n
Xmhnt\msSm¸w sshZycpw F¯nt¨cp¶p. Imf]q«pI¼¡mcmb hen
sbmcp P\mhen AhnsS H¯ptNÀ¶n«p−v. X§Ä, D®na½Znt\mSpÅ
kulrZ`mjW¯n\nSbn H¸apÅ aIsâ hnZym`ymks¯¡pdn¨pw A
t\zjn¨p. aI³ Ipsd ImhyIrXnIÄ ]Tn¨n«ps−¶p ]dªt¸mÄ, Nne
Xp sNmÃnt¡Ä¸n¡m\mhiys¸«p. tambn³Ip«nbpsS kzcam[pcnbpw
D¨mcWkv^pSXbpw kmlnXyXev]c\mb X§sf BIÀjn¨p. kz´w
cN\Ifps−¦n sNmÃWsa¶mbn. \nanjt\cs¯ au\¯n\ptijw
sshZyÀ Hcp Km\ame]n¨p. Imf]q«paÕcs¯bpw, AXn ]s¦Sp¸n

84
¡m³ sIm−ph¶ ImfIsfbpw hÀWn¨pÅ XÕabcN\bmbncp¶p
AXv. k´pjvS\mb X§Ä sshZysc tNÀ¯p]nSn¨v A\p{Kln¨p. hen
sbmcp P\¡q«¯n\p ap¼nÂh¨v Ihn¡p e`n¨ BZy AwKoImcambn
cp¶p AXv.

\jvSs¸«cN\IÄ
tambn³Ip«n sshZycpsS BZyImecN\Ifn `qcn`mKhpw C¶p
e`yaÃ. tIcf¯n Ad_naebmfw A¨Sn {]Nmc¯nÂhcp¶Xn\p sXm
«pap¼mbncp¶p AhbpsS cN\. hnhmlmtLmj§fpsS `mKambn Ac
t§dnbncp¶ h«¸m«n\pth−n cNn¨ Km\§sfm¶pw {]kn²oIcn¡p¶
]Xnhp−mbncp¶nÃ. Ah KmbIkwL§Ä¡nSbn hmsamgnbmbn
ssIamäw sN¿s¸SpIbmbncp¶p. A¯cw ]m«pIÄ¡v hym]Iamb {]Nm
cw ssIh¶t¸mÄ, \mS³]m«pIsft¸mse Ahbpw kaql¯nsâ s]mXp
kz¯mbn ]cnKWn¡¸«p. AXn\m AhbpsS IÀ¯mhmcmsW¶ A
t\zjW¯n\v henb {]kànbp−mbncp¶nÃ.
1870þ\Sp¯v XetÈcnbn h¨v Ad_naebmf A¨Snbv¡v tIcf
¯n XpS¡wIpdn¨v ]Xnäm−pIÄ¡p tijw Nne {]km[IÀ C¯cw
]m«pIÄ kamlcn¨p {]kn²oIcn¨t¸mgpw Fgp¯pImcpsS t]cv DÄs¸Sp
¯nbncp¶nÃ. Xsâ PohnXIme¯v Ihn Xs¶ {]kn²oIcn¨Xpw, At±
l¯nsâ injy³amÀ hgn {]Ncn¨Xpamb GXm\pw ]m«pIfmWv Cu KW
¯n C¶p e`yamIp¶Xv. I¯p]m«pIfpw Ad_n¯angvImhy§fpsS
amXrIbnepÅ hncp¯w,]Zw,Nn´v XpS§nbhbpw A¡q«¯n ImWmw.

I¯p]m«pIÄ
sshZycpsS BZyImecN\Ifn Hcphn`mKw sIÊp]m«pIfpw, A
hbpsS KW¯n hcp¶ I¯p]m«pIfpamWv. kmµÀ`nIambn cNn¨
hnt\mZ{][m\amb Km\§Ä am{Xambncp¶p Ah. A¨Sn¨p {]kn²oIcn
¡p¶ ]Xnhp−mbncp¶nÃ. ]e ]m«pIfpw kplr¯p¡fpsS A`yÀ°\
am\n¨pÅ XÕab cN\IfmWv. hmsamgncq]¯n AXnthKw {]Nmcw
t\Snb \nch[n I¯p]m«pIÄ C¡q«¯nep−v.
‘Xmac¸q¦mh\¯nÂ’ F¶ Km\¯nsâ a«n Ihn cNn¨ Hcp
I¯p]m«nsâ XpS¡w C§s\bmWv:

85
 ‘aÃnI¸q¦mh\¯nev Xmakn¡pt¶mtf
a¦IÄ kIe¯nepw sam©¯nbmw abnemtf
hÃnbmfn sNmÃnSps¶âÃepan¶mtf
h«tamdpw sam«pamdpw I«n sam©ptÅmtf’.

sshZycpsS asämcp I¯p]m«v t\m¡pI.

‘ap¯p\h cXv\apJw I¯nSpw abnemtf,

sams©mfnhnevv X©tadpw I©I¸qtamtf,
Nn¯ncw sIm¯n adnbpw
sN¼I¨p−pw Nndnbpw
kp¯amaeÀ hncnbpw
kq£vaan ]eIpdnbpw
I−v tamln¨v þ kwKXn
sIm−p Zmln¨p.
F³ aetc \½sfÃmw cmPnb¡mctÃ,
Fs¶mcp hnNmchpw kt´mjap®n¡ntÃ
C½[pct¯³IpSn¸m³, H¯h³ Rm\tÃ,
Gdnb\mfmbn ]qXn sh¨nSp¶ aptÃ.
k½Xns¨¦n Xcs«
km²ybsa¦n hcs«
X½nenjvSambn apt¯
X¦ta\nbnepÅ Xt¯
tNcpsa¶mfnÂ, a\sImXn
Xocpa¶mfnÂ
F´pthWw F³I\n¡, sXms¡bpw Xt¶mfm,
F´n\pw ap«phcp¯msXm¸cw \nt¶mfm...
A´n t\cs¯m¶pd§m³ C¯ew h¶mfm,
BhXpÅ \mfXn Rm\n¡\n Xn¶mfm.
k´Xs¸m¶pw apJs¯,
Fs´\pw kemapcs¯,
F¶psS ]p¶mc aps¯,
Fs´\n³ tNXn apXnÀs¯

86
 a«an \msf, adp]Sn
In«Ww tamtf..'
(ap¯p\h...)
I¯p]m«pIfpsS BJym\coXnbpw `mjbpw shfnhmIm³ sshZy
cpsS {]kn²amb asämcp I¯p]m«pIqSn ]cntim[n¡mw. am¸nf¸m«nse
sIÊp]m«pcNbnXm¡Ä¡v {]nb¦camb ‘sIm¼v’ F¶ CienemWv CXn
sâ cN\.
‘hntijs¨¼I¸q¦mhXn \n¶v hfcp¶
hnt\mZs¸m³Ipbn _ohn¡dnhm\nt¶þ FÃm
hnhc§Ä¡nXm Is¯ms¶gpXoSpt¶
a\sÊm¯v acp§phm³ apS¡w s]m³XSns¡´mw
aSn¡msX ]dªp X¶ntSWw sN´mþaecn³
a[psh, \o ad¨ph¨nSÃm Nn´m...
A\njvSambnSpw No¯¯cw Im«n \S¡tÃ,
Acna¸q¡\nsb aÃnI¸qapsÃþkpJamþ
dWs¯m¶v acp§phm³ sImXnt¨m\tÃ,
kzcw aqfn¸d¡pw h−ndsIm¯p apSn Hm¼nþ
¨pd¨psI«nbpw hmÀ¶v an\p¡nt¯¼n þ an¶pw
kpdpa¡®pIÄ c−pw Ncn¨pw Nn¼n
Ncnªpw Nmªpeª¶¨hn«mse ASnsh¨v
Nhn«nbpw XIrX¯mfan IpXn¨v þ \S¡pw
kabw kpµc¸qN´nbpw XpSn¨v
AcIpSp§nssS tZlw HfÀa¦«ntbmap¯v
Acnat¡m´e C«v sRmdnªpSps¯þAXp½Â
Acªmtfekpw sI«n hcpw t\c¯v,
klhmkw anIpw sN´mac¸qhn³aWw Gin
kuanb¡cw c−pw Fdn´v hoin þ AXp½Â
NXpc¡Â hfbpw I¦Whpw Gin...
anIs´Ãmw ipPmb¯pw Ihns´¶n AXntamlw
anIhmIp¶Xn\pÅ HPo\w thKw þ X¶v
11
hncp¶m¡n ckn¸n¨v XWn¡v Zmlw.'

87
 am¸nfKm\imJbpsS Ncn{X¯n Chbv¡v khntijamb CSap
−v. A¡me¯p \ne\n¶ncp¶ am¸nf¸m«pIfpsS ]mc¼cys¯ shÃphn
fn¡p¶Xmbncp¶p C¯cw cN\IÄ. `àn`mh{][m\hpw B[ymßnI
Nn´bne[njvTnXhpambncp¶ ame¸m«pIÄ¡pw, I¸¸m«v, \qÂaZvlv XpS
§nbhbv¡pw ]n¶msebmWv Ch IS¶phcp¶Xv. Ahbnse {]tabhpw
kwKoXmßIXbpw, emfnXyhpw bpha\ÊpIsf hioIcn¡m³ ]cym]vX
ambncp¶p. ]t£, _Zvdp ap\otdm, _ZÀJnÊtbmt]mse ]IÀ¸v Fgp
Xn kq£n¡m\pw ssIamdm\pw X¡{]m[m\ysam¶pw Ahbv¡v Bcpw
Iev]n¨ncp¶nÃ. Ahbn NneXv shfn¨wImWp¶Xv ASp¯Ime¯p am
{XamWv. IhnbpsS acWtijw \qäm−p XnIbmdmb thfbn sI.sI.
apl½Zv A_vZpÂIcoamWv BZyIme cN\IfpsS KW¯nÂs¸Sp¯n
Hcp {]_Ô¯neqsS Ch {]kn²oIcn¡p¶Xv.
A\y`mjm]Z§fpsS [mcmfn¯tam, k¦oÀWamb BJym\tam
ChbnenÃ. IhnbpsS auenIIrXnIfnse `mjbpambn X«n¨pt\m¡n
bmÂ, Cu Km\§Ä At±l¯nsâ cN\bmtWm, F¶ ktµlw t]mep
ap−mImw. efnXamb ]Z{]tbmK§fpw hmsamgnbpsS k¶nthihpamWv
Cu cN\IfpsS kuµcy¯n\v \nZm\w.
am¸nf¸m«nsâ X\Xp CiepIfn cNn¨ Cu Km\§fn AXnsâ
{]mk\nba§fpw IrXyambn ]n´pSÀ¶n«p−v.
Ad_naebmfkmlnXy¯nse Km\imJsb AXnsâ Bßob]cn
kc¯p \n¶pw Cd¡ns¡m−ph¶v km[mcW P\§fpsS hnImchnNmc
§Ä BhnjvIcn¡m³ t]m¶ hyhlmccq]am¡n ]cnhÀ¯n¸n¨p F¶
XmWv Cu cwK¯v sshZycptSbpw At±l¯nsâ injy³amcpsSbpw apJy
kw`mh\. Imhy§fpsS {]tab§fpw BJym\coXnbpw B[ymßnIamb
DWÀÆn\pw DbÀ¨¡pw t{]cW\ÂIp¶XmhWsa¶ [mcW tNmZyw sN
¿s¸SpIbmbncp¶p. sshZyÀ ]n¶oSv Kuchkz`mhapÅ {]tab§Ä kzo
Icn¨v ZoÀLImhy§fpsS cN\bn {i²tI{µoIcn¨psh¦nepw At±lw
Xpd¶ph¨ ]mXbneqsS ]n³KmanIfmb am¸nf¡hnIÄ kss[cyw ap
t¶m«pt]mbn. I¯p]m«pIfnse {]WbKoX§fpsS Øm\¯v hncl Km
\§Ä cq]s¸«p. ae_mÀIem]m\´cw _Ãmcnbnse XShdbnte¡pw
A´am\nte¡pw \mSpIS¯s¸«hsc¡pdnt¨mÀ¯v thZ\n¡p¶hcpsS
a\Êv Ahbn ImWm\mbn. ]n¡me¯v sXmgnÂtXSn, ISÂIS¶p

88
t]mbhsc¡pdn¨v DähÀ¡pÅ k¦S§fpw I¯p]m«pIfpsS cq]¯nÂ
{]Xy£s¸«p.

H«I¯nsâbpw am\nsâbpw IY
cN\bpsS {]mcw`ZibnepÅ IrXnIfnÂs¸Sp¶ anI¨ BJym\
ImhyamWv "H«I¯nsâbpw am\nsâbpw IY'. A¨Sn Bcw`n¨ L«¯nÂ
Xs¶ Xncqc§mSn, s]m¶m\n, XetÈcn F¶o {]tZi§fnse Ad_nae
bmfw A¨pIqS§fn \n¶v Cu IrXn¡v \nch[n ]Xn¸pIfp−mbn.
hyXykvXamb 18þCiepIfn {]hmNI³ apl½Zv \_nbpsS Po
hnXhpambn _Ôs¸« Hcp ]pcmhr¯w BhnjvIcn¡pIbmWnXnÂ.
Xsâ DSaØsâ ]oU\w kln¡h¿msX, \_nbpsS kao]s¯
¯n k¦SapWÀ¯p¶ H«I¯nsâbpw, th«¡mcsâ sIWnbneIs¸«
am\nsâbpw IYbmWnXv. c−p arK§fpw {]hmNIt\mSp kwkmcn¡pI
bpw At±lw AhbpsS Zp:J¯n\v ]cnlmcwImWpIbpw sN¿p¶p. aäp
IrXnIfn ZriyamIp¶{X A\y`mjm]Z§Ä Cu cN\bnenÃ. efnX
amb BJym\coXn A\phmNIsc Ffp¸w BIÀjn¡pw.
Gd\mS³ hmbvsamgnbn {]Nmc¯nep−mbncp¶ \nch[n]Z§Ä
¡pw {]mNo\]Z§Ä¡pw Imhy`mjbn {]thi\w \ÂIp¶XneqsS ]Z
§sf kw_Ôn¨ ip²mip²k¦ev]s¯Xs¶ \ncmIcn¡m³, Ihn ]
£¯p \n¶pÅ t_m[]qÀÆamb {iaw ImWmw. Ip«nIÄ¡pw, km[mcW
P\§Ä¡pw Ffp¸w BkzZn¡m³ C¯cw {]tbmK§Ä klmbIamhp
sa¶v hyàw. DdpZn(kmtcm]tZiw), HPo\w(`£Ww), DZ¡w (klmbw),
]«m§v (kXyw), X¨p (ASn¨p), apSp¡v (kmaÀ°yw) F¶nh ]cntim[n
¨m C¡mcyw t_m[yamhpw.
Cu Imhyw tIhesamcp Ncn{Xkw`h¯nsâ BJym\aÃ. Ihn
hÀWn¡p¶Xp t]mepÅ hniZmwi§Ä CkvemanINcn{X¯n ImWm
\panÃ. kemko JnÊbnepw Fen¸Sbnepw ImWp¶Xpt]mse H«Iw,
am³ XpS§nb Xncy¡pIÄ a\pjytcmsSm¸w ChnsSbpw IYm]m{X§
fmbn {]Xy£s¸Sp¶p−v. a\ptjyXcPohPme§tfmSv kvt\l¯nepw
IcpWbnepw hÀ¯n¡Wsa¶pw AhtbmSp {IqcX ImWn¡p¶Xv ssZh
¯n\pw {]hmNI\pw hncp²amsW¶papÅ ktµiw AXnep−v. Ah
{]hmNIt\mSv kwkmcn¡p¶Xv At±l¯nsâ Aam\pjnIkn²n¡pZm
lcWambmWv Ihn kqNn¸n¡p¶Xv.

89
 Xsâ Ipªp§tfmSv am³t]Sbv¡pÅ AfhähmÕeyhpw Ahbp
sS kwc£Ws¯¡pdn¨pÅ DXvIWvTbpw, AXnsâ hm¡pIfnepw {]hr
¯nIfnepw hyRvPn¡p¶p−v. a\pjycpsS {IqcXIsf ]cmaÀin¡p
t¼mÄ \mw D]tbmKn¡mdpÅ arKobX F¶ {]tbmK¯nsâ AÀ°cm
lnXyhpw Cu BJym\¯neqsS A\mhcWw sN¿s¸Sp¶p. Xsâ DSa
ØXbnepÅ H«Is¯ ITn\ambn ]oUn¸n¡p¶ DSabptSbpw, Ipªp
§sf ]meq«p¶ am³t]Ssb sIWn h¨p]nSn¨v `£Wam¡p¶ th«¡m
csâbpw {]hr¯nbn \½nse am\pjnIt_m[w sXäpImWp¶nÃ. adp
`mK¯v H«I¯nsâ bPam\`ànbpw, am\n\v Ipªp§tfmSpÅ hmÕ
eyhpw ImWmsXt]mhpIbpw sN¿p¶p. {]hmNIsâ a[yØXbnÂ
Ipªp§sf ]meq«p¶Xn\mbn t]mIp¶ am³t]Sbv¡v c£s¸Sm\pÅ
Akpe`mhkcamWv e`n¡p¶Xv. ]t£, \_n¡p \ÂInb hm¡v ewLn
¡m³ AsXmcp¡aÃ. \_nsb Pmay¡mc\m¡nbmWv, X§fpsS kao]
t¯¡v A½ h¶ncn¡p¶sX¶dnbpt¼mÄ am³Ipªp§Ä t£m`n¡p
Ibpw, ape¸m \nckn¡pIbpw sN¿p¶p−v. XpSÀ¶v AXv {]hmNI k
¶n[nbnse¯n X\n¡p ]änb A]cm[w s]mdp¡Wsa¶t]£n¡p¶p.
C{]Imcw CXcPohPme§sft¸mepw \·bpsS {]XoI§fmbn Ihn Nn
{XoIcn¡p¶p. `qXZb, ImcpWyw, kvt\lw, _lpam\w, ]ckv]c hnizm
kw, hmKvZm\]me\w apXemb \·IÄ ]peÀ¯n a\pjycpw PohPme§
fpw kakrjvSn`mht¯msS hÀ¯nt¡−Xnsâ A\nhmcyX hnfw_cw
sN¿p¶ Hcp KpW]mTIYbpsS khntijXIÄ Cu Imhy¯n\p−v.

_mekmlnXyimJbpsS XpS¡w
Ad_naebmf¯n _mekmlnXyimJbv¡v XpS¡w Ipdn¡p¶Xv
tambn³Ip«n sshZycmWv. At±l¯nsâ ‘H«I¯nsâbpw am\nsâbpw
IY’, ‘kemkoÂ’, ‘Fen¸S’, ‘h−pw ]qhpw’ F¶o IrXnIÄ Cu KW
¯n hcp¶hbmWv. {]tabw, BhnjvIcWcoXn, `mjmemfnXyw F¶o
Xe§fn Gsd anIhp ]peÀ¯p¶hbmWv Cu cN\IÄ. `mjm]camb
{]tXyIXbpsS shfn¨¯n ‘h−pw ]qhpw’ F¶ eLpImhyamWv Ch
bn BZyt¯sX¶v A\pam\n¡mw.
sshZycpsS _mekmlnXyIrXnIÄ ]pd¯phcpt¼mÄ `mjmkmln
Xy¯nepw AsXmcp {]Øm\ambn cq]w sIm−ncp¶nÃ. Ip©³
\¼ymcpsS "]©X{´w Infn¸m«ns\' Cu hn`mK¯nse BZycN\bmbn

90
IcpXmw. 1824þ _©an³ s_bven {]kn²oIcn¨ ‘sNdpss]X§Ä¡v
D]ImcmÀ°w Cw¥ojnÂ\n¶pw ]cn`mjs¸Sp¯nb IYIÄ’, ‘_me
\nt£ ]w’(1860), ‘_me`qjWw’(ssh¡w ]m¨paq¯Xvþ1866) F¶n§s\
aqt¶m \mtem IrXnIÄ am{Xta, sshZycpsS cN\IÄ¡p ap¼v `mjbnÂ
{]kn²oIcn¨n«pÅq.

H¸\¸m«pIÄ
hnhmlmtLmjt¯mS\p_Ôn¨v ae_mdnse apkvenwIÄ¡nSbn
 cq]wsIm− Zriyþ{imhyIemcq]amWv H¸\. AhXcWssienbnepw
cq]`mh§fnepw Ct¸mÄ {]Nmc¯nepÅ H¸\bn \n¶pw Gsd hyXy
kvXambncp¶psh¦nepw ‘IÃymW¸m«pIÄ’ F¶dnbs¸«ncp¶ H¸\¸m«p
IfpsS AhXcW¯n\v 19þmw iXI¯nsâ Bcw`t¯mfw ]g¡ap−v.
Xangv\m«n \n¶pw £Wn¨p hcp¯p¶ KmbIkwL§fpsS Iem{]IS
\¯nsâ XpSÀ¨bmbmWv CXn\p XpS¡wIpdn¡p¶Xv. B Øm\¯v ]m
«pIÄ cNn¡pIbpw kz´ambn Hcp KmbIkwLap−m¡n AhXcn¸n¡p
Ibpw sNbvXpsIm−v CXnsâ ]cnjvIcW¯n\v sshZyÀ t\XrXzw \Â
In. Cu BhiymÀ°w cNn¨ Imhy§fmWv aqe¸pcmWw, Inf¯name,
s_¯ne¸m«v F¶nh.

aqe¸pcmWw
apl½Zv\_nbpsS ]p{Xn ^m¯nabpsSbpw AenbpsSbpw hnhml
hpw Zm¼XyPohnX¯n\nsS AhÀ¡nSbn cq]s¸« A`n{]mb`n¶XIÄ
{]hmNIk¶n[nbnÂh¨p cayambn ]cnlcn¡p¶XpamWv aqe¸pcmW
¯nse {]tabw. hyXykvX kmaqlnI]Ým¯ehpw ho£W§fpapÅ
c−pt]À IpSpw_ambn amdpt¼mÄ, F{X D¶Xcmbmepw Nne {]iv\§fp
−mhmw. kaNn¯XtbmsS Ahsb A`napJoIcn¡m\pw kulrZm´co
£w hos−Sp¡m\pw Z¼XnamÀ¡p IgnbWw. c£nXm¡fpsS {Inbmß
Iamb CSs]Sepw amÀK\nÀt±ihpw A\nhmcyamIp¶ thfIfpap−m
hmw. CkvemanINcn{X¯nse amXrImZ¼XnIfmbn hmgv¯p¶ Aensb
bpw ^m¯nasbbpw ap³\nÀ¯n C{]Imcw h[qhc·mÀ sshhmlnIPo
hnX¯n ]peÀt¯− kao]\§Ä HmÀ½s¸Sp¯pIbmWv Ihn. Ie

91
bpsS kmaqlnI[À½w Xncn¨dnªv \ndthäpIbmWv Cu IrXnbnepÅ
cN\bneqsS At±lw sN¿p¶Xv.
H¸\¸m«pImÀ¡v Gsd XmÂ]cyap−mbncp¶ Cu Imhy§fnse
`mK§Ä, `mKnIamsb¦nepw lrZnØaÃm¯ kv{XoIÄ apkvenwIpSpw_
§fn hncfambncp¶p. _Zdp ap\oÀ, _ZÀJnʸm«v XpS§nb {][m\
IrXnIfpsS cN\bv¡p tijamWv aqe¸pcmW¯nsâ cN\.

Inf¯name
sshZycpsS BZyImekmlnXykw`mh\Ifnsem¶mbmWv Inf¯n
ame ]cnKWn¡s¸Sp¶Xv. {]hmNIsâ PmamXmhv AenbpsSbpw ]p{X·m
cmb lk³, lpssk³ F¶nhcpsSbpw al¯zw hÀWn¡p¶ \nch[n
BJym\§Ä t]Àjy³þjnbm]mc¼cy§fn ImWmw. C¯c¯nepÅ
Hcp ]pcmhr¯amWv Inf¯namebpsS {]tabw.
Hcn¡Â \_nbpsSbpw A\pNc·mcpsSbpw k¶n[nbn Hcp hr²
Xebn NpaSpamsb¯n ZmlPew tNmZn¡p¶p. CamwAen \ÂInb sh
Åw IpSn¨v Zmlia\w hcp¯n aS§pt¼mÄ, Xmsgbnd¡nh¨ NpaSpbÀ
¯m³ klmbwtXSp¶p. klmblkvXhpamsb¯nb A_q_¡À, DaÀ,
Dkvam³ XpS§nb {]apJÀ AXn ]cmPbs¸SpIbmWv. HSphn \_n
bpsS \nÀt±i{]Imcw, AenbpsS ]p{X\pw, {]hmNIsâ ]u{X\pamb
lpssk³, \njv{]bmkw AXpbÀ¯n FÃmhscbpw AÛpXs¸Sp¯p¶p.
B kv{Xo t]mbtijw Cu kw`h¯nsâ s]mcpsf´msW¶v A\pNc
·mÀ At\zjn¨t¸mÄ, hr²bpsS thj¯n h¶Xv Pn_vco F¶
amemJbmsW¶pw lpssksâ al¯zw shfns¸Sp¯m\mbncp¶p B
]co£Wsa¶pw \_n adp]Sn \ÂIp¶p−v.
Cu Imhy¯nsâ Ahkm\s¯ CienepÅ {]mÀ°\mhmIyt¯m
sSm¸w Ihn Xsâ XqenIm\mahpw kqNn¸n¡p¶p−v. sshZyÀ an¡ IrXn
Ifnepw ]cmaÀin¡p¶ ‘]¿Â Xz_o_v’ F¶ XqenIm\maw BZyambn
{]tbmKn¡p¶Xv Cu Imhy¯nemWv. at\mlcamb AÀ°me¦mc§fpw
i_vZme¦mc§fpw Cu IrXnsb anIhpäXm¡p¶p. A´ym£c{]mkw
an¡]mZ§fnepw {]tbmKn¨n«p−v.

92
s_¯ne¸m«v
\mev Ci am{XapÅ s_¯ne¸m«v F¶ Imhyhpw H¸\¸m«pI
fpsS KW¯nÂhcp¶ IrXnbmWv. H¸\apdp¡w, H¸\¨mb F¶o Ci
epIfnemWv CXnsâ cN\. ImhycN\me£yw BZyCien C{]Imcw
hyàam¡p¶p:
‘tNZo ae¦c sI«v B\Zn ap¡nbamt\,
Noew an¡hÀ _mbv HZn¡nbmÀ s_¯nemt\,
]qXn sXfnµZm Na¨n«pw IZ CZmt\,
]dbpw ]cnisZm¡v tI«v \oÀ Xncn¡phot\’.
ae_mdnse am\y·mcpsS ioe§fn apJyw sI«v (shäne) apdp¡
emIp¶p. ap´nb BfpIÄ apdp¡p¶ shänebpsS IY]dbphm³ B{K
lw tXm¶pIbm AX¸w hnhcn¡pIbmWv. \n§Ä tI«pa\Ênem
¡pI.
XpSÀ¶v shänebpsS ]pcmhr¯w, shäneapdp¡nsâ KpW§Ä,
apdp¡ensâ \n_Ô\IÄ F¶nhbpw hnhcn¡p¶p−v.
C¯cw eLpImhy§Ä IqSmsX IÃymW¸m«pkwL§Ä ]mSn¸
Xnª \nch[n ]m«pIfpw Cu taJebn sshZycpsS kw`mh\bmbp−v.
Chbn ]eXpw kwkvImc]T\cwK¯v {]tXyI ]cnKW\bÀln¡p¶h
bmWv. H¶c\qäm−n\¸pdapÅ ae_mdnse am¸nfkv{XoIfpsS sshhn
[yamÀ¶ B`cW§Ä ]cmaÀin¡p¶ Hcp H¸\¸m«nse hcnIÄ t\m¡p
I. ]pXpXeapdbv¡v A]cnNX§fmb \nch[n B`cW§fpsS t]cp hn
hcw CXnep−v. ‘ba³sI«v’ F¶ CienemWv cN\.
‘XmenIÄame AWns´hnXm\§Ä
Xncn¨p ]dªmsemSp§m Nab§Ä
tben aWname ]qame ao³tImh
sbcªn¸qao³ Xqfn sshc¡pdname
tNen NXnc¡pdnsh¨ s]m³ame
N´¯n Bcw_t¯hn AWn´msf
Iphekv{Xo ImXnev Rmen Aen¡¯v
IqkmsX sIm¼³ Aet´mSn C«msf
h«apJ¯v \ÂI¶nIÄ Ip¸mbw

93
 hocnX s]m³\mSJÊv ]Wn sNbvsX
C«¯n ap¯m IpS¡pw Ipdnsshcw
Cisem¯ ]¨NpI¸v apXÆkv
th−nsb PulÀ ]Xn¨ ]X¡hpw
hocnX _nkvXn AiIv Npdame
D−n¸Sname ]¨¡dn ame
Bc¼t¯hnsâ amdn AWn´msf.’

]S¸m«pIfpsS BZyamXrIIÄ
Ad_naebmfImhyimJbn ]S¸m«pIsf P\Iobam¡n amänb
IhnbmWv sshZyÀ. At±l¯nsâ _ZÀ, DlZv, ae¸pdw ]S¸m«pIÄ Hcp
ImeL«¯nsâ `mhpIXz]cnWma¯n \nÀWmbI ]¦phln¨p. bp²
hr¯m´IY\¯n Ihnbv¡pÅ ]mShw, Ip«n¡me¯pXs¶ shfns¸
Sp¯p¶ Nne cN\Ifpw BZyImeIrXnIfnep−v. Fen¸S, kemkoÂ
apXembhbmWh. _mekmlnXyhn`mK¯nemWv ChbpsS Øm\sa¦n
epw tIhew B IÅnbn am{Xw Ahsb HXp¡n \nÀ¯m\mhnÃ.

kemkoÂ
57 CiepIfmWv kemko Imhy¯n\pÅXv. Fen¸SbpsS cN\
bv¡pap¼mWv CXnsâ cN\sb¶v IcpXmsa¦nepw Imew IrXnbnsemcnS
¯pw tcJs¸Sp¯n¡mWp¶nÃ. Acbmen¸pd¯v Ipª½Zv F¶bmÄ
ln. 1290þÂ ({In.h.1873) XetÈcnbnÂ\n¶mWv CXp {]kn²oIcn¡p¶Xv.
IhnbpsS 21þmw hbÊnemWXv. IrXnbpsS c−mw CienÂ,
‘Io]v AXmsb kz_n Iq¸nSps¶
Ihn tI]otc, P\hÀ BibmÂ’ þ F¶ A`yÀ°\bp−v.
hn\oX\mb Ip«n ]dbp¶ IhnX P\§Ä BitbmsS tIÄ¡
Ww F¶pkmcw. Ip«n F¶ AÀ°¯n "kz_n' F¶ Ad_n]ZamWv
D]tbmKn¨ncn¡p¶Xv. Xm³ Hcp _me\msW¶ hkvXpX A\phmNIsc
HmÀ½s¸Sp¯p¶tXmsSm¸w, tambn³Ip«n F¶ IÀ¯r\ma¯nepÅ
‘Ip«n’ F¶ kwÚbpw hyRvPn¸n¡p¶p. {]apJ]ÞnX\pw Xsâ Kpcp
hpamb apkveymcI¯v Al½ZpIp«nauehn, P\§Ä¡v kmtcm]tZiw
\ÂIp¶Xn\nSbn ]dª IYbmWnsX¶pw hyàam¡p¶p−v.

94
 aPv\qkv F¶ hndIpsh«pImcsâ aI\mWv IYbnse \mbI\mb
kemkoÂ. aI\v PohnX]mT§Ä ]IÀ¶p\ÂIp¶Xn\mbn amXm]nXm
¡Ä AhcpsS k¼mZy¯nse \qdvshÅn\mWb§Ä \ÂIn Fs´¦n
epw hym]mc¯nteÀs¸Sm³ Aht\mSmhiys¸SpIbmWv. A{]Imcw I¨
hS¯n\mbn ]pds¸Sp¶ kemkoÂ, hgnbnÂI− HcmfnÂ\n¶pw arX
{]mbamb Hcp ]q¨sb hm§nbmWv XncnsIsb¯p¶Xv! aIsâ Ahnth
I¯n \ncmibpw, tIm]hpw tXm¶nsb¦nepw, ho−pw ]Ww \ÂIn
amXmhv Ahs\ ]dªphnSp¶p. B bm{Xbn Hcp \mbsbbpw ]n¶oSv
X¯tbbpw Ah³ kz´am¡p¶p. ]nXmhnsâ ]cpjamb {]XnIcW§
sfm¶pw aIsâ Nn´bv¡v sXfn¨w \ÂIp¶nÃ. {]Xy£¯n Xs¶
kemkoensâ _p²n¡v Ft´m XIcmdps−¶ tXm¶Â _es¸Sp¯p¶
hn[w Hcp ]m¼ns\bpw sIm−mWv, I¨hS¯n\p ]pds¸« Ah³ \memw
XhW Xncns¨¯p¶Xv.
\m\qdvshÅn\mWbw \jvSamsb¦nepw hnNn{Xamb Hcp ku`mKyw
C¯hW kemkoens\ Im¯pInS¸p−mbncp¶p. Ah³ hm§nb ]m¼v
Pn¶pIfpsS KW¯nÂs¸« Hcp cmPIpamc\mbncp¶p! AbmÄ thj{]Ñ
¶\mbn \S¡p¶ kµÀ`¯n D{KhnjapÅ kÀ¸amsW¶pIcpXn Bfp
IÄ B{Ian¡ms\mcp§n \n¡pt¼mgmWv kemkoensâ {i²bnÂs¸
Sp¶Xpw AXns\ kz´am¡p¶Xpw. hmkvXhw Xncn¨dnªtXmsS kem
koÂcmPIpamct\msSm¸w Pn¶pcmPmhnsâ kao]s¯¯nt¨cp¶p. aI
s\ Xncn¨pIn«nb kt´mj¯n Xsâ ssIbnep−mbncp¶ am{´nItam
Xncw cmPmhv Ah\p k½m\n¡p¶p. AXnsâ iànsIm−v hÀ²n¨ k¼
¯n\pSabmIp¶ kemkoÂ, Hcp cmPIpamcnsb hnhmlw sNbvXp k´p
jvS\mbn PohnXw \bn¡p¶p.
Hcn¡Â cmPIpamcnbpsS ssIbnÂ\n¶pw B tamXncw \jvSs¸«p.
XpSÀ¶v kemkoensâ \mbbpw ]q¨bpw X¯bpw tNÀ¶v AXnkmlkn
Iambn AXp hos−Sp¯p\ÂIp¶p. tamXncw XncnsIe`ns¨¦nepw kem
ko AS§nbncn¡p¶nÃ. cmPIpamcnbpsS ssIbnÂ\n¶pw Hcp hr²
bpsS klmb¯m X{´]qÀÆw Xsâ tamXncw A]lcn¨Xv C_v\p_m
bn cmPmhmsW¶v Xncn¨dnbp¶tXmsS, Abmfpambn bp²w {]Jym]n
¡pIbmWv. a\pjytcmsSm¸w Pn¶pIfpw AWn\nc¶p\S¯p¶ tLmc
amb t]mcm«¯ns\mSphn C_v\p_mbn IogS§p¶p. AbmfpsS

95
aIsf kemkoensâ ]p{X³ hnhmlw sN¿p¶tXmsS, IY ip`]cyhkm
bnbmbn¯ocp¶p.

Fen¸S
sshZycpsS _mekmlnXyIrXnIfn Fen¸Sbv¡pw {]tXyI
Øm\ap−v. At±l¯nsâ eLpImhy§fn BZyambn A¨Sn¨ IrXn
F¶ khntijXbpw CXn\p−v. ln. 1308þÂ ({In.h.1891) XetÈcnkztZ
inIfmb ^¡oÀ A½XnâI¯v hocm³Ip«n apkveymcpw, tXm«wtam¯v
Ipªmaphpw tNÀ¶mWv AXv ]pd¯nd¡p¶Xv.
kemkoÂImhy¯n a\pjycpw CXc PohPme§fpamWv IYm]m
{X§fmbnhcp¶sX¦nÂ, CXn a\ptjyXc IYm]m{X§Ä¡mWv {]m
apJyw F¶p ]dbmw. Ip«nIfpsS `mh\mtemI¯v, a\pjysct¸mse¯
s¶ aäp PohPme§Ä¡pw Øm\ap−tÃm. sImSnb i{Xp¡fmb FenI
fpw ]q¨Ifpw X½nepff Gäpap«ensâ IYbmWnXv. ]mdm¦n ]«W¯nse
Hcp ho«n Acpabmbn hfÀ¶ncp¶ Ipdnªn¸q¨ t\cnSp¶ {]XnkÔn
bn \n¶mWv IYbpsS XpS¡w. ]q¨bpsS {i²bnÂs¸SmsX Hcp Znh
kw cm{Xnbn FencmPmhnsâ a¡Ä B ho«n Ibdn¸än, hkv{X§Ä
sh«n\in¸n¨p. Acnbpw s\Ãpsams¡ tamjvSn¨p. FenIÄ \S¯nb hnf
bm«¯nsâ Xnà^ew A\p`hnt¡−n h¶Xv IpdnªnbmWv. AXnsâ
A{i²bmWtÃm FÃmän\pw \nan¯ambXv. FenIsf \in¸n¡msX ]q¨
bv¡v `£Ww sImSpt¡s−¶v ho«pImÀ Xocpam\n¡p¶tXmsSbmWv {]
iv\w k¦oÀWamIp¶Xv. Ipdnªn t\scsN¶v ]q¨cmPmhmb ImSt\mSpw
Icn§mSt\mSpw k¦SapWÀ¯p¶ `mKw Ihn hÀWn¡p¶Xv ImWpI:
‘sNmt¶ samin tI«v A¡pdnªnbpw \SsIms−¯n
sNmÃn almcmi³ ImS\pw, ]n³ Icn§mS\nÂ
_¶v _hn¨v F\¡v Hcp Zp¡w almcmitc,
_mZn¨v F\bv t]män _fÀ¯ntb kndnbpw amc³
A¶w _ne¡n s_¨v Hcp aq¶p Znhkambv
Btb ]in¸mepw apin¸mepw \S¶ns§¯n’. (C. 3)
ho«pSabpsS hm¡pIÄ tI«v Cd§n\S¶ Ipdnªn¸q¨ Xsâ alm
cmPmhmb ImSt\mSpw Icn§mSt\mSpw Xsâ ZpchØ hniZoIcn¨p.
Fs¶ t]mänhfÀ¯nb kv{Xobpw `À¯mhpw F\n¡pÅ `£Ww hne¡n

96
bn«v aq¶pZnhkambn. hni¸psIm−pw apjn¸psIm−pw XfÀ¶mWv Rm³
ChnsSsb¯nbncn¡p¶Xv.
Xsâ ZpÀKXn¡v ImcW¡mcmb FenIsf \in¸n¡m³ ]q¨ cmPm
hv A\phmZw \ÂIp¶tXmsS \mev]Xv FenIsf Ipdnªn Häbv¡phI
hcp¯p¶p. CtXmsS FenIfpw CfInhimIp¶p. FenIfpsS cmPmhv
\m\mZn¡nte¡pw ZqX³amsc Ab¨v h³]Sbv¡v tIm¸pIq«p¶p. Ims«
en, hos«en, Xhns«en, shsÅen, \s¯en, Nps−en, Ips−en F¶n
§s\ ]Xns\«pXcw FenIfmWv Iq«t¯msS F¯nt¨cp¶Xv. XpSÀ¶v
FencmP³ Hcp ZqX³ aptJ\ ]q¨cmPmhmb ImSs\ shÃphnfn¡p¶p.
ImS³ shÃphnfn kzoIcn¨v, henb ssk\nIapt¶äw \S¯p¶p.
P´ptemI¯p \S¡p¶ Cu henb t]mcm«¯nÂ, Ccp]£¯n
sâbpw A`yÀ°\ kzoIcn¨v \mb, Ipdp¡³, Ipc§v, Iocn, DSp¼v,
Hm´v, shcpIv, apų]¶n XpS§nbhbpw ]Sbn ]¦mfnIfmhp¶p−v.
ITn\amb t]mcm«¯nsâ hnkvabIcamb hnhcWw t\m¡pI:
‘a−n_tey ]q¨bpw XSp¯v \n−Zv F¯ncm
apdn¡epw ISn¡epw ]pSn¨Sn¨Xv F¯ncm
N−IÄ XpS§n Hmtcm PmZn X½n F¯ncm
Nq«v _men sI«nb Ipc§pw Nm«w F¯ncm
sIm−v Xos]mcn _niqZv AinµnSp¶Xv F¯ncm
Iq¡nbpw apdm_nfn¯v Icªv ]mªXv F¯ncm
Ip−nepw Ipinbnepw ]msªmfn¨Xv F¯ncm
Iq«w hn«v a−ntb ]SP\§Ä F¯ncm’ (C. 26)
bp²¯n amÀÖmchÀK¯n\v taÂss¡ e`n¡pIbpw, FenIÄ
]n´ncntªmSpIbpw sN¿p¶nS¯mWv Imhyw Ahkm\n¡p¶Xv. amf
¯nsemfn¨p c£s¸Sm³ {ian¨ Fen¸SbpsS \mbI³ s]cp¨mgn sImÃ
s¸Sp¶pap−v. IY \S¡p¶Xv P´ptemI¯nemsW¦nepw bp²hnhcW
§sfÃmw a\pjyÀ¡nSbnse kwLÀj§sf A\pkvacn¸n¡p¶XmWv.
kemko JnÊbn a\pjycpw Pn¶pIfpsaÃmw tNÀ¶p krjvSn¡p¶
Ad_n¡YIfnteXn\p kam\amb am{´nI]cnkcw ChnsS ImWp¶nÃ.
F¦nepw hodpwhminbpw \ndª bp²cwK§fpsS BhnjvImcw Ip«nI
sfsb¶t]mse apXnÀ¶hscbpw BIÀjn¡m³ ]cym]vXamWv.

97
 kvXpXnIoÀ¯\§Ä
Idma¯vame
ame¸m«pIfpsS hn`mK¯nÂhcp¶ cN\bmWv Idma¯vame. Idm
a¯v F¶ ]Z¯n\v ‘ZnhymÛpXkn²n’ F¶mWÀ°w. sImt−m«nbnse
CivXnbmJvjmlv X§fpsS Ncn{Xhpw AÛpXkn²nIfpamWv DÅS¡w.
aplvbn±o³amebpsS ssienbn Hä CienemWv cN\. BsI 328 CucSn
Ifp−v. sImt−m«nsshZyÀkvamcIw ]pd¯nd¡nb k¼qÀWIrXnIfnÂ
(2005) Cu IrXn DÄs¸Sp¯n¡mWp¶nÃ. IrXnIfpsS XpS¡w C§s\
bmWv:
"AÃm Xncpt]cm BZn XpS¦n\mÀ
lwZpw kemXpw kemam ]n³ sNmt¶mhÀ
lÃmJp lÂJv Ah³ Xsâ hen¿mtWmÀ
ssldp dkqemsc Zo\n anIt¨mhÀ
_Ãh³ KukmtWmÀ kp¯m³ aplvbn±o³
_¿n Jeo^bmbn JmZncn BtWmhÀ
sNmÃm³ apCu\p±o³ ssiJv sb¦Ä lmP¯mÂ
NnkvXn¿ _¿n ^Jodmbn Ccpt¶mhÀ
^pJdm¡Äs¡ÃmÀ¡pw XmPmb ssiJp\m
12
s]menhmsb t]À CivXnbmJv imlv BtWmhÀ’

ssiJvaplvbn±o³ IoÀ¯\w
sshZycpsS A[nIsam¶pw {i²n¡s¸SmsXt]mb eLpImhyamWv
"ssiJv aplvbn±o³ IoÀ¯\w'. ]me¡m«v Hcp hnhml¨S§ns\¯nb
kµÀ`¯nembncp¶p AXnsâ cN\. hnhmlmtLmjt¯mS\p_Ôn¨v
\S¡mdpÅ ]m«pkwL§fpsS aÕc¯n ]s¦Sp¡m\mbn Xangv\m«nÂ
\n¶ph¶ \nch[n ]peh³amcpw AhnsS k¶nlnXcmbncp¶p. Bßob
taJebn {]kn²cmb kq^oX¯zÚm\nIsf hmgv¯ns¡m−v AhÀ
IoÀ¯\§Ä AhXcn¸n¨t¸mÄ ssiJvaplvbn±os\ kvXpXn¡p¶ Hcp
XÕab cN\ sshZycpw AhXcn¸n¨p.

98
 "Cdkq alaqZÀIÄ AcpW¡n fbI¯nÂ
CXambv shfnhmsb HenIÄ¡v Aciap¯v
Acipähsc \Jq lJoJ¯v A¡SepIÄ
Acnas¸mcpÄ sNmcn¡pw ]oÀaWntbmsc'
F¶n§s\bmWv Imhymcw`w. sNdpsX¦nepw Kl\amb kq^o Bib
§Ä DÄs¡mÅn¨psIm−pÅ Cu Imhyw BZy´w XangvabamWv.
"Bis]mcpÄ', "Acna' XpS§nb IeymW¸m«pIfpw sshZyÀ cNn
¨n«p−v. "Bis¸mcpÄ Xangv\m«n \Ã{]NmcapÅ IrXnbmIp¶p. "cXv\
ame' F¶ Xangv]m«p]pkvXI¯n B Imhyw Iq«ntNÀ¯p {]kn²oI
13
cn¨n«p−v.'
hyXykvX CiepIfnembn cNn¨ ZoÀLImhy§Ä¡pw, eLpIm
hy§Ä¡pw at[y Hcp Ci am{XapÅ {lkzamb cN\Ifpap−v. Nne
{]tXyI kµÀ`§sftbm, kw`h§sfsbm ]Ým¯eam¡n cNn¨ A¯
cw IhnXIfn `qcn`mKhpw C¶p e`yaÃ. Ipd¯n]Zw, sIm«mcw \À¯
IntbmSv, Xoh−n¨nµv F¶nh C¯c¯nepÅhbmWv. ChbpsS Ncn{X
]chpw kmwkvImcnIhpamb aqey§Ä ]T\hnt[bamt¡−Xp−v.

eLpIh\§Ä
sIm«mcw\À¯IntbmSv
{In.h. 1865 Â (ln. 1282) \S¶ tImgnt¡ms« kmaqXncnalmcmPm
hnsâ Acnbn«phmgvNbn sImt−m«nX§fpsS {]Xn\n[nbmbn ]s¦Sp
¡m³ Ihnbv¡pw Ahkcw e`n¨ncp¶p. A¡me¯v kmaqXncnbpsS B
Øm\¯p \S¡p¶ NS§pIfn sImt−m«n X§fpsS hmZykwL¯n\v
ap¶Wnbn \n¶p sN−sIm«m³ A\paXnbp−mbncp¶phs{X. kmaq
XncnbpsS kma´·mcmb \mSphmgnIfpw `q{]`p¡fpsaÃmw kw_Ôn¡p
¶ Cu NS§v henb BtLmjambmWv kwLSn¸n¨ncp¶Xv. IÃymWn
F¶ \À¯In {]kvXpXNS§n AhXcn¸n¨ \r¯w Ihn¡v lrZyambn
A\p`hs¸«p. XpSÀ¶v AXnsâ ZriyNmcpX IhnXbn Bhmln¨psIm
−v, sshZyÀ XÕabw cNn¨v AhXcn¸n¨ cN\bmWv "sIm«mcw \À¯
IntbmSv'. "Ifn¡mc¯ns\ sIm−p−m¡nb ]Zw' F¶pw CXdnbs¸Sp
¶p. sshZycpsS aäp IhnXIfn \ns¶Ãmw thdn« HcØnXzw CXn\p−v.
IhnbpsS k¼qÀWIrXnIfn DÄs¸«n«nÃm¯ B cN\ t\m¡pI.

99
1 “{]Ym \mbIo \n³ta Ihnbp¶p aa tamlw
{]mWkJo tk th!
aatamlw {]mW kJo tkth
t{Im[w s]cnsb cmPm {Ipcw ia\mkv{Xw
BËmZw kctkhtX
kv{Xm²w [z\nIÄ s]m§pw
IpwIw IpwIw IpwIw Xmfw ZÀin¯pw
_pw_pw _pw_pw _pw_pw tafw aXna{´w
ZpwZpw ZpwZpwZpw Nqfw X\ sam−pw SpwSpw
thZmXnIÄ N¦pw IpwIpw [ocm]m\w _pw_pw
KoXm Ihn´pw ZpwZpw
NnXmaI³−pw SpwSpwSpw
kpIrX kqN\ aaZÀi\thZn
{]Ym \mbIo \n³ta Ihnbp¶p aatamlw
{]mW kJo tkth’
2. ‘ijvTn lkvXI³ tahpw aWw cq]w NXpiv ImX³
i©m insse_ms\ þ NXpivImX³
i©minsse _ms\ þ s\ivän¡v A¡pdn
akvXmKXw \mkm Khtb\kvXw
t\{X cAvcnWbn Imt\{Itb\kvXw
t\{XcnWbo Ims\ AjvTsImXncmKw
AjvSn sseev tcmKw
IjvSw thhmIw IpSpBZnIÄ tkIw
IfÀ¸pw ]hn hnfÀ¸pw
Nndn ISn¸Â Icp \nc¶Ipw IeapJw
sImfaX ]pbw IfpI^aZw Ifnhnf§pw
IpwIpw IpwIpw IpwIpw Xmfw ZÀin¯pw
_pw_pw _pw_pw _pw_pw tafw
{]Ym\mbIo \n³ta Ihnbp¶p aatamlw
{]mWkJo tkth’

100
3. ‘iioNµv{Zm ZÀhmkv X\ Daqte
k´n sXmgnepw s\©pw {]nbapävshmgpIpw
amÀhv kenbm kl Dinte
shmgpIpw amÀhpw kenbm kl Dinte
A´À Zn\bnsbÃmwþ A³Iw hÀ½bn sNmÃmw
h´n¸Xn³ \Ãmþ`wKn kv{Xotb
IeymWnbpw ]teIYIfpw Ihntafn
\nbÀ¸hn ]nSns¸mSp´pw \nbakvX\
Iae ]pjv]hpw ssaYp\ kvXpXn hnf¦pw
IpwIpw IpwIpw IpwIpw Xmfw
{]Ym \mbIo \n³ta Ihnbp¶p aatamlw
14
{]mWkJo tkth!’

sshZycpsS aäp cN\IfpsSsbÃmw {]Ya BkzmZIÀ kaqlw ae

_mdnse am¸nfkaqlambncp¶psh¦nÂ, kmaqXncnbpsS cmPkZÊnse
]ÞnXcpw, IhnIfpapÄs¡mÅp¶ Hcp henbkZÊns\bmbncp¶p Chn
sS kwt_m[\sNbvXncp¶Xv. `mjmImhy§Ä cNn¡p¶Xnsâ t]cnÂ,
Ac¡hnbmbn am{Xw ]cnKWn¡s¸« ]p\w\¼qXncnbpsS Imes¯ kw
kvIrX]ÞnX³amcpsS ]n³KmanIÄ AWn\nc¶ kZÊmbncp¶p AXv.
C¡mcW¯m Xs¶ kwkvIrX]Z_lpeamb ssienbn AhscIqSn
Xr]vXns¸Sp¯pw hn[amWv IhnbpsS hÀW\. F¶m kwkvIrXi_vZ
§Ä FgpXn¡mWn¡m\pÅ A¡mes¯ Ad_naebmf en]nbpsS ]cn
anXnbpw, {]km[I·mcpsS AÚXbpw Cu cN\bn \nch[n kvJenX
§Ä h¶pt]mIm³ ImcWambn«p−v. 1975þ sI.sI. apl½Zv A_vZpÂ
IcoamWv aebmfen]nbn CXv hos−Sp¯p {]kn²oIcn¡p¶Xv.

Xoh−n¨nµv
sshZycpsS _meyImecN\IfnÂs]Sp¶ eLpImhyamWv Xoh
−n¨nµv. tIcf¯n sdbnÂKXmKX¯n\p XpS¡wIpdn¨t¸mÄ AXp
P\§fn krjvSn¨ IuXpIhpw A¼c¸pamWv {]tabw. 1861þ tImgn
t¡mSn\Sp¯ t_¸qcnÂ\n¶pw XncqÀhscbpÅ sdbn¸mXbneqsS
Xoh−n HmSn¯pS§pt¼mÄ Ihnbv¡v H¼XphbÊp am{Xta {]mbapÅp.

101
cN\mImew hyàasænepw Xoh−n kÀÆokv Bcw`n¨ L«¯nÂ
Xs¶bmWv cN\sb¶v IhnXbpsS BJym\¯n \n¶pw hyàamhp
¶p−v.
‘aebmf]Zn AZn AZnib Xoh−n _µmw
aeInSp¯nSp¶ Abc§Ä sbµmw
AeIS Dc¼nSpw ak DcNnµmw
Csseshmcp Zn\anepw CSbmsZ apµmw'
(aebmf\m«n BÝcyIcamb Xoh−n h¶p. aeInSp§p¶ i
_vZt¯msSbpw, AeISÂ Cc¼p¶Xpt]msebpamWv AXnsâ hchv. Hcp
Znhkwt]mepw apS§msX AXp ]pds¸Sp¶p.)
h−n tÌj\n \n¡p¶Xpw P\§Ä Iq«amsb¯n AÛpXw
Iqdp¶XpsaÃmw Ihn hÀWn¡p¶p−v.
F©n³, ss{UhÀ, KmUv, Hm^okv, t»m¡v, Sn¡äv, ]mkv XpS§nb
Cw¥ojv i_vZ§Ä XÛhþXÕacq]§fn hcp¶p. X©³ (Aä³UÀ)
adph−n (t_mKn) XpS§nb aebmf¯nse \m«psamgnIfpw ImWmw.
I¼n, hm¡¼n apXemb {]mkhyhØIÄ ]men¨psIm−v c−p]mZw
hoXapÅ 17 samgnIfnembmWp cN\.
`mjmNcn{X¯n asämcp hn[¯nepw Cu IhnXbv¡v Øm\ap−v.
"Xoh−n' F¶ ]Zw BZyambn kmlnXy¯nenSw t\Sp¶Xv Cu cN\bn
eqsSbmWv.
"1872þ ]pd¯ph¶ Kp−À«nsâ \nL−phn Xoh−n F¶
15
hm¡nÃ. sdbnÂth hmK¬ Kp−À«n\p ]pIh−nbmWv..'
\nL−phnÂt]mepw CSwt\Sp¶Xn\p ap¼v hmsamgnbmbn {]Nmcw
t\Snb Hcp i_vZw IhnXbv¡p ioÀjIam¡m³, A¶p kmlnXycwK
s¯ \hmKX\mb sshZyÀ¡p km[n¨psh¶Xnsâ sXfnhmWv Xoh−n
¨nµv.
"B[p\nIXbpsS Gähpw anI¨ D]IcW§fnsem¶ns\ ]m«nem
¡m³ apJy[mcmkmlnXy¯n\pt]mepw IgnbmXncp¶ Ime¯mWv Cu
16
]ms«gpXp¶Xv.'
sIÊv F¶ Cien cNn¨ Xoh−n¨nµn\p ]pdsa Hcp Xoh−n
ss_¯pw IhnbpsSXmbp−v. CXnsâ `mj Ad_nbmWv.

102
h−pw]qhpw
IhnbpsS BZyImecN\IfnÂ, thdn«p\n¡p¶ Hcp _mekm
lnXyIrXnbp−v. 33 CucSnIfpÅ h−p]qhpw F¶ cN\bmWXv. am¸nf
¸m«nse {]mkhyhØIÄ ]mens¨gpXnb cN\bmsW¦nepw X\n aebm
fImhy¯nsâ coXnbnemWv BJym\w. Ipªmbn³apkveymcpsS I¸¸m
«nsâ CienemWv cN\.
‘apøq tNmebn aqfp¶ ht−
am\n¼w am\n¼w tX\pt−m ht−,
sImó ]Wns´mcp Be \o It−m
tIhew ]mSn¡fn¡p¶ ht−’.
F¶n§s\bmWv Imhymcw`w. emfnXyw \ndª BJym\coXnbmWv Ihn
XbnepS\ofw ZriyamIp¶Xv. hmsamgnhg¡¯nsâ kuµcyw {]kcn¸n
¡p¶ ]Z{]tbmK§fpw \nch[nbmWv. tamdv(apJw), Hmimcw (HuZmcyw),
a−pI(HmSpI), hmWnbw(I¨hSw), kp¯w hcp¯pI (ip²nbm¡pI),
sIm¯³_mÂ(aÃn) XpS§nb {]tbmK§Ä DZmlcWw. IhnXbpsS A
hkm\s¯ CucSnIÄ At±lw Ip«n¡me¯pXs¶ kzoIcn¨ ]¿Â
Xz_o_v(sshZy]p{X³) F¶ XqenIm\mas¯ A\zÀ°am¡p¶p−v.
_meyw Xncn¨pIn«m³ a¯³Idn ]mIwsNbvXp Ignt¡− hn[amWv
Ihn AhnsS hnhcn¡p¶Xv.

ZoÀLImhy§Ä
keoJ¯v ]S¸m«v
tambn³Ip«n sshZycpsS \mbnIm{][m\amb Hcp kacImhyamWv
keoJ¯v. IhnbpsS IuamcZibnemWv 95 CiepIfpff Cu ZoÀLIm
hyw cNn¡p¶Xv. AXp ]qÀ¯nbmhpt¼mÄ Ihn¡v 16 hbÊv am{Xta {]m
bapffp. Imhy¯nse \mbnIbmb keoJ¯nsâ \maamWv {KÙioÀ
jIambn \ÂInbncn¡p¶Xv. Ahkm\ Cien IhnbpsS XqenIm\ma
17
hpw cN\mImehpw kqNn¸n¨n«p−v.
Pwlq¯v F¶ cmPys¯ cmÚnbmb keoJ¯pw {]hmNIsâ
A\pNc·mcpw X½n \S¶ bp²amWv {]tabw. bmYmÀ°y¯nsâ {]Xo
Xnbpfhm¡p¶ hn[amWv BJym\sa¦nepw, CkvemwNcn{X¯nsâ B[n

103
ImcnI]mT§fmbn kzoIcn¨phcp¶ IrXnIfnsem¶nepw Cu t]mcm«w
]cmaÀin¨p ImWp¶nÃ. AXn\m XpS¡¯nÂXs¶ iàamb hnaÀi
\§fpbÀ¶p. {]hmNIs\bpw klNc·mscbpw Iev]nXIYbnse IYm
]m{X§fm¡p¶Xnt\mSv ]ecpw hntbmPn¨p. C¡mcW¯m Imhyw
C\n {]kn²oIcnt¡−Xnsöv Ihn \nÝbn¨p. At±l¯nsâ acW
tijamWv CXn\v c−mw]Xn¸p−mbXv.
apl½Zv\_n Xsâ ]pXnb hnizmkkwlnXbnte¡v £Wn¨psIm
−v Ab¡p¶ I¯v keoJ¯n\p e`n¡p¶tXmsSbmWv IYbmcw`n¡p
¶Xv. Ccp]¯ntbgmbncw ]SbmfnIsf AWn\nc¯ns¡m−v {]hmNI
s\Xnscbpff ssk\nIapt¶äw hgnbmWv cmÚn B £Wt¯mSp {]
XnIcn¡p¶Xv. \_nbpw A\pbmbnIfpw bp²¯nÂ, Xs¶ ]cmPbs¸
Sp¯nbm am{Xta, Xm³ At±ls¯ AwKoIcn¡q F¶ \ymbamWv
keoJ¯v apt¶m«ph¨Xv!
AwK_ehpw ssk\nIiànbpw IpdhmsW¦nepw keoJ¯nsâ
apt¶äs¯ {]Xntcm[n¡m³ \_n \nÀ_ÔnX\mhp¶p. aZo\bnepw ba
\nepapff Nne {]apJcpsS klmbt¯mSpIqSn {]hmNIsâ ssk\yw \S
¯p¶ apt¶ä¯n cmÚnbpsS ssk\yw ]cmPbw t\cnSp¶p. B L«
¯n keoJ¯v Xs¶ t\cn«nd§n iàamb t]mcm«w \S¯p¶p.
BdpZnhkw Camw Aen, Awdp_v\p akvDuZv, A_vZpÂIcow XpS
§nb t]mcmfnIÄ cm]IÂ t`Zat\y s]mcpXnbn«pw keoJ¯ns\ ]cm
Pbs¸Sp¯m\mbnÃ. Ggmw\mÄ AhÄ kzbw {]hmNIk¶n[nbnse¯n
AtZl¯n hnizmkaÀ¸n¡p¶p. t]mcm«¯nsâ A´yL«¯n Aen
bpsS sht«äv cmÚnbpsS hmÄ ]nfÀ¶pt]msb¦nepw Imcy§Ä ip`Ic
ambn ]cyhkm\n¡p¶Xn\mbn XpSÀ¶pff sh«pIÄ Pn_vco F¶
amemJ XSp¯psh¶mWv Ihn kqNn¸n¡p¶Xv.
keoJ¯v \_nbpsS kao]s¯¯n sFIyZmÀVyw {]Jym]n¡p
¶ 95þmwio efnXhpw ImhyKpWk¼¶hpamWv. sXm¦Â F¶ Ci
enepÅ AXnsâ XpS¡w t\m¡pI:
‘AcimÄ keoJXv kpcq]n _ohn
AAve DemXzmlm \_n ap³ _µmÀ
Acnan¯ncp I©w aeÀ ]mZt¯
AÀin \Stµ JukSn¡v IofnÂ
Icn_−v CdsImt¯ Ipiepw dAvkvbv

104
 I\I¡ncnInSw FSp¯v Xm¯o
CcnI®v CSmsam¯n aW¯v lpºmÂ
Ffpµn«v AZ_mte \ne\nt¶mfmbv
\n¶n«v AhÄ sNmÃn dkqepÃmth,
\ndtµ _lvÀ CivJn adnbpw ]ptÆ
ap¯pw abnemtb l_o_pÃmth
apÆmÀ lkmÀsb¦pw ]ndtµ tImth
a¶n Ip^nÀ I¦p ]pfbvt¯ Zoth
a¶m³ ]pIÄ sNbvsZ \_n Xzmlmth,
_¶w hlvbpsff kz^nbpÃmth
_ZvdSp¯amao iwskmfn fplmth
t_Iw Ienams\ F\n¡cpÄho³
_ncp¯n sImSp¯¸Ä ]pXp¡n Cuam³’.

(keoJ¯vcmÚn D¶X\mb \_nbpsS ap¼n h¶p. Znhy

knwlmk\s¯ kao]n¨ At±l¯nsâ ]mZ§fn XeXmgv¯n. Icn
h−nsâ NndIns\m¯ tIi`mcapff incÊnÂ\n¶pw kzÀW¡ncoSw
FSp¯pamän. ]mZ§fn kvt\lt¯msS Npw_n¨tijw BZcthmsS
XebpbÀ¯n. AhÄ ]dªp: Bßob{]Wb¯nsâ \ndkap{Z¯nÂ
adnbp¶ ssZhZqXtc, abnÂcq]¯n ap¯mbn krjvSn¡s¸«htc,
ssZh¯n\p {]nbs¸«htc, ]Xns\«mbncw temI§fnepw tim` \ndª
htc, ssZh¯m {]IoÀ¯n¡s¸« ]cnip²\_ntb, Znhyshfn]mSv e`n
¡p¶htc, kqcyN{µ³amÀ¡p kam\ambhtc, F\n¡v kXykm£y
hN\w sNmÃn¯cnI. cmÚnbpsS A`yÀ°\ kzoIcn¨v \_n A{]
Imcw sNbvXp.)

_ZvdpÂap\oÀ lpkv\pÂPamÂ
Ad_naebmfkmlnXy¯nse Gähpw anI¨ {]WbImhyamWv
_ZvdpÂap\oÀ lpkv\pÂPamÂ. IhnbpsS 20þmw hbÊn 1872þemWv CXv
{]kn²oIcn¡p¶Xv. ImÂ]\nI{]Wbw {]tabambn hcp¶ Imhy§Ä
AXn\pap¼v aebmf¯ntem Ad_naebmf¯ntem shfn¨w I−ncp¶nÃ.
A¡mcW¯m kmlnXyIpXpInIÄ¡nSbn AXp hfsc thKw
{]Nmcw t\Sn.

105
 a\pjytcmsSm¸w Pn¶pIfpw ]cnPn¶pIfpsaÃmw IYm]m{X§fm
bnhcp¶ hnkvabIcamb A´co£amWv Imhy¯n\pÅXv. lnµnse A
kvaoÀ tZis¯ almcmPmhmb almko\nsâ ]p{XnbmWv Imhy¯nse
\mbnIbmb lpkv\pÂPamÂ. Ahfpw, a{´nbmb akmaodnsâ ]p{X³
_ZvdpÂap\odpw _meyImekplr¯p¡fmbncp¶p.
kuµcy¯ntem kz`mhKpW§fntem lpkv\pÂPamense shÃm³
t]m¶ I\yIamÀ BtZi¯p−mbncp¶nÃ. ]q¯peª cmPs]m·c¯n
sâ `wKnbpÅ AhÄ¡v, Xmac]q¡p¶ apJhpw, IeymWocmKwt]mse
lrZyamb i_vZhpapÅ _ZvdpÂap\odnt\mSv {]Wbw tXm¶nbXv kzm`m
hnIat{X.
]t£, AXpÄs¡mÅm³ cmPmhn\p Ignbp¶nÃ. aäpÅhcpsS t{]
cWbv¡p hg§n a{´n]p{X³ C\n sIm«mc¯n {]thin¡cpsX¶ cmP
Iev]\ Ccphscbpw ZpxJ¯nemgv¯p¶p. DuWpw Dd¡hpw kwkmchpw
\jvSs¸«v cm]IÂt`Zat\y AhÀ BtemN\bn apgpIn\mÄ Ign¡pI
bmWv. HSphn sIm«mc¯nse Hcp ASnabpsS klmbt¯msS AhÄ
clkyambn ap\odpambn kÔn¨v \mSphnSm³ Xocpam\saSp¯p. Imcy§
sfÃmw ]dªp \nÝbn¨p.
B kw`mjWw IpSne_p²nbmb A_qk¿mZv F¶ ap¡ph³ Hfn
ªp \n¶p tIÄ¡p¶XmWv IYbn hgn¯ncnhv krjvSn¡p¶Xv. Abm
Ä hnhcw a{´nsb Adnbn¨v ap\odns\ X{´¯n apdnbn ]q«nbnSp¶p.
H¸w, Hfnt¨mSm³ \nÝbn¨ cm{Xnbn IpXnc¸pd¯v thj{]Ѷ\msb
¯n, lpkv\pÂPamens\bpw Iq«n \mSphnSpIbpw sN¿p¶p. ASp¯ {]`m
X¯n am{XamWv Xm³ h©n¡s¸« hnhcw \mbnI Xncn¨dnbp¶Xv.
XpSÀ¶pÅ kw`hhnImk§Ä¡v A`uaamb Hcp ]Ým¯ew IS
¶phcp¶p−v. k¦Â¸hpw bmYmÀ°yhpw Iq«n¡pg¨psIm−pÅ AhX
cWcoXn, Bbncs¯m¶pcmhpIfnse IYIsf HmÀ½s¸Sp¯p¶ hn[ap
ÅXmWv.
A_qk¿mZnt\msSm¸w AhÄ F¯ns¸Sp¶Xv _lvPÀcmPmhnsâ
\m«nemWv. lpkv\pÂPamensâ A`uaamb kuµcyhpw _p²nIqÀ½bpw
a\Ênem¡nb cmPmhv Ahsf h[phmbn kzoIcn¡m³ B{Kladnbn¡p
¶p. AXp \nckn¨t¸mÄ ssk\nIsc Ab¨v _eambn ]nSn¨p sIm−ph
cm\pÅ {iaambn. Bbp[aWnªv Akmam\yamb [ocXtbmsS ]Sbmfn

106
Isf Xpc¯nbtijw AhÄ t\cn«p sIm«mc¯nte¡p Ibdns¨¶t¸mÄ
`bNInX\mb cmPmhv knwlmk\¯nÂ\n¶pw Cd§ntbmSpIbmbncp¶p.
£oWwaqew sIm«mc¯nse ]qt´m«¯n ab§nt¸mb AhÄ
DWÀ¶t¸mÄ Pn¶pcmPIpamc\mb apjvXmJnsâ ]nSnbneIs¸Sp¶p.
Ahsfbpw Iq«n AbmÄ Xsâ sIm«mc¯nte¡v ]d¡pIbmWv. XpSÀ¶v
KXy´canÃmsX apjvXmJnt\msSm¸w IgnªpIqSpt¼mgpw _p²n]qÀh
amb CSs]SepIÄhgn Xsâ ]mXn{hXyw Im¯pkq£n¡m\pw, ap\odn
t\mSpÅ kvt\lw \ne\nÀ¯m\pw AhÄ {ian¡p¶p−v.
adp`mK¯v Ahsf¡mÄ Zb\obambncp¶p _ZvdpÂap\odnsâ
ØnXn. Xsâ t{]a`mP\¯nsâ thÀ]mSn a\ws\m´v, hoSphn«nd§nb
Ah³ Bdpamks¯ Ae¨nens\mSphn Hcp aeapIfnepÅ i±mZv F¶
`qXcmPmhnsâ sIm«mc¯nse¯nt¨cp¶p. AXn\ptijapÅ ap\odnsâ
k©mchpw, t\cnSp¶ ]co£W§fpw hÀW\mXoXamWv. Pn¶pIfpsS
bpw Ahcn t{ijvTcmb ]cnPn¶pIfpsSbpw ambnItemI¯mWv Ah³
IgnªpIqSp¶Xv. kp^bvd, JaÀ_m³ XpS§nb Pn¶pcmPIpamcnIfpsS
{]tem`\§sf Ah³ AXnPohn¡p¶p.
HSphn lpkv\p Pamensâ kwc£I\mb apjvXmJnsâ klm
bt¯msS AhÀ kwKan¡pIbpw Akvaodn Xncns¨¯n BÀ`mS]qÀÆw
hnhmlnXcmhpIbpw sN¿p¶p. h©I\mb A_qk¿mZns\ Is−¯n
AÀlamb in£bpw \ÂIp¶p−v. aIfpsS thÀ]mSn ZpxJnX\mbn Ign
ªncp¶ almko³ cmPmhv knwlmk\w _Zvdp ap\odns\ G¸n¨v
`ànamÀ¤¯nte¡v Xncnbp¶tXmsS IYbhkm\n¡p¶p.
94 CiepIfmWv Cu Imhy¯n\pÅXv. Ahbn ]eXpw ]n¡m
eIhnIÄ X§fpsS cN\Ifn amXrIbmbn kzoIcn¨p. Ad_naebm
fIrXnIfn ¢mÊnIv kz`mhw ssIh¶ Cu Imhyw ]pXnb BJym\cq]
§Ä kzoIcn¨v Ct¸mgpw {]Nmcw t\Sns¡m−ncn¡p¶p.

_ZvdpÂap\oÀþ aqeIrXn
_ZvdpÂap\oÀ Imhy¯nsâ {]tabw sshZyÀ¡p hnhcn¨p \ÂIn
bXv kplr¯v ]p¯³amfntb¡Â \nkmap±o³anbbmsW¶v Imhy¯n
 kqNn¸n¡p¶p−v. t]Àjy³`mjbn JmPmapC\p±o³ jm indmkn
cNn¨ t\mhemWv CXn\mbn Ahew_n¨sX¶v IcpXp¶hcmWv Cu taJ
ebnse KthjItcsdbpw. sshZycpsS PohNcn{X{KÙ§fnepw Imhy

107
¯nsâ hymJym\§fnepw Cu ]cmaÀiw ImWp¶ps−¦nepw AXn\pt]m
Xv_eIamb sXfnhpIÄ e`yaÃ.
F¶m t^mskänsâ Cw¥ojv {]_Ô¯n (A Popular Mopla
Song, 1899) CXnsâ aqeIrXn aoÀlk³ cNn¨ ‘\kvdn t_\knÀ’ (The
Nasr-i-Be-Nasir) BsW¶v hyàam¡p¶p. 1871þÂ Xs¶ {]kvXpX IrXn
Cw¥ojnte¡v hnhÀ¯\w sN¿s¸«ncp¶p. {]_Ô¯nse ASn¡pdn¸nÂ
s_bvensâ Hmdnbâ _tbm{K^n¡Â UnIvjvWdn D²cn¨psIm−v aoÀ
lk³ Cu Imhyw cNn¨Xv 1785þemsW¶pw 1790þÂ At±lw A´cns¨
18
¶pw kqNn¸n¡p¶p−v. DÀZpkmlnXyImc\mb aoÀlk³ ‘akv\hnIÄ’
F¶t]cn 12þHmfw Imhy§Ä cNn¨n«p−v. Chbn Gähpw anI¨ cN
\bmWv ‘klvdp _bm³’. ‘akv\hn _Zvsd ap\oÀ’, ‘InÊmsb _Zvsd
ap\otdm ilvkmsZ t_\koÀ’ F¶o t]cpIfnepw AXdnbs¸Sp¶p.
AeoKVv kÀÆImemime DÀZphn`mKw s{]m^kÀ Jadp lpZm ^coZn
FUnäp sNbvX AXnsâ ]pXnb]Xn¸v (2001), AeoKVv FPypt¡jWÂ
_p¡vv lukv {]kn²oIcn¨n«p−v.
t]Àjy³\mSpIfn {]Nmc¯nepÅ Hcp \mtSmSn¡Y aoÀlk³
{]tabambn kzoIcn¨Xmhmw. t]Àjy³kmwkvImcnI]Ým¯ew _Zvdp
Âap\odnepS\ofw {]Xy£s¸Sp¶Xv CXnsâ `mKambn IcpXmhp¶XmWv.

_ZÀ Jnʸm«v
sshZycpsS cN\Ifn Gähpa[nIw {]iwk ssIhcn¨ Imhyam
Wv "Kkvh¯p _Zdp Ip_vdm' F¶ _ZÀ Jnʸm«v. Ad_naebmfIm
hy§fnse ]S¸m«pimJbn CXpt]mse sIm−mSs¸« Imhyw asäm¶n
Ã. sshhn[yamÀ¶ 106 CiepIfnembn Imhyck¯n\v A¸wt]mepw
tIm«wX«msX _ZÀbp²IY kq£vaambn BhnjvIcn¨ncn¡pIbmWv
Ihn.
alm`mcXbp²wt]mse, [À½hpw A[À½hpw X½n \S¡p¶ {]
Xy£amb Gäpap«ensâ Ncn{XamWv _ZÀ. a¡bnse ]oU\§Ä kln
¡h¿msX apl½Zv \_nbpw A\pbmbnIfpw aZo\bnte¡p ]emb\w
sNbvXv HcphÀjw ]n¶n« tijamWv ({In.h.623) Cu t]mcm«w \S¡p
¶Xv. a¡bv¡pw aZo\bv¡panSbnepÅ _ZÀXmgvhcbn h¨v \_nbpw
A\pNc·mcpw HcptNcnbnepw a¡bnse Jpssdjn{]apJ\mb A_q Pl

108
ensâ t\XrXz¯nse¯nbhÀ adptNcnbnepambn \S¶ D{KkwL«\am
WXv.
{]hmNIsâ ]£¯v BsIbp−mbncp¶Xv 313t]cpw, ]cnanXamb
Bbp[§fpw am{Xw. adp`mK¯v Bbnct¯mfw tbm²m¡fpw AhcpsS
ssIbn AkwJyw Bbp[§fpw B t]mcm«¯n hnizmkZmÀVy¯n
sâ _e¯n X§fpsS aq¶nc«nAwKkwJybpÅ FXnÀ]£s¯ \_n
bpsS kwLw ]cmPbs¸Sp¯n. hnizmknIfn 14 t]À¡pw adp`mK¯v 70
t]À¡pw Poh³ \jvSs¸«p.
Ncn{X¯nse F®aä bp²§tfmSp XmcXayw sN¿pt¼mÄ hfsc
sNdnb Hcp t]mcm«w am{XamWnXv. ]t£, Atd_y³Ncn{X¯n AsXm
cp hgn¯ncnhmbncp¶p. Fw.F³.ImctÈcn \nco£n¡p¶Xpt]mse "apl
½Zv\_nbpw Iq«pImcpw B bp²w Pbn¨ncp¶nsæn Hcp]t£ C
kvemw aXw F¶ hnizmkkwlnX _ZÀXmgvhcbn Xs¶ HSp§nt¸m
Ipambncp¶p. a\pjyNcn{X¯nsâ hgn¯mcbn almZpÀ¤§fmbn \ne
sIm− km{amPyiànIsf shÃphnfn¡m³ Ad_nIÄ B bp²w Ign
19
ªv H¶pc−p ZiI¯n\Iw {]m]vXcmbn¯oÀ¶p.’
sshZycpsS Ih\ssh`h¯nsâ khntijXIsfÃmw H¯ptNÀ¶
ImhyamWnXv. A\y`mjm]Z§fpsS B[nIyw ]e CiepIsfbpw k¦oÀ
Whpw ZpÀ{Klhpam¡p¶p−v. ]t£, AXnsâ Km\mßIXbpw {]mk
`wKnbpw AhXcW¯nse \mSIobXbpw FÃm ]cnanXnIsfbpw adnIS
¡p¶p. Hmtcm cwK§fpw I¬ap¼nÂImWp¶ {]XoXn hmb\¡mc\p−m
hp¶p. ]S¡f¯nse BtLmj¯nanÀ¸nepbcp¶ hmZytaf§Ä Bhnjv
Icn¡pt¼mÄ AXv A\phmNIsâ ImXnepw AebSn¡p¶p. ‘XpSsc a±
fhpw’ F¶mcw`n¡p¶ Ciensâ Hcp `mKw t\m¡pI.
‘tNepcnäncn X¯n cnäncn
cncncn _nfn Ipiem s]cp¼nfn
sN− S− Hä Sp−pSp Sp−p ap«pIfmÂ
CSbn ssIaWn InWnepInWn InWnÂ
sXmScIn®mcw sNe¡ sNesNe
ZpSnIÄ s_¼ep s_¼Â s_¼ep
Z^v Z³Zen ZÂZÂZnÂZnep

109
 _nIrZw F¯nsc _®w ZnanÀZw C¯ncbv sb®w
XIrZn DänS I¶w _I Npcp¡n\m D¶bv’ (_.Jn. 38)
{]mNo\IrXnIfn \n¶pw Is−Sp¯v _ZÀ]S¸m«n At±lw B
hnjvIcn¨ CiepIfmWv (hr¯w) ]n¡meIhnIÄ amXrIbmbn kzoI
cn¨Xv. Imhy§Ä ]mSn hymJym\n¡p¶ ]mSn¸db hgnbpw, AXnsâ
asämcpcq]amb IYm{]kwKw hgnbpw tIcf¯nepS\ofw Cu Imhyw
AhXcn¸n¨ncp¶p. AbÂkwØm\§fmb Xangv\mSv, IÀWmSI F¶n
hbnepw e£Zzo]nepw AXn\v {]Nmcw e`n¨n«p−v.
1876þ 24þmw hbÊnemWv sshZyÀ _ZÀ Jnʸm«v cNn¡p¶Xv.
{]hmNINcn{Xw {]Xn]mZn¡p¶ B[nImcnI{KÙ§fn \n¶pÅ D²c
WnIfpw JpÀB³kqà§fpw \_nhN\§fpsaÃmw kµÀt`mNnXw {]
tbmP\s¸Sp¯nbn«p−v. \_nbpsS A\pNc·mcn \n¶pw càkm£n
Ifmb 14 t]cptSXpÄs¸sS bp²¯n ]¦mfnIfmb 313 t]cpsSbpw
\maw Ad_nA£camem{Ia¯n 88, 89 CiepIfn DÄs¡mÅn¨n«p
ap−v.
_ZÀ ]S¸m«nsâ cN\bv¡v At±lw Ahew_am¡nbXv 1813þÂ
cNn¡s¸« Hcp A{]IminX Ad_nImhyamsW¶v IcpXp¶hcp−v. ae
¸pdw PnÃbnse tIm«¡en\Sp¯ Ibv¸äkztZin aplvbn±o³auehn (sam
bvXo³Ip«n apkveymÀ) cNn¨ ‘A³hmD _kzÀ _n AIv_mdp _ZÀ’
F¶ cN\bmWXv. _ZÀ ]S¸m«ns\ ]cmaÀin¡pt¼mÄ an¡ teJI³
amcpw CXv kqNn¸n¡mdps−¦nepw, AXn\v Dt]mXv_eIamb sXfnhp
IÄ Bcpw hyàam¡mdnÃ.
Xsâ cN\IfnseÃmw, AXnsâ hnhct{kmXÊpIÄ IrXyambn
\ÂIpI F¶Xv sshZycpsS kz`mhamWv. DlZv ]S¸m«v(C.3), _ZdpÂ
ap\oÀ(C.2), keoJ¯v ]S¸m«v(C.3), kemkoÂ(C.3) XpS§nb IrXnIÄ
]cntim[n¨m CXp hyàamIpw. _ZÀ]S¸m«n Cu coXnbn Hcp ]cm
aÀihpanÃ. ta kqNn¸n¨ hn[apÅ Hcp IrXnsb Ahew_am¡nbncp
¶psh¦nÂ, Ihn AXp ]cmaÀint¡−Xmbncp¶p. AXmIs« A{]Imin
Xamb Hcp ImhyamWpXm\pw.
CkvemwNcn{X¯nse Gähpw {]kn²amb t]mcm«IY, F¶ \ne
bn BJym\¯n ]camh[n kq£vaX ]peÀ¯m³ Ihn {ian¨n«p−v.

110
 ‘Deam¡Ä, apJ±ntamÀ ap^Ênco³ AhÀ sNmt¶
DcsXm«v ]e _®w Jnem^v _t¶þ AZnbn¶v
Dd¸msb kzloslSp¯pc¯nSps¶’
(_.Jn. 5)
ap³KmanIfmb ]ÞnX³amcpw JpÀB³hymJymXm¡fpw ]dª
hyXykvX A`n{]mb§fn \n¶v Dd¸pÅh am{Xw FSp¯p]dbp¶p
F¶ A©mw Ciense BZysamgnbn \n¶pXs¶ CXp hyàamIp
¶p−v.

DlZv]S¸m«v
_ZÀJnʸm«n\v, AXnsâ {]kn²oIcWthfbn Xs¶ e`n¨
{]NmcamWv DlZv ]S¸m«nsâ cN\bv¡v Ihnbv¡v {]tNmZ\amIp¶Xv. 118
CiepIfpÅ Cu ImhyamWv sshZycpsS Gähpw henb cN\.
_ZÀ t]mse DlZnsâbpw {]tabw {]kn²amb Hcp CkvemanI
]pcmhr¯amWv; HcÀ°¯n BZyt¯Xnsâ XpSÀ¨bpw. _ZÀXmgvhc
bn I\¯ ]cmPbtaäphm§nb JpssdjnIÄ HcphÀjw ]n¶n«t¸mÄ
Bfpw AÀ°hpw kw`cn¨v iàambn Xncn¨Sn¡ms\¯p¶p. aZo\bv¡
Sp¯ DlZvaebpsS Xmgvhcbmbncp¶p B t]mcm«¯n\v km£ywhln¨
Xv. {]hmNI\pw, A\pbmbnIfpw {]Xntcm[¯n\v \nÀ_Ôn¡s¸SpI
bmbncp¶psh¶p ]dbmw.
DlZvbp²¯n\v c−pL«§fp−v. _Zdnsâ X\nbmhÀ¯\ambn
cp¶p BZyt¯Xv. Jpssdjn]SbmfnIÄ ]cmPnXcmbn NnXdntbmSpIbpw
{]hmNI ]£w hnPbn¨ {]XoXnbpfhmIpIbpw sNbvXp. F¶m i{Xp
ssk\yw Dt]£n¨p t]mb Bbp[§fpw aäpw tiJcn¡p¶Xn\nSbnÂ
B tNcnbnse {]apJtbm²mhmb JmenZv_v\p heoZnsâ (]n¡me¯v
At±lw \_nbpsS hnizkvX A\pbmbnbmbn amdn) t\XrXz¯n Hcp
kwLw Xncns¨¯n iàamb B{IaWw XpS§n. A\pNc·mcpsS Bß
hocyw sISp¯m\mbn ‘{]hmNI³ sImÃs¸«p’ F¶ hymPhmÀ¯bpw
FXncmfnIÄ {]Ncn¸n¨p. i{Xp¡fpsS X{´w hnPbw I−p. _Zdnse
hoc\mbI\mbncp¶ lwkbpÄs¸sS {]apJÀ càkm£nIfmbn. Aen
bpsS t\XrXz¯n iàambn {]Xntcm[n¨XpsIm−pam{Xw ]nSn¨p
\n¡m\mbn.

111
 bp²w XpScp¶Xn\p ap¼v {]hmNI³ \ÂInb amÀK\nÀt±i§Ä
A\pbmbnIfn NneÀ hnkvacn¨XmWv, ]cmPbImcW§fn {][m\w.
Ad_nIfpsS ]n¡me apt¶ä§fn DlZnse ]cmPb¯nÂ\n¶pw
DÄs¡m− ]mT§Ä henb kzm[o\w sNep¯nbn«p−v.
Atd_y³Ncn{X¯nse c−v A\nhmcykw`h§fmbmWv Ihn _Z
dpw, DlZpw BhnjvIcn¨ncn¡p¶Xv. cmPy§fpw tKm{X§fpw X½nÂ
càcq£nXamb kwL«\§Ä ]Xnhmbncp¶ Ime¯p\S¶ c−p t]m
cm«§fnepw \_nbpw Iq«cpw Bbp[saSp¡m³ \nÀ_ÔnXcmhpIbmbn
cp¶p F¶p ImWmw. XpSÀ¶v Hcp ZiI¯n\Iw a¡bpw aZo\bpw DÄ
s¸Sp¶ hnimeamb {]tZiw càs¨mcn¨n IqSmsXXs¶ \_nbpsS
`uXnIhpw Bßobhpamb t\XrXz¯n\p Iogn hcp¶p−v.
Atd_y³Fgp¯pImc\pw a¡bnse {]apJaX]ÞnX\pambncp
¶ Al½ZvZlvem³ cNn¨ ‘kod¯p¶_hn¿ h Bkmdp apl½
Zn¿’ F¶ IrXnbmWv DlZv]S¸m«nsâ cN\bn IhnbpsS {][m\ Ah
ew_w. \_nNcn{Xs¯ kw_Ôn¨ B[nImcnI d^d³kv {KÙambn
AwKoIcn¡s¸« IrXnbmWnXv. sshZycpsS Kpcphpw, Ihnbpambncp¶
Jmkn A_q_¡ÀIpªn CXnse `mK§Ä hnhÀ¯\w sNbvXp \ÂIn
bXmbn aq¶mas¯ Cien ]cmaÀin¡p¶p−v.
aäpImhy§sf At]£n¨v Ad_n]Z_lpeambssienbmWv Dl
ZnsâXv. ckmhnjvImc¯nepw hÀW\m]mSh¯nepw _ZÀImhy¯nse
ioepIÄ¡v kam\amb CiepIÄ CXnep−v. F¦nepw _Zdn\p e`n¨
{]Nmcw AXn\p t\Sm\mbnà F¶Xp hkvXpXbmWv.

ae¸pdw]S¸m«v
Ad_naebmf¯nse ]S¸m«pimJbn _ZÀJnÊ Ignªm Gä
hpa[nIw {]Nmcw t\Snb Imhyw sshZycpsS ae¸pdw]S¸m«mWv. _ZvdpÂ
ap\oÀ, _ZÀ Jnʸm«v, DlZv ]S¸m«v F¶nhbv¡v tijamWv CXnsâ
cN\. tIcfobNcn{X]Ým¯e¯n cNn¡s¸« Imhyw F¶ khnti
jXbpw Cu IrXn¡p−v.
kmaqXncnbpsS kma´\pw ae¸pds¯ \mSphmgnbpamb ]md\¼n
Nne sXän²mcWIÄ aqew ae¸pds¯ apkvenwtZhmebw XIÀ¡m³
ssk\ys¯ Ab¡p¶Xpw {]tZis¯ CkvemwhnizmknIÄ \S¯p¶
sNdp¯p\n¸pamWv IrXnbpsS DÅS¡w. ]md\¼nbpw At±l¯nsâ

112
\nIpXn]ncnhpImc³ Aenac¡mcpw X½nep−mb Nne {]iv\§fmWv
henb Gäpap«ente¡v \bn¨Xv. {InkvXphÀjw 1729þemWv kw`hw.
]md\¼nbpsS ]qÀhnIÀ \mSphmgp¶ Ime¯v AhtcmSv Iqdp]peÀ
¯pIbpw AhÀ¡pth−n bp²w sN¿pIbpw sNbvXXn\v {]Xyp]Imcam
bn ae¸pd¯v Hcp ]Ånbpw A§mSnbpw \nÀ½n¡p¶Xn\v A¶m«pIm
cmb hnizmknIÄ¡v A\paXn \ÂInbncp¶p. AXnsâ shfn¨¯nÂ
AhÀ ]Ån \nÀ½n¡pIbpw ]ckv]c kulmÀ±t¯msS Ignªpt]mcpI
bpw sNbvXp.
Cu kµÀ`¯nemWv hffph\m«n \n¶pw h¶ Aenac¡mÀ F¶
bphmhns\ ]md\¼n ]m«¡pSnÈnI ]ncn¡m³ \ntbmKn¡p¶Xv. Icp
¯pw sabvhg¡hpw ssIapXembpff AbmÄ¡v \nIpXnbpw IpSnÈnI
bpw ]ncns¨Sp¡m\pw Bhiysa¦n _e{]tbmKw \S¯phm\pw \mSp
hmgn A\paXn \ÂInbncp¶p. A{]Imcw Aenac¡mcpsS \S]Sn¡p hn
t[b\mb HcmfpsS _Ôp¡Ä, ]md\¼nsb apJw ImWn¨v Aenac¡m
cpsS AXn{Ia§Äs¡Xnsc ]cmXn t_m[n¸n¨ncp¶p. Cu hnjb¯nÂ
]md\¼n kzoIcn¨ \ne]mSv Aenac¡mcpambpff {]Xy£amb Gäpap«
en Iemin¨p. AXn Aenac¡mÀ sImÃs¸SpIbpw \mSphmgnbpsS
ssI¡v sht«Â¡pIbpw sNbvXp.
Cu kµÀ`w apXseSp¯v \mSphmgnsb IqSpX {]tIm]n¸n¡m³
NneÀ {iaw \S¯n. AhcpsS t{]cW¡p hg§n ae¸pds¯ ]Ånbpw
A§mSnbpw XIÀ¡m³ ]md\¼n D¯chnSpIbmbncp¶p.
X§fpsS Bcm[\mebw B{Ian¡cpsX¶pw F´p {]Xnhn[nbpw
sN¿m³ Hcp¡amsW¶pw {]tZihmknIÄ B{IaWImcnItfmSv ]dbp
¶p−v. AdpapJ³, apIpµ³ F¶o \m«papJycpw B{IaWw XSbm³ {iaw
\S¯nsb¦nepw ^ew I−nÃ. ]md\¼nbpsS ssk\yw ]Ån hfªtXm
sS AhnsS X¼Sn¨ncp¶ hnizmknIfpw AhtcmsSm¸w tNÀ¶ X«m³
kapZmbmwKamb Iptªephpw iàambn s]mcpXn. HSphn ]ffnbnep
−mbncp¶ 44 t]cpw càkm£nIfmbn. ]md\¼nbpsS ]£¯pw \nch
[nt]À acn¨p. ]Ånbpw A§mSnbpw XIÀ¯v ssk\yw ]n³hm§n. {]tZ
ihmknIÄ Gsdbpw `b¶p \mSphn«Xn\m arXtZl§Ä adhp sN¿p
hm³ t]mepw BfnÃm¯ AhØbmbncp¶p. C{Xbpw kw`h§fmWv 71
CiepIfn sshZyÀ BhnjvIcn¨ncn¡p¶Xv.

113
 X\n¡p ]nWª A_²¯nÂ, ap¼p Xsâ hnizkvX{]PIfmbn
cp¶hÀ i{Xp¡fmbXpw, \mSpwhoSpw hn«v ]emb\w sNbvXXpw \mSphmgn
sb AkzØ\m¡p¶p−v. AbmÄ ]Ån ]pXp¡n ]Wnbm\pw, \mSphn«
hsc XncnsIsIm−ph¶p kam[m\w hos−Sp¡m\pw \S¯nb DZyaw
Ncn{X¯nsâ `mKamWv. ]t£, sshZycpsS Imhy¯n B `mKw ]cmaÀ
in¨n«nÃ. ‘CiÂN{IhÀ¯n tambn³Ip«n sshZyÀ’ F¶ IrXnbn _
joÀ Np¦¯d A`n{]mbs¸Sp¶Xp t]mse X«m³ Ipªsâ (Iptªep)
càkm£nXzhpw, ]md\¼nbpsS ]Ým¯m]hpw, kulrZm´co£¯n
sâ Xncn¨phchpw IqSn icnbmb AÀ°¯n DÄs¡mÅn¨ncp¶psh
¦n aXkulmÀ±¯nsâ Hcp at\mlcKmYbmbn ae¸pdw ]S¸m«v amdpam
20
bncp¶p.
hnhctiJcWmÀ°w kactI{µambncp¶ ae¸pd¯pw, henb§m
Sn]Ånbnepw amk§tfmfw Xmakn¨mWv sshZyÀ Cu Imhyw cNn¨Xv.
kwL«\¯n càkm£nIfmb 44 t]mcmfnIfpsS t]cpw IpSpw_hnh
c§fpw Ihn \ÂIp¶p−v. tNcam³ s]cpamfnsâ a¡mbm{X, tIcf
¯n Ckvemansâ BKa\w, \mSphmgnIÄ¡p−mbncp¶ AanXm[nImc
§Ä XpS§n Ncn{X]camb \nch[n AdnhpIfnte¡pw Cu Imhyw
shfn¨w hoip¶p−v.
ae¸pdw ]S¸m«v AYhm, ‘aZn\nZname’ F¶ t]cnemWv Cu Imhyw
Adnbs¸«ncp¶Xv. A£c§Ä¡v kwJymaqeyw I¸n¡p¶ ‘A_vPZv’
coXnb\pkcn¨v 44 F¶ kwJysb BWv ‘aZn’ F¶XpsIm−v AÀ°am
¡p¶Xv. ae¸pdw ]Sbnse càkm£nIfpsS F®amWXv. ‘at\m\h
kpJkmc `mkvIcw a\mJn_v iplZmC ae¸pdw’ F¶pw Cu IrXnbv¡v
21
t]cp \ÂInbncp¶Xmbn ImWp¶p.
sImÃhÀjw 1060þÂ ({In.h. 1885) XetÈcnbnse Hcp ent¯m{]Ên
emWv ae¸pdw ]S¸m«v BZyambn A¨Sn¡p¶Xv. AXn\pap¼v cN\
]qÀ¯nbmb DSs\ ae¸pd¯v hn]peamb kZÊp kwLSn¸n¨v sshZyÀ
Cu Imhyw ]mSnbhXcn¸n¨ncp¶p.

lnPvd
tambn³Ip«n sshZyÀ Ahkm\ambn cNn¨ ImhyamWv lnPvd.
_ZÀJnÊ, DlZv]S¸m«v F¶nhsbt¸mse CkvemwNcn{X]Ým¯eapff

114
ImhyamWnXv. ]S¸m«pIfn \n¶v hyXykvXambn ]qÀWmÀ°¯nepff
Hcp Ncn{XImhyambmWv Cu {KÙw hn`mh\ sNbvXncp¶Xv. {]hmNIsâ
ka{Kamb PohNcn{XImhysa¶ \nebn henb {]m[m\yhpw {]Nmc
hpw e`n¡pambncp¶ Cu IrXnbpsS 26 CiepIÄ am{Xsa At±l¯n\v
]qÀ¯nbm¡m³ Ignªpffp. AXnsâ cN\bn apgpInbncn¡sh,
\mev]Xmas¯ hbÊn Ihn temIt¯mSv hnS]dªp.
\_nbpsS P\\w, _meyImew, JZoPbpambpff hnhmlw, {]hmN
IXzw, i{Xp¡fn \n¶pff ]oU\§Ä XpS§nbh BhnjvIcn¨ncn¡p
¶p. BZyIme¯v {]hmNIt\mSv ISp¯ i{XpX ]peÀ¯nbncp¶ DaÀ,
{]hmNIsâ A\pbmbnbmbn amdp¶ kµÀ`w hnhcn¡p¶ CiemWv 26þm
at¯Xv.
IhnbpsS acWtijw ]nXmhv D®na½Zpw, AtZl¯nsâ kplr
¯v A¼mb¯n¦Â Ipªdap«nbpw tNÀ¶v AXp ]qÀ¯oIcn¨ncp¶p.
sshZycpsS aäp cN\Ifn ImWp¶Xpt]mepff Ae¦mc`wKnbpw
ImhyKpWhpw XnIª CiepIÄ [mcmfap−v. \_nsb JZoP hc\mbn
kzoIcn¡p¶ F«mas¯ Ci CXn\p anI¨ ZrjvSm´amWv.
‘aZnanIÄ hmbv aZn\nZn X¦w aZn¡SÂ sNµmac aeÀ s\©nÂ
aZnaZn hmÀaZn aZnsNbvXv A¡\hn\bv I\nµv AcimÄ
]ZnaZnam³ aZpaZp s]m¦pw Xncp\_n X¦Ä a\apSn _Ôw
]e³ AdnhmbZp aZpck Nnµbv ISÂ Aebv sImZn abnemÄ’
(at\m\n[nbmb \_nsb lrZbamIp¶ taml¡Sense sN´mac
¸qhmbn N{µapJnbmb JZoP a\Ên hcn¨p. dmWn B N{µs\ I\hnÂ
I−p. \mSn\v N{µ\mb Xncp\_n hnhml¯n\v A\pIqe \ne]mSv kzoI
cn¨Xdnªv sImXn]q− B abnemfpsS Dffn tX³IS AebSn¨p.)
AÀ°me¦mc§fpw, i_vZme¦mc§fpw H¯ptNcp¶ at\mlc
amb `mh\bmbn Cu Ci amdp¶p−v.
***
Ipdn¸pIÄ
1. F. Fawcett, ‘A Popular Mopla Song’, The Indian Antiquary -A Journal of
Oriental Reseach, Edited by Richard Canac Temple Volume XXVIII, March
1899, P. 64

115
2. DaÀ a[phmbn, sImt−m«nbpsS thcpIÄ, (sImt−m«n skâÀPn±,
2011), ]p.123
3. A`napJw. tUm. H.]n Ip«ym¸psshZyÀ (IhnbpsS Cfb ktlmZ
c³ Ben sshZycpsS ]u{X³), 7.4.2015
4. dokÀsh doskänÂsaâv dPnÌÀ, 1936 Gd\mSv Xmeq¡v, sImt−m«n
Awiw, ]p.43, kÀtÆ\¼À 70/2, 30/3 doPyW BÀss¡hvkv
tImgnt¡mSv.
5. BÀss¡hvkv sdt¡mÀUvkv, doPyWÂBÀss¡hvkv tImgnt¡mSv.
6. sI.Fw.AlvaZv, ‘am¸nf¸m«nsâ Kpcp`qXÀ’, XqenIhmÀjnI]Xn¸v,
tImgnt¡mSv 1995. ]p. 96
7. Sn¸p sImt−m«nbn X§Ä¡v 135.9 G¡À \new, 267.25 ]d¼v,
146.03 Xcniv\new F¶nh \ÂInbXmbn tImgnt¡mSv doPyWÂ
BÀss¡hvknse tcJIfn ImWp¶p.
8. apldw BtLmjthfbn jnbmapkvenwIÄ sN¿mdpÅXpt]mse
Xm_q¯pIfpw sImSnIfpw D]tbmKn¡pIbpw {]tXyI Bcm[\m
IÀ½§Ä A\pjvTn¡pIbpw sNbvXncp¶p. Pm^qkv F¶ t]cnÂ
Hcp AánIpÞw ]WnXv ‘bm Aen, bm lk³, bm lpssk³’
F¶n§s\ A«lkn¡pIbpw sNbvXncp¶p. AXpt]mse ]pen
Ifn, tImgnt¸mcv XpS§nb hnt\mZ§fpw kwLSn¸n¨p. (tUm.
lpssk³ c−¯mWn, ‘s]m¶m\nþsImt−m«n ssI¯À¡w’
am¸nfae_mÀ (CkvemanIv ]»njnwKv _yqtdm, tImgnt¡mSv þ 4)
]p: 136 þ 137.
9. Fw. KwKm[c³, ‘t\À¨bpsS tIcfobam\§Ä’, am¸nf ]T\§Ä,
]p. 156
10. tUm. lpssk³ c−¯mWn, am¸nf ae_mÀ, ]p.22
11. sI.sI apl½Zv A_vZpÂIcow "tambn³Ip«n sshZycpsS BZy
Ime cN\IÄ' F¶ {]_Ô¯nepw, (almIhn tambn³Ip«n ssh
ZyÀ A\pkvacW{]_豈 bphIemkmlnXn-þ1992) hn.Fw. Ip«n
"am¸nf¸m«nsâ Ncn{Xk©mc§Ä' F¶ IrXnbnepw (en]n]»n
t¡j³kv, tImgnt¡mSv-þ2007) Cu Km\w FSp¯p tNÀ¯n«p−v.
A_vZpÂIcoansâ {]_Ô¯n Ahkm\s¯ BdphcnbnÃ; hn.
Fw. Ip«nbpsS IrXnbn BZys¯ H¼XphcnIfpw. hyXykvXamb

116
 \mephcn tNÀ¯pImWp¶pap−v. F¶m Fw.F³.ImctÈcn FUn
äp sNbvX "]pent¡m«n IrXnIfnÂ' (tIcfkmlnXy A¡mZan
XrÈqÀ--þ2007) "lqdntbmSv' F¶ ioÀjI¯n ]pent¡m«n ssl
ZdnsâXmbn CXpÄs¸Sp¯n¡mWp¶p. ]m«pIÄ hmsamgnbmbn
ssIamdpt¼mÄ kw`hn¡p¶ amäamWnXv.
12. tambn³Ip«n sshZyÀ, Idma¯v ame, Ad_naebmfw ]., ln. 1329
({In.h. 1911) Xncqc§mSn
13. sI.sI. apl½Zv A_vZpÂIcow, am¸nfIhnkm{am«v tambn³Ip«n
sshZyÀ, (Ban\m _p¡vÌmÄ, G\mam¡Â, 1955) ]p.51.
14. tambn³Ip«n sshZyÀ, sIm«mcw\À¯IntbmSv, D²cWw : _me
IrjvW³ hÅn¡p¶v, almIhntambn³Ip«n sshZycpsS Imhy
temIw, (hN\w _pIvkv, tImgnt¡mSv, 2014), ]p. 31þ32
15. cmtP{µ³ FS¯pwIc, "sshZycpsS Xoh−n', amXr`qan hcm´
¸Xn¸v, 24þ05þ2015
16. Sn.te.
17. keoJ¯v ]S¸m«nsâ cN\mImew lnPvdmhÀj¯nepw sImà hÀ
j¯nepw \ÂInbn«p−v. (C.95) lnPvdhÀjw 1285 ZpÂlÖv 20 F
¶pw aebmfhÀjw 1047 Ipw`w 18 F¶pamWv ]cmaÀiw. Ch X½nÂ
4 hÀjs¯ A´cw ImWp¶p. ln.1285\v kam\amb {In.h. 1868þDw
sImÃhÀjw 1047\v kam\amb hÀjw 1872þamWv. _Zvdp ap\odn
sâ cN\mImew {In.h 1872 BbXn\m keoJ¯nsâ Imew, CXn
 lnPvdhÀj¯n\v Xpeyamb 1868þBhm\mWp km[yX. sImÃ
hÀjkqN\bn ]niIv kw`hn¨XmImw.
18. F. Fawcett, ‘A Popular Mopla Song’, The Indian Antiquary -A Journal of
Oriental Reseach, P. 65.
19. Fw.F³.ImctÈcn "_ZÀ ]S¸m«nsâ {]kàn' almIhntambn³
Ip«n sshZyÀ A\pkvacW{]_豈 (bphIemkmlnXn, ae
¸pdw, 1990) ]p. 43þ44.
20. _joÀ Np¦¯d, Ci N{IhÀ¯n tambn³Ip«n sshZyÀ (tIcf
kmlnXy A¡mZan, XriqÀ, 2010), ]p. 111
21. sI.sI. apl½Zv A_vZpÂIcow, ae¸pdw Jnʸm«pIÄ (hymJym.),
(CkvemanIv _pIvÌmÄ, Beph, c−mw ].1965), ]p. 7

117
Bava K.“Works of Moyinkutty Vaidyar: Language and discource ”
Thesis. Department of Malayalam and Kerala studies, University
of Calicut, 2015.
 `mKw c−v

sshZyÀ¡rXnIfnse BJym\X{´w

118
 A[ymbw : 4

BJym\`mj
hymIcWkhntijXIÄ

aebmf¯nsebpw, Ad_naebmf¯nsebpw ImhyIÀ¯m¡fnÂ

\n¶v tambn³Ip«n sshZysc hyXykvX\m¡p¶ LSI§fn {][m\w
At±l¯nsâ `mjmcoXnbmWv. hn`n¶`mjIfnse ]Z§fpw {]tbmK
§fpw XÕaþXÛhcq]§fn \nÀtem`w {]tbmKn¡p¶ Ihn, aebmf
¯nse \m«psamgnIÄ¡pw IhnXbn {]thi\w \ÂIp¶p. ]Z§sf
ip²w, Aip²w F¶n§s\ thÀXncn¡mt\m, amän\nÀ¯mt\m At±lw
X¿mdmbncp¶nÃ. ]c¼cmKXhymIcW\nba§sf bYmhn[n ]n´pScp¶
]XnhpanÃ. D®mbnhmcysct¸mse XtâXpam{Xamb Hcp kzX{´ Imhy
`mj krjvSn¡pIbmbncp¶p At±lw.
C{]ImcapÅ tambn³Ip«n sshZycpsS cN\Ifnse `mjm]camb
{]tXyIXIÄ ]cntim[n¡pIbmWv Cu A[ymb¯n sN¿p¶Xv.

I hn`àn{]Xyb§Ä
aäp ]Z§fpambpÅ kw_Ôs¯¡pdn¡p¶Xn\mbn \ma§fnÂ
tNÀ¡p¶ {]Xyb§fmWv hn`ànIÄ. \nÀt±inI, {]Xn{KmlnI,
kwtbmPnI, Dt±inI, {]tbmPnI, kw_ÔnI, B[mcnI F¶n§s\
{][m\ambpw Ggp hn`ànbmWv aebmf¯nepÅXv. kwkvIrX¯nse
{]Ya, ZznXob, XrXob apXemb kwÚIÄ¡p ]Icw aebmf¯nÂ
hn`àn{]Xyb§Ä¡v {]tXyIw t]cp \ÂIpIbmbncp¶p tIcf]mWn
\n sNbvXXv. ]n¡me sshbmIcW·mcpw Cu coXn kzoIcn¨p.
aebmf¯nse hn`àn{]Xyb§sfÃmw tambn³Ip«n sshZycpsS
IrXnIfnepw {]tbmKn¨n«p−v. F¶m Nne {]Xyb§Ä¡v aebmf¯n
 \n¶v hyXykvXamb AÀ°IÂ]\IfmWpÅXv. Xangvhn`ànIfpw,
`mjbnse ep]vX{]Nmc§fmb Nne {]Xyb§fpw A]qÀÆambn {]tbm
Kn¨p ImWp¶p−v. Nne DZmlcW§Ä t\m¡pI:

119
1. \nÀt±inI
`mjbnse {]Yahn`ànbmb \nÀt±inI¡v {]tXyIw {]XybanÃ.
Cu hn`ànbn \maw hmIy¯nse IÀ¯mhns\ Ipdn¡p¶p. {]Xyb
¯nsâ klmbanÃmsX Xs¶ \ma¯n\v aäp ]Z§fpambn tNÀ¶p\nÂ
¡m\mhpw.
DZm. ‘DSs\ Ppabve¯v Cd§n \Sµv sN−v’ (_.ap.74)
‘\_n X¦Ä Akvlm_namcnÂsbÃmw \mSn’ (_.Jn.84)

2. {]Xn{KmlnI

aebmf¯nse c−mwhn`ànbmb {]Xn{KmlnIbpsS {]Xybw ‘F’

BWv. aebmfi_vZ§fn am{XaÃ; Ad_n, DÀZp, Xangv]Z§fnepw Cu
{]Xybw tNÀ¶p hcp¶ cq]§Ä sshZyÀ¡rXnIfnep−v.
DZm. ap¶nse þ _.ap. 30
\½nse þ kem. 6
]ndsI þ a.]. 4
Ad_n]Z§Ä
ausX (auXv + F) -þ _.ap. 4
A_vsZ (A_vZv + F) þ _.ap. 8
kp_vlms\ (kp_vlm³ + F) þ _.ap. 24
AkmInsd (AkmInÀ + F) þ _.ap. 32
dnPmÂIsf (dnPm + IÄ + F) þ _.Jn.16
aPv\qs\ (aPv\q³ + F) þ _.Jn.95
f_nsb (f_n + F) þ H.am.I.16
Zmsº (Zmºv + F) þ H.am.I.16
hyRvP\m´i_vZt¯mSv hn`àn{]Xybw tNcpt¼mÄ ‘C³’ CS
1
\ne hcp¶p.
Kpemans\ (Kpemw + C³ + F) þ _.ap.8

Ad_naebmf¯nse {]Xn{KmlnI{]Xyb§Ä

{]Xn{KmlnImhn`ànbpsS {]Xybamb ‘F’ F¶Xnt\msSm¸w,

‘s\, A, B’ F¶nhbpw sshZyÀ¡rXnIfn {]tbmKn¡p¶p−v.

120
sshZyÀ¡pap¼v cNn¡s¸« aplvbn±o³ame, tNdqÀ]S¸m«v apXemb IrXn
Ifnepw Cu {]tbmKap−v.
aplvbn±o³amebnse ‘tImt¯³ Cu amems\ \q伯©p½Â’
F¶ {]tbmKw t\m¡pI. Ad_naebmf¯n {]Xn{KmlnIbpsS,
c−mw{]Xybambn ‘s\’ F¶Xns\ ]cnKWn¡mhp¶XmWv. aebmf¯n
se ]pÃnwK{]Xybamb ‘A³’ tNÀ¶phcp¶ \mai_vZt¯mSv {]Xn{Km
lnImhn`àn tNcpt¼mgp−mIp¶ (DZm.cmas\)cq]¯nÂ\n¶pw hyXy
kvXamWnXv. sshZyÀ¡rXnIfnse ‘Inf¯ns\’(Inghnsb) _.ap.25, Ien
ams\ (Ienasb) k.].95, N−\s¯m«v (iWvTsbs¯m«v) D.].23 XpS§n
bh DZmlcW§Ä.
{]Xn{KmlnIbpsS ‘F’Imc¯n\p ]Icw ‘A’Imcw {]tbmKn¡p¶
coXn {]mNo\IrXnIfn ImWmw. Xncp\ngÂamebn ‘Acns¡\’, ‘Af
sIb’, ‘as¡f’ XpS§nb cq]§ÄImWp¶p. (]Za[y¯n ‘A’Imc¯n
\p]Icw ‘F’ Imcw IS¶phcp¶Xv Xncp\ngÂamebnse {]tXyIXbm
Wv.) ]n¡meIhnIÄ Cu cq]w Dt]£ns¨¦nepw Ad_naebmf{KÙ
Imc·mÀ AXp kwc£n¨pt]m¶p. ‘A’, ‘B’ F¶nh {]Xn{KmlnIm{]
Xybambn AhÀ {]tbmKn¨p. sshZycpsS cN\IÄ Xs¶bmWv CXnÂ
{]YaØm\¯pÅXv.
ISnbmf\ (ISn¡p¶hs\) -þ kem.7
H¡m (Hs¡) þ kem.44
F¶m (Fs¶) þ _.J. 42
]n¶m (]ns¶) þ a.].46
F³ IqSm (Fsâ IqsS) þ _.ap.81
\mcn\ (\mcnsb) þ kem.14
AXn\mtedm (AXn\m Gsd) þ _.ap. 10
]cntimS (]cntimsS) þ a.].10
\n³ lfÀ sImÅm(\n³ lfÀsImsÅ) þ a.].46
F¶n§s\ aebmfi_vZ§fnepw
C³km\ (C³km³ + A) þ _.ap.82
_n³Xn\ (_n³Xv + C³ + A) þ kem.14
apXemb Ad_ni_vZ§fnepw CXp ImWp¶p−v.

121
3. kwtbmPnI

aebmf¯nse aq¶mwhn`àn kwtbmPnIbpsS {]Xybw ‘HmSv', HSv’

F¶nhbmWv. ‘HSp, \qÂ, sIm−v’ F¶nhbmWv eoemXneI¯n ]dbp
¶ {]Xyb§Ä. aebmfw, Xangv, Ad_n]Z§fn ‘HmSv, HSv’ F¶nh
tNÀ¶phcp¶ cq]§Ä sshZycpsS cN\Ifn ImWmw.

aebmfw
AcnItcmSv (AcnIÀ + HmSv) þ a.]. 31
klPtcmSv (klPÀ + HmSv) þ a.]. 34
AentbmSv (Aen + HmSv) þ Hm.am.I. 2
Aht\mSv (Ah³ + HmSv) þ kem. 8

Xangv
tImt\mSv (tIm³ + HmSv) þ k.]. 29
X¼nsbmSv (X¼n + HSv) þ a.]. 36

Ad_n
ZmtdmSv (ZmÀ + HmSv) þ k.]. 27
kutPmSv (kuPv + HmSv) þ k.]. 30
dkqtemSv (dkq + HmSv) þ _.Jn. 3
dPqtemSv (dPq + HmSv) þ _.ap. 30
ssitJmSv (ssiJv + HmSv) þ a.]. 35
ZmtºmSv (Zmºv + HmSv) þ H.am.I. 16
lpsºmSv (lpºv + HSv) þ _.Jn. 6
lwsZmSv (lwZv + HSv) þ a.]. 1
kwtbmPnIm {]Xybamb ‘HmSv’\p]Icw B[mcnIm {]Xybamb
‘CÂ’ tNÀ¡p¶ ]Xnhp−v. A¯cw {]tbmK§Ä [mcmfambn IS¶ph
cp¶Xn\m CXv Ad_naebmf¯nsâ hymIcWkhntijXbmsW¶pw
\nco£n¡p¶hcp−v. aebmf¯nepw A\y`mjmi_vZ§fnepw Cu {]Xy
bw {]tbmKn¨XpImWmw.

aebmfw
kndnbn (kv{XotbmSv) þ k.]. 69

122
 Ah\n (Aht\mSv) þ _.ap. 13
F¶n (Ft¶mSv) þ _.ap. 13
Ahcn (AhtcmSv) þ _.ap. 22
t^micn (t`mj·mtcmSv) þ a.]. 44
tam\n (tamt\mSv) þ kem. 8
]nXmhn (]nXmhnt\mSv) þ kem. 12

Xangv
s]−nbn (kv{XotbmSv) þ k.]. 44
D¦fn (\n§tfmSv) þ _.ap. 10
Xmbmcn (A½tbmSv) þ H.am.I. 13

Ad_n
Pp\qZn (Pp\qZv + C þ ssk\yt¯mSv) þ k.]. 44
Aaotdmcn (AaoÀ + HmÀ + C þ a{´namtcmSv)þ _.ap. 21
A_qk¿mZn (A_qk¿mZv + C þ A_qk¿mZnt\mSv)
þ _.ap. 21
4. Dt±inI

‘¡v’, ‘Dv’ F¶nhbmWv \memwhn`ànbmb Dt±inI¡v tIcf]m

Wn\obw \nÀt±in¡p¶ {]Xyb§Ä. CXn ‘Dv’ F¶Xv ‘I’Imcw tem]n
2
¨p hcp¶XmWv.
eoemXneIImc³ CXn\v ‘¡p, ¶p’ F¶o {]Xyb§Ä hn[n¡p
¶p. `mjmIuSneobw, Xncp\ngÂame, A\´]pchÀW\w apXembhbn
 ‘¡p, ¶p, \p’ F¶nh CSIeÀ¶p ImWp¶p−v.
sshZyÀ¡rXnIfn hcp¶ Dt±inIm{]Xyb§fpsS kz`mhw ]cn
tim[n¡mw. aebmf¯nepw A\y`mjmi_vZ§fnepw Cu {]Xybw tNÀ
¶phcp¶p−v.

aebmfw
\ap¡v þ a.]. 13
IÅn¡v þ a.]. 43
sImSpa¡v þ a.]. 49

123
 AhÀ¡v þ a.]. 11
N−¡v þ F.]. 5

Xangv
DbnÀ¡v þ a.]. 33
sb¦Ä¡v þ a.]. 46
D¶bv¡v þ k.]. 12

Ad_n
amen\v -þ D.]. 4
_bvD¡v (_bvAv + ¡v) þ D.]. 7
IX_n\v þ a.]. 37
‘\v’(Dv) F¶Xn\p ]Icw ‘¡p’ tNÀ¶phcp¶ cq]§fpw ImWmw.
Xangnepw Ad_n¯angnepw kpe`amb C¯cw {]tbmK§Ä XmcXtay\
IpdhmWv.
]nXmhp¡v þ _.ap. 68
sNÂhZp¡v þ _.ap. 26
abn¡p þ aqe. 6
Ccn¡phXpZp¡v þ aqe. 4
A´y¯nepÅ ‘\v’ Cc«n¨p hcp¶ ‘¶p’, ‘¶v’ F¶nh {]Xyb§fmbn
D]tbmKn¡p¶h
sI«n¶p þ aqe. 4
AÀin¶p þ aqe. 4
BbZn¶v þ D.] 11
Alv _bvXn¶vv þ D.]. 12
‘\v’ {]Xyb¯n\pta ‘¡p’ tNÀ¶phcp¶ coXn {]mNo\aebmf
¯nep−mbncp¶p. hSt¡ae_mdnse hmbvsamgnbn Ct¸mgpw CXp
\nehnep−v. sshZycpsS hnhn[ IrXnIfn Cu cq]w ImWmw.
aI\n¡v þ _. Jn. 36
acptam\n¡v þ _.ap. 94
Ah\n¡v þ _.ap. 4

124
5. {]tbmPnI

‘BÂ’ F¶XmWv `mjbnse {]tbmPnIm{]Xybw. ‘CXn \nâp’,

‘ta \nâp’, ‘G \nâp’ F¶n§s\ aq¶pcq]§Ä eoemXneIw CXn
sâ {]Xyb§fmbn Nq−n¡mWn¡p¶p. Xncp\ngÂamet]mepÅ {]mNo\
IrXnIfn ‘sIm−p’ F¶ cq]hpap−v.
aebmfw, Xangv, Ad_n, t]Àjy³i_vZ§fn ‘BÂ’ {]Xybw
tNÀ¶cq]§Ä sshZycpsS cN\Ifn ImWmw.
tIa¯m þ a.]. 7
I\I¯m þ kem. 11
ASn¯Xn\m þ k.].67
]ncni¯n\m þ a.]. 41
ARvP\¡®n\m þ _.ap. 72

Ad_n
lpºm (lpºv + BÂ) þ D.]. 4
dml¯m (dml¯v + BÂ) þ D.]. 15
kzbvl¯m (kzbvl¯v + BÂ) þ _.Jn. 22
JpÀ_m (JpÀ_v + BÂ) þ _.Jn. 40
CivJm (CivJv + BÂ) þ _. Jn. 42
^nÅm (^nÅv + BÂ) þ _.ap. 37
bZnbm (bZv + BÂ) þ kem. 7
lem¡m (lem¡v +BÂ) þ a.]. 28
dPpem (dPp +BÂ) þ _.Jn. 97
‘BÂ’ F¶Xnt\msSm¸w ‘F’ Imcw IqSnt¨À¯v ‘Bse’ Ft¶m
‘Bte’ Ft¶m {]tbmPnImÀ°¯n {]tbmKn¡p¶p. Cu {]tbmKhpw
Ad_naebmfImhy§fn s]mXpsh kzoIcn¡s¸«n«p−v.
AZr]¯mte (AÛpX¯mÂ) þ kem 11
tImi¯mte (tLmj¯mÂ) þ kem.44
k__n\mte (ImcW¯mÂ) þ F.]. 6
Acpfmse (AcpfmÂ) þ D.]. 107
fÀ_mte (ASnbmÂ) þ _.ap. 56

125
 _ban\mte (`b¯mÂ) þ _.ap. 72
]ndhmf Np−mse (]hng¨p−mÂ) þ _.ap. 74
F¶m ‘Bse’ F¶ {]Xybw, Ft¸mgpw {]tbmPnImÀ°¯nem
hWsa¶nÃ. B[mcnImÀ°¯nepw, ‘AtXmSpIqSn’ F¶ AÀ°¯nepw
Cu {]tbmKap−v.
iWanse (£W¯nÂ) þ _.ap. 64
ib\¯nse (Dd¡¯nÂ) þ _.ap. 65
Xmfan\mte (Xmft¯mSpIqSn) þ kem 36
kpdqdmte (kt´mjt¯mSpIqSn þ Ad_n) þ _.ap. 5
{]tbmPnImÀ°¯n ‘sIm−v’ F¶ {]Xybw {]mNo\IrXnbmb
‘A\´]pchÀW\’bn {]tbmKn¨n«p−v. Cu {]tbmKw A]qÀÆambn
sshZycpw kzoIcn¨ncn¡p¶p. ‘XncphcpÄ sIms−’ (a.].9) F¶Xv DZm
lcWw.

6. kw_ÔnI

Bdmwhn`ànbmb kw_ÔnI¡v ‘sâ’, ‘DsS’ F¶o {]Xyb§fp

−v. CXn\v eoemXneI¯n \nÀt±in¡p¶ {]Xyb§Ä ‘¶p, ¡p, CsS,
FsS, sâ’ F¶nhbmWv. CXn ‘¶p, ¡p’ F¶nh Dt±inIbnÂs¸Sp¶
hbmWv. aäpÅh a[yImeXangnse ‘DSb’bpsS cq]t`Z§fmWv.
hyXykvX`mjmi_vZ§tfmSv kw_ÔnIbpsS {]Xyb§Ä tNÀ
¶phcp¶ cq]§Ä sshZyÀ¡rXnIfnep−v. Nne DZmlcW§Ä NphsS:
Fsâ þ _.ap. 33
Xsâ þ _.ap. 64
\nsâ þ _.ap. 76
AfpsZsâ þ _.ap.14
F\ZpsS þ _.ap.55
kpss_dnsâ þ _.ap. 33
aenInsâ þ _.ap. 15
JnXmensâ (JnXm + sâ) þ _.Jn. 4
\mJz¯nsâ (\mJz¯v + sâ) þ Hm.am.I. 3
_n³XpsS (_n³Xv + DsS) þ _.ap. 8

126
 kw_ÔnIbpsS {]Xyb§Ä Xs¶, ]ckv]cwamän {]tbmKn¡p¶
kµÀ`§fp−v.
DZm.
lcnsâ (lcnbpsS) þ _.Jn. 44
\_nsâ (\_nbpsS) þ a.]. 9
kw_ÔnImÀ°¯n {]Xn{KmlnIbpsS {]Xybw tNÀ¯ {]tbm
K§Ä ImWmw. ‘aplvbn±o³ame’ t]mepÅ BZyImeIrXnIfnepw C¯
cw cq]§fp−v.
DZm. Ahsc AÀhmlpIÄ (AhcpsS Bßm¡Ä) þ a.]. 30
kuPmsc (`À¯m¡·mcpsS) þ D.]. 7
hfÀ tNcsc (al¯zw tNÀ¶hcpsS) þ a.]. 1
_Zvco§sf ]pIÄ
lJzn\m (_Zvco§fpsS al¯z¯mÂ)þ _.Jn. 6
\csc XzBaps− aWw (a\pjycpsS `£Ww Ign¨ aWw)
þ _.ap. 76
7. B[mcnI

B[mcnI¡v tIcf]mWn\ob¯n ]dbp¶ {]Xyb§Ä ‘CÂ’,

‘IÂ’ F¶nhbmWv. eoemXneI¯n CtXmsSm¸w ‘Cse, ]¡Â’ F¶o
{]Xyb§fpw \nÀt±in¨p ImWp¶p−v. sshZycpsS {]tbmKamXrIIÄ
t\m¡pI.

aebmfw
CS¯n -þ a.]. 35
t_I¯n þ a.]. 7
ISp¸¯n þ a.]. 7
Xncpap¼n þ kem 11
_mZp¡Â þ H.am.I.11

DÀZp
ZnÃn (Zn + CÂ) þ k.]. 26
lmXn\n (lmXv + C³ + CÂ) þ _.ap. 55

127
Ad_n
kzZvdn (kzZvÀ + CÂ) þ k.]. 64
Abv\n (Abv³ + CÂ) þ k.]. 64
fmlndn (fmlnÀ + CÂ) þ D.]. 23
lÀ_n (lÀ_v + CÂ) þ D.]. 44
AÀfn (AÀfv + CÂ) þ D.]. 54
kdodn (kdoÀ + CÂ) þ _.ap. 39
lmen (lm + CÂ) þ _.ap. 81
l_vkn (l_vkv + CÂ) þ _.ap. 86
_bvXn (_bvXv + CÂ) þ a.]. 35
Zmdn (ZmÀ +CÂ) þ _.Jn. 97
tIcf]mWn\oba\pkcn¨v A\pkzmc¯nehkm\n¡p¶ i_vZ§
fn ‘CÂ’ tNcpt¼mÄ ‘¯v’ CS\nehcWw. F¶m Cu CS\ne tNÀ¶p
hcp¶Xpw, Dt]£n¨Xpamb hyXykvXcq]§Ä ImWp¶p.

I) ‘¯v’ CS\ne tNÀ¶h

t\c¯n þ a.]. 50, ln. 26

tZinb¯n þ ln. 24
amÀ¡¯n þ ln. 24
\Ic¯n þ a.].37
kab¯n þ a.].46
Zqc¯n þ _.ap.76
C¯c¯n þ _.ap.80
iW¯n þ _.ap.82
tZi¯n þ k.].26

J) ‘¯v’ CS\ne Dt]£n¨h

AS¡an þ _.Jn.37
kphÀ¡an þ _.Jn. 69
Im{Xan þ _.Jn.73
cWan þ a.].1
Ipean þ a.].41
iWan þ _.Jn.37

128
 A\pkzmcm´i_vZ§fn ‘CÂ’ {]Xybw tNcpt¼mÄ c−v CS
\ne tNÀ¡p¶ hnNn{Xcq]hpap−v. ‘¯v’ F¶Xn\p XpSÀ¨bmbn ‘C³’
IqSnhcp¶ coXnbmWXv.
DZm. If¯n\n (If¯nÂ) þ _.ap. 30
kzÀ¤¯n\n (kzÀ¤¯nÂ) þ a.]. 8
Ad_ni_vZ§tfmSv B[mcnIm{]Xybw tNÀ¡p¶Xn\pap¼v "C³'
CS\ne tNÀ¡p¶ kµÀ`§fp−v.
ebven\n (ebvev + C³ + CÂ) þ _.ap.11
ko\¯n\n (ko\¯v+C³+CÂ) þ _.ap.72
_m_n\n (_m_v + C³ + CÂ) þ H.am.I 5
auXn\n (auXv + C³ + CÂ) þ k.].95
kpJzv\n (kpJzv + C³ + CÂ) þ _.ap.18
lmen\n (lm + C³ + CÂ) þ ln. 22
l¿dn\m (_.ap.12), kpÀA¯n\m (_.ap.8) F¶n§s\ {]tbm
PnIm{]Xyb¯n\p ap¼pw ‘C³’ tNÀ¶ i_vZ§Ä ImWmw.

‘CÂ’ {]Xybw tem]n¨ cq]§Ä

‘CÂ’ F¶ {]Xyb¯nsâ IqsS, tZymXIi_vZamb ‘\n¶v’ tNcp

t¼mÄ hcp¶ amäw {it²bamWv. _ZvdpÂap\oÀ 30þmw Ciense ‘DWÀµ
t¸mÄ In\mhn¶vv lpkv\pÂPamÂ’ (lpkv\pÂPam kz]v\¯nÂ\n¶pw
DWÀ¶t¸mÄ) F¶ ]mZw t\m¡pI. ChnsS ‘In\mhn \n¶v’ F¶ AÀ
°¯n ‘In\mhn¶v’ F¶mWp {]tbmKw. CSbv¡pÅ ‘CÂ’ {]Xybw,
hmsamgnbnse¶t]mse tem]n¨ncn¡p¶p. sshZycpsSbpw ]n¡me
IhnIfpsSbpw IrXnIfn [mcmfambn {]Xy£s¸Sp¶ cq]amWXv.
aäp Nne DZmlcW§Ä
_pkvXm\n¶v (_pkvXm\n \n¶v) þ _.ap. 38
alvidn¶v (alvidbn \n¶v) þ a.]. 30
iman¶v (iman \n¶v) þ _.Jn. 8
IAv_¯n¶v (IAv_bn \n¶v) þ _.Jn. 16
Jkzdn¶v (Jzkvdn \n¶v) þ _.ap. 45

129
8. kwt_m[\
`mjbnse Ggphn`ànIÄ¡p ]pdsa, kwt_m[\sbbpw Hcp hn`
ànbmbn ]cnKWn¨phcmdp−v. kwkvIrX¯n CXp \nÀt±inIbpsS
hIt`ZamsW¶v F.BÀ kqNn¸n¡p¶p. \mam´¯n ‘G’ F¶ \n]mXw
tNÀ¡pItbm, kzc¯nehkm\n¡p¶ ]£w A´ykzcw \o«pItbm sN
¿pIbmWv ‘kwt_m[nI’ F¶pIqSn t]cpÅ CXnsâ kz`mhw. A³ F¶
]pÃnwK {]XybapÅ \ma§fn ‘\’ Imcw tem]n¨v AImcw \o«p¶ ]Xn
hpw `mjbnep−v. (DZm. cmam,).
sshZyÀ¡rXnIfnse kwt_m[\mcq]§Ä ]cntim[n¡mw.

I) aebmf¯nsebpw, aäp `mjIfnsebpw \ma§tfmsSm¸w ‘G’ tNÀ

¯cq]§Ä
aIt\, þ kem. 5
I¬aWntb, þ _.Jn. 41
aWnaItf, þ _. ap. 26
\_ntb, þ _.Jn. 41
F\bv Xcptf, þ _.ap. 26
dlvamt\, þ _.ap. 4
A_pPmlnte, þ _.Jn. 85
_ptÍ, (Infho) þ _.ap. 26
l_o_pÃmth, þ k.]. 95
J) A´ykzcw ZoÀLn¸n¡Â
tIsfSm, NSbm aqSm, þ _.Jn. 85
NZnbm, sImXnbm, þ _.Jn. 85
Inf¯o, þ _.ap. 26
K) aebmf¯nse enwKhN\{]Xyb§Ä tNÀ¶ Ad_n]Z§tfmSv,
kwt_m[\m{]Xyb§Ä IqSn, tNÀ¶ {]tbmK§Ä
AlZht\, (AlZv +A³+G) þ k.]. 93
l¿mt\, (l¿v +B³+G) þ _.ap. 19
kz^n¿tc, (kz^n¿v + AÀ+G) þ D.].13
^ÀZmt\, (^ÀZv+B³+G) þ _.Jn. 89

130
L) Ad_nkwt_m[\m{]Xybamb ‘bm’ tNÀ¶ cq]§Ä

bm ssJdp _dmbm,þ _.Jn. 8

bm l_o_v, þ _.ap. 69
bm _p\¿, þ D.]. 39
b_v\ A½o, þ D.]. 38
bm \PnbÃm, þ _.Jn. 41
bm amenJ\m, þ a.]. 1
bm JmenJ\m, þ a.]. 1
bm d^oJv þ _.Jn. 35
bm khmZv þ _. Jn. 40
bm aue Ddq_m þ _.Jn. 41
bm _nem þ _.Jn. 74
M) Ad_nkwt_m[\m{]Xybw BZy¯nepw, aebmf{]Xybw A´y
¯nepw tNÀ¶ cq]§Ä.
bm dkqepÃmth, þ D.]. 26
bm l_o_pÃmth, þ _.Jn. 92
bm lwkt¯mtc, þ D.]. 108

Ad_nhn`àncq]§fpsS {]tbmKw
Ad_ni_vZ§fn B `mjbnse hn`àn{]Xyb§ÄIqSn tNÀ
¯v {]tbmKn¡p¶ ]Xnhpw hncfaÃ. aebmf¯nsebpw Ad_nbnsebpw
{]XybtbmK¯n {]ISamb hyXymkap−v. aebmf¯n \mai_vZ
¯nsâ HSphnemWv {]Xybw tNÀ¡p¶Xv, Ad_nbnemhs«, AXp \ma
¯n\p ap¼nemWv hcnI.
DZmlcWambn shÅw F¶À°apÅ “amAv’ F¶ i_vZt¯mSv
^o (CÂ) an³ (\n¶v) Cem (te¡v), Ae(taÂ) _n (sIm−v) F¶o
{]Xyb§Ä tNcp¶ cq]§Ä C{]ImcamWv. ^n amC (shůnÂ),
an\ amC(shůn \n¶v) Ce amC(shůnte¡v) Ae amC
(shůn\ptaÂ) _n amC (shÅw sIm−v)

131
Imhy§fn \n¶pÅ Nne {]tbmK§Ä
I) ^o
^o _nkvanÃmlv (ssZh\ma¯nÂ) þ _.Jn 1
^o k_o (ssZhamÀK¯nÂ) þ a.]. 31
^o lmZÂ buan (Cu Znhk¯nÂ) þ _. Jn. 92
^o D½n Jpdm (a¡bnÂ) þ _.Jn. 48
^nÊamC (BImi¯nÂ) þ _.Jn. 88
^n AÀfn (`qanbnÂ) þ _.Jn. 88
J) Cem
Cebv\m (R§fnte¡v) þ D.]. 26
Cebv¡pw (\n§fnte¡v) þ D.]. 26
Ce¿ (F¶nte¡v) þ D.]. 35
Ce PwlqXn (Pwlq¯nte¡v) þ _.Jn. 3
Ce Ppºn (InWänte¡v) þ _.Jn. 91
Csselnw (Ahcnte¡v) þ _. Jn. 14
K) _n
_n lpºn kzlv_n \_n¿n\
({]hmNIsâbpw A\pNc·mcpsSbpw
kvt\lw sIm−v) þ _.Jn.6
_n lJnlnw (AhcpsS al¯zw sIm−v) þ _.Jn. 1
_n dmknJzn\m (\½psS A¶ZmXmhns\s¡m−v)
þ a.]. 1
_n P¶¯n¡Â Dem (A§bpsS AXyp¶X
kzÀKw sIm−v) þ a.]. 1
L) Aem
Aem dkqenÃmlv ({]hmNI\ptaÂ) þ _.Jn. 1
AeÀdlvam³ ssZh¯n\p taÂ) þ _.Jn. 87
M) an³
an\¶mkqXn (a\pjycpsS temI¯n \n¶v)þ _.Jn. 3
an³lpw (Ahcn \n¶v) þ _.Jn.56, 87

132
 an\Àdlvam\n (ImcpWyhm\mb
ssZh¯n \n¶v) þ _.Jn. 81
an\ÊamC (BImi¯p \n¶v) þ _.Jn. 81

II kap¨b\n]mX§Ä

kap¨bi_vZ§fmb ‘Dw, Hm’ F¶nhbpsS {]tbmK¯nepw, aebm

f¯n \n¶pw hyXykvXamb Nne khntijXIÄ ImWmw.
I) kap¨bi_vZ§Ä aebmf¯nepw A\y`mjmi_vZ§fnepw Hcp
t]mse tNÀ¯p{]tbmKn¡p¶p. Ad_n]Z§fn ‘Dw’ tNÀ¯
cq]§Ä t\m¡pI.
Iemapw þ _.ap. 8
Phm_pw þ _.ap. 45
IpÃpw þ k.]. 29
fÀ_pw PpÀlpw þ _.Jn. 84
JpZvd¯pw ^kzml¯pwþ a.].4
J) LSI]Z§fn H¶n am{Xw kap¨b{]Xybw tNÀ¡p¶ coXnbp
−v. BZyImeaWn{]hmfIrXnIfn A]qÀÆambn tNÀ¯pImWp
¶ C¯cw{]tbmK§Ä sshZyÀ¡rXnIfnepw, CXc Ad_nae
bmfImhy§fnepw kÀÆkm[mcWamWv.
Nnet¸mÄ BZy]Zt¯msSm¸hpw, aäp Nnet¸mÄ A´y]Zt¯mSp
amWv kap¨b{]Xybw tNÀ¡pI. Cu ]Z§Ä c−pw aebmftam, Ad
_ntbm Bhmw. hyXykvX`mjmi_vZ§fpamhmw.
LSI]Z§fn ]qÀÆ]Zt¯mSp am{Xw kap¨b{]Xybw tNÀ¯
cq]§Ä.
\_nbpw kzlm_m¡Ä (\_nbpw A\pNc·mcpw) þ ken.26)
XJv¯pw _mivIm (knwlmk\hpw hmgvNbpw) þ _.ap. 39
apdmZpw Zbv\m (Dt±iyhpw IShpw) þ _.Jn. 76
D¯c]Zt¯mSv {]Xybw tNÀ¯Xn\pZmlcW§Ä.
Indp^mlpºpw (Ir]bpw kvt\lhpw) þ _.ap. 5
\b³aq¡pw (I®pw aq¡pw) þ _.ap. 59
Zpcsshiy\pw (\mSphmgnbpw hym]mcnbpw) þ _.ap. 19
JaÀiwkpw (N{µ\pw kqcy\pw) þ _.ap. 94

133
 DSp iotim\pw (\£{Xhpw N{µ\pw) þ _.ap. 19
GI³\m\pw (ssZhhpw Rm\pw) þ ken. 65

Ad_nbnse kap¨bi_vZamb ‘h’ tNÀ¯ ]Z§Ä

Huko h JkvdPn (Hukpw JkvdPpw) þ _.Jn. 8

J_nÂXp h kz_nÀXp (kzoIcn¡pIbpw
£an¡pIbpw) þ _.ap. 68
kzemXpw h Xkveoapw (ssZhm\p{Klhpw c£bpw) þ a.].1
lJzpw h ^fven\m (kXyhpw t{ijvTXbpw sIm−v)
þ _.Jn. 6
lwkbpw h sslZdmw (lwkbpw sslZdpw) þ _.Jn. 48

III kakvX]Z§Ä
aebmf]Z§tfmsSm¸w A\y`mjmi_vZ§fpw, kakvX]Z§fpw
\nÀtem`w {]tbmKn¨v BkzmZIsc hnkvabn¸n¡p¶Xn Ihn¡pÅ
]mShw an¡ CiepIfnepw ImWmw. hntijWhntijy§Ä Ad_nbnÂ
Xs¶ {]tbmKn¨ \nch[n kµÀ`§fp−v. t\m¡pI.
Ju^p Afow (I\¯ `oXn) þ k]. 81
AP_p I_oÀ (henb BÝcyw) þ k]. 81
AkZpÃmlv (ssZh¯nsâ knwlw) þ k]. 81
JzÀb¯p HukmÀ(\mSphmgp¶hÀ) þ a.]. 61
lPvd¯p Jp±qkv (hnip² k¶n[n) þ k.]. 19
Kkvh¯p Jp±qkv (henb bp²w) þ _.Jn. 4
lpZm AZv (t\ÀamÀ¤hpw \oXnbpw) þ _.Jn. 54
XzmDkp Awem¡v (amemJamÀ¡nSbnse abnÂ) þ _.Jn. 8
Plve¯p Afow (henb AÚX) þ _.Jn. 57
kamkn¨ LSI]Z§Ä hyXykvX `mjIfnteXmhmw. aebmfw,
Ad_n, t]Àjy³, DÀZp kwkvIrXw, Xangv F¶o `mjIfnse ]Z§Ä
C§s\ LSI]Z§fmbn hcp¶p. Nne amXrIIÄ t\m¡pI.

Ad_n-þaebmf]Z§Ä
iwskmfn iwkv(A) + Hfn (a) þ k.].
fÀ_Snsh«v fÀ_v (A + ASn, sh«v (a) þ a.]. 22
s]m¶qÀ s]m³ (a) + \qÀ (A) þ a.]. 23

134
 l¿h³ l¿v (A) + A³ (a) þ a.]. 28
aAv\¯eIÄ aAv\¯v (A) + AeIÄ(a) þ _.Jn. 1
BZn¡ena BZn(a) + Iena (A) þ _.Jn. 1
almJ¶mkv alm(kw) + J¶mkv (A) þ _.Jn.16
dÒ¯¡S dlva¯v (A) + IS (a) þ _.Jn. 29
iPÀsIm¼v iPÀ (A)+ sIm¼v (a) þ _.ap. 30
ssJa¡Iw ssJa (A)+ ¡v + AIw(a) þ _.Jn 54
AAveminh³ AAvem(A) + inh³ (kw) þ _.Jn. 46
Civdq\ s]m³ anivImÂ
Civdq\ (A) + s]m³ (a) + anivImÂ(A)
þ _.Jn. 12
iuJz¡SÂ iuJz (A) + ISÂ (a) þ _.ap. 70
DbÀku¯v DbÀ(a), ku¯v (A) þ a.]. 44
iPdn³h¡w iPÀ (A) + C³(a) + h¡w (kw)
þ _.ap. 5
]mXn ebven ]mXn (a) + ebvÂ(A) + CÂ(a)
þ _.ap. 10
Abv\n³aWn Abv³ (A) + C³ (a) +aWn(a)þ H.am.I.15
C³km³ Iq«w C³km³ (A) + Iq«w (a) þ _.ap. 71
XzBaps− XzBw(A) + Ds− (a) þ _.ap. 76
XncplfÀ Xncp(a) + lfÀ (A) þ ln. 22
_m_Sbv¯v _m_v (A) + ASbv¯v (a) þ _.ap. 10
kndn lpdp¯v kndn (a) + lpdp¯v (A) þ _.Jn. 75
ZmdI¯n ZmÀ (A) + AI¯n (a) þ _.ap. 39
Ad_nþXangv
CdbvlmInw Cdbv (X) + lmInw (A) þ a.].26
A_qXmbpw A_p(A) + Xmbv (X) + Dw (a) þ a.].27
Xp¿h³ _bv¯v Xp¿h³ (X) + _bv¯v (A) þ a.].35
Ipfen lqdpIÄ Ipfen (X) + lqdpIÄ (A) þ _.Jn.67
CdbvlJzmt\ Cdbv(X)+lJv(A) + Bt\(a) þ _.Jn.70
IpfÂZmÀ IpfÂ(X) + ZmÀ(A) þ _.ap.26
ilvsdm−v ilvÀ (A)+H−v (X) þ _.ap.68

135
DÀZpþAd_n
_Um XmPnÀ _Um (D) + XmPnÀ(A) þ _.ap.16
\lo knhmlp \ln(D) + knhmlp(A) þ _.Jn.67
DÀZpþaebmfw
kms¯®w kmXv(D) + F®w(a) þ _.ap. 68
Nne kµÀ`§fn {]kn²amb Øe\ma§Ät]mepw ]ncn¨v
hyXykvX`mjIfn \n¶pÅ k¦ci_vZam¡n amämdp−v. tImgnt¡mSv,
apÀInt¡mSmhp¶Xpw(D.].3) ae¸pdw ‘aebv]pd’amIp¶Xpw(a.].18), sIm
Sp§ÃqÀ ‘sImSp¦ÃqÀ’ Bhp¶Xpw (a.].11) DZmlcWw. tNdqÀ ]S¸m«p
IÀ¯m¡Ä sshZyÀ¡p ap¼pXs¶ "s]m·f' F¶ Øe\maw "kzÀW
af' bm¡nbXv Ihnsb kzm[o\n¨ncn¡mw.

IV `mjm]cnWma¯nsâ Bdp\b§Ä
aebmf`mj kzX{´amb AØnXzw ssIhcn¡pIbpw, ]Zykm
lnXyw iànbpw HmPÊpapÅ hyhlmcam[yaambn hnImkw {]m]n¡p
Ibpw sNbvXXn\p tijamWv tambn³Ip«n sshZyÀ Xsâ Imhy]co£
W§Ä \S¯p¶Xv. F¶n«pw ]e\nebv¡pw sN´angnsâ ]mc¼cys¯
bpw ]m«pkmlnXyIrXnIfpsS `mjmkhntijXIsfbpw A\pkvacn¸n
¡p¶ {]tbmK§Ä At±l¯nsâ cN\Ifn IS¶phcp¶p. Ad_nae
bmfImhy`mj Bcw`Imew apXte, {ZmhnUImhy]mc¼cy¯nsâ Xmbv
hgnbnemWv hnImkw {]m]n¨Xv. AXnsâ ]cn]qÀWXbmWv sshZyÀ¡r
XnIfn \mw ZÀin¡p¶Xv.
B \nebv¡v aebmfw sImSp´angnbn \n¶p thÀXncnªv kzX
{´`mjbmbn ]cnWan¨Xn\v Dt]mZv_eIambn F.BÀ. Nq−n¡mWn
¡p¶ \b§tfmSv sshZycpsS Imhy`mj, F§s\ kwhZn¡p¶p F¶p
]cntim[nt¡−Xp−v. aebmf¯nsâ ]cnWma{]{Inbbn Cu \b
§Ä Gsd {]m[m\yaÀln¡p¶hbmWtÃm.

1. A\p\mknImXn{]kcw
A\p\mknIhÀWw AXn\ptijw hcp¶ hÀWw JcamsW¦nÂ
AXns\bpw A\p\mknIam¡n amäp¶ {]{InbbmWnXv. A\p\mknIw

136
ap¼pw Jcw ]n¼pambn Iq«£cw h¶mÂ, A\p\mknIw Cc«n¨ ^ew
sN¿pw.
¦> §, © > ª, ´ > ¶, ¼ > ½, â > ¶ F¶n§s\bmWv
amäw.
Cu cq]§Ä sshZyÀ¡rXnIfn hcp¶ hn[w t\m¡mw.
I) ¦>§
A\p\mknImXn{]kcw kw`hn¡m¯, Xangva«nepÅ {]tbmK§
tfmSmWv Ihn¡v IqSpXÂ B`napJyw.
DZm. s]¦Ä þ _.Jn. 15
sb¦pw apf¦pw þ _.Jn. 81
X¦n, Ipi¦n þ _.Jn. 79
X¦Ä þ _.Jn. 84
s]m¦n þ _.Jn. 79
sImSp¦ÃqÀ þ a.]. 11
\ne¦Ä, sb¦Ä þ a.]. 23
DlZo¦Ä þ D.]. 117
a¦nSphm³ þ k.]. 37
hW¦n þ D.]. 14
AS¦n, Ipep¦n, _nf¦n þ In.am. 1
F¶m ‘§’ tNÀ¶pÅ cq]§fpw ImWp¶p−v. Nnet¸mÄ Htc
CienÂXs¶ c−p{]tbmKhpw ASp¯Sp¯phcp¶Xpw ImWmw.
Imcnb§Ä þ k.e. 10
]b¡§Ä þ _.Jn. 15
Ie¡§Ä þ _.Jn. 84
IoWp Zml§Ä,]f§Ä þ _.ap. 29
_i§n þ _.ap. 59
InS§v þ a.]. 13
Icn§mS³, Hcp§n þ F. ]. 12
Abc§Ä þ k.]. 38
Ic§fpw þ D.]. 26
Xmf§Ä þ k.]. 11

137
J) ´>¶
ChnsSbpw A\p\mknImXn{]kcw kw`hn¡m¯ "´' tNÀ¶ cq]
§fpw (Ad_naebmf¯n CXv "µ' F¶mWv), adn¨pÅ cq]§fpw hcp
¶p−v.
\Sµv þ _.Jn. 40
_fÀtµ, _tµ, Cctµ þ aqe. 2
]ndµp þ aqe. 1
hµhÀ þ D.]. 13
_µhÄ þ _.ap. 45
]peÀµv þ _.ap. 51
InSµv þ _.ap. 54
Npiµv þ a]. 3

K) ‘¶’

sNm¶mt\ þ aqe. 4
Icbp¶p, \S¶p, A¶p þ aqe. 2
_¶hÄ, \n¶v, _¶v þ In.am. 4
H¶mbv, \¶mbv þ D.]. 12
sNm¶mÀ, _¶nSpw sbs¶mcp þ _.Jn. 10
NpI¶ þ _.ap. 65
L) ©>ª
A\p\mknImXn{]kcw h¶ ‘ª’ tNÀ¶ cq]§fmWv IqSpXepw
ImWp¶Xv.
]dªn, ]ncnªn, AWtª þ aqe. 3
Iinªpw saenªpw saminªp þ aqe. 14
]ncnªZnepw þ _.ap. 30
F¶mÂ,
s\©Wbv¯v þ a.]. 22
s\©n þ _.ap. 35
t]mepÅ cq]§Ä A]qÀÆambn {]tbmKn¨n«pap−v.

138
2. XmehymtZiw
Xangnse Z´ym£c§Ä¡pw (X, \), AhbpsS Iq«£c§Ä¡pw
(¯, ¶, ´) ap¼phcp¶ kzcw, A, C, F, sF F¶o Xmehy§fnÂ
H¶mbm AXnsâ Xmehy[Àaw Chbn hym]n¨v Ahsb¡qSn Xmehy
§fm¡p¶p. X > N, \ > R, ¯ > ¨, ¶ > ª, ´ > © F¶n§
s\bmWp amäw. ChnsSbpw XmehymtZi¯n\p hnt[bamIm¯ i_vZ§
fmWv IqSpXÂ ImWp¶Xv.
I) ¯>¨
ASn¯v, _hn¯v, s]mfn¯v þ _.ap. 27
kq¨n¯v þ _.ap. 10
_pPn¯v þ a.]. 30
IpSn¯v þ In.am. 4
Adnhn¯hÀ þ aqe. 2
Dc¯v, Xcn¯v þ _.Jn. 41
s_¯p, tIZn¯p þ aqe. 7

XmehymtZiw h¶ cq]§Ä
apin¨p, _nfn¨p þ aqe. 4
Hcpan¨p þ _.ap. 29
XpSns¨ þ _.ap. 29

3. kzckwhcWw
{]IrXnbpsStbm, {]Xyb¯nsâtbm HSphn Xangv]Z§fn hcp
¶ ‘sF’Imcw aebmf¯n AImcambn¯ocp¶p. sshZyÀ¡rXnIfnÂ
Cu ‘sF’Imcw tNÀ¶ cq]§fpw Dt]£n¨ cq]§fpap−v.
_m_Sbv¯p þ _.ap. 10
]pIµnssS þ aqe. 1
_ssc þ _.Jn. 7
ass\ þ _.Jn. 8
_nsse þ kem. 11
sI«nssS þ _.Jn. 9
]pcpicnssà þ _.ap. 7

139
 IqdnssS þ _.Jn. 6
s]mcpZnssS þ D.]. 51
_mssf þ D.]. 26
F¶n§s\ "sF' Imcw tNÀ¶ cq]§Ä kpe`amWv. ip²Xangv
]Z§sf ‘sF’Imcw tNÀ¯pw, Dt]£n¨pw {]tbmKn¨p ImWp¶p−v.
]qss\ (_.Jn. 85), ]q\ (kem. 5, a.]. 59)
Ad_n]Z§fn t]mepw ‘sF’ Imcw tNÀ¯v Xangvcq]¯nem¡p
¶ kµÀ`§fp−v.
dAvkbv (dAvkv þ Xe) þ k.]. 95
_Z\bv (_Z³ þ icocw) þ _.ap. 64
akvPnZbv (akvPnZv þ ]Ån) þ a.]. 59
Ckvabv (Ckvav þ t]cv) þ _.Jn. 88
Phm_bv (Phm_v þ adp]Sn) þ _.Jn. 92
bZbv (bZp³ þ ssI) þ _.Jn. 74
\nAvaXbv (\nAvaXv þ A\p{Klw) þ _.Jn. 73
Inem_bv (Inem_vþ \mb) þ a.]. 57

4. ]pcpjt`Z\ncmkw
`mjm]cnWmahpambn _Ôs¸Sp¯n F.BÀ apt¶m«p hbv¡p¶
kn²m´§fnÂ, Gähpa[nIw NÀ¨ sN¿s¸«n«pÅXv ]pcpjt`Z\ncmk
amWv. IÀ¯mhnsâ enwKhN\{]Xyb§Ä {Inbbnepw Zo£n¡p¶ Xangv
coXn, aebmfw Dt]£n¨p F¶ \nKa\amWnXv. aebmf¯n ImWp¶
Xv ]pcpjt`Z\ncmkaÃ, AXnsâ A`mhamsW¶pw, ]ZykmlnXy¯nÂ
ImWp¶ {]tbmK§Ä XangvkmlnXy¯nsâ NphSp]nSn¨v Ir{Xnaambn
krjvSn¨XmWv F¶pamWv tUm. sI.Fw. tPmÀÖnsâ A`n{]mbw. aebm
f¯nsâ hmbvsamgnbn ]pcpjhN\{]Xyb§Ä¡v ]qÀW{]kàn
bpÅ HcpL«w D−mbncp¶Xmbn hnNmcn¡m³ \nhr¯nbnà F¶pw
3
At±lw hnebncp¯p¶p−v.
{]mNo\ hyhlmc`mjbn ]pcpj{]XybklnX§fmb {Inbm
cq]§Ä D−mbncpt¶m, F¶p Is−¯m³ {]bmkaps−¦nepw, ]Zy
t¯¡mÄ hyhlmc`mjtbmSSp¯p \n¡p¶ KZy¯n AXp \ne\n
¶ncp¶psh¶Xn\v sXfnhpIfp−v. `mjmIuSneobw, Aw_cotjm]m

140
Jym\w, tZhoamlmßyw F¶o {]mNo\KZyIrXnIfn C¯cw amXrI
IÄ ImWp¶p−v.
aebmf¯nse ]ZyIrXnIfn ImWp¶ ]pcpj{]XybklnX§
fmb ]Z§Ä Xangns\ A\pIcn¨p krjvSn¨XmsW¶ hmZ¯n `n¶m`n
{]mb§fp−v. F¶m Ad_naebmf¯n A¯cw {]tbmKhntij§
fpsS B[nIy¯n\p \nZm\w Ad_n¯angnsâ kzm[o\w aqeamsW¶v
A\pam\n¡p¶Xn sXänÃ. {ZmhnUImhy]mc¼cys¯ kaqew A\pI
cn¡m\pÅ hy{KX ChnsSbpw sXfnªp ImWp¶p.
_pPn¨p þ _.ap.17
Adnªp, s]mXnªp þ _.Jn.96
t]ip¶p þ _.Jn.100
samfnbp¶p þ _.Jn.100
XpS§nb {]tbmK§tf¡mÄ, ]pcpj{]XybklnX§fmb i_vZ
§fmWv ImWm³ IgnbpI.
AfpZmÀ þ k.].48
sNm¶m³ þ a.].41
CcnµmÀ þ _.ap.61
FSp¯m³ þ _.ap.57
XncnµmÀ þ _.Jn.84
HmZn\mÀ þ _.Jn.69
_n−m³ þ _.Jn.24
\bµmÀ þ _.Jn.63
]nSn¯m³ þ _.Jn.39
ASp¯mÀ þ D.].32
Iqdn\mÀ þ D.].35
DiÀ¯m³ þ D.].81
FSp¯mÄ þ _.Jn.98
I−mÀ þ D.].12
samfnµmÀ þ D.].12
aebmfw, Xangv{Inbmi_vZ§tfmsSm¸w Ad_n]Z§fnepw C¯
cw {]Xyb§Ä tNÀ¶v hcp¶p−v.
Phm_pämÀ þ a.].6
\fÀ¯h³ þ k.].69

141
 kpPqZn«mÀ þ _.ap.13
apXembh DZmlcWw.

5. Jntem]kw{Klw
Xangn ep]vX{]NmcambXmbn tIcf]mWn\n kqNn¸n¡p¶
"B³' F¶ ]n³hn\sb¨{]Xybw tNcm¯ {Inbmcq]§fpw, tNÀ¶
cq]§fpw ImWmw.
DZm.
Fcn¡cpZn þ D.].17
\ntbmPI a[ya_lphN\¯n aebmf¯n {]Nmc¯nepÅ
‘C³’ tNÀ¶ cq]§fpw ImWmw.
tI¸o³ þ _.Jn.97
samfohn³ þ _.ap.43
s]mdp¡pho³ þ D.].13
_mcpho³ þ k.]. 69
Xmcpho³ þ _.ap.82

V kÀÆ\ma§Ä
sshZyÀ¡rXnIfnse kÀÆ\mai_vZ§Ä hyXykvX`mjIfn \n
¶pÅhbmWv. Xangvi_vZ§fpsS \ne ChnsSbpw aebmf]Z§fpsS
F®t¯¡mÄ IqSpXemWv. Ad_n, DÀZpi_vZ§fpw CSbv¡p {]Xy£
s¸Sp¶p−v.

aebmfw
Fsâ þ _.ap.33
\½Ä þ k.].6
Rm³ þ a.]. 59
\nsâ þ _.ap.26
\o þ D.].14
R§Ä þ _.ap.82
Ah³ þ _.ap.26
AhÀ, AhnsS þ _.ap.26
ChÀ þ a.].12

142
 AhÄ þ k.].4
AZv þ k.].4
CZv þ k.].5
Hcph³ þ _.ap.38
Hcp¯sâ þ _.ap.39

Xangvi_vZ§Ä
\m³ þ _.ap.26
G¦Ä þ _.ap.40
F\bv þ _.a.26
\m¦Â þ _.ap.38
\abv þ D.].38
sbabv þ D.].25
sbabvIÄ þ D.].37
sb¦Ä¡v þ D.].46
\oÀ þ D.].13
\n¦Ä þ D.].37
D\bv þ k.].7
Dabv þ D.].25
DabvIÄ þ D.].12
D¦fpw þ a.].36
A¦v þ D.].14

Ad_ni_vZ§Ä
A\ (Rm³) þ D.].25, ln.25
lph (Ah³) þ D.].35
lpw (Ah³) þ D.].82
elp (Ah\v) þ _.Jn.6

VI _ÔhmNoi_vZ§Ä
_ÔhmNoi_vZ§fpsS kz`mhhpw {]tXyI {i²bÀln¡p¶p−v.
Ah am\I`mjbnteXmhWsa¶ \nÀ_Ôsam¶pw Ihn¡nÃ. hmbv
samgn{]tbmK§fpw, Xangv, Ad_ni_vZ§fpw kµÀ`m\pkcWw IS¶p
hcp¶p−v.

143
 A®³ (X) (tPyjvT³) þ k.].28
X¼n (X) (A\pP³) þ k.].28
IWh³ (X) (`À¯mhv) þ k.].28
abnµÀ (X) (a¡Ä) þ D.].18
aWhn (X) (`mcy) þ a.]. 33
kuPXv (A) (`mcy) þ D.].11
A_p (A) (]nXmhv þ _.ap.39
Jm (A) (A½mh³) þ a.]. 35
Pman (A) (ktlmZcn) þ a.]. 9
_n³Xv (A) (aIÄ) þ D.].18
A½v (A) (]nXrktlmZc³) þ _.Jn. 35
_mh (t]) (]nXmhv) þ _.ap.48
Cf_m (a + A) (Cfbѳ) þ _.ap.48

VII kwJymi_vZ§Ä
sshZyÀ¡rXnIfn ImWp¶ kwJymhmNnIfmb i_vZ§fpsS
sshhn[yw A\phmNI\v Ffp¸w Xncn¨dnbm\mhpw. aebmfw, Xangv,
I¶S, DÀZp, Ad_n, kwkvIrXw, Cw¥ojv F¶o `mjIfnse i_vZ§fpw
A¡s¡«v, A_vPZv apXemb kt¦X§fpw Ihn {]tbmP\s¸Sp¯p¶p
−v. kwJyIsf Ipdn¡p¶ hyXykvX `mjm]Z§fpsS an{iWhpw, Ad
_n A_vPZvkwbpà§fpw C¡q«¯nep−v. hr¯hpw, {]mkhpw H¯p
t]mIm³ am{XaÃ, Htci_vZw ASp¯Sp¯ ]mZ§fn IS¶phcpt¼m
gpÅ BhÀ¯\w Hgnhm¡m\pw Ch {]tbmP\s¸Sp¯p¶p−v. _ZÀJn
Êbnse 56þmw Ci DZmlcWw.
‘hm\ÀIfmbncw t]ÀIfpambn ap\w
t]mboSWw P_vdmCuÂ
t]mZvao¡mCuepw IqsS lkmdv
baXqZcpw ssK\ZZpw Cukvdm^oÂ’
_ZÀbp²¯n {]hmNIs\ klmbn¡m³ amemJamcnÂ, {]apJ
cmb Pn_vcoÂ, aoJmCuÂ, Ckvdm^o F¶nhÀ Hmtcmcp¯cpw 1000 ho
Xw amemJamsc Iq«n ]pds¸SWsa¶ ssZhIev]\bmWv ImhykµÀ`w.
CXn {]tbmKn¨ "lkmÀ' Ad_nbpw, "ssK³' A_vPZpamWv. CtX

144
a«n Bbncs¯ kqNn¸n¡m³, aq¶p`mjIfnse i_vZ§Ä 62þmw Ci
enepw {]tbmKn¨Xp ImWmw.
Htc Cien Xs¶ hyXykvX`mjIfn \n¶pÅ ]Z§Ä {]tbm
Kn¨v hyXykvXkwJyIsf kqNn¸n¡p¶ kµÀ`§fpw D−v. _ZvdpÂ
ap\odnse 52þmw Cien Hcp sIm«mc¯nsâ hÀW\bp−v.
‘\q\pw kaNXpÀ Hcp ]m©v ^dmknJv
t\m¡q ]WnX«p k_vB\nbmw ASsh
\Sp ASn¯«Xpw k]vXan s]m¶mÂ
hSnhpsS ]¨bpw Akv^dpw ]n¶m’
(A³]XvImXw kaNXpc¯nepÅ ]qt´m«¯n A©pImXw ka
NXpc¯nepff sIm«mcw. AXn\p ]Xn\mev \neIfp−v. GgmwX«phsc
kzÀW\nÀ½nXamWv.)
CXn "\q³' F¶ ]Zw A_vPZv kt¦Xa\pkcn¨v A¼Xns\
kqNn¸n¡p¶p. ]m©v (5þDÀZp) k_vB\n(14þAd_n), k]vXan (Ggma
t¯Xv þkwkvIrXw) F¶n§s\bmWv {]tbmKn¨ncn¡p¶Xv.

I) A_vPZpw, A¡s¡«pw
A_vPZv, A¡s¡«v XpS§nb kwJymkt¦X§sf Ipdn¨pÅ [mc
W ]e IrXnIfpsSbpw AÀ°{KlW¯n\v BhiyamWv. A£c§
Ä¡v kwJymaqeyw I¸n¨v, kwJyIÄ¡p ]Icw \nÝnXA£c§tfm,
Ah tNÀ¶pkrjvSn¡p¶ i_vZtam {]tbmKn¡p¶coXnbmWv A_vPZv.
hmIy§Ät¡m, ]Z§Ät¡m ]Icw Ahbnse A£c§fpsS aqeyw
IW¡m¡n kwJy {]tbmKn¡p¶Xpw CXnsâ `mKamWv. Ad_n, lo{_p,
kpdnbm\n F¶o skanänIv`mjIfn sNdnb hyXymkt¯msS \qäm−p
IÄ¡p apt¼ Cu coXn \ne\n¶pt]m¶ncp¶p. "tiaob (Semitic) `mjI
fn BZys¯ H¼Xv A£c§Ä¡v bYm{Iaw H¶p apX H¼Xphsc
bpÅ GII§fptSbpw ASp¯ H¼sX®¯n\v ]¯pIfptSbpw tijn
¡p¶hbv¡v \qdpIfptSbpw, aqeyamWpÅXv. Ad_nbn kz\na§fpsS
{Iaw aäp c−p`mjIfn \n¶v hyXykvXambncn¡p¶Xn\m aqey§Ä
4
¡pw hyXymkw hcp¶p. '
Ad_n{KÙImc³amÀ hym]Iambn D]tbmKn¨ncp¶ Cu coXn
bv¡v Ad_naebmf¯n {]Nmcw \ÂIp¶Xv tambn³Ip«n sshZycmWv.

145
IrXnIÄ cNn¨ hÀjtam atäsX¦nepw kwJyItfm Npcps¡gp¯psIm
−v kqNn¸n¡m\pw, hr¯hpw {]mkhpw ]men¡m\pw Ffp¸amÀKw F¶
\nebnemWv Ihn Cu coXn {]tbmP\s¸Sp¯p¶Xv. Nne kµÀ`§sf
ap³\nÀ¯n CXp hniZam¡mw.
_ZvdpÂap\odnse Ahkm\s¯ Cien IrXnbpsS cN\mImew
kqNn¸n¡p¶Xv C§s\bmWv:
‘Nnµn X^vdKv k\Xv X¶nÂ
ilvÀ dP_v ]¯pw _pZ³ BbuanÂ’
CXn lnPvdhÀjw 1289þs\ kqNn¸n¡p¶Xv ‘X^vdKv’ F¶ i
_vZw D]tbmKs¸Sp¯nbmWv. CXnse Ad_nA£c§fmb Kbv³(K)þ
1000, dmAv(d)þ200, ^mAv(^)þ(80), XzmAv(X)þ9 F¶nhbv¡p \nÝbn¨n«p
Å kwJymaqeyw Iq«pIbmWv sNbvXncn¡p¶Xv. A{]Imcw Hcp \me¡
kwJyhcnIÄ¡nSbn {]tbmKn¡pt¼mgp−mIp¶ A`wKnbpw A\uNn
Xyhpw Hgnhm¡m³ km[n¨ncn¡p¶p. keoJ¯v]SbpsS cN\mhÀjw
"KÀ^lv' F¶ kwÚbneqsS hyàam¡p¶Xp ImWmw (k.]. 95) CXn
se A£c§Ä¡v kwJymaqeyw \ÂIn Iq«pt¼mÄ AXv ln. 1285þs\
Ipdn¡p¶Xmbn hyàamIp¶p.
ssK³(K)þ1000, dmAv(d)þ200, ^mAv (^)þ 80, lmAv (l)þ5
ae¸pdw]Sbnse 46þmw Cien t]mcm«w \S¡p¶ hÀjw kqNn
¸n¡p¶Xv "fÀav' F¶ ]Zw sIm−mWv. lnPvdhÀjw 1141 BWv hywKyw.
C{]Imcw sNdpXpw hepXpamb kwJyIÄ \nch[n kµÀ`§fnÂ
A_vPZnsâ kt¦Xap]tbmKn¨p kqNn¸n¡p¶p.
XzmAv (9) þ a.]. 9
b (10) þ k.]. 33
hml (12) þ _. Jn. 3
Ilvhm (33) þ _. Jn. 69
emw (30) þ _. ap. 41, _.Jn. 7
Pmam (44) þ a.]. 69
ssK³ (1000) þ _. Jn. 56
fzÀkzlv (3000) þ _. Jn. 56
Ad_nbnsebpw, aäp `mjIfnsetbm kwJymhmNnIfmb ]Z§
fpw A_vPZpw Iq«nt¨À¯v {]tbmKn¡p¶ ]Xnhp−v. _ZvdpÂap\oÀ 23þmw

146
Cien F®mbncs¯ kqNn¸n¡p¶Xv. ‘B«v ]¯v ssK³’ F¶ {]tbm
K¯neqsSbmWv. DÀZp, aebmfw i_vZ§tfmsSm¸w A_vPZpw IqSn tNcp
IbmWnhnsS. ssKs\mSv Ccp\qdpw \q³(1250) _.Jn.19, ]¯pwJm^v (110)þ
k.].73, tbfpw ]nsd aoaplkmÀ(1047)k.].95 XpS§nbhbpw kam\amXr
IbnepÅhbmWv.
tIcf¯nse CkvemwhnizmknIÄ¡nSbn A_vPZn\v e`n¨ {]
Nmcw ‘786’ F¶ kwJybpsS {]tbmK¯nÂImWmw. JpÀB\nse Hmtcm
A[ymb¯nsâbpw {]mcw`¯n ImWp¶ ‘_nkvanÃmln dlvam\n dlow’
F¶ hmIy¯nse kz\na§fpsS kwJymaqeyw Iq«nbm e`n¡p¶
kwJybmWnXv. CXnsâ Npcps¡gp¯v F¶ \nebn Cu kwJy kÀÆ
km[mcWambn {]tbmKn¨phcp¶p−v. sshZycpsS ‘kemkoenÂ’ Xsâ
Kpcp\mY\mb apkveymcI¯v Al½ZpIp«napkveymcpsS t]cv kwJy
sIm−p kqNn¸n¡p¶Xv (C. 3) Cu amXrIsb A\pIcn¨mWv.
A_vPZn\p kam\ambn ae_mdnse apkvenwIġnSbn {]Nmc
¯nep−mbncp¶ A£ckwJym{IaamWv A¡s¡«v. aebmf¯nse A
©v kzcm£c§Ä¡pw 18 hyRvP\§Ä¡pw \nÝnX kwJymaqeyw IÂ
¸n¨p cq]s¸Sp¯nb kt¦XamWnXv. CXnsâ ]ndhn¡p ap¼pXs¶ tIcf
¯n {]Nmc¯nep−mbncn¡m\nSbpÅ ‘IS]bmZn’ C¯csamcp kt¦
X¯nsâ krjvSn¡pw {]Nmc¯n\pw hgnh¨ncn¡mw. ‘IS]bmZnbpw A_v
PZpw I−p]cnNbn¨ am¸nfamÀ kz´ambn Hcp{Iaw D−m¡nbXmhmw.
A¡s¡«v ]eImcy§fnepw A_vPZns\ A\pIcn¡pIbpw IS]bmZn
bnset]mse aebmf¯nse A£c§sf ASnØm\am¡n hbv¡pIbpw
sNbvXmhmw AXn\p cq]wsImSp¯Xv. Iq«£c§fnse tNcphIsf X½n
 KpWn¡pI, A¡§sf A£c§fmbn ]cmhÀ¯\w sN¿pI, `n¶
kwJyIsf¡qSn Cu {Ia¯n DÄs¸Sp¯pI apXembh AhÀ tNÀ¯
5
]cnjvImc§fmhmw.’ A¡s¡«p{]Imcw A£c§Ä¡p aqeyw \nÝbn
¨ncn¡p¶Xv C{]ImcamWv:
Aþ1 Iþ2 §þ3 Nþ4 Rþ5 S þ6 Wþ7
Xþ8 \þ9 ] þ 10 a þ 20 b þ 30 c þ 40 e þ 50
h þ 60 k þ 70 f þ 80 g þ 90 d þ 100 C þ 1000 D
1/4 F þ 1/2 H þ 3/4 CW¨w þ Cc«

147
 ‘CW¨w’ F¶Xv Cc«n¸ns\¡pdn¡p¶p. CW¨v\mev F¶m ‘F«v’
F¶À°w. A¡s¡«n hcp¶ A£c§fpw AhbpsS aqey§fpw Ffp
¸¯n HmÀ½n¡¯¡hn[w Hcp am¸nf¸m«n \n_Ôn¨ncp¶p.
sshZyÀ¡rXnIfn A]qÀhambn am{Xta A¡s¡«p {]tbmKn¨n
«pÅp. _ZÀJnÊbnse 7þmw Cien ‘]ncn s]m¶v In«n cn_vlmÂ’ F¶p
ImWmw. ChnsS ‘]ncn’ F¶Xns\ kwJybm¡n amänbn 50,000 F¶p
In«pw.
] þ 10 C þ 100 = ]n þ 10,000
c þ 40 C þ 100 = cn þ 40,000
BsI þ ]ncn = 50,000

hyXykvX`mjIfnse kwJymi_vZ§Ä
kwJymhmNoi_vZ§fmbn Ihn {]tbmKn¨ aebmf¯ntebpw
A\y`mjIfntebpw Nne ]Z§Ä IqSn ]cntim[n¡mw.

aebmfw
c−v þ a.]. 12
\mev þ kem. 8
A©v þ a.]. 65
F«v þ kem .14
]¯v þ k.]. 91
]Xn\©v þ k.]. 91
]Xns\«v þ a.]. 50
\qdv þ _.Jn. 9
Bbncw þ _.Jn. 56

Xangv
H−v (1) þ _.ap. 5
ap−p (3) þ _.Jn. 8
\m¦v (4) þ k.]. 88
\m¸¯v\m¦v (44) þ a.]. 17

148
Ad_n
hmlnZv (1) þ _.Jn. 88
km\n (2) þ _.Jn. 88
kmenkv (3) þ _.Jn. 88
dm_nAv (4) þ _.Jn. 88
Jmankv (5) þ _.Jn. 88
kmZnkv (6) þ _.Jn. 88
km_nAv (7) þ _.Jn. 88
Aid (10) þ _.Jn. 31
Civdq\ (20) þ _.Jn. 21
Jwko\ (50) þ _.ap. 82
k_vDu\ (70) þ _.Jn. 94
anAXv (100) þ _.Jn. 21
kemk AÂ^v (3000) þ D.]. 6

DÀZp/t]Àjy³
B«v (8) þ a.]. 65
Xokv (30) þ _.ap. 48
Xo³ (3) þ _.ap. 59
kmXv (7) þ _.ap. 7

Cw¥ojv
t^mÀ(4) þ a.]. 5
t^mÀ«n (40) þ _.ap. 69

kwkvIrXw
Zn (Zzn þ 2) þ a.]. 13
NXpÀ (4) þ a.]. 15
NXw (iXw þ 100) þ a.]. 41
\hNXw (900) þ a.]. 55

149
VIII enwKhN\{]Xyb§Ä
{Inbm]Z§fn AXnsâ [mXphnt\msSm¸w enwKw, hN\w, Imew
apXembhbpw tNÀ¶phcp¶XmWv Ad_n`mjbpsS kz`mhw. enwKhN\
cq]§Ä aebmf¯n \n¶pw hyXykvXamWv. ]pÃnwKw, kv{XoenwKw
F¶n§s\ enwKcq]§Ä c−phn[tabpÅq. \]pwkIenwKanÃ. F¶mÂ
GIhN\¯n\pw, _lphN\¯n\panSbn cs−®s¯ Ipdn¡p¶Xn\m
bn ZznhN\w IqSnbp−v. sshbmIcW³amÀ, ‘sN¿pI’ F¶À°apÅ
‘^nAvÂ’ F¶ {Inbm[mXphns\ ASnØm\am¡nbmWv CXv DZmlcn
¡mdpÅXv. CXnÂ\n¶pw \njv]mZn¸n¡p¶ `qXImemÀ°¯nepÅ 14
cq]§fpw `mhn, hÀ¯am\w F¶nhsb kqNn¸n¡p¶ 14 cq]§fpw
t\m¡mw.
1. ^Ae þ Ah³ sNbvXp
2. ^Aem þ AhÀ c−p ]pcpj·mÀ sNbvXp.
3. ^Aeq þ AhÀ ]pcpj·mÀ sNbvXp.
4. ^AeXv þ AhÄ sNbvXp.
5. ^AeXm þ AhÀ c−p kv{XoIÄ sNbvXp
6. ^AÂ\m þ AhÀ kv{XoIÄ sNbvXp.
7. ^AÂX þ \o (Hcp ]pcpj³) sNbvXp.
8. ^AÂXpam þ \n§Ä c−p ]pcpj·mÀ sNbvXp.
9. ^AÂXpw þ \n§Ä ]pcpj·mÀ sNbvXp.
10. ^AÂXn þ \o (Hcp kv{Xo) sNbvXp.
11. ^AÂXpam þ \n§Ä c−p kv{XoIÄ sNbvXp.
12. ^AÂXp¶ þ \n§Ä kv{XoIÄ sNbvXp.
13. ^AÂXp þ Rm³ sNbvXp.
14. ^AÂ\m þ R§Ä sNbvXp.
CXn BZy Bdvcq]§Ä {]Ya]pcpjkÀÆ\ma¯nepÅXmWv.
XpSÀ¶pÅ Bsd®w a[ya]pcpj\nepw Ahkm\s¯ cs−®w D¯a
]pcpj\nepw hcp¶hbmWv. F«v, ]Xns\m¶v F¶nh H¶pXs¶bmWv.
Cu ]Xn\mev {Inbmcq]§fpw ]qÀW{Inbsb (`qXImew) Ipdn¡p¶p.
hÀ¯am\w, `mhn F¶nhsb Ipdn¡m³ Htc cq]§fmWpÅXv.
t\m¡pI:
1. b^vAep þ Ah³ sN¿p¶p/sN¿pw.

150
 2. b^vAem\n þ AhÀ (c−p ]pcpj·mÀ) sN¿p¶p/sN¿pw.
3. b^vAeq\ þ AhÀ ]pcpj·mÀ sN¿p¶p/sN¿pw.
4. X^vAep þ AhÀ sN¿p¶p/sN¿pw.
5. X^vAem\n þ AhÀ (c−p kv{XoIÄ) sN¿p¶p/sN¿pw.
6. b^vAÂ\ þ AhÀ kv{XoIÄ sN¿p¶p/sN¿pw.
7. X^vAep þ \o (Hcp ]pcpj³) sN¿p¶p/sN¿pw.
8. X^vAem\n þ \n§Ä(c−p ]pcpj·mÀ) sN¿p¶p/sN¿pw.
9. X^vAeq\ þ \n§Ä ]pcpj·mÀ sN¿p¶p/sN¿pw.
10. X^vAeo\ þ \o (Hcp kv{Xo) sN¿p¶p/sN¿pw.
11. X^vAem\n þ \n§Ä (c−p kv{XoIÄ) sN¿p¶p/sN¿pw.
12. b^vAÂ\ þ \n§Ä kv{XoIÄ sN¿p¶p/sN¿pw.
13. A^vAep þ Rm³ sN¿p¶p/sN¿pw.
14. \^vAep þ R§Ä sN¿p¶p/sN¿pw.
Ad_nhymIcW¯nsâ C¯cw {]mYanIX¯z§fpsS shfn¨¯n
Âam{Xta, sshZyÀ¡rXnIfnse Ad_ni_vZ§Ä ]cntim[n¡m\mhq.
Ihn {]tbmKn¡p¶ Ad_n]Z§fpw {]tbmK§fpw, an¡t¸mgpw \macq
]¯nepÅhbÃ, taÂkqNn¸n¨ hn[apÅ enwKhN\Imet`Z§tfmSp Iq
Snb {InbmkwÚIfmWv. Nne DZmlcW§Ä t\m¡pI:
‘\SµmÀ apZnÀµmsIbpw F¯n
\keq Pp^v\¯v Xe¯nÂ’ (_.Jn.24)
AhÀ apt¶m«p\o§n Pp^v\¯v F¶ Øe¯v Cd§n. (\keqþ
AhÀ Cd§n)
‘CIem dfo\m \oÀ AaÀ sN¿pw ]Snt]m H¡m’ (_.hn.26)
bp²¯nsâ Imcy¯n A§bpsS Xocpam\¯n R§Ä Xr]vXn
s¸«p. (dfo\mþR§Ä Xr]vXns¸«p)
Cu hn[amWv {]tbmKcoXn. {Inbmi_vZt¯msSm¸w IÀ¯mhnsâ
enwKhN\ {]Xyb§Ä tNÀ¡p¶ XangvcoXntbmSv CXn\pÅ kmZriyw
{]ISamWtÃm. aäp Nne DZmlcW§Ä t\m¡pI:
JdP (AbmÄ ]pds¸«p) þ k.].56
Jzme (AbmÄ ]dªp) þ D.].43
dAvk (AbmÄ aS§n) þ k.].56
Jmeq (AhÀ ]dªp) þ D.].10

151
 PmA (AbmÄ h¶p) þ ln.25
PmDu (AhÀ h¶p) þ _.Jn.26
PmAXv (AhÄ h¶p) þ _.ap.77
JmeXv (AhÄ ]dªp) þ _. ap. 20
kAJzXv (AhÄ \nehnfn¨p) þ a. ]. 34
kmdXv (AhÄ t]mbn) þ _.ap.82
AdXp (Rm³ Dt±in¨p) þ D.].18
AJZvXp (Rm³ ]nSn¨p) þ _.ap.64
k_nÀXp (Rm³ £an¨p) þ _.ap.68
dfo\m (R§Ä Xr]vXns¸«p ) þ _.Jn. 26
CXn \n¶pw hyXykvXambn Ad_n]Z§tfmSv aebmf¯nse
enwK{]Xyb§Ä, Ime{]Xyb§Ä, hN\{]Xyb§Ä F¶nhtNÀ¯v
]ZkrjvSn \S¯p¶ coXnbpap−v. Ad_naebmf¯nse ]n¡mekmln
XyIrXnIfnepw, am¸nfhmbvsamgnbnepw C¯cw {]tbmK§Ä hym]Iam
hp¶Xv sshZycpsS kzm[o\^eamWv.
`mjbnse ]pÃnwK{]Xybamb ‘A³’ tNÀ¶ i_vZ§Ä t\m¡pI.
In_vd³ (In_vdv + A³ þ Al¦mcn) þ _.Jn.31,
kem.44
^n¯³ (^nXv\ + A³ þ ZpjvS³) þ a.].20
AlZh³ (AlvZv + A³ þ GI\mb ssZhw) þ _.Jn.69
l¿h³ (l¿v + A³ þ acWanÃm¯h³) þ a.].28

kv{XoenwK{]Xyb§fmb ‘C’, ‘¯n’ F¶nh tNÀ¶h

k¿nZ¯n (k¿nZ¯v + C) bPam\¯n þ _.ap. 12

alv_q_¯n (alv_q_ + ¯n) kvt\lnX þ _.ap.59
aAviqJ¯n (aAviqJ + ¯n) Iman\n þ _.ap.59
Ime{]Xybw tN˦h
\fÀXp (\fd + Xp) I−p þ _.ap. 42, 47
\fdmbn (\fd + Bbn) I−p þ _.ap.57
Ad_n]Z§tfmSv ‘Bbn’ tNÀ¯p `qXImemÀ°w krjvSn¨ ]Z§
fp−v.

152
 fÀ_mbn (sh«n) þ D.]. 36
Pekmbn (Ccp¶p) þ _.ap. 57
Xl¿dmbn (]cn{`an¨p) þ _.ap. 48
X½¯mbn (X½Xv + Bbn)]qÀ¯nbmbn þ _.ap. 87
_lphN\{]Xyb§Ä tNÀ¶h
_emDIÄ (_emAv + IÄ) þ _.Jn. 6
kpelm¡Ä (kpelmAv + IÄ) kZvhr¯·mÀ þ _.Jn. 6
_\nIÄ (_\n + IÄ) a¡Ä þ _.Jn. 26
Abv_pIÄ (Abv_v + IÄ) \yq\XIÄ þ _.Jn. 51
CJvhm¦Ä (CJvhm³ + IÄ) ktlmZc§Ä þ _.Jn. 87
kndmPpIÄ (kndmPv + IÄ) hnf¡pIÄ þ _.ap. 85
AÀhmlpIÄ (AÀhmlv + IÄ) Bßm¡Ä þ a.]. 1
dnPmÂIÄ (dnPm + IÄ) ]pcpj·mÀ þ a.]. 27
_n³XpIÄ (_n³Xv + IÄ) s]¬a¡Ä þ ln. 14
Ip^nÀIÄ (Ip^nÀ + IÄ) AhnizmknIÄ þ k.]. 64
J_oeÀ (J_oe + AÀ) tKm{X¡mÀ þ D.]. 6
aZ\nbÀ (aZ\n + AÀ) aZo\¡mÀ þ _.Jn. 12
CtXmsSm¸w,
CdtµmÀ (X) þ k.]. 64
abnµÀ (X) þ D.]. 18
AZanIÄ (D) þ _.ap. 15
emw_pIÄ (Cw) þ _.ap. 85
apXemb _lphN\{]Xyb§Ä tNÀ¶ Ad_ntbXc`mjmi_vZ
§fpw ImWmw.

‘HmÀ’ þ _lphN\{]Xybw

aebmf¯nse ‘AÀ’ F¶ _lphN\{]Xyb¯nsâ Øm\¯v

‘HmÀ’ F¶ {]Xybw tNÀ¡p¶coXn BZyImew apXÂ Ad_naebmf
¯nep−v. ht¶mhÀ, ]ndt¶mhÀ XpS§nbcq]§Ä aplvbn±o³ amebnÂ
ImWmw. aebmfw, Xangv, Ad_n]Z§fn ‘HmÀ’ {]Xybw tNÀ¶ _lp
hN\cq]§Ä sshZyÀ {]tbmKn¨n«p−v.

153
 DetImÀ þ a.]. 8
]¯n\ntbmÀ þ a.]. 29
CdtµmÀ, apJ±ntamÀ þ _.Jn. 5
_etZmÀ þ _.ap. 87
ipltZmÀ þ a.]. 29
XpS§nb cq]§Ä Cu KW¯n hcp¶XmWv.

kenwK_lphN\w
aebmf¯nse kenwK_lphN\¯nse ]pÃnwKcq]§fn hcp¶
‘A³’ {]Xybw Hgnhm¡p¶ ]Xnhp−v.
DZm.
Aaod½mÀ (Aaod·mÀ) þ F.]. 5
IýmÀ (I÷mÀ) þ a.]. 26
Xeh½mÀ (Xeh·mÀ) þ a.]. 52
_neh½mÀ (_ehm·mÀ) þ a.]. 52
]pcpi½mÀ (]pcpj·mÀ) þ a.]. 7
_me½mÀ (_me·mÀ) þ a.]. 59

]qPI_lphN\w

‘AÀ’, ‘BÀ’, ‘IÄ’ F¶o {]Xyb§Ä tNÀ¶ ]qPI_lphN\

cq]§Ä aebmf þ Ad_ni_vZ§fn [mcmfambn {]Xy£s¸Sp¶p.
dkqeÀ þ a.]. 4
lmanZÀ þ D.]. 13
lwkbÀ þ ln. 22
ac¡mcÀ þ a.]. 22
\_nbmÀ þ _.Jn. 10
dkqÂIÄ þ _.Jn. 8
A_phÀ þ a.]. 32
AenbmÀ þ _.Jn. 9

Cc«_lphN\cq]§Ä
Ihn {]tbmKn¡p¶ ]e _lphN\cq]§fpw {]mNo\aebmf
s¯bpw, AXnsâ Xangv_Ôs¯bpw A\pkvacn¸n¡p¶p. _lphN\

154
i_vZ§fn Cc«{]Xybw tNÀ¶pÅ cq]§Ä Xangn Ct¸mgpap−v.
aebmf¯n ]qPI_lphN\ambn {]tbmKn¡p¶ AhÀIÄ t]mepÅ
Nne hncf{]tbmK§sf {]Nmc¯nepÅq. ChbmIs« teJ\¯n D]
tbmKn¡mdpanÃ.
DZmlcW§Ä ImWpI.
AhÀIÄ þ _.ap. 41
_m\ÀIÄ þ a.]. 7
_meÀIÄ þ a.]. 19
kpZÀIÄ þ a.]. 27
ISbÀIÄ þ a.]. 27
HmXp¶hÀIÄ þ a.]. 20
aµncnamÀIÄ þ a.]. 20
tXmfÀIÄ þ D.]. 29
AcntImÀIÄ þ D.]. 29
Pnl¯ÀIÄ þ D.]. 51
ChÀIÄ þ D.]. 41
NneÀIÄ þ D.]. 43
\cÀIÄ þ D.]. 33
IpeÀIÄ þ k.].52
B[p\nIaebmf¯n {]Nmc¯nenÃm¯ _lphN\cq]§fpw,
IhnbpsS Xs¶ krjvSnbmb cq]§fpamWv asämcp hn`mKw.
AcnIÀ, ap−À þ a.]. 22
sNm¡À þ a.]. 8
ISphÀ þ a.]. 13
tXm¡À þ a.]. 52
F¶nh Cu KW¯nepÅhbmWv.

IX \ntj[{Inb

aebmf¯nse hn[nhmIy¯nse {Inbm]Zt¯msSm¸w ‘B, AÂ,

CÂ’ XpS§nb Jne[mXpcq]§Ä A\p{]tbmKambn tNcpt¼mgmWv
\ntj[hmIy§Ä cq]s¸Sp¶Xv. aebmf¯nsebpw aäp `mjIfnsebpw
i_vZ§fn Ch tNÀ¯v krjvSn¡p¶ \ntj[cq]§tfmsSm¸w Ad_n

155
bnse \ntj[{]Xyb§fmb "em' tNÀ¶p hcp¶ Ad_ni_vZ§fpw
ImWmw.
\n\¡p¶nà þ _.ap. 68
Aabv¯nà (krjvSn¨nÃ) þ _.Jn. 3
Ipe¸Xv AÃbv (h[n¡pIbnÃ) þ D.]. 104
DZvdnà (ImcWanÃ) þ a.]. 28
i¡nà (kwibanÃ) þ _.Jn. 13
em \Avew (\ap¡dnbnÃ) þ _.Jn. 12
em i¡v (kwibanÃ) þ _.Jn. 13
em \Zvdo (R§Ä¡dnbnÃ) þ _.Jn. 56
em XAveaq (\n§Ä¡dnbnÃ) þ D.]

X kam\mÀ°{]Xyb§fpw {]tbmK§fpw
Ad_nbnepw aebmf¯nepw kam\mÀ°¯n hcp¶ {]Xyb§
Ä, ]Z§Ä F¶nh Hcpan¨p{]tbmKn¡p¶ coXn \nch[n kµÀ`§fnÂ
ImWmw. {]Xy£¯n BhÀ¯\ambn tXm¶msa¦nepw an¡{]tbmK
§fnepw kµÀ`m\pkrXambn IqSpX AÀ°hym]vXn \ÂIm³ Ch
]cym]vXamIp¶p−v. hyhlmc`mjbnse ‘HXp¡hpw AS¡hpw’ F¶ {]
tbmKw CXn\p kam\amWv. c−p]Zhpw tNÀ¶p\n¡pt¼mÄ hyXykvX
amb [z\nXew krjvSn¡m³ AXp ]cym]vXamhp¶Xn\memhmw CXv.
sshZyÀ¡rXnIfnse Ae¶_nbnÂ(a.].68), A¶_ntb(H.am.I.
9), F\bv k¿nZ¯o (_.ap.12) F¶o {]tbmK§Ä t\m¡pI.
"Ae¶_nbnÂ' F¶Xn\v \_nbpsS ta F¶À°w. CXnse,
‘Ae’ F¶ Ad_ni_vZ¯n\pw, ‘CÂ’ F¶ aebmf{]Xyb¯n\pw AÀ
°kmayap−v. ae¸pdw]S¸m«n CXpc−pw H¶n¨p {]tbmKn¨ncn¡pI
bmWv Ihn. H«I¯nsâbpw am\nsâbpw IY F¶ Imhy¯nse ‘A¶
_ntb’ F¶ {]tbmKw CXn\p kam\amWv. Ad_nbnÂ, ‘A¶_n’ F¶
{]tbmK¯nÂXs¶ "\_ntb', F¶ kwt_m[\mÀ°w kn²n¡p¶p−v.
]Zm´y¯n ‘G’ F¶ \n]mXw tNÀ¯p kwt_m[\mcq]w krjvSn¡pI
aebmf¯nsâ kz`mhamWv. F¶m c−pi_vZ§fpw H¶n¨p{]tbmKn¨n
cn¡pIbmWnhnsS. AXpt]mse _ZvdpÂap\oÀ Imhy¯nse 12þmw Ci
en \mbnIbmb lpkv\pÂPamens\ A_qk¿mZv kwt_m[\ sN¿p

156
¶Xv, ‘Fss\ k¿nZ¯o’ F¶mWv ‘k¿nZXv’ F¶Xv ‘k¿nZv' F¶ Ad
_n]Z¯nsâ kv{XoenwKi_vZamWv. CXn aebmf¯nse kv{XoenwK{]
Xyb§fnsem¶mb ‘C’tNÀ¡p¶tXmsS BhÀ¯\kz`mhw ssIhcp¶p.
AXpt]mse ‘k¿nZ¯n’ F¶ kwt_m[\bnÂXs¶ Ad_nhymIcWa
\pkcn¨v "Fsâ bPam\¯o' F¶ AÀ°w DÄs¡mÅp¶p−v. ‘Fss\’
F¶ i_vZw BhÀ¯\amWv.
Ad_n]Z§fn `mjbnse enwK{]Xyb§Ä tNÀ¯Xn\pZmlc
Wambn t\cs¯ DZmlcn¨ ‘kuP¯n’ (_.ap.18), aAviqJ¯n (_.ap.
59), alv_q_¯n (_.ap.59) apXembhbpw kam\kz`mhw ]peÀ¯p¶h
bmWv.
‘Xc¯m Dc¡pt¼mÄ al_q_¯n
X«n¡fbptam, aAviqJz¯n’
F¶ CucSnbpsS ]mcmbWthfbnÂ, A\phmNI\v sXÃpw Akz
`mhnIXb\p`hs¸Sp¶nÃ. ]t£, Cu {]tbmK§Ä kq£vamÀ°¯nÂ
]cntim[n¡pt¼mÄ Ah Ad_nbn kv{XoenwKmÀ°apÅ ‘alv_q_’,
‘aAviqJ’ F¶o ]Z§tfmsSm¸w aebmf¯nse kv{XoenwK{]Xybamb
‘¯n’ tNÀ¶hbmsW¶p hyàamIp¶p. `mcy F¶À°apÅ ‘kuP¯v’
F¶ Ad_nkwÚbn ‘C’Imcw tNÀ¯pkrjvSn¨ kuP¯n F¶ ]Z
hpw hyXykvXaÃ.
CXpt]mse {]Ya]pcpj\nepÅ "\fd' F¶ Ad_n{Inbmi_vZ
¯n\v I−p F¶À°w. CXnt\msSm¸w aebmf¯nse `qXIme{]Xyb
amb ‘Xp’ tNÀ¯v "\fÀXp' F¶p \nch[n Øe§fn {]tbmKn¡p¶p
−v. aebmf¯nse hnhn[{]Xyb§Ä tNÀ¯v, X\naebmfi_vZsa¶
t]mse, ]cs¡ {]tbmKn¡p¶ i_vZamWv ‘\fÀ’ F¶Xv.
\fÀXp þ _.ap. 47
\fÀ¯h\m þ _.ap. 77
\fÀt¯m³ þ _.ap. 15
\fÀ¯n«v þ _.ap. 16
\fÀ¯nà þ _.ap. 39
\fÀ¡− þ _.ap. 43

157
 \fdmbn þ _.Jn. 75
\fÀ¡Â þ _.ap. 35
\fÀ¡bv þ _.Jn. 40

kam\mÀ°]Z§Ä
{]Xyb§fnse¶t]mse ]Z§fpsS Xe¯nepw Nnet¸mÄ Cu
BhÀ¯\kz`mhw ImWp¶p.
‘_ne¯m tIs«mcp k±w sNhnsâ ImXnÂ’ þ _.ap. 30
‘sbhnS¯n IpSn_oSpw samfn tXs\’ þ _.ap. 31
_ZvdpÂap\odnse Cu hcnIfn BZyt¯Xn sNhn, ImXv F¶n
hbpw c−mat¯Xn ‘IpSn hoSv’ F¶nhbpw tNÀ¶p hcp¶XpImWmw.
CXn c−mat¯Xn\p kam\amb hoSpw, IpSnbpw F¶ {]tbmKw ae
_mdnse hmsamgnbn ImWmw. ChnsS c−p]Z§fpw aebmf¯nteXp
Xs¶. Nne kµÀ`§fn hyXykvX`mjIfnse ]Z§Ä tNÀ¯pÅ
hnNn{X{]tbmK§fpw {]Xy£s¸Sp¶p−v.
‘_mfpw lnkv³tIm« Ah\n¡psÅ’ þ _.ap. 4
‘NZnlnb FSp¯p ]ehnZanepw aZp¯pw’ þ a.]. 3
F¶nh DZmlcWw. ‘lnkv³tIm«’ F¶Xnse "lnkv³' F¶ Ad_n]Z
¯n\pw ‘tIm«’ F¶pXs¶bmWÀ°w. c−mas¯ DZmlcW¯nse "ln
bÂ' F¶Xn\v, NXn F¶pw, AXpt]mse _ZvdpÂap\oÀ 68 se "tIa§
Ä ]eZmepw Pamenb¯iImepw' F¶ ]mZ¯nse Pamenb¯v, AiIv
(AgIv) F¶nhbv¡v Htc AÀ°amWpÅsX¶p ImWmw.
_ZvdpÂap\odnse "tImSaeÀ emw_pIÄ kndmPpIÄ Xpf¦nSem
bv' (C.85) F¶ hcnbnse hnf¡v F¶À°apÅ Cw¥ojvþAd_nkwÚ
IÄ H¶n¨phcp¶p. _ZÀJnÊbnse 26þmw Cien ‘_\nIÄ kuPm
¯pw ]bntâmcn hkn¿¯nÃm’ F¶ ]mZamWv asäm¶v. ChnsS Ip«n
IÄ F¶À°¯n Ad_n, Xangv i_vZ§Ä BhÀ¯n¡p¶Xp t\m¡p
I. ae¸pdw ]Sbnse ‘fÀ_Sn s_SnIfpw’(22) F¶Xnepw, _ZÀ JnÊbn
se ‘aeNew Ipep¦nSpw’ F¶Xnepw CtX khntijXIÄ ImWmw.
fÀ_v F¶ Ad_n]Z¯n\v ASn, sh«v F¶o AÀ°§fp−v. ae, ANew
F¶o ]Z§fpsS \nebpw hyXykvXaÃ.

158
XI kZrikrjvSnbpw A]qÀh{]tbmK§fpw
`mjbnse kÀhkm[mcW§fmb {]tbmK§sf A\pIcn¨v aäp
Nne hncf{]tbmK§Ä¡v cq]t`Zw hcp¯p¶ {]{InbbmWv kZrikr
jvSn (anology). {]Npc§fÃm¯ Nnecq]§sf hyXymks¸Sp¯n {]mNp
6
cyapÅ cq]§tfmSnW¡n {]tbmKn¡pIbmWnXnsâ kz`mhw. `mjm
]cnWma{]{Inbbn km[mcW kw`hn¡p¶ {]Xn`mkamWnXv. tambn³
Ip«n sshZycmhs« IhnkzmX{´y¯nsâ _e¯n `mjbn ]cnNnX
aÃm¯ \nch[n cq]§Ä¡v C{]Imcw cq]w\ÂIp¶p.
_ZvdpÂap\oÀ 17þmwCiense ‘auem¯n’ F¶ kwt_m[\mi_vZw
t\m¡pI. Cu kwÚ Ad_nbntem, aebmf¯ntem CÃ. ]pÃnwKmÀ°
¯nÂhcp¶ ‘auem\’ F¶ i_vZw Ad_nbnep−v. CXnse A´yhy
RvP\¯nsâ Øm\¯v ‘¯n’ F¶ kv{XoenwK{]Xybw tNÀ¯v ]pXnb
i_vZw \nÀ½n¡pIbmWv Ihn sN¿p¶Xv. ‘tPyjvT³’ F¶À°apÅ
‘A®³’ F¶ Xangv]Z¯nÂ\n¶pw ‘A®¯n’ F¶ cq]hpw cmÚn F
¶Xn\p ]Icw ‘cmPm¯n’ (_.ap. 60) F¶ cq]hpw sshZycpsS krjvSn
bmWv. Ad_n]Z§Ä¡v aebmf¯nse enwKhN\Ime{]Xyb§Ä tNÀ
¯v sshZyÀ krjvSn¨ \nch[n]Z§Ä ]n¡meIhnIÄ AtX]Sn
kzoIcn¨n«p−v. Ahbn ]eXpw kam\cq]¯ntem, cq]t`Z§tfmsS
tbm am¸nfhmbvsamgnbnepw hym]IambXmbn ImWmw. ‘In_vd³’ (Al
¦mcn), ‘samÃm¨n’(auem¯n F¶Xnsâ XÛhw) XpS§nbh DZmlcWw.
‘`wKn’ F¶ AÀ°¯n am¸nfhmbvsamgnbn ImWp¶ c−p]Z
§fmWv sam©v, sNmdp¡v F¶nh. sam©n \n¶pw ‘sam©À’ (`wKnbp
ÅhÀþa.] 65) F¶ ]Zw krjvSn¡p¶p. sNmdp¡nÂ\n¶pw sNm¡À (a.
].8), sNm¦n(kpµcn) _.ap.20 F¶o ]Z§fpw \njv]mZn¸n¡p¶Xv. Ihn
bpsS Nne {]tbmK§Ä t\m¡pI.
hnbm¡c³ (hym{Ls¯t]mepÅhÀ) þ a.]. 49
]nihÀ (]ng¨hÄ) þ a.]. 71
Rm\¡cp (Úm\n) þ a. ]. 71
iotim³ (N{µ³) þ _.ap. 19
tPhÀ (tPXmhv) þ _.Jn 35

159
 in¦À (knwlms¯t¸mepÅhÀ) þ _.Jn. 44
ISnbmf³ (\mb) þ kem. 7
aebmfi_vZ§sf kwkvIrXhn`àn{]Xyb§Ä tNÀ¯v kwkv
IrXoIcn¡p¶ coXn aWn{]hmfIrXnIfn kpe`amWv. CXn\p kam\
amb hn[¯n ]Z§sf ]eXc¯n kwkvIcn¡p¶ coXn sshZyÀ¡r
XnIfn ImWmw. ]Z¯nse Ht¶mct−m kz\na§fn amäw hcp¯n
Ahsb asämcp `mjbnse ]ZamsW¶ tXm¶epfhm¡pw hn[w {]tbmKn
¡p¶Xn Ihn¡v {]tXyI ssh`hap−mbncp¶p.
aebmfi_vZ§sf Ad_n]Z§fpsS cq]¯nepw, adn¨pw kwkvI
cn¡p¶ coXnbp−v. AXpt]mse Ad_n]Z§sfbpw, aebmf]Z§sf
bpw Xangva«n kwkvIcn¡m\pÅ {iahpw ImWmw.
`mjmi_vZ¯nse kz\na§Ä¡nSbntem, Hcp kz\na¯n\v ]Ic
amtbm, ‘l’ Imcw tNÀ¯v {]tbmKn¡p¶p. Ad_naebmf¯n X¯pÃy
amb en]nbpsS A`mh¯nÂ, AXnt\mSSp¯p \n¡p¶ asämcp Ad_n
kz\naw sIm−v FgpXnImWn¡p¶ coXn t\cs¯ Ad_naebmf¯nep
−mbncp¶p. kwkvIrX¯nÂ\n¶pw aebmfw kzoIcn¨ kz\na§sfIqSn
DÄs¡mÅp¶hn[w Ad_naebmfen]n ]cnjvIcn¡p¶Xn\v ap¼pÅ
L«¯nemWnXv. C¡mcW¯memWv aebmf¯nse ‘]’Imc¯n\v ]Icw
‘^’Imcw teJ\¯nep]tbmKn¨ncp¶Xv. sshZycpsS ae¸pdw]S¸m«v, aqe
¸pcmWw F¶o IrXnIfpsS ioÀjIw "ae^pdw ]S¸m«pw, aqe^pcm\p
amIp¶Xv' AXpsIm−mWv.
F¶m aebmf¯nepw Ad_nbnepw Ad_naebmf¯nepw Hcp
t]mse {]Nmc¯nepÅ ‘b’Imc¯nsâ Øm\¯v sshZyÀ ‘l’Imcw {]
tbmKn¡p¶p−v. ‘Pbw’ F¶ ]Zw hcp¶ an¡kµÀ`§fnepw CXp
ImWmw.
DZm.
Pnlw (Pbw) þ _.Jn. 22
Pln¯v þ _.Jn. 22
Pln¸m³ þ k.]. 26
PnlÀ þ _. Jn. 45
\ln¨v (\bn¨vþ A[zm\n¨v) þ _.Jn. 105

160
 ASp¯Sp¯ hcnIfn Ad_ni_vZ§Ä hcpt¼mÄ Bem]\
`wKn, {]mkw F¶nhbv¡pth−nbpw C¯cw ]ZkwkvIcWcoXnIÄ
Ahew_n¡p¶p.
_ZÀJnÊbnse 22þmw CienepÅ ‘XSamw _Zvdn sN−l½tZmSv
/i−sbSp¸Xpw anl\t¡Svv’ F¶ CucSn t\m¡pI. ChnsS ‘an\t¡Sv’
F¶ ]Zw anl\t¡Sm¡p¶Xv BZyhcnbnse Ad_n\ma¯n\v kam\am
¡m\mWv.

XII sshZyÀ¡rXnIfpw {ZmhnUImhy]mc¼cyhpw

aebmfImhy`mjbpsS hnImk]cnWmaNcn{X¯n ]m«v, aWn{]
hmfw F¶n§s\ hyXykvXamb c−p ssIhgnIÄ ImWmw. cmaNcnXw,
Xncp\ngÂame, \ncWwIrXnIÄ F¶nh ]m«p{]Øm\¯nepw, ktµi
Imhy§fpw N¼p¡fpw aWn{]hmf¯nepw DÄs¸Sp¶hbmWv. {ZmhnU
Imhy]mc¼cyamWv BZyIme]m«pIrXnIfpsS A´À[mc. A£came,
{]mkw, hr¯w F¶n§s\ hnhn[Xe§fn XangvImhycN\mcoXnIsf
bmWv AXp ]n´pSÀ¶pt]m¶ncp¶Xv. eoemXneIIÀ¯mhv ]m«n\p \Â
Ip¶ e£W¯n AXp hyàamIp¶pap−v.
cmaNcnXhpw, Xncp\ngÂamebpamWv e`yamb IrXnIfn ]m«p{]
Øm\¯nsâ e£Ww ]qÀWambpw DÄs¡mÅp¶Xv. ChbpsS cN\m
Imes¯¡pdn¨v hyXykvXamb ho£W§Ä \ne\n¡p¶p−v. ]m«p
kmlnXy¯nse {]YaIrXn cmaNcnXamsW¶ Imcy¯nepw `n¶m`n{]mb
ap−v. "cmaNcnXs¯¡mÄ GXm−v 60 hÀj§Ä¡p ap¼mbncn¡Ww
Xncp\ngÂame cNn¡s¸«sX¶v kmlNcys¯fnhpIÄ kqNn¸n¡p¶
7
Xmbn' sI.Fw. {]`mIchmcnbÀ A`n{]mbs¸Sp¶p.
cmaNcnXs¯ At]£n¨pt\m¡pt¼mÄ hfsc sshInam{Xw I
s−Sp¡s¸« ImhyamWv Xncp\ngÂame. c−ntâbpw, `mjmcoXnbnepw
hyXymkw ImWmw. cmaNcnXw {]uVamb `mjbnsegpXnb ¢mÊnIvIm
hyhpw, Xncp\ngÂame A¶s¯ kmam\yaebmf¯n hncNnXamb Hcp
8
Km\ImhyhpamsW¶v Fw.Fw. ]pcptjm¯a³\mbÀ \nco£n¡p¶p−v.
XangnÂ\n¶pw thÀ]ncnªv aebmfw Hcp kzX{´`mjbmbn ]cnWan¡p
¶L«¯nsâ khntijXIÄ Chbn Is−¯mhp¶XmWv.

161
 Imhy`mjbpsS ]cnWma¯n kp{][m\amb Hcp L«s¯ AS
bmfs¸Sp¯p¶hbmWv I®ÈIrXnIÄ. Ah ]m«n\v eoemXneI¯nÂ
]dbp¶ e£Ws¯ A£cw{]Xn ]n´pScp¶nÃ. {ZmhnUkwLmXm£c
\n_Ôamb ]Z§tfmsSm¸w kwkvIrXi_vZ§Ä, aebmf{]Xyb§Ä
tNÀ¶ kwkvIrXi_vZ§Ä F¶nhbpw CSIeÀ¶phcp¶p. ‘Úm\w’,
‘lnXw’ F¶n§s\ XÕaambpw, ‘Rm\w’, ‘CXw’ F¶n§s\ {ZmhnU
kwLmXm£c\n_Ôamb XÛhambpw Hcp ]Zw Xs¶ hyXykvX kµÀ
`§Ä¡\pkcn¨p cq]w amdp¶XpImWmw.
I®ÈIhnIÄ¡p tijamWv \ho\amb Hcp Imhyho£Whp
ambn Fgp¯Ñ³ IS¶phcp¶Xv. aebmf¯n\v Hcp kzX{´Imhy`mj
cq]s¸Sp¶Xn At±lw hln¨ ]¦v kphnZnXamWv. {ZmhnU]mc¼cy¯n
eq¶n \n¡p¶ ]m«nt\bpw, kwkvIrX{]`mh¯n ap§nt¸mb aWn
{]hmft¯bpw ka\zbn¸n¡m\mbncp¶p BNmcysâ {iaw. AXn\v At±
l¯n\v amÀKZÀi\ambXv I®ÈIrXnIfmbncp¶p. `mjbnepw {]tab
kzoIcW¯nepsaÃmw Cu kzm[o\w ImWmw. ‘Fgp¯Ñsâ `mcXwInfn
9
¸m«n\v Hcp Unssk\pw kvsI¨pw D−m¡ns¡mSp¯ IrXnsb¶v' \nc
Ww IrXnbmb ‘`mcXame’sb hnebncp¯p¶Xnsâ ASnØm\w CXt{X.
Bcw`ZibnÂXs¶ Icp¯psXfnbn¨ ]m«p{]Øm\¯n\v ]n¶oSv
XpSÀ¨bp−mbnsöpw, CXcImhyimJIfnÂ\n¶v AXns\ thÀXncn¨p
\nÀ¯nbncn¡p¶ khntijXIÄ Fgp¯Ñsâ Imet¯msS\ne¨pt]m
sb¶pw IcpXp¶hcmWv \½psS kmlnXyNcn{XImc³amtcsdbpw. cq]
¯nepw `mh¯nepw kwkvIrXImhy]mc¼cys¯ ]n´pSÀ¶pt]m¶ k
tµiImhyw, B«¡Y, N¼p, JÞImhyw, almImhyw F¶o {]Øm\
§fpsS Ncn{Xambn `mjm]nXmhn\ptijapÅ kmlnXyNcn{Xw amdp¶Xn
\memhmanXv. Fgp¯Ñsâ Imew apXÂXs¶ Hcp kam´cImhyimJbm
bn hfÀs¶¦nepw ]e ImcW§fm apJy[mcmkmlnXy¯nenSw e`n
¡msX AcnIph¡cn¡s¸«pt]mb Ad_naebmfImhyIrXnIÄ Im
WmsX t]mbn F¶XmWv Cu ImgvN¸mSnsâ {][m\ ]cnanXn.
tambn³Ip«n sshZycpsS cN\IfpÄs¸sS Cu taJebnse {][m\
IrXnIÄ A]{KYn¨m ]m«p{]Øm\¯nsâ ASnØm\khntijXIÄ
Ah \ne\nÀ¯nt¸m¶Xmbn ImWmw. Ahbnse ]ZkwkvIcWcoXnIÄ,
{]mkw, hr¯w, {]tabw XpS§nbhbnseÃmw Cu {ZmhnU Imhy]mc¼

162
cy¯nsâ ]n´pSÀ¨bp−v. A¯cw LSI§Ä sshZycpsS cN\Isf
ap³\nÀ¯n ]cntim[n¡pIbmWv Cu `mK¯p sN¿p¶Xv.

sN¿pÄhnImc§Ä
Z£ntW´y³`mjIfnse BZyhymIcW{KÙambn ]cnKWn¨ph
cp¶ sXm¡m¸nbs¯ B[mcam¡n `h\µn cNn¨ XangvhymIcW {K
ÙamWv "\¶qÂ'. 13þmwiXI¯nse Cu IrXnbn ‘sN¿pÄhnImc§Ä’
F¶phnfn¡p¶ ]ZkwkvIcWcoXnIÄ hniZoIcn¡p¶p−v. \¶qÂ
Dbncqäp ]pWbcnben ImWp¶ ‘hen¯Â, saen¯Â, \o«Â, Ipdp
¡Â, hncn¯Â, sXmIp¯epw hcpw sN¿pÄ th−p Cgn’ F¶ kq{X
10
¯n \n¶pw Ch Bdphn[amsW¶p hyàamhp¶p. {]mNo\ XangvIm
hy§fnse C¯cw ]ZkwkvIcWcoXnIÄ X§fpsS Imhy§fn {]
tbmP\s¸Sp¯pIbmWv aebmf¯nse ]m«pIhnIÄ sNbvXXv.
cmaNcnX¯n IS¶phcp¶ \nch[n Xangv]Z§tfmsSm¸w, ae
bmfi_vZ§fnepw cq]amäw kw`hn¨p ImWp¶XpsIm−mhWw AsXmcp
Xangv ImhyamsW¶ ktµlwt]mepw Nne ]ÞnX³amÀ¡p−mbXv. ae
bmf¯n kwkvIrX¯nsâ kzm[o\w iàambtXmsS, Cu coXn {Ita
W A{]Xy£ambn¯oÀ¶p. kwkvIrX¯nÂ\n¶pw BZm\w sNbvX ]Z
§Ä tcJs¸Sp¯m³ \½psS en]name ]cym]vXambXpw ]Z§fpsS am\
Icq]¯n \n¶pw hyXykvXambsXÃmw \ncmIcn¡s¸«Xpw sN¿pÄ
hnImc§sf A{]kàam¡n. Fgp¯Ñsâ IrXnIfneqsS kmÀÆ{XnI
kz`mhw ssIh¶ Imhy`mjmi_vZ§fnÂ, Chbv¡v Gsdsbm¶pw CSw
e`n¨ncp¶nÃ.
F¶m \¶q IÀ¯mhv \nbakm[pX \ÂIp¶ ]ZkwkvIcW
coXnIÄ, Ad_naebmf ImhyIÀ¯m¡Ä hym]Iambn A\phÀ¯n¨p
t]m¶p. Imew \nÀWbn¨ BZyIrXnbmb aplvbn±o³ame apXÂ kao]
Imes¯ cN\Ifn hsc Gdntbm, Ipdtªm AXp {]tbmP\s¸Sp¯p
¶Xp ImWmw. CXn apJyØm\¯pÅXv sshZyÀ¡rXnIÄ Xs¶bm
Wv. At±l¯nsâ `mjmssien A\pIcn¡m\pw, kzoImcyamb amXrI
bmbn DbÀ¯n¡mWn¡m\pw {iaamcw`n¨tXmsSbmWv Cu cwK¯v AXp
hym]IambXv.

163
sshZycpsS ]ZkwkvIcWcoXnIÄ
\¶qen ]cmaÀin¡p¶, hen¯Â, saen¯Â, \o«Â, Ipdp¡
Â, hncn¯Â, sXmIp¯Â F¶n§s\bpÅ Bdphn[w sN¿pÄhnImc
§fn As©®hpw tambn³Ip«n sshZyÀ kµÀ`m\pkcWw [mcmfam
bn {]tbmP\s¸Sp¯nbn«p−v. Jcs¯ A\p\mknIam¡p¶ saen¯Â
F¶ hnImcw am{XamWv s]mXpsh Dt]£n¨pImWp¶Xv. Chtbmtcm
¶pw ]cntim[n¡mw.
1. hen¯Â
sshZyÀ¡rXnIfnse ]Z§fn KWyamb Hcp hn`mKw hen¯en
\p hnt[bamb i_vZ§fmWv. A\p\mknIhÀWs¯ Jcam¡n amäp¶
Xn\mWv hen¯Â F¶p]dbpI. CX\pkcn¨v ‘I’hÀK¯nse A\p\m
knIamb ‘M’ Imc¯nsâ Øm\¯v ‘I’ Imcw BtZiambn hcp¶p.
DZm.
s]¦Ä (s]§Ä) þ _. Jn. 15
X¦Ä (X§Ä) þ _.Jn. 15
Hcp¦n (Hcp§n) þ _.Jn. 8
s]m¦pw (s]m§pw) þ _.Jn. 8
XpS¦n (XpS§n) þ _.Jn. 16
A¦v (A§v) þ D.]. 18
C¦v (C§v) þ D.]. 58
aS¦n (aS§n) þ k.]. 14
s]m¦n (s]m§n) þ k.]. 67
_W¦n (hW§n) þ k.]. 70
Ie¦n (Ie§n) þ _.ap. 86
‘X’ hÀK ]©aamb ‘\’Imc¯n\p ]Icw Jcm£camb ‘X’Imcw
hcp¶ kµÀ`§Ä \nch[nbmWv.
_µp (h´pþh¶p) þ _.Jn. 10
Npiµv (Npg¶v) þ _.Jn. 10
\Sµmt\m (\S¶mt\m) þ D.]. 50
ISµh³ (IS¶h³) þ D.]. 51
tNÀµhÀ (tNÀ¶hÀ) þ D.]. 487

164
 ]peÀµp (]peÀ¶p) þ _.ap. 23
\SµhÀ (\S¶hÀ) þ _.ap. 24
InSµv (InS¶v) þ _.ap. 54
_bµh³ (`b¶h³) þ _.ap. 56
]dµn«v (]d¶n«v) þ _.ap. 76
_µv (h¶v) þ _.ap. 78
acpµv (acp¶v) þ _.ap. 87
Ccnµv (Ccp¶v) þ a.]. 20
_sµ (hs¶) þ a.]. 59
tNÀµv (tNÀ¶v) þ kem. 38
ChnsS ‘X’Imc¯n\p ]Icw ‘Z’ImcamWv {]tbmKn¨ncn¡p¶Xv.
Jcm£c¯nsâ Øm\¯v arZphpw, adn¨pw {]tbmKn¡p¶Xv BZyIme
Ad_naebmfIrXnIfn hym]Iambncp¶p.
DZm.
apZÂ (apXÂ) þ _.ap. 22
tamZncw (tamXncw) þ a.]. 29
sImZn (sImXn) þ a.]. 29
IZntcm³ (IXntcm³) þ a.]. 28
\Icw (\Kcw) þ a.]. 28
A\p\mknIhÀW¯n\v, AXnsâ Xs¶ Jcw BtZiambn hcp¶
Xn\p]Icw aäp NnecoXnIfpw kÀÆkm[mcWamWv. DZmlcWambn Z´y
amb ‘\’Imc¯nsâ Øm\¯v aqÀ[\yamb ‘S’Imcw hcp¶Xp t\m¡pI.
sN−v (sN¶v) þ D.]. 44, 50
\n−v (\n¶v) þ D.]. 44
Fs−mcp (Fs¶mcp) þ D.]. 57
H−v (H¶v) þ _.ap. 54,60
H−pw (H¶pw) þ _.ap. 76
sN−W¯v (sN¶Wªv) þ _.ap. 76
sN−nSsh (sN¶nSsh) þ _.ap. 78
\nt−mÀ (\nt¶mÀ) þ a.]. 32
sb−v (F¶v) þ a.]. 37

165
 AXpt]mse ‘R’Imc¯n\v, AXnsâ Jcamb ‘N’Imcw sIm−v
BtZiw sN¿p¶Xn\p ]Icw asämcp Jcamb ‘X’Imcw {]tbmKn¡p¶
]Xnhpap−v.
I\nµnà (I\n´nà þ I\nªnÃ) -þ a.]. 58
samfnµp (samgnªp) þ _.ap. 23
AWµp (AWªp) þ _.ap. 66
Fdnµp (Fdnªp) þ k.]. 70
]nSµv (]nSªv) þ _.Jn. 11
]ncnµhÄ (]ncnªhÄ) þ _.Jn. 14
XncntµmSn (XncntªmSn) þ D.]. 43
_fµv (hfªv) þ D.]. 48
Adnµnà (AdnªnÃ) þ D.]. 50
samfnµpÅ (samgnªpÅ) þ kem. 56
XnIµv (XnIªv) þ kem. 55
hen¯en\p kam\amb asämcp {]tbmKcoXnbpw ImWmw. hÀK
]©a§Ä¡v AXmXnsâ JcwsIm−p hen¯Â sN¿p¶ coXnbnÂ
\n¶p hyXykvXamWnXv. A´ym£cw Jcambn hcpt¼mÄ, AXn\p]Icw
asämcp Jcm£cw {]tbmKn¡p¶ ]XnhmWXv. \¶q IÀ¯mhv hnh£n
¡p¶ hen¯ensâ ]cn[nbn CXns\ DÄs¸Sp¯m³ IgnbnÃ.
DZm.
Dc¯ (Dc¨) þ D.]. 44, a.]. 6
]pSn¯v (]nSn¨v) þ D.]. 51
k½Zn¯v (k½Xn¨v) þ In.am. 3
tNmZns¯ (tNmZn¨p) þ _.ap. 82
BZcn¯v (BZcn¨v) þ _.ap. 25
_pPn¯v (`pPn¨v) þ _.ap. 47
Pln¯v (Pbn¨v) þ a.]. 13
2. \o«Â
{lkzs¯ ZoÀLam¡n amäp¶ \o«Â F¶ sN¿pÄhnImc¯n\v
hnt[bamb ]Z{]tbmK§fpw [mcmfap−v. `mjmhr¯§fpsS khntij
XIÄ hniZoIcn¡pt¼mÄ, F.BÀ ]dbp¶ eLp¡sf ]mSn\o«n Kpcp
hm¡p¶ ]XnhnÂ\n¶pw hyXykvXamWnXv. {ZmhnUhr¯¯nepÅ ]Zy

166
§fn Km\coXn¡v {]m[m\yw Iev]n¡p¶Xn\m Bem]\thfbnÂ
kµÀ`¯n\\pkrXambn eLp Kpcphmbn amdmw. F¶m AXp eLphm
bn¯s¶bmWv tcJs¸Sp¯pI. ]t£, \o«en {lkzkzcs¯ ZoÀLam
¡pIbpw, A{]Imcw tcJs¸Sp¯pIbpw sN¿p¶p.
‘tIWpsIm−¶p hg¡mbnt¸mbnRmþ
\qWn\p hmcmsX \n¶t\cw’
F¶ IrjvWKmYbnse CucSn t\m¡pI. ChnsS hmcmsX (hcmsX)
F¶ {]tbmKw \o«en\v DZmlcWamWv.
Bem]\kuIpamcy¯n\v Du¶Â \ÂIp¶ am¸nf¸m«pIfn \o«
en\v {]tXyI {]m[m\yap−v. ]mSn ZoÀLn¸n¡p¶Xn\pÅ kuIcyw ]c
amh[n {]tbmP\s¸Sp¯pt¼mgpw, \o«Â Dt]£n¡m³ IhnIÄ X¿mdm
bncp¶nÃ. F¶m hen¯ent\mfw kmÀÆ{XnIamb Hcp hnImcambn
CXp {]Xy£s¸Sp¶nÃ. sshZyÀ¡rXnIfn \o«Â hcp¶ Nne kµÀ`
§Ä:
hmcbv (hcbv) þ a.]. 6
ChmIÄ (ChIÄ) þ a.]. 59
aemapIÄ (aeapIÄ) þ _.ap. 32
_mcphn³ (hcphn³) þ _.ap. 56
Xmcphn³ (Xcphn³) þ _.ap. 82
apdmbn«v (Aeapdbn«v) þ _.ap. 87
_mcp¶p (hcp¶p) þ _.Jn. 7
imb\w (ib\w) þ _.Jn. 33
_mcphn³ (hcphn³) þ k.]. 15
_mÀ¯mIÄ (hmÀ¯IÄ) þ kem. 14
Rm§Ä (R§Ä) þ H.am.I. 13
\SmsIm−v (\S¶v) þ H.am.I. 17
XmcpW³ (XcpW³) þ _.ap. 69
3. Ipdp¡Â

‘Ipdp¡Â’ F¶ hnImcamWv asäm¶v. \o«en\v hn]coXambn,

ZoÀLkzcs¯ {lkzam¡pIbmWv CXnsâ kz`mhw. aplvbn±o³amebn
se ‘A¸Ä Ipew ]ps¡ ]pXnb Ckvemans\’ F¶ hcnbnse BZy ]Z

167
¯n Cu hnImcw ImWp¶Xn\m Ad_naebmf ImhyimJ AXnsâ
Bcw`Zibn Xs¶ CXp kzoIcn¨Xmbn a\Ênem¡mw.
DZm.
tImele§Ä (tImemle§Ä) þ _.ap. 82
A¸Ä (At¸mÄ) þ _.ap. 82, k.].8
]ncnµ¸Ä (]ncnªt¸mÄ) þ _.ap. 84
hcp¼Ä (hcpt¼mÄ) þ _.ap. 91
Is−³ (It−³) þ _.Jn. 13
C¸Ä (Ct¸mÄ) þ _.Jn. 14
FÃw (FÃmw) þ ap.]p. 7
Adnhnsc (Adnhosc) þ D.]. 84
A\Iw (At\Iw) þ a.]. 15
4. hncn¯Â
Hcp ]Z¯nsâ BZy¯ntem, a[y¯ntem, A´y¯ntem ]pXnsbm
cphÀWw tNÀ¯v hnIkn¸n¡p¶Xn\mWv ‘hncn¯Â’ F¶p ]dbp¶Xv.
]m«pImhy§fn kwkvIrXi_vZ§sf XangvA£camebnsemXp¡p
t¼mÄ ]et¸mgpw hncn¯Â sNt¿−nhcpw. Ad_naebmf¯n CXv
A\nhmcyaÃm¯ kµÀ`§fnÂt]mepw hncn¯Â hgn ]ZkwkvIcWw
\S¯nbXmbn ImWmw. sN¿pÄhnImc§fn hen¯Â, hncn¯Â F¶n
htbmSv sshZyÀ¡p {]tXyI {]Xn]¯nbp−mbncp¶psh¶v tXm¶n¸n
¡p¶ hn[amWv At±l¯nsâ {]tbmK§Ä.
DZm.
Cdkq (dkqÂ) þ k.]. 63
CcWw (cWw) þ D.]. 10
Ce¦pw (e¦pw) þ _.ap. 52
Nqcnb³ (kqcy³) þ _.ap. 77
IncnInSw (IncoSw) þ _.ap. 2
tNm¯nbw (tNmZyw) þ _.ap. 37
kpImcnbw (kzImcyw) þ _.ap. 84
sImtcmZw (t{Im[w) þ a.]. 30
]ndhmfw ({]hmfw) þ D.]. 85
Imcnbw (Imcyw) þ kem. 10

168
 Nµnd³ (N{µ³) þ H.am.I. 15
_nZnb (hnZy) þ k.]. 15
skmcWw (kzÀWw) þ _.Jn. 7
]cknbw (]ckyw) þ _.Jn. 14
Zcni\w (ZÀi\w) þ _.Jn. 14
k¯nbw (kXyw) þ _.Jn. 18
\n¯nbw (\nXyw) þ _.Jn. 18
If¯n\n (If¯nÂ) þ _.ap. 30
_niphmkw (hnizmkw) þ _.ap. 38
5. sXmIp¯Â
hncn¯en\p hn]coXamb hnImcamWv sXmIp¯Â. Hcp ]Z¯nsâ
BZnbntem, a[y¯ntem, A´y¯ntem DÅ Hcp hÀW¯nsâ tem]am
WnXv. Iq«£c¯nse Hcp hÀWw Dt]£n¡p¶ kz`mhhpap−v.
\s½ F¶ ]Zw ‘\sa’ F¶pw, Fs¶ F¶Xv ‘Fs\’ F¶pw amän
{]tbmKn¡p¶Xv CXnsâ `mKamWv. Nne amXrIIÄ t\m¡pI:
AI¯pf (AI¯pÅ) þ _.Jn. 18
sImfsh (sImÅsh) þ _.Jn. 7
\mecpw (\mept]cpw) þ _.Jn. 73
Xm\w (Øm\w) þ _.Jn. 18
acpI\n (acpaI\nÂ) þ _.ap. 25
c−cpw (c−p t]cpw) þ _.ap. 47
FÃcpw (FÃmhcpw) þ _.ap. 48
hmiph³ (hmgp¶h³) þ a.]. 12
tPm\À (tPm\IÀ) þ a.]. 16
A\Iw (At\Iw) þ a.]. 35
AÃmSv (AÃmlpthmSv) þ a.]. 43
A«mkv (A«lmkw) þ a.]. 43
A«mZn¯v (A«lkn¨v) þ a.]. 58
A\p^w (A\p`hw) þ kem. 15
iman¶v (imanÂ\n¶v) þ _.Jn. 8
\nd¯pf (\nd¨pÅ) þ D.]. 8

169
Xangvkzm[o\w ]Z§fnepw, ]mZ§fnepw
IhnbpsS Imes¯ hmsamgnbntem, aebmfhcsamgnbntem Im
Wm¯hn[w Xangnsâ AXn{]kcapff CiepIÄ kpe`amWv. Ad_n
aebmfImhy`mjsb Ad_n¯angpambn _Ôn¸n¡p¶Xn Ah {][m
\ ]¦v hln¡p¶p. aebmft¯mSv B`napJyapff GtXm XangvIhnbpsS
cN\bmtWm, F¶v tXm¶n¸n¡p¶ a«nepff CiepIÄt]mepw IS¶p
hcp¶p.
Nne DZmlc§Ä ImWpI:
"\dbv aeÀ tNmebv NqÄsµ
\mSv ]n³ ]pd¯v sbfpµv
Cdbv a\bv sbcn¡¡cpZn
FZnÀ¯v _³ Ip^vdn s]mcpZn
s]mdbv Cdbv¡v Ccn¡pw t_¦m
s]mcpZÀ \mÂ]¯v \m¦v BÄ
Nndt¿mcp iloZmbn sIms−
tNZnIÄ sNmÂhm³ Cs−'
(a.].17)
"sbt−m³ Zpca¡fbpw _nfn¯p¯v
apl½Zn³ _n³XpIÄ Zpbta
Ct]mZn hnhmlhntbmIta
sNbvhnsc t]mbv iWta
sNbvInebv sb¦n \m³ D¦fpambv
]ncnsµ−pctI«hÀ t]mbn
A_qsamfn t]m XWp¯nShbv'
(ln.14)
Ad_naebmf¯n am{XaÃ, Ad_n¯angven]n D]tbmKn¨pw tc
Js¸Sp¯mhp¶XmWv sshZyÀ¡rXnIÄ. Xangnt\msSm¸w Ad_ni_vZ
§Ä IqSn tcJs¸Sp¯mhp¶ hn[amWv Ad_n¯angnsâ en]n cq]s¸Sp
¯nbncn¡p¶Xv.

170
XIII kz\naXew
sshZycpsS Imhy`mjbnse kz\na§Ä {]tXyIw ]cntim[nt¡
−Xp−v. aebmf]Z§fpsS kz\naLS\bn \n¶p hyXykvXamb Hcp
Xew Ahbv¡p−v. kwkvIrX¯n \n¶v aebmf¯nte¡v BZm\w sN
¿s¸« AXnJctLmj§Ä Ahbn ImWp¶nÃ. {ZmhnU A£came
tbmSpÅ _Ôw {]ISamsW¦nepw XangnenÃm¯ Nne A£c§Ä Ahn
sSbp−v. ‘P, Z, _’ F¶o arZp¡fpw, ‘i, k’ F¶o Dujvam¡fpw ‘l’
Imchpw DZmlcWw. kwkvIrX¯n \n¶ph¶ Cu A£c§Ä, Xangn
ensænepw Ad_nbnÂ\n¶pw AXp kzoIcn¡pIbmWv Ad_naebmfw
sNbvXXv.
aebmf¯nse apgph³ A£c§sfbpw DÄs¡mÅn¨psIm−v
Ad_naebmfen]n ]cnjv¡cn¡p¶Xn\p ap¼mWv sshZyÀ cN\ \S¯p
¶Xv. ]n¡me¯v \nch[n {]km[I³amÀ AXnJctLmj§Ä tNÀ
¯v, X\n aebmfen]nbn Ah ]pd¯nd¡n. Ihn Sn. Dss_Zv ]cntim
[n¨p sXäpXncp¯nbXv, F¶ BapJ¡pdnt¸msS XrÈqcnse Ban\m
_p¡vÌmÄ ]pd¯nd¡nb _ZvdpÂap\odnsâ Ggmw]Xn¸nÂ(1970) \n
¶pÅ Nne DZmlcW§Ä ImWpI. (CiÂkwJy {_m¡änÂ)
IY(2), \mKw(2), hmgvhv(3), A[nIw(4), `wKn(6), apJw(6), Igp¯v
(6), e£Ww(6), ]pcpj³(7), [z\n(7), AÞw(8), _Ôw(8), Zp:Jw(8),
hn[n(8), a[pcw(9), £Ww(11), hoYn(12), CjvSw(12), t_m[w(12), \Kcw
(13)
Ad_naebmf]Xn¸pIfn IZ, \mIw, hmgvhv, AZnIw, ^¦n,
apIw, Iip¯v, e¨Ww, ]pcpi³, Zp\n, A−w, _µw, Zp¡w, hnZn,
aZpcw, iWw, _oZn, Civ«w, t]mZw, \Icw F¶n§s\bmWv Cu ]Z§Ä
A¨Sn¨ncp¶Xv.
cmaNcnXw apXemb IrXnIsf B[p\nIaebmfen]nbnte¡p
amänbmep−mhp¶ {]iv\§Ä ChnsSbpw DÛhn¡p¶p−v. Xangnse
sN¿pÄhnImc§Ä¡\pkcn¨v kwkvIcn¨]Z§fpw, {]mk\n_²amb
{]tbmK§fpw amänsbgpXpt¼mÄ hn]coX^ew sN¿pw.
]m«pkmlnXy¯n kwkvIrXi_vZ§Ä {ZmhnUkwLmXm£c
\n_²am¡p¶Xp hgn Ad_naebmf¯nsâ kz\na LS\bnsemXp¡n,

171
Ah {]tbmKn¡pIbmWv IhnbpsS coXn. ae¸pdw]m«nse kwkvIrX ]Z
_lpeamb c−mw Ci ]cntim[n¨m CXp hyàamIpw.
‘PIZcI®m\mw ]pcm_oPw
P\nc\yXcm\mw krivSo\mw
P\I IrWkvX\pcµnb XqZm
{]ZaXn kNnh
PIpW \akvIcÊnb thZmx
AIvcnÀi_ \makvIpl tX\m
kvXnXnw bpIvakv X\pivNmcnbXs{X
Aln kpintc ZrZnIpSc kp^mZm
CÂZhP\¡vdnw
Achn kp\{]Wanb al taZmx
{]Ia \nP ZnhnZob apZmam¯nb
{]Wbca kpcm]m\ hn_mibv
{]aX\ InÀ¯phm \nPkpZ XmZu
AZÀhW kcWo
{]]ca kp^vd_p keneP ]mZu
kpKZ \nÀ] XrZob kvXnc _rXym
kpakpZn bpÜ kv]cnWb _À¯m
kph\ccnÃn¡vZmx kpt^Zmx
{XbnI¡fnZw
kpIrZ ^Znw {]Wanb altaZx’
kwkvIrX]Z§fpw hn`àn{]Xyb§fpw [mcmfambn IS¶p hcp
¶ Cu CiÂ, Ah Ad_naebmf¯n hcpt¼mgpÅ amäw hyàam
¡p¶p−v.

kz\naXe¯nse amäw
aebmf]Z§fpw kwkvIrX]Z§fpw sshZyÀ {]tbmKn¡pt¼mÄ
Ahbnep−mIp¶ amäamWv Cu `mK¯v ]cntim[n¡p¶Xv.
1. Dujvam¡fnse ‘j’Imc¯n\v ]Icw ‘i, f’ F¶n§s\ c−phy
XykvX kz\na§Ä {]tbmKn¡p¶p. ‘j’Imc¯n\v kam\kz\naw
Ad_nbntem, Xangntem CÃ. ‘i’Imcw Xangnensænepw Ad_n

172
 bnep−v. AXn\m ‘j’Imc¯nsâ Øm\¯v an¡bnS§fnepw
‘i’ {]tbmKn¡p¶p.
DZm. j > i, j > f
_qiWw (`qjWw) þ a.]. 8
t^mi³ (t`mj³ ) þ a.]. 18
tImiw (tjmLw) þ _.ap. kem. 56
kt´miw (kt´mjw) þ _.ap. 44
tZmiw (tZmjw) þ a.]. 7
apin¸v (apjn¸v) þ _.ap. 45
A]qÀÆambn ‘f’Imchpw {]tbmKn¡p¶p−v
hntifw (hntijw) þ _.ap. 47
2. g>i

‘i’ F¶ kz\naw ‘j’Imc¯nsâ Øm\¯pam{XaÃ. ‘g’Imc¯n

\v ]Icambpw {]tbmKn¡p¶p.
IipIv (IgpIv) þ a.]. 6
samin (samgn) þ a.]. 6
IiIw (IgIw) þ a.]. 65
Duin (Dugn) þ _.ap. 10
AiIv (AgIv) þ _.ap. 43
]pi (]pg) þ _.ap. 35
_in (hgn) þ _.ap. 9
‘i’ {]tbmKn¡p¶Xv ‘j, i’ F¶nhbn GXn\p ]Icambmepw
D¨mcW¯n {]ISamb amäanÃ.
3. g>f

‘g’Imcw ‘f’Imcambn amdp¶ kµÀ`§fpap−v. Cu c−pkz\na

§fpw Ad_nbnenÃm¯hbmWv. Xangnsâ kzm[o\amWv Cu amä¯n\p
]n¶n {]hÀ¯n¡p¶Xv.
af (ag) þ a.]. 63
anfn (angn) þ a.]. 69

173
 ]hnfw (]hngw) þ _.ap. 8
Inf¯n (Inghn) þ _.ap. 26
]fw (]gw) þ _.ap. 29
]nf (]ng) þ _.ap. 32
AfIv (AgIv) þ a.]. 40
4. g>b

‘g’Imc¯nsâ Øm\¯v ‘b’Imcw {]Xy£s¸Sp¶ kµÀ`§fp

ap−v. hmsamgnbpsS kzm[o\ ^eamWnXv.
sXmbn (sXmgnÂ) þ _.ap. 51
H¿msX (HgnbmsX) þ _.ap. 19
I¿m\pw (Ignbm\pw) þ _.ap. 19
5. k > X, k > N

Ad_naebmfi_vZ§fn ‘k’ tNÀ¶phcp¶ cq]§Ä [mcmf

ap−v. F¶m Xangns\ A\pIcn¨v Nnet¸mÄ ‘X’ Ft¶m ‘N’ Ft¶m
{]tbmKn¡p¶Xv ImWmw. kwkvIrX]Z§Ä {ZmhnUcoXnbn kwkvI
cn¡p¶Xn\pw {]mk¯n\p th−nbpw C{]Imcw cq]wamänb kµÀ`§
fp−v.
DZm: XcWn (kcWn) þ a.]. 3
X¦nSw (k¦Sw) þ _.ap. 45
Nn¦À (knwlÀ) þ a.]. 36
Nn§mZ\w (knwlmk\w) þ k.]. 26
Nqcnb³ (kqcy³) þ _.ap. 77
6. i>N

‘i’ Imcw tNÀ¶ kwkvIrXi_vZ§Ä ]m«pIrXnIfn ImWp¶

Xpt]mse, Xangv a«n kwkvIcn¨p ‘N’ Imcam¡p¶p−v. ‘i’Imc¯n\p
kam\amb kz\naw Ad_naebmf¯n {]Nmc¯nep−mbncp¶n«pw,
aplvbn±o³ ame apXepÅ IrXnIfnseÃmw Cu amäw {]ISambn ImWmw.
DZm. Ncw (icw) þ a.]. 65
NIw (ihw) þ a.]. 56
N¦v (iwJv) þ a.]. 25

174
 NoIvcw (io{Lw) þ _.ap. 10
NZw (iXw) þ a.]. 55
N− (iWvT) þ s_.]m. 3
7. b>i

‘b’Imc¯nsâ Øm\¯v ‘i’Imcw {]tbmKn¨ cq]§fpw A]qÀh

ambn ImWmw.
DZm. DiÀ\mfw (DbÀ¶ \mfw) þ _.ap. 49
ai¯n (ab¯nÂ) þ a.]. 19
Iin (ssI) þ _.ap. 52
DiÀ¶v (DbÀ¶v) þ k.]. 78
8. F > sb G > tb

]ZmZnbn ‘F’ Imcw hcpt¼mÄ ‘sb’ F¶mbn amdp¶p.

sb®w (F®w) þ a.]. 67
tbäw (Gäw) þ a.]. 67
sbSp¯p (FSp¯p) þ a.]. 68
tbdnb (Gdnb) þ a.]. 68
sb¯nc (F{X) þ a.]. 68
sb−hÀ (F¶hÀ) þ a.]. 45
F¶mÂ,
F¯en (k.]. 81), F¸Sn, F−mt\ (k.]. 81) F¶n§s\bpw
hncfambn {]tbmKn¡p¶p−v.
9. h>_

‘h, _’ F¶o c−pkz\na§fpw Ad_nbnep−v. Ch tNÀ¶p hcp

¶ Ad_naebmfi_vZ§Ä hnhn[Øe§fn {]tbmKn¡p¶pap−v.
]ndhmfw ({]hmfw) D.]. 85, ]hnfw (_.ap.8) F¶nh DZmlcWw.
F¶m aebmfkwkvIrXi_vZ§fn ]ZmZnbn ‘h’Imcw hcp
t¼msgÃmw AXp ‘_’Imcambn amdp¶XpImWmw. ‘aebmf¯nse {]mNo
\Xaamb Imhy§fnÂt]mepw Cu amäw ImWs¸Sm¯Xn\m am¸nf¸m
«pIfnse hÀW]cnWma¯n\m[mcw I¶S kzm[o\amhmsa¶v A\pam\n
11
¡p¶hcp−v.’

175
{ZmhnU¯nse ‘h’ Imcw I¶Sbn ‘_’ ImcamWtÃm.
DZm. _oin (hoin) þ a.]. 1
s_Sn (shSn) þ a.]. 22
_ocÀ (hocÀ) þ a.]. 22
_mivI (hmgvN) þ _.ap. 9
_i§n (hg§n) þ _.ap. 59
t_Iw (thKw) þ _.Jn. 70
_µv (h¶v) þ _.Jn. 31
_m¦n (hm§n) þ _.ap. 13
Ad_nbnepw, Xangnepw {]tbmK¯nepÅ kz\naamWv ‘X’ Imcw.
CXp ]ZmZnbn hcpt¼mÄ amäsam¶pw kw`hn¡p¶nÃ. F¶m aänS§
fn h¶mÂ, ‘Z’Imcambn tcJs¸Sp¯p¶p. aebmfi_vZ§fnemWv ‘X’
Imcs¯ s]mXpsh ‘Z’Imcam¡p¶Xv. Xangn ‘X’ImcambnXs¶ {]tbm
Kn¡p¶Xpw ImWmw. D¨mcW¯nÂh¶ eLpXzw Fgp¯nepw {]Xn^en
¨XmImw.
‘X’Imcw hyXykvX Øm\§fn hcpt¼mÄ FgpXp¶ hn[w
t\m¡pI.
XpW, XWn þ _.ap. 2
Xcw, Xcnipäv þ _.ap. 5
sImZn (sImXn) þ a.]. 46
apZÂ (apXÂ) þ D.]. 4
XpZn (kvXpZn) þ _.ap. 2
IpZnc (IpXnc) þ k.]. 80
s]mcpZm³ (s]mcpXm³) þ k.]. 80
AXnJcs¯ Jcambpw, tLmjs¯ apZphmbpw amäp¶ ]Xnhps−
¦nepw ]ZmZnbnesæn AXnJc¯n\pw tLmj¯n\psaÃmw ]Icambn
arZphmb ‘Z’Imcw Xs¶ {]tbmKn¡p¶p.
DZm. _Zn¡pI (h[n¡pI) þ a.]. 49
_nZn (hn[n) þ a.]. 70
_oZn (hoYn) þ _.ap. 12
IZ (IY) þ _.ap. 79
kmhZm\w (kmh[m\w) þ _.ap. 49

176
 AZn]Zn (A[n]Xn) þ a.]. 3
\mZ³ (\mY³) þ _.ap. 23
PeZn (Pe[n) kap{Zw þ a.].4
10. `>_
"]'hÀ¤¯nse tLmjamb "`'Imcw, arZphmb "_' Imcambn amdp
¶p.
DZm. k_ (k`) þ _.ap. 91
_qan (`qan) þ _.ap. 48
_bw (`bw) þ _.Jn. 31
B_cWw (B`cWw) þ _.ap. 6
_pPn¡pI (`pPn¡pI) þ _.Jn. 23
_qiWw (`qjWw) þ a.]. 8
F¶m ‘I’ hÀ¤¯nse tLmjamb ‘L’ Imcw Jcamb ‘I’
Imcta, BIq. ‘K’ Imcw Ad_nbnepw Xangnepw CÃm¯Xn\m BZy
Ime Ad_naebmfen]nbn CXv cq]s¸«ncp¶nÃ.
DZm. tImiw (tLmjw) þ a.]. 32
sISn (LSn) þ _.ap. 30
11. ]>^

sshZyÀ¡rXnIfn ‘]’Imc¯nsâ Øm\¯v ‘^’ImcamWv hcp

¶Xv. BZyIme Ad_naebmf¯n ‘]’Imcw D−mbncp¶nÃ. CXnsâ
Øm\¯v D]tbmKn¡p¶v ‘^’Imc¯n\v Cw¥ojnse ‘fa’ F¶ D¨mcW
amWpÅXv. ‘ae^pdw’, ‘aqe^pcm³’ F¶n§s\bmsWgpXpI. F¶mÂ,
tLmjamb ‘`’Imc¯n\p ]Icambpw CXp]tbmKn¨pImWp¶p.
DZm. ^ph\w (`ph\w) þ a.]. 30
^h\w (`h\w) þ a.]. 30
^phn (`phn) þ a.]. 25
t^mi³ (t`mj³) þ a.]. 18
12. £>¨
Iq«£camb £, ¨ Bbn amdp¶p.

177
 tam¨w (tam£w) þ a.]. 15
e¨Ww (e£Ww) þ a.]. 17
in¨, c¨ (in£, c£) þ a.]. 13
kq¨n¯v (kq£n¨v) þ a.]. 10
hr¨w (hr£w) þ _.ap. 49
Aµco¨w (A´co£w) þ _.ap. 69
F¶m ‘£Ww’ F¶ ]Zw an¡bnS¯pw ‘iWw’ BWv.
DZm . _.ap. 57
13. A>C

‘A’Imc¯nsâ Øm\¯v ‘C’Imchpw, ‘C’Imc¯n\p]Icw ‘D’ Im

chpw {]tbmKn¨ kµÀ`§fp−v. CXn ]et¸mgpw hmsamgnbpsS kzm[o
\w {]ISamWv.
DZm. _new (_ew) þ H.am.I. 7
k¦nSw (k¦Sw) þ _.Jn. 17
X¦nSw (k¦Sw) þ _.ap. 46
Pnlw (Pbw) þ a.]. 29
PnIw (Pbw) þ F.]. 15
_nhncw (hnhcw) þ kem. 8
D¯ncw (D¯cw) þ _.Jn. 22
14. C>D
IcpapIn (IcnapInÂ) þ a.]. 46
IhpÄ (IhnÄ) þ kem. 13
XpcpZw (ZpcnXw) þ kem. 10
apSp¡v (anSp¡v) þ _.Jn. 28, 85
‘A’Imc¯nsâ Øm\¯v ‘D’Imchpw, ‘D’Imc¯n\v ]Icw ‘C’Im
chpw A]qÀÆambn {]tbmKn¡p¶p:
\p½Ä (\½Ä) þ a.]. 51
Icn¯³ (Icp¯³) þ kem. 45
aZncw (a[pcw) þ _.ap. 59
CcnIq«w (CcpIq«w) þ F.]. 21
CcnhÀ¡pw (CcphÀ¡pw) þ D.]. 49

178
 Icn¯v (Icp¯v) þ F.]. 13
Xncnap¼n (Xncpap¼nÂ) þ kem. 11
15. C>A
Ic¨Â (Ic¨nÂ) þ D.]. 9
16. J>I þ O>N

D¨mcW¯n ‘J’Imc¯n\v Xpeyasænepw AXnt\mSSp¯p \nÂ

¡p¶ Hcp kz\naw Ad_nbnep−v. F¶mepw AXnJcamb ‘J’Imcw h
cp¶ Øe§fn AXns\ Jcam¡pIbmWp ]Xnhv. CXpt]mse ‘O’ Im
chpw ‘N’Imcambn amdpw.
DZm. tIZw (tJZw) þ _.ap. 39
apIw (apJw) þ _.ap. 27
kIn (kJn) þ _.ap. 26
kpIw (kpJw) þ a.]. 7
N¯ncmZn]Zn (O{Xm[n]Xn) þ a.]. 8
17. K>I

IhÀ¤¯nse arZphn\pw CXp _m[IamWv. AhnsSbpw ‘I’Imcw

Xs¶bmsWgpXpI.
DZm. ^mI¯v (`mK¯v) þ _.ap. 15
^IhZn (`KhXn) þ a.]. 25
IWhZn (KW]Xn) þ a.]. 25
Incn (Kncn) þ _.ap. 48

***
Ipdn¸pIÄ
1. hyRvP\m´¯n‘en³’ tNÀ¯p hn`àywKw Nabv¡Ww. (tI.]m.
ImcnI 56)
2. ]n.Fw. hnPb¸³, ‘Xncp\ngÂamebnse `mj’, {]mNo\aebmf
kmlnXyw, {]km. F³.tKm]n\mY³\mbÀ, (aebmfhn`mKw, Imen
¡äv kÀÆIemime, aebmfhnaÀiw, amÀ¨v 1995), ]p. 70

179
3. tUm. sI.Fw. tPmÀÖv, ‘aebmf`mjbpsS hyànXzhpw {]mNo\
Xbpw’, kmlnXyNcn{Xw {]Øm\§fneqsS, (\mj\Â _pIvkv
ÌmÄ, 1998) ]p. 50
4. ]n.Fw. tPmk^v, aebmf¯nse ]cIob ]Z§Ä ]p. 95
5. Fw.F³. ImctÈcn, ‘A¡s¡«v’, H¶nsâ ZÀi\w, (]qÀW ]»n
t¡j³kv, tImgnt¡mSv, 1996) ]p. 87
6. sI.Fw. {]`mIchmcnbÀ, im´mAKÌn³, B[p\nI`mjm
imkv{Xw, (tIcf`mjm C³Ìnäyq«v, Xncph\´]pcw, 1994), ]p. 99
7. sI.Fw. {]`mIchmcnbÀ, "Xncp\ngÂame Hcp {]mNo\ ]m«pImhyw'
`mjm kmlnXyw hnaÀiw, (Idâv _pIvkv 2007), ]p. 158
8. tUm. Fw.Fw. ]pcptjm¯a³\mbÀ, Xncp\ngÂame. D²cWw:
s{]m^. h«¸d¼n tKm]n\mY]nÅ, ‘`mjm]cnWma¯n I®È
·mÀ’, k¼qÀWaebmf kmlnXyNcn{Xw, FUn. ]·\ cmaN{µ³
\mbÀ, (Idâv _pIvkv, c−mw ]. Pq¬ 2010), ]pdw. 269.
9. F³.IrjvW]nÅ, ssIcfnbpsS IY, (\mj\Â _pIvkvÌmÄ,
tIm«bw, 1992), ]p. 132
10. `h\µn, \¶q Dbncnäp ]pWbcnbÂ, kq{Xw 155, aebmfw
hymJym. Fw. Cfb s]cpamÄ, kzÀWw Cfbs]cpamÄ, 1967.
11. _meIrjvW³ hÅn¡p¶v, am¸nf¸m«v HcmapJ]T\w (]q¦mh\w
_pIvkv, tImgnt¡mSv)

180
Bava K.“Works of Moyinkutty Vaidyar: Language and discource ”
Thesis. Department of Malayalam and Kerala studies, University
of Calicut, 2015.
 A[ymbw : 5

Imhy`mj
kuµcyZÀi\w
Ae¦mcw
kwkvIrX¯nepw aebmf¯nepw cNn¡s¸« D¯aImhy§sf
ap³\nÀ¯n Imhyme¦mc§fpsS kz`mhw, e£yw, {]tbmP\w apXemb
hsb kw_Ôn¨ \nch[n At\zjW§Ä \S¶n«p−v. Cu cwK¯v {]m
No\cmb ImhyaoamwkIÀ cNn¨ B[mc{KÙ§Ä At\Iap−v. Ae
¦mc§sf Imhy¯nsâ AhiyLSIambmWv ]ÞnX·mÀ IcpXp¶Xv.
BSbm`cW§Ä icoc¯nsâ kuµcyw hÀ²n¸n¡p¶Xpt]mse Ae¦m
c§Ä Imhy¯nsâ `wKn hÀ²n¸n¡p¶p. ‘Imhyw Ae¦mcw sIm−mWv
A`nejWobamhp¶sX¶pw, Ae¦mcw F¶m kuµcyw Xs¶bmsW
1
¶papÅ’ hma\sâ \nÀÆN\w {]kn²amWtÃm.
Ae¦mc§sf i_vZme¦mc§Ä, AÀ°me¦mc§Ä F¶n§s\
c−mbn hn`Pn¨mWv ]ÞnX·mÀ hyhlcn¨p t]mcmdpffXv. D¯aImhy
§sf B[mcam¡n \qdntesd AÀ°me¦mc§sf thÀXncn¨p ]T\
hnt[bam¡mdp−v. F¶m i_vZme¦mc§fpsS ØnXn hyXykvXamWv.
‘i_vZhn\ymkw sIm−p IhnXbn hcp¯n¯oÀ¡mhp¶ GXp sshNn
{Xyhpw i_vZme¦mc§fnÂs]Spw.’ Ah F®n¯n«s¸Sp¯pI {]bmka
s{X. ‘AÀ°me¦mc§sf¡mÄ F{Xtbm kq£vaamb Ah, BkzZn
¡m³ bYmÀ° IhnlrZbapÅhÀt¡ Ignbq. AXn\m hyàambn
FSp¯pIm«mhp¶ A\p{]mkw, baIw apXembhsb BWv i_vZme¦mc
2
§fmbn KWn¨phcp¶Xv.’

i_vZme¦mc§Ä
Be¦mcnI·mÀ kwkvIrXImhy§sf ap³\nÀ¯n apt¶m«phbv
¡p¶ kn²m´§fpsS shfn¨¯n Ad_naebmfImhy§sf hnebncp
¯p¶Xn Nne ]cnanXnIfp−v. i_vZme¦mc§fpsS taJebn hnti
jn¨pw. Cu cwK¯v Jmknapl½Znsâ Imew apXepff IhnIsfÃmw

181
hr¯{]mk\nba§Ä cq]oIcn¨Xv X§fpsS ]qÀhnIcpsS cN\Isf
Ahew_am¡nbmbncp¶p. ‘klrZb³amcpsS lrZb¯n\v BËmZw P\n
¸n¡pIbmWv’ AXnsâbpw e£ysa¦nepw kwkvIrXImhy]cnkc¯Ã;
{ZmhnU Imhy]mc¼cy¯nemWv AhbpsS \n¸v. {]mNo\Xangnepw Ad
_n¯angnepamWv AXnsâ thcpIÄ. ‘am¸nf¸m«pcwK¯v kÀÆkm[mc
Wamb sIm¼v, sXm¦Â, H¸\¨mbÂ, H¸\apdp¡w, _ncp¯w XpS§nb
CiÂ\ma§fpw, I¼n, Igp¯v, hm¡¼n, hmep½Â I¼n XpS§nb
{]mkhyhØIfpw Ad_n¯angnbn \n¶ph¶hbmsW¶’ Fw.F. dlv
3
amsâ \nco£Ww CXpambn tNÀ¯phmbnt¡−XmWv.
{]No\XangvImhy§fnepw aebmf¯nse ]m«pkmlnXy¯nepw Im
Wp¶ Imhy`mjbpsSXmb an¡khntijXIfpw ]n¡me¯p \ne
\nÀ¯nt¸m¶Xv Ad_naebmfImhy§fmbncp¶tÃm.
Imhy§fnse {]mkZo£sb Hcp Ae¦mcambÃ; A\nhmcyXbm
bmWv sshZycpÄs¸sSbpff IhnIÄ I−ncp¶Xv. ]m«pkmlnXy¯nÂ
FXpIbv¡pw, tam\bv¡pw Iev]n¡p¶ {]m[m\y¯n\v XpeyamWXv. Zzn
Xobm£c{]mktam, A\p{]mktam IqSmsXXs¶ kwkvIrXþ`mjmhr
¯§fn anI¨ cN\IÄ \S¯mw. ]t£, I¼ntbm, Igpt¯m Dt]£n
¨m AXp anI¨ am¸nf¸m«mbn ]cnKWn¡s¸SnÃ.
Cu \nba§Ä ]men¡m¯hsc Xncp¯m³ tambn³Ip«n sshZyÀ,
]pent¡m«n sslZÀ XpS§nb {]apJÀ Xs¶ {i²n¨pt]m¶ncp¶p. DZm
lcW¯n\v Bent¡mbamÌÀ F¶ IhnbpsS ]cnjvImcamesb JÞn
¨psIm−v ]pent¡m«n sslZÀ cNn¨ ZpcmNmcamebnse Hcp `mKw
t\m¡pI:
‘H«psa I¼n Igp¯v IW¡pw sI«nb ]m«n I−nÃ,
D¨aXp¡pw CS¡v ]cs¡s¡m¨papb¨n«ps−Ãmw
hn«nssS, sh¸v FSp¸v, Ip\n¸pw Nnsägp¯v Hä¯p−nÃ
4
hnZyIsf ]Tn¡mXnXv amXncn hn±phcmcpw ]−nÃ.’
I¼ntbm, Igpt¯m, aäp Imhy\nba§tfm ]men¡msX ap³Kman
Ifmb {]apJcmcpw cN\ \S¯nbncp¶nsöv ]pent¡m«n hyàam¡p
IbmWnhnsS.

182
Xmfhpw kuµcyhpw
{ihWkuIpamcy¯n\v am¸nf¸m«pIfn henb {]m[m\yap−v.
kmlnXyt¯mfw kwKoX¯n\pw AXv ]cnKW\\ÂIp¶p. AXnsâ Xmf
eb`wKnbpsS \nZm\w Imhyicoc¯nÂ\n¶pw thÀs¸Sp¯m\mhm¯
I¼n, Igp¯v apXemb LSI§Ä Xs¶bmWv. Cu cwK¯v kÀKhmk\
bpffhÀ¡v AXnsâ cN\mkt¦X§Ä Xncn¨dnªp {]tbmP\s¸Sp
¯m\mhiyamb A´co£w BZyImew apXte \ne\n¶pt]m¶p. {]m
No\Imhy§fn \njvWmX³amcmbncp¶ Xangv]peh³amtcmsSm¸apff
ImhykZÊpIÄ, KmbIkwL§Ä kÔy apX {]`mXw hsc aÕcn¨v
]mSp¶ hnhmlhoSpIÄ, Hmtcm Ciepw X\natbmsS Be]n¨p hymJym
\n¡p¶ ]mSn¸db thZnIÄ apXembh ]m«psI«nsâ apdIsf km[mc
W¡mcntes¡¯n¨p. ImhycN\mcwKs¯ \hmKXÀ¡v icnbmb Im
hym\pioe\w t\Sm\pw Hmtcm Ciensâbpw Xmft`Z§Ä ASp¯dn
bm\pw AXphgn km[n¨p.

{]mk\n_Ô\IÄ
Ad_naebmfImhy§fnse {]mkhyhØIÄ ]T\hnt[bam¡p
¶Xn\pff Gähpw anI¨]mT§fmWv(text) tambn³Ip«n sshZycpsS IrXn
IÄ. sshZycpsS GXp cN\IÄ ]cntim[n¨mepw Cu cwK¯v At±l
¯n\pff sshZKv[yw {]ISamhp¶ `mK§Ä Is−¯m\mhpw.
IhnbpsS IuamcZibn cNn¨ ZoÀLImhyamb keoJ¯v ]S¸m
«nsâ(1868) aq¶mwCi Cu taJebn At±lw ]peÀ¯nbncp¶ \njvT
bpw Pm{KXbpw shfnhm¡p¶p−v.
‘]pIbpw IpWw _qS¡ebpw ]n¶m
^meÀIW¡v H−pw ]SnbmtZm³ Rm³
_IIÄ apZ\q Nnäv Ffp¯pw I¼n
_mepw XemNµw Ip\n¸pw X¼n
kIe Ihn cmPÀ CZns\ ]mÀ¸o³
Xz_o_v ]b F³ _m¡\À¯w XoÀ¸o³’
(ImhyKpWtam, IemX¯z§tfm, IWt¡m ]Tn¡m¯h\mWv Rm³.
Nnsägp¯pw I¼nbpw, BZy´w N´w hcp¯p¶hnZybpw F\n¡dnbnÃ,

183
IhncmP³amÀ CXp]cntim[n¨v ‘]¿ÂXz_o_nsâ’ (XqenI\maw) cN
\mtZmj§Ä XoÀ¯pXcWw.)
X\n¡dnbnsöp Ihn ]dbp¶ {]mk\n_Ô\IÄ Gsdbpw]men
¨pXs¶bmWv Cu IrXnbpw cNn¨n«pffXv. XpSÀ¶v _ZvdpÂap\oÀ, _ZÀ
JnÊ XpS§nb Imhy§fntes¡¯pt¼mÄ AhbpsS {]tbmKw IqSpXÂ
lrZblmcnbmbn amdp¶Xp ImWmw.
k_o\¸m«pIÄ, am¸nf¸m«pIÄ Fs¶Ãmw ]n¡me¯p hyhl
cn¨p t]m¶ Ad_naebmfImhy§fnse {]mk\nba§fpw sshZycpsS
{]tbmKamXrIIfpw ]cntim[n¡mw.
I) samgn
kwkvIrXhr¯¯nepff ]Zy§fnse tÇmI§fpsSbpw `mjmIm
hy§fnse CucSnIfpsSbpw Øm\¯v, am¸nf¸m«pIfnÂhcp¶ ASnØm
\GIIamWv samgn. Be]n¡p¶ kµÀ`¯n Hcp Ciensâ ]qÀ¯oI
cWw F{X ]mZ§Ä(hcn) tNÀ¶memtWm kw`hn¡pI, A{Xbpw ]mZ§
sf Hcp samgnbmbn IW¡m¡p¶p. c−papXÂ ]¯phsc ]mZ§fpff
samgnIÄ Cu hn[w am¸nf¸m«pIfnep−v.
Nne DZmlcW§Ä:
c−p ]mZ§fpff samgn
"]qaIfms\ lpkv\p PamÂ
]p¶mc¯mfw anIsµ _ohn' (_.ap. 7)
aq¶p]mZw
"Hs¿ F\n¡p−v ]¿Â ]ndmb¯nÂ
Hs¯mcpan¯v Ifn¯pw sIm−vþ Hcph³
Dsämcp _m¡v Rm³ sXänSmsX' (_.ap. 38)
A©p]mZw
"tIdn tIa tImSX³ apIfnÂ
tla¸nSnhmÄ lkvXaneWhmbv
IncnInS aIpS¯ncpapSn \oÀ¯n
XeIpSbvhmsbþKf_nse InclnZ
^Àkbv kbv^v ]c¯n Xncp fÀ_msb' (_.Jn. 37)

184
Ggp]mZw
"]pds¸«_pPmlnepS³ In_vÀ
s]m¦nsbfpµv en_mkv Nabvµp
]pXpam Jk_v C«v IÂ s_bvsX
lcodpapSp¯nSsh, anI anIþ
hmsb ]«pIfm Dfw taÂa N«Ifpw
Acbv \mS sNm«nIfpw ]e]Wn ]pXphm
sbSps¯mcp Jm¯w _nc¡v ]Zn¯nSembv' (_.Jn. 21)
C{]Imcw hyXykvX ]mZkwJyhcp¶ samgnIÄ, kµÀ`m\pkc
Ww {]tbmKn¡p¶p.
J) I¼n
Hcp samgnbnse FÃm ]mZ§fnsebpw BZym£cw H¶pXs¶bm
Ip¶Xn\mWv I¼n AYhm, Xe¡¼n F¶p]dbp¶Xv. ‘]m«pkmlnXy
5
¯nse tam\bv¡p kZriamWnsX¶p’ Nne teJIÀ ]dbp¶ps−¦nepw
c−pw X½n {]ISamb hyXymkap−v. Hmtcm ]mZhpw c−mbn hn`Pn
¨m e`n¡p¶ ]qÀthm¯c`mK§fnse BZym£cw tbmPn¨phcp¶
XmWv tam\. Cu \nÀ_Ôw I¼nbnenÃ. AXn ]mZ§fnepff BZym
£cw tbmPn¨ph¶m aXnbmhpw.
DZm 1.
"Icni¯m AZncs¯ ]Sn¸nhÀ CcphÀ¡pw
Ihntµäw a\w X¶n Indp^mlpºpw
I\ZnþIpSnXo\pw \Ss¸mcp a\w t]msebmw' (_.ap. 5)
DZm 2.
"a\bmÀ \Ic¯n lk³
acpam³ Ipªmen XmcÀ
a\t\i¯pSscbpw X³ tXhnbmÄ Xs\bpwþt_sd
a\bv Xe¯n AhÀ ]ncn¯m¡nSphZmbn JdPmbvþ_µv
akvPnZn ]p¡v Cchpc¯pw sXmfpZncnt¸mcmbv' (a.]. 37)
I¼ntbmsSm¸w XpSÀI¼n, ap¡¼n F¶o {]mk§Ä {]tbmKn¡p
¶Xnepw sshZyÀ {i²n¨n«p−v. I¼n{]mk¯nsâ XpSÀ¨bmWv XpSÀ

185
¡¼n. ASp¯Sp¯ aq¶v samgnIfn I¼n Htc coXnbn XpSÀ¶phcp
¶Xv ap¡¼nbpw.
DZm.
"As− _SphÀIÄ c−pw ]ncnsµ ]n³
Bfpw \_n Xmapw tXmf½mcpw þ iWanse
A¯m\w _n«v \S¯am\mÀ
AaÀ Cdbv _ns« t]mZv JaÀ Iodn tNÀt¯mcpw
AcntImcpw Zpº¯v ]pcnbpw _n«vþapZncsh
Bs\ _Zsds− Xm\s¯¯n
Aac^fv s]sä dafm³ ]Xnt\fpw
Acna¡nfw s_ffn Cchn Cim kabanÂ
A¯m\s¯¯n ASn¯mÀ ssJam' (_.Jn. 32)

K) Igp¯v
XpSÀ¨bmb \mepsamgnIfn Hmtcm¶nsebpw BZy]mZ¯nse
c−mas¯ A£cw kam\amIp¶Xn\mWv Igp¯v F¶p]dbpI. am¸nf
¸m«pIfn I¼nt]mse CXn\pw {][m\ Øm\ap−v. `mjmhr¯§fnse
ZznXnbm£c{]mkw, ]m«nse FXpI F¶nhbnÂ\n¶pw Aev]w hyXy
kvXamWnXv.
DZm.
"]qaIfms\, lpkv\pÂPamÂ
]p¶m¯mfw anIsµ _ohn
tla§Ä sat¯ ]Wn Nn¯ncw
B_cWt¡mh AWnsµ _ohn
\ma§Ä F®n¸dªm Xocm
\hcXv\Nn¦mcw ]qs− _ohn
Imam\¡mÄN¡Zr¸sa´mw
I¯pw XJv¯n acp§pw _ohn' (_.ap. 7)
c−p]mZw hoXapff \mepsamgnIfmWv Cu CienepffXv. Hmtcm
samgnbnsebpw c−mas¯ A£cw ‘a’ F¶mWv. CtX Ciense XpSÀ
¶pff \mepsamgnIfn tc^hpw, AXn\ptijw ‘©’ F¶ Iq«£chpw
Igp¯mbn hcp¶Xpw ImWmw.

186
L) hmep½Â I¼n
XpSÀ¨bmb \mepsamgnIsf Hcp GIIambn ]cnKWn¨mWv Igp
¯v \n_Ôn¡p¶sX¶v hyàambtÃm. CXn \memas¯ samgnbn
epff Ahkm\]mZ¯nse A´y]Zw sIm−v A©mas¯ samgn Bcw`n
¡p¶XmWv hmep½Â I¼n. Cu {]mkw {]tbmKn¡p¶Xn Ihn ]peÀ
¯p¶ kq£vaX an¡ CiepIfnepw ImWmw.
DZmlcWambn, Inf¯namebnse ‘apf¦nsb Xkv_olpw’ F¶mcw
`n¡p¶ c−mwCiense \memas¯bpw A©mas¯bpw samgn ImWpI:
"sNmÃsh Bew AS¦Â Aabv¯v
XpÃnbta apcSmIns\ ap¯v
sNsÃmcp \mksc d¦n kpZn¯v
kpZn¯psff abnÂtImew Xcn¯v ap¼nÂ
kdm^nµo AI¯m¡n AÀiv sIm¼nÂ'
ChnsS \memas¯ samgnbnse Ahkm\]Zamb "kpZn¯v' F¶
i_vZwsIm−v ASp¯samgn Bcw`n¡p¶XpImWmw. Hcp Ciense Ah
km\]Zw sIm−v ASp¯ Ci Bcw`n¡p¶ coXnbmWv an¡Imhy§
fnepw sshZyÀ ]n´pScp¶Xv. CXpw hmep½ÂI¼n {]tbmKn¡p¶Xnsâ
`mKw Xs¶bmWv.

M) hm¡¼n
Hcp samgnbnse Hmtcm ]mZ¯nsebpw A´ym£cw BhÀ¯n¨p
hcp¶XmWv hm¡¼n. `mjmIhnXIfnse A´ym£c{]mk¯n\p k
am\amWnXv. Imhy¯nsâ Bem]\kuIpamcyw hÀ[n¸n¡p¶Xn CXn
\p henb ]¦p−v.
DZm.
"D¯v A_vZpÀdlvam³ sb−hÀ Xmt\
Da¿s¯ sImesNbvZ s]mfpZmt\
]äosb³ JzZanepw PpÀlms\
]dhm\p−v At\Iw C¡Zbv Xmt\
sXänà lmcnkvsbs− kzl_ms\
XncpScn IeIn¯v s]mcpZms\

187
 Npänsb³ JpssdinIÄ ipPvBs\
sNmSnsNmSn¯v AhÀ X¶m _fµms\' (_.Jn. 75)
hm¡¼n {]tbmKn¡p¶Xv Hcpsamgnbnepff ]mZ§fnse A´ym
£c§fnemsW¦nepw, sshZyÀ Hcp Cien ]qÀWamtbm `mKnIamtbm
Hcp {]tXyI A£cw Xs¶ D]tbmKn¡p¶ kµÀ`§Ä [mcmfamWv.
_ZvdpÂap\odnse 83þmw CienepÅ 32 ]mZ§fpw Ahkm\n¡p¶Xv
‘s¯’ F¶ Iq«£c¯nemWv.

N) Nnsägp¯v
`mjbnse A\p{]mkt¯mSv kmayapffXmWv Nnsägp¯v. Hcp
hyRvP\hÀWs¯ ASp¯Sp¯mbn BhÀ¯n¡pIbmWtÃm A\p{]mk
¯nsâ kz`mhw. CXnsâ hyXykvX hIt`Z§Ä sshZyÀ¡rXnIfnÂ
ImWmw.
DZm 1.
"X¦Ä ]ndµv DesI¦pw _nf¦o
Xn¦nsb I³Ipen se¦n Xpfp¦o
X¦nS _³Ip^nÀ A¦v ae¦o' (In.am. 2)
DZm 2.
"Däv kmenskmcp _«w IqSn NpaSn«vv NmSn ISp¸¯nte
Duäw Dsä ]pen am«n_n«vv ISpNm«a«w Dic¯nte
Häs_«v sImSp¯n«v ]än lPÀ I«nes¨Snbpw AäZmbv
DuSpIodpanStIS³ kodpw sbSbv IqSn ]mWn apdnbmbZmbv'
(a.]. 21)
BZy DZmlcW¯n ‘¦’ bpw c−mas¯Xn S, «, ä F¶nhbpw
XpSÀ¨bmbn BhÀ¯n¡p¶p.
_ZvdpÂap\odnse 19þmw Ci Cu cwK¯v Ihn¡pff ssh`h
¯n\v anI¨ ZrjvSm´amWv. Hmtcm ]Z¯nepw hyXykvXX ]peÀ¯p¶
{]kvXpX Ci ImWpI:
"\n−ms\ Ah³ _n−ms\ F\bv It−mcpw _chp−ms\
\nµm \m³ F\n Nnµmt\m Zpc _n³Xmsc samfnsbµmsa
_n−msf \Pokp−mt\ F\bv I−msf NZn It−mt\
_nffnsb samfn XÅmsZ ]pSn Dffmse Ju^ptffms\
Cs− t]mZSp¯pt−mcpw _nfn sIm−_q kz¿msZt−ms\

188
 C¡mWpw Jbva¡Iw JzZw s_¡m\pw _nZn lJzmtam
F−msc sb\bv s]−nbmÄ AaÀ D−mt\ ZpcÀ c−mfnÂ
Giphm³ AhÄ Bibm _nZn t]insb AhÀ Gin\mÀ
GintbmÀ CkvtaimsZ DSpiotim\pw Zpcm ss_ti\pw
F¯ns\ Zpcm ]¯n\n bZn ap¯ns\ sImSp¯p¯ms\
\miam CZpt¡inb _nZw IqimsZ ]d cmimsf
\Ãmsf aWw apÃmsf \ssa FÃmcpw CZn sXmÃmbmbv
Bibm samfntbims\ ZpÀdp t]im\pw NZnÀ ]mibmÂ
A¶qdpw ]nd sh®qdpw Iqsd X®ocpw Abns_®pInÂ
t]inbmÄ HcptZim\n Ipdthima _lpZminbmw
s]m¿mIn _cq Ct¿mfn Jnkvbv H¿msZ Zn\w sN¿pho³
sN¿phm³ AhÄ sam¿msb s]mfpZt¿mfn A_qk¿mZv
sNm¶ms\ sb\n ap¶ms\ ]Wn a¶ms\ AcpÄ C¶mfnÂ
l¿ms\ ]c³ Xpt¿ms\ sb\ns¡m¿msZ XpW \n¿ms\
l¶ms\ AhÄ ]n¶mse F\bv \n¶ms\ Cc Xn¶ms\
sam¿msb sb\bv sa¿ms\ ChÄ H¿m\pw XWn Z¿ms\
a«msb samfn ap«msb Ifhnt«m\n Dcs]«msf
_t¿msS sXfn sat¿msS ape sX¿mdn aW¯v At¿msc
_¿mse sb\bv sam¿mse \abv I¿m\pw k__v C¿qcnÂ'

O) ZznXnbm£c{]mkw
kwkvIrXþ`mjmhr¯§fn ImWp¶ ZznXnbm£c{]mkw ssh
ZyÀ¡rXnIfpsStbm, CXc Ad_naebmfImhy§fpsStbm s]mXpkz`m
haÃ. AXnsâ Øm\¯mWv sNdnb cq]t`Zt¯msS Igp¯v {]Xy£s¸
Sp¶Xv. F¶m \nch[n CiepIfn ZznXnbm£c{]mkw sshZyÀ {]
tbmKn¨n«p−v. _ZvdpÂap\odnse 82þmw Cien A©p]mZ§fpff F«p
samgnIfmWpffXv. CXn Hmtcm samgnbnsebpw Ahkm\]mZ¯nsem
gnsI Ihn ZznXnbm£c{]mkw Zo£n¨Xp ImWmw. BZy c−psamgnIÄ
t\m¡pI:
"s_¯h³ lpPvdn _oIam kdodnÂ
D¯h³ kpdqdn HmZnsb JzdmdnÂ
Nn¯w lmPs¯µp\bv¡v kndn Dc¯ t]msZ\bv¡v

189
 H¯ kzmln_¯hÄ¡v
D−v BinsJms¶, sIm−p t]mbn Pns¶
Pn¶hÄ Hcp¯n sN¿pw t\mhI¯nþ
X¶nSw _cp¯n XmXpho³ iW¯nÂ
]ns¶ aq−p Imcnbs¯ t]ipw Ah Xm³ AZps¯
_¶w D¦Ä sNbvIn sas¯
_mÀ¯sb³ Jnkmev XoÀ¡pho³ C¶mev' (_.ap;82)
kemkoense asämcp Ci ImWpI:
"sXmà As¸mfpZv AhÀ X½nÂ
XÃpw XzAv\m IpZpIpew
sbÃw I\nµv AP_mta
Xn¦n¯pS³ k_¡v Ah³
s]m¦n¯v Hcn ku¯mte
N¦n¯v Pn³ _nd¯mta
ZnÃn J_À _nSpµv A¸Ä
AÃÂ s]Sp¯v CSphZn³
aó k_¡v ASp¯mta' (kem. 46)

P) baIw
i_vZme¦mc§fn {][m\amb baIw Ad_naebmfImhy§
fn hncfamsW¦nepw sshZyÀImhy§fn baIw hcp¶ kµÀ`§Ä
ImWmw:
"Xn¦Ä apIn amZplpZm¡pf
Xn¦Ä X\bv IÀ^w Npaµpff
Xn¦fmInb Xn¦fmw anI Xn¦fmt\ d_oDÂ
AÆ Xn¦Ä _mXzn\nte’

‘Xn¦ÄZn\w Xn¦fnte fplm

Xn¦Ä aZn apivXco Xn¦fnÂ
Xn¦Ä Iodnsb Xn¦Ä JmXnap A¼nbm\_nbmÀ
DZn¯v Dhn Xn¦Ä a¡ante' (ln. 1)

190
asämcpZmlcWw:
"aZn \ndhmtb aZn¡v F¦pw aZn aZnbmsb aZo\¯nÂ
aZn a\bv tbdn aZn¸nt¯ aZn ZJemtb
aZn aZ\¯m aZot\mtc aZn aZamse aZnsbµmw
aZn Il\¯n aZn _tµ aZn akemtb’

‘aZp \ndI© ]Ip«eÀ aZpaZp Xsâ aZps]m¦n

aZp D]hmkn¯v ASp¡pw a·Zp aZpt]mse
aZ\nbÀ H¡m aZnc¯m aZn aZns¯¯n alvaqZÀ
aZpaeÀ ]mZw ]Wntµän ]pIfphZmtbm
þþþþþþþþþþ þþþþþþþþþþ þþþþþþþþþþ
\mIam\w s]ähÀ Ip^mÀ \mI apI§Ä Jpep_pw Xoþ
\mIan s]« \mIw t]mse _mSphZmtb
\mItafpw IStµmÀ s]m³\mIw Hint¯mÀ \mI¯n ]mÂ
\mIatZdpw \_n ss_¯n tNcphZmtb' (_.Jn. 101)
ta DZmlcW§fn Xn¦Ä, aZn(aXn), aZp(a[p), \mIw, \mKw
F¶o ]Z§Ä hyXyØmÀ°§fn ASp¯Sp¯v BhÀ¯n¨p {]tbmKn
¨ncn¡p¶p.

Q) BZn{]mkw
ASp¯Sp¯pff ]Z§sf HtchÀWw sIm−v Bcw`n¡pI F¶
XmWv BZn{]mk¯nsâ kz`mhw. ta D²cn¨ _ZÀJnÊbnse "aZn \nd
hmtb aZn F¦pw aZn aZnbmsb aZo\¯nÂ' F¶ `mKw DZmlcWw.
aäpNne DZmlcW§Ä:
"Xm\h³ X³ Xmcpf XqZms\ Xzml Ju sbSp¯v
XmivIbm sN¸p¶v C_v\p Aºmkv _ocÊmcap¯v' (D.]. 116)
"aÃnI aecmsf aZphmi¡\nbmsf
aZ\mi¡SÂ Xpffpw alv_q_¯o' (_.ap. 68)
"ISn\w ASÂ sImSphcnIÄ sImSnbhÀIfnSbnÂ
ISµv CeIZv CSbv sImSpa s\mSnbnSbn s]Sembv' (a.]. 48)

191
Hmtcm ]mZ¯nsebpw Bcw`¯nepw A´y¯nepapff ]Z§fnse aq¶m
as¯ A£cw BhÀ¯n¡p¶ Hcp Ci ImWpI:
"Ipe¯v t]mIpsa−pc¯ hm¡v
k½Zn¯v _oc\pw Dc¯nSbv
Iph¯v t]mÀ H−p Ibäphm³ ]n¶pw
Hcp¡n tIa¦Ä hcp¯nSbv
_ne¯n\m ]S Pln¡nÂtbäta sImSp¡pw
am\§Ä hncp¯nSbv
_nI¯n\m a\w Nen¯nSmsZ ap³ AWn¡v
tPm\sc \ndp¯nSbv
Ien¯v ImfÀ ]n³ AWn¡pambn iWw
\S¯n t]mbn CI XpSÀ¶nSbv
Icp¯n tIdn\ Dc¯n\m ]¯v
\ne¦Â tIm«bpw ]nSn¯nSbv
\ne¯n\m InS§v AIe¯v
Imhepw Dd¸n¯mIbpw AaÀ¯nSbv
\Sn¯v km\nbmbv hnSp¯n t]mcZv
sNmSn¯v tPm\cm Pln¯nSbv'
(a.]. 13)
I¼n, Igp¯v, hmep½Â I¼n, hmÂI¼n F¶o hyhØIsfÃmw
]men¨psIm−mWv Cu {]mkhpw Ihn {]tbmKn¡p¶Xv F¶Xpw ]cnK
Wnt¡−Xp−v.
]m«pImhy§fnse tam\sb A\pkvacn¸n¡p¶ hn[w Hmtcm ]mZ
¯ntebpw ]qÀtÆm¯c`mK§Ä Htc A£cwsIm−p XpS§p¶ coXn
bnepw Nne CiepIfn ImWmw.
"Duätaäw Nó DS Dct¯ Ió
amäapsff _nó alsXmbn¡pw aó
aÃ\mw Plen³ inct¯
aäp Juan tbsd sat¯
_nÃph³ DiÀ¯n s_t¯
s_¯v _ZÀ\mfn _n\anIs¯ tImfnÂ

192
 tImfn Pl B«w sIm−p dºn³ tX«w
tbfn_miw t\m«w sb¦Â CcnIq«w
Iq«an H−ncna s_t¯mÀ
Iqdpw AÀlmambn apdnt¯mÀ
B«ambv lJpfw Hint¯mÀ
Bscmcp¯cmta AAve ap\nbmta’ (_.Jn.79)

AÀ°me¦mc§Ä

i_vZme¦mc§fpsS taJebn Xangv{ZmhnUImhy§fnepw, Ad

_naebmf¯nse BZyImecN\Ifnepw A\phÀ¯n¨pt]m¶ Iogvhg
¡§Ä NneXp kzoIcn¨pw ]cnjvIcn¨pw \nbXamb amXrI cq]s¸Sp
¯pIbmbncp¶p sshZyÀ sNbvXXv. sshZycpsS cN\IfneqsS A¯cw
coXnIÄ s]mXpkzoImcyX t\Sn. Ah am¸nf¸m«pcN\bpsS ASnØm\
\nba§fmbn AwKoIcn¡s¸SpIbpw sNbvXp.
F¶m At±l¯nsâ i_vZme¦mc{]tbmK§fn \n¶pw hyXy
kvXamb HcpXew AÀ°me¦mc§fpsS taJebn ImWmw. `mjmþ
kwkvIrX Imhy§fn \n¶pw BÀÖn¨ Imhym\pioe\w {]ISamIp¶
taJebmWnXv.
sshZycpsS IÂ]\mssh`h¯n\pw Ae¦mc{]tbmKkmaÀ°y¯n
\pw \nch[n DZmlcW§Ä hnhn[Imhy§fn ImWmw. _ZvdpÂap\o
dnse \mbnIm\mbI³amsc AhXcn¸n¡p¶ GgmwCi Gsd {]kn²
amWv. kÀhm`cWhn`qjnXbmbpff lpkv\pÂPamensâ cwK{]thiw
t\m¡pI:
‘acXI XpInepw sRmdnªpSp¯v
amWn¡ss¡ cs−dnµv _oin
]cp¡n XeapSnbpw Ip\n¯v
]cpam³ Ifp¯pw sNcn¯pwsIm−v
Icnt]m CS¯pw he¯n«q¶n
I¬]ncn s_«n NpiänSenÂ
_cn\qÀ aZ\w Xcn¯t\m¡pw
]hnfs¸m³ Np−mse ]p©ncn¯pw

193
 ]p©ncn¯¶ \S¨mbenÂ
]qam\t¯hn _chp X¶nÂ
X©§Ä Pn¶p a\phÀI−mÂ
X³t_mZw hn«paZs¸Spta’
(acXIkam\amb hkv{X§Ä sRmdnªpSp¯v amWnIywt]mep
ff ssIIÄ Bªp hoin, am³t]SbptSXn\p Xpeyamb Igp¯v Aev]w
sNcn¨v, B\sbt¸mse CS¯pw he¯pw ]mZ§fq¶n, CSbv¡v I¬
]oenIÄ sh«n¨v aZ\mÀ¯ambn t\m¡n, ]hngwt]mepff Np−pIfmÂ
]p©ncn XqIn, A¶\S¨mbenepff AhfpsS hchpI−m a\pjycm
hs«, Pn¶pIfmhs« hnImc]mchiy¯m t_m[clnXcmhpw!)
buÆ\bpàbmb lpkv\pÂPamens\ hÀWn¡p¶ Bdmas¯ C
ien AhfpsS cq]emhWyw hm¡pIfneqsS hc¨nSpIbmWp Ihn.
kwkvIrXImhy§fnse \mbnImNn{XoIcWs¯ A\pkvacn¸n¡p¶
AwK{]XywKhÀW\bmWv sshZyÀ \S¯p¶Xv. D]abpw, DÂt{]£bpw,
kktµlhpw kµÀt`mNnXambn {]tbmKn¨v Imhykuµcy¯n\v amäp
Iq«m³ Ihnbv¡pff ssh`h¯n\v DZmlcWamWv Cu `mKw.
‘ImcpWapwXeapSn I¦p Idp¸n Xn¦embv
t\cnb Imfapw sImSn t\cnZÄ _−n e¦embv.
_mcW _mÀ¶nSpZn _µv aSt¼mtSiembv
]qcWtam¼n sI«nsb ]q−isIµv sNmÃphm³
sNmÃpwIam\ s\änbpw Npcp¡atZsd ]¦nbmw
_nÃnftbm Cfw]ndm _oItam I¬]pcn¯Sw
CÃIdp¸pw ARvP\w C«ssW I¬]pcnItam
]Ãcnap¯v amZfw ^e§Ä \nc¯ns_¯tZm
s_¯Zns\m¯ XmepIw _nµaeÀ¡pffÃntbm
]¯n\n Np−v ap³Nncn s]m³]hngw ]nfÀµtXm
Nn¯ncamapIw XpSn Nn¸n]nSn¡psffmÂ^tZm
A¯cta IhnįSw B¼esam«n³ AÃntbm
a«fbvcmPs]m³acw ap³Ipe]q¯ t]msetbm
a«ta am³Ifp¯Zpw amtdmSv tXmfv Xmfta.’
(kar²amb AhfpsS XeapSnbv¡v ImÀapInent\¡mÄ Idp¸v, ap
SnbngIÄ¡mhs« Icnh−nsâ an\pan\p¸v, Ah NoInsbmXp¡pt¼mÄ

194
aS¼nt\mSp In¶mcw ]dbpw! sI«nh¨mepff AgIv ]dbm\pw h¿! Iam
\mIrXnbnepff s\än¯Sw AXnkpµcat{X. ]pcnIs¡mSnIÄ aghnÃm
tWm? AtXm, t\À¯ N{µ¡etbm? ARvP\anSmsX Xs¶ Idp¯XmWv
I¬]pcnI§Ä. Z´\ncIÄ ap¯pt]mepff AcnIÄ \nc¯nh¨tXm?
AXns\m¯ \mhv Xmac¸qhnsâ AÃntbm? s]mt¶m, ]hngtam ]nfÀ¶p
h¨XmtWm Np−pIÄ? arZpehpw kpµchpamb IhnįSw B¼Â¸qhn
sâ CXfpItfm? am³t]SbptSXn\p kam\amb Igp¯v F{X at\mlcw!
BsI IqSn ]q¯p\n¡p¶ cmPs]m³ac¯nsâ (IWns¡m¶) `wKn.)
XpSÀ¶pff hcnIfn \mbnIbpsS amdnShpw \nXw_hpsaÃmw hÀ
Wn¡p¶ps−¦nepw Ihn anXXzw ]men¡p¶pap−v. lpkv\pÂPamensâ
cq]emhWyw BhnjvIcn¡m³ Ihn Is−¯p¶ D]am\§fn NneXv,
CtX Imhy¯nse JaÀ_m³, kp^bvd XpS§nb IYm]m{X§fpsSbpw,
_ZÀJnÊbnse kzÀKobI\yIamcpsSbpw hÀW\bn IS¶phcp¶p−v.
Hcp DZmlcWw ImWpI:
"I−md¡«p½Â s_−cpf XJvs¯m−Znep−ms\ þ Hcp¯n
Il\n DZns¯ JaÀ t]m apIw I¯n e¦nadn´ms\.
_−ndsIm¯ Idp¸papSns¡«pw _nÃpesImÂ]ms\ þXneIw
_mÀ¨m apIw aq¡pw t]mÀ ]hnf¨p−pw Imd¡fp¯ms\
In−n Ineiw Ccnt¸m \Âs¨t¸m aXnt¸m Dd¸ms\þ\ÂIpªn
In®tam, I®SnI«n ainbn« _«apebms\.' (_.ap. 54)
(sh¬ap¯p]Xn¸n¨ I«nenÂ, hn®nse ]qÀWN{µ\v kam\amb
apJIm´nbpff Hcphfncn¡p¶p. AhfpsS apSns¡«n\v h−n³NndInsâ
Idp¸pw an\p¸pap−v. Ipe¨ hnÃpt]mse hfª]pcnI§fpw at\mlc
amb apJhpw \mknIbpw, ]hng¨p−pw, am³Igp¯pw, sN¸pt]mepÅ
sIm¦Ifpw hÀW\mXoXamWv!)
_Zvdp ap\odnse 67þmw Cien ImWp¶ kp^bvdbpsS Nn{Xhpw
hyXykvXaÃ.
‘Idp¸v _−ndIpw Ipi api¡w
IcnsI«m ]ncnis¦fpabmIpw
Xndw I¯pw apI¯m kndmsPmfn¡pw
kpdpa¡¬ anfn¯v s_«mse t\m¡pw
NncnNp−pw ]hnfs¯ \mWn¸n¡pw
Nncn¡q an¶pIw e¦pw kn¶pw \m¡pw

195
 Nnds¸m¯ Iip¯pw AZnÀ¸t¯mfpw
sNs¸m¯ apebpw Hip¡v amdpw’
(Icnh−nsâ NndIns\m¯ XeapSn sI«nh¨Xv ]ncniwJns\ sh
Ãp¶XmWv. apJ¯nsâ tim`I−m {]Imin¡p¶ hnf¡v Hfn¨p\nÂ
¡pw. kpdpasbgpXnb I®pIfpw, ]hngs¯ \mWn¸n¡p¶ Np−pIfpw,
Nncn¡pt¼mÄ an¶ensâ tim` ]c¯p¶ ]ÃpIfpw \mhpw kpµcamb
Igp¯pw sN¸pt]mepff amdnShpw \b\m`ncmaat{X!)
ChnsS Ihn \S¯p¶Xv tIhew kmZriy Iev]\bÃ. D]am\s¯
A[nIcn¡p¶ KpWhntij§Ä D]tab¯n\ps−¶p kqNn¸n¡p¶
tXmsS B Iev]\IÄ IqSpXÂ angnhpäXmIp¶p−v.

Iev]\Ifnse HuNnXyw
sshZycpsS Ae¦mcIev]\IÄ kµÀt`mNnXhpw ImhyKpWk¼
¶hpamWv. At±l¯nsâ IrXnIfn ImWp¶Xpt]mepff sshhn[y
]qÀWhpw e£Wbpàamb Ae¦mc§Ä, Ad_naebmfImhyimJ
bn AXn\papt¼m, ]nt¼m {]tbmKn¨pImWp¶nÃ. kwkvIrXImhy§
fntem, aWn{]hmfImhy§fntem ImWp¶Xn\p kam\amb D]am\§Ä
sshZyÀ {]tbmKn¡pt¼mÄ Ad_naebmfkmlnXymkzmZIÀ¡v AXv ]p
Xpabpff A\p`hambncp¶p.
‘tX\mÀ Nnd¡p¶ ]b¡hpw’ (kw`mjWw) ‘Xmac]q¡p¶ apJhp
apff’ _ZvdpÂap\odnt\mSv lpkv\pÂPamen\p−mbncp¶ {]Wb¯nsâ
Xo{hX A\phmNI\v t_m[yamIp¶ hn[w Ihn BhnjvIcn¡p¶p−v.
]ckv]cw kvt\ln¨psh¶Xnsâ t]cn ]nXmhv hn[n¨ GIm´hmkw
kln¡m\mhmsX, clkyambn kÔn¨v AhÀ \mSphnSm³ Xocpam\saSp
¡p¶p. Cu cwKw sshZyÀ hÀWn¨Xv :
‘iÀ¯n¸Sn X½n ]dªpd¨p
iuJ¡SÂ c−pw ]X]X¨p’ (_.ap.10) F¶mWv.
]Xªps]m§p¶ {]Wbkap{ZambmWv Ihn Ccphscbpw hnti
jn¸n¡p¶Xv. GI]£obamsW¦nepw, _ZvdpÂap\odnt\mSv AS¡m\m
hm¯ {]Wbw tXm¶p¶ JaÀ_ms\ Nn{XoIcn¡pt¼mgpw ISÂ Hcp
_nw_ambn IS¶phcp¶p.

196
 ‘Acn¸w ]q¯pffn aZpct¯³ ISÂ
adnbpw cmPm¯n JaÀ_m³’ (C.60) F¶mWv hntijWw.

Dffn kvt\lw ]q¯peªv, a[pct¯³IS CfInadnbpIbm

WnhnsS. _ZvdpÂap\oÀ lpkv\pÂPamen \mbIsâ t]cns\m¸apff
‘_ZÀ’ F¶ kwÚbv¡v Ad_nbn ]qÀWN{µ³ F¶mWÀ°w. ap\o
dnsâ N{µXpeyamb apJhpw kuµcyhpw hÀWn¡pt¼msgÃmw Cu i
_vZw sIm−pkn²n¡p¶ tÇj`wKn {]ISIamhp¶Xp ImWmw.
_ZdpÂap\odmsW¶p sXän²cn¨v A_qk¿mZnt\msSm¸w cm{Xnbn
 Hfnt¨mSnb \mbnI, ASp¯ {]`mX¯nemWv Xm³ AIs¸« Zpc´¯n
sâ Bgw Xncn¨dnbp¶Xv. B cwKw t\m¡pI.
‘AeÀsµ C¡¦p AI¯n DZn¨nSphm³ iÀXzpsä _ZÀ
AÃn DZn¡mXpZns¨¶pw HmÀ¯v As¼fns¨an HmSnssS \m³
]peÀµncp]s¯«mw \mÄ Aamhmkn Ccp«n\n s]«hfmbv
]«v XJvXn\n Civ«]Zhnbpw _n«vv I¬sI«hfmbv’ (_.ap. 12)
(cm{Xnbn DZn¡psa¶v Dd¸n¨ N{µ³ DZn¡msXXs¶ DZns¨¶p
IcpXn Xm³ HmSn. ]t£, t\cw ]peÀ¶t¸mÄ Aamhmkn\mfnse Iqcn
cp«nÂs¸«hsft¸msebmbn. sIm«mc¯nse kpJhpw ]Zhnbpw t]mbn,
ImgvN \jvSs¸«Xn\p kam\ambn.)
bYmÀ°¯n hntcm[ansænepw {]Ya{ihW¯n AXnsâ
{]XoXnbpfhm¡p¶p F¶XmWv hntcm[m`mkw F¶ Ae¦mc¯nsâ
kz`mhw. cm{Xnbn N{µ³ DZn¡msX Xs¶, Ds−¶p tXm¶nb shfn¨
¯n HmSnb \mbnI ]pecnbnse Xqsh«¯n Aamhmknbnse Iqcncq
«neIs¸«p F¶mWv Ihn`mjyw. km[mcWcoXnbn cm{Xnbn shfn¨
tam, {]`mX¯n Iqcncnt«m D−mhpIbnÃtÃm. _ZvdpÂap\odmIp¶
]qÀWN{µ³ DZn¨pbcp¶Xp Im¯ncp¶ AhÄ, thj{]Ѷ\msb¯p
¶ A_qk¿mZns\ I−psXän²cn¨v AbmtfmsSm¸w ]pds¸Sp¶p. Iqcn
cp«nepw \nemhpffXmbn {`an¡p¶p. \mbnIbpsS ]£¯nÂ, _ZÀ\nem
shfn¨w ]c¯p¶ N{µ\msW¦n Xs¶ h©n¨ A_qk¿mZv Iqcncp«v
k½m\n¡p¶ AamhmknbmWv. ]Xn\memwcmhnemWv ]qÀWN{µ\p−m
hpI. Ccp]¯nsb«n\v Aamhmknbpw. Cu hn[w AbmfpsS km¶n²yw
AhÄ¡v Iqcncp«neIs¸« {]XoXn krjvSn¡p¶p. hntcm[m`mkt¯m

197
sSm¸w ‘_ZÀ’ F¶ i_vZ¯neS§nb hyXykvX AÀ°Xe§Ä IqSn
]cnKWn¡pt¼mÄ at\mlcamb Hcp tÇjme¦mc{]tbmKambpw AXpam
dp¶p−v. IhnIÂ]\Ifnse D]a, DÂt{]£, cq]Iw apXembhbpsS
kuµcyw t\cs¯ DZmlcn¨ \mbnImhÀW\Ifn Xs¶ {]ISamhp
¶p−v. aäpNne {]tbmK§Ä IqSn ImWpI.
_ZvdpÂap\oÀ lpkv\pÂPamen ab¡¯n \n¶pWcp¶ \mbI
s\ hÀWn¡p¶Xv,
‘apIn \o§ns¯fnbpw \pPqap t]mse
apJw I®pw Xpdµ¦pWÀµZmse’ (C. 67) F¶mWv.
ImÀtaLw amdn sXfnbp¶ \£{Xwt]mse Ah³ I®pXpd¶p
F¶À°w. ap\odnsâ I®pIfnse \£{X¯nf¡w ImhymßIambn
hyRvPn¸n¡pIbmWnhnsS.
ae¸pdw]S¸m«nsâ BZy`mK¯v tNcam³ s]cpamÄ ISÂIS¶v
a¡bnse¯n {]hmNIs\ ZÀin¡p¶ cwKap−v. sN´macaeÀ t]mepff
\_nbpsS ]mZ¯n h−v ]qhnse¶t]mse N{IhÀ¯n AWªpsh
¶pw, ]qÀWN{µtim`bpff IncoSsaSp¯p incÊpXmgv¯n hW§nsb¶p
apff hÀW\ at\mlcamWv.
‘_mdpIÄ Xcn¯v t_µÀ tNcam³ DfÀsµ
sb−v sN¼nµ]phmkw GäWbv t]m tNÀsµ
NoÀInSm¨t¡mÄ aeÀsNµmac ]Z¯nÂ
sN½Zn IncnInSw sbSp¯v kodbv Xmįn’. (a.]. 9)
ISÂISs¶¯nb cmPmhv {]hmNI]mZ§fneWªt¸mÄ ISenc
¼p¶Xpt]mse BËmZ¯nsâ AeIfpbÀ¶p. A\pNc³amcpsS apJw
sXfnªp.
i_vZkuIpamcyhpw AÀ°`wKnbpw H¯nW§nb Ihn Iev]\
C§s\:
‘]penIÄ Ad_nIÄ, \ehÀ kzl_pIÄ
]ecpw HcpabpÄ, _ena lfdnse
\nehn AZn]Zn, Iena samfnIsh
s]menhv ISÂ]Sn, AeIÄ apfIsh’ (a.]. 9)

198
 H¶ntesd D]am\§Ä tNÀ¶phcp¶ amtem]abpsS {]tbmK¯n
epw sshZyÀ Xev]c\msW¶p ImWmw. B{IaW¯n\p tIm¸pIq«n BÀ
¯nc¼n hcp¶ i{Xpssk\ys¯ Nn{XoIcn¡p¶ ae¸pdw ]S¸m«nse
`mKw DZmlcWw:
‘an¶pw CSnIq«n _cpw amcnt]mÂ
t_e¯ncbv s]mfnµpc¼nSpwt]mÂ’ (am.]. 59)
(iàamb CSnbpsSbpw an¶ensâbpw AI¼SntbmsShcp¶ t]am
cnt]msebpw, kap{Z¯nse BÀ¯nc¼nhcp¶ Xncamet]msebpambncp
¶p AhcpsS ]S¸pd¸mSv.)

D]am\§fnse kam\XIÄ
]S¸m«pIfnepw aäp cN\Ifnepw Nn{XoIcn¡p¶ bp²hÀW\I
fn ImWp¶ D]am\§Ä¡v Nne s]mXpkam\XIÄ ImWmw.
]penbpsS ap¼nÂs¸« th«arKw (_.ap. 27), ]penbpsS hmbnÂ
\n¶v c£s¸t«mSp¶ \mb (a.].57), Ccsb¡− knwlw (a.]. 46), hni
¶pheª Cuä¸penIÄ InS¡p¶ KplmapJ¯Is¸« amSpIÄ (a.].
62), ]penbpsS ap¼nÂs]« th«\mb (a.]. 21), NmSn hogm\mªp\n¡p
¶ knwlw (_.Jn. 40) B\bpsS akvXI¯neSn¡p¶ knwlw (D.]. 54)
XpS§nbh t\m¡pI.
th«¡mcsâ Icp¯nt\msSm¸w CcbpsS \nÊmcXtbm, \nÊlmb
Xtbm hyRvPn¸n¡p¶hbmWh. FXncmfnsb B{Ian¨p Iogvs¸Sp¯p¶
Xnepw hIhcp¯p¶Xnepw Nne h\yarK§Ä {]ISn¸n¡p¶ P·klP
amb Icp¯pw hocyhpw t]mÀapJ¯pff tbm²m¡Ä¡pw ChnsS Iev]n
¨p\ÂIp¶p. _ZÀþDlZvþae¸pdw ]S¸m«pIfnseÃmw hnizmknIfpsS
]£¯pff t]mcmfnIsf kqNn¸n¡m³ knwlw, ]pen apXemb cq]I§
fpw i{Xp¡sf ImWn¡m³ \mb, am³ XpS§nb cq]I§fpw {]tbmKn
¡p¶Xv bmZyÑnIaÃ. Ah BJym\¯nepff Ihn]£w IqSn hyàam
¡p¶p−v.

kmtaymànAe¦mc§Ä
kmtaymànhn`mK¯nepff Ae¦mc§fn D]a, DÂt{]£, cq]
Iw apXemb kÀÆkm[mcWamb Ae¦mc§tfmsSm¸w, {`m´nam³, kk
tµlw, A{]kvXpX {]iwk F¶nhbpw {]tbmKn¨n«p−v.

199
 _ZvdpÂap\oÀ 66þmw Cien Pn¶pcmPIpamcnbmb kp^bvd tXcn
tedn BImiamÀKw k©cn¡pt¼mÄ Xmsg Hcp ]qt´m«¯nencn¡p¶
_ZdpÂap\odnsâ hnZqcZriyw I−p ktµln¡p¶Xv C§s\bmWv:
‘_Ão I−at¯mcn _ncp¯n_m³ AI¯n¶v
_Zdäv _nfpµtZm \pPqtam lmZm
CZpt]m aZn ]qhn DZn¸Xpw alm AÃmtbm?’
"B ImWp¶Xv BImi¯p\n¶p N{µ³ ASÀ¶phoWtXm, AtXm
\£{XaSÀ¶p hoWtXm? `qanbn N{µ\pZn¡pI F¶Xp Akw`hyam
6
WtÃm' F¶t{X AhfpsS ktµlw.
lpkv\pÂPamensâ kuµcyw hÀWn¡p¶ Bdmas¯ Cienepw
\ndªp \n¡p¶Xv kktµlIev]\ Xs¶bmWv. IhnbpsS \mbnI
¡v BkzmZIa\Ên Ønc{]XnjvTe`n¡p¶Xv, B Iev]\IÄ \ÂIp
¶ angnhpaqeamsW¶v Xncn¨dnbm³ {]bmkanÃ.
apIfn kqNn¸n¨ DZmlcW¯nse kp^bvdbptSXn\p kam\amb
A\p`hw 72þmw Cien {]Xy£s¸Sp¶ cmPIpamcn Paoe¯n\pw Ah
fpsS tXmgn Ppssae¯n\pw D−mIp¶p−v. X§fpsS sIm«mc¯n\p kao
]apff DZym\¯n DÃkn¡pt¼mÄ Aev]wZqsc _ZvdpÂap\oÀ \n¡p
¶Xv AhÀ ImWp¶p. ap\odns\ BZyw ZÀin¨ tXmgn, AXv cm{XnbnepZn
¡mdpff ‘kplvd’ \£{XamsW¶v {`an¡p¶p:
‘Zqsc t\m¡v \o AZm Asµ ]qt´m«anÂ
kplvd _µpZn¯nSpw FµZnÀ]¯nembv’
AXptI«p ]p©ncnXqIn, ]hngm[canf¡n cmPIpamcn ]dbp¶Xv
AXp \£{XaÃ, _m³ hr£¯nsâ ]pjv]amWv F¶t{X!
‘kp¯ ]hnf¨p−\¡n Nncn¯p¶embv
sNm¶XÃ kplvd, _m³ C« ]qÆmIpta’
_ZvdpÂap\odns\ \£{Xambpw, _m³ hr£¯nsâ ]pjv]ambpw
{`an¡p¶ \mbnIamcpsS hm¡pIÄ ‘{`m´nam³’ F¶ Ae¦mc¯n\p
\nZÀi\ambn¯ocp¶p.

200
A{]kvXpX{]iwk
{]kvXpX hr¯m´¯nsâ {]XoXn krjvSn¡p¶hn[¯n A{]
kvXpXamb hr¯m´s¯ hÀWn¡pIbmWv A{]kvXpX{]iwkbpsS
kz`mhw.
_ZÀ Jnʸm«v \memwCien {]hmNI³ a¡bn {]t_m[\
{]hÀ¯\§fmcw`n¨t¸mÄ, AhnsSbp−mbncp¶ JpssdjnIfpsS Ah
Ø Nn{XoIcn¡p¶`mKw CXn\pZmlcWamWv. X§fpsS tKm{Xalnabn
epw iànbnepw Al¦cn¨ncp¶ AhcpsS hÀ¯am\\ne Gsd ]cp§
enembncn¡p¶p.
‘IoÀ¯n ImäSn¨p _³ Im\ JpssdinIÄ
InSpInSp¯v Dfapw sR«mbv
tIÄ¡mZÂ Dc¯ Xcp¡Ä¡v ASnthÀIÄ
IoWpZw ]pSn¡s¸«bv’ (_.Jn. 4)
({]hmNIsâ {]ikvXnbmIp¶ ImäSn¨v JpssdjnIfmIp¶ sImSp
¦mSv InSpInSp¯p. AIw hnd¨p. AXphsc ImXepds¨¶p IcpXnbncp¶
ac§fpsS thcpIÄ NnXep]nSn¨p.)
{]Xm]imenIfmb JpssdjnIsf sImSp¦mSmbn Iev]n¨v AXp
InSpInSmhnds¨¶pw AhnsSbpff h³ac§fpsS iàamb Xmbvthcp
IÄt]mepw NnXseSp¯p {Zhn¨pXpS§nsb¶pw Ihn kqNn¸n¡p¶p. {]
kvXpXamb Jpssdjn tKm{X¯eh³amÀ¡v h¶ps]« At[mKXn hÀWn
¡p¶Xn\p ]Icw, h\¯nse h³ac§fpsS \miamWv Nn{XoIcn¨ncn
¡p¶Xv. _ZvdpÂap\oÀ Imhy¯nepw Cu hn[apff {]tbmK§ÄImWmw.
\mbI\mb ap\odns\ a\Êmhcn¨psh¦nepw A_qk¿mZnsâ h©\
bv¡v ]m{Xamb lpkv\pÂPam AhtfmSv {]XnIcn¡p¶Xv t\m¡pI:
‘sImäpw ZpJmJn sN−pS³ sNµmaecn tX\mþ
IpdpIm IpSn¯m PoshmSp¦pw F−dnµntà \o’
(_.ap.13)
"sN´mac¸qhnse tX³h−n\p \pIcm\pffXmWv. AXp IpSn¨mÂ
Xhf N¯pt]mIpw'. \mbnIbpsS DÅnse kvt\lw(a[p) _Zvdp ap\odn
t\mSv am{XamsW¶pw AXp Xncn¨dnbmsX {]hÀ¯n¨m A_qk¿m
Znsâ A´yamIpw ^ew F¶papff {]kvXpX hr¯m´¯nsâ Øm\¯v

201
A{]kvXpXamb h−nsâbpw XhfbpsSbpw hr¯m´w FSp¯p²cn¡p
IbmWv Ihn.
CtX Imhy¯n \n¶pff asämcpZmlcWw ImWpI:
_ZvdpÂap\odnÂ\n¶I¶v hnZqctZi¯v A_qk¿mZnt\msSm¸w
IgnªpIqSsh, Xsâ ZpÀKXntbmÀ¯v hne]n¡p¶ lpkv\pÂPamens\
kamizkn¸n¡m\mbn AbmÄ tNmZn¡p¶Xv kqcy³ Ing¡p sN¶kvX
an¡m¯Xn ZpJn¨ns«´p ^ew F¶mWv.
‘aivcnJn sN¶pZn AkvXan¸m³
a\wZp¡n¨oh®w sbµp sN¸m³’ (_.ap.24)
_ZvdpÂap\odpambpff kamKaw Akw`hyamsW¶ {]kvXpXs¯,
asämcp A{]kvXpX IY\¯neqsS hyàam¡pIbmWnhnsS.

hmkvXthmànAe¦mc§Ä
hmkvXthmàn Ae¦mc§fpsS KW¯n kz`mthmàn, AÀ°m
´c\ymkw, DZm¯w, AÀ°m]¯n F¶nhtbmSmWv Ihn¡p s]mXpth
B`napJyw. hÀWyhkvXphnsâ at\mlcamb hmMvabNn{X§Ä krjvSn
¡p¶Xn Ihn¡pÅ {]tXyIamb ssh`hw hyàam¡p¶ DZmlcW
§Ä [mcmfap−v.
kz`mthmànbpsS {]tbmK¯n\v, GgmwCiense -þ
"acXI¯pInepw sRmdnªpSp¯v
amWn¡ss¡ cs−dn´p hoin'
F¶mcw`n¡p¶ lpkv\pÂPamensâ ]pd¸mSpXs¶ \Ã ZrjvSm´amWv.
_ZÀJnÊbn Jpssdjn{]apJ\mb A_qPlensâ ]S¸pd¸mSv
t\m¡pI:
‘tIdn tIat¡mSX³ apIfnÂ
tla¸nSnhmÄ lkvXaneWhmbv
IncnInS aIpS¯ncpapSn \oÀ¯n
XeIqSbvhmsb Kf_nse InclnZ
^Àkbv kbv^v ]c¯n Xncpfdv_msb
Cudt¡m]t¯msS Pq\qZnS
NmSnt¯mSn¯¸cniWanÂ

202
 CSNpaSs¨mSn InSpInSs\¯Sw
s]mSn DiÀhmsb...’ (_.Jn.37)
(A_qPl Xsâ tIaamb IpXnc¸pd¯p NmSn¡bdn. kzÀW¸n
Snbpff hmÄ I¿neWnªp. incÊn\e¦mcamb IncoSw DbÀ¯n. Xe
IpSªp. hÀ[n¨ tIm]t¯msS IpXncsb hmÄ]c¯n ASn¨psIm−v
NmSn¡pIbpw HmSn¡pIbpw sNbvXp. A´co£¯n s]mSn]Se§fp
b˦p.)
Al¦mchpw tIm]hpw IeÀ¶ ]S\mbIsâ {]hr¯nIÄ CXnt\
¡mÄ at\mlcambn Nn{XoIcn¡pI {]bmkw! bp²cwKhÀW\IfnÂ
CXpt]mepff DZmlcW§Ä btYjvSw ImWmw.
IYm]m{X§fpsS XqenImNn{X§Ä anI¨ kz`mthmànIfmbn
]cnWan¡p¶p−v. ae¸pdw ]S¸m«nse Aenac¡mcpsS hÀW\ DZml
cWw:
‘Ip¼¡cntbm I¸bhpw I®pw
Iq«¸pco _ois¡mSnbpw sa¿pw
sa¿pw I\¡®pw ]penapIhpw
sas¯ Icp¯pw t]mÀ]Sn¸pIhpw’ (a.]. 18)
Iq«p]pcnIhpw, I«naoibpw, Xo¡«t]mepff I®pIfpw, ]penbp
tSXn\p kam\amb apJhpw Icp¯pw bp²ssh`hpw H¯nW§nb ]Sbm
fnbmWbmÄ.
CtX Imhy¯n hcp¶ ‘Ahdm³Ip«n’ F¶ IYm]m{X¯nsâ
XqenImNn{Xw:
‘AiIv s]m¦pw an\pZ X¦¡pSw t]m hÀW¯Snbpw
AZr¸Np−pw Nncnbpw aq¡pw Xnf¦pw ]Ãpw ISnbpw
ain_«¡¬ ]pcnI¡q«w ]nSnbpw _ois¡mSnbpw
a\phmÀ Bis¸Spsa ]mÀ¡n Icp¯pw _m¡pw sNmSnbpw’
(a.]. 34)
(AgImÀ¶ X¦IpSw t]mepff icocw, hnkvabIcamb Np−pw,
Nncnbpw, aq¡pw. Xnf§p¶ ]ÃpIÄ! at\mlcamb ]pcnIt¯mSpIqSnb
h«¡®pIfpw, aoibpw. Bcpw I−m sImXn¨pt]mIp¶ cq]w. AXn
s\m¯ Icp¯pw, sNmSnbpff hm¡pIfpw!)

203
AÀ°m´c\ymkw
{]kvXpXambkmam\ys¯ A{]kvXpXamb hntijwsImt−m, adn¨v
{]kvXpXamb hntijs¯ A{]kvXpXamb kmam\ywsImt−m kaÀ°n
¡pt¼mÄ kn²n¡p¶ AÀ°m´c\ymk¯nsâ Nne amXrIIÄ ]cntim
[n¡mw.
_ZÀ Jnʸm«n i{Xp]£s¯ {]apJ\mb A_qPl bp²¯n
s\mSphn ]S¡f¯n hoWpInS¡pt¼mÄ, {]hmNI]£¯pÅ
C_v\p akvDuZv Abmfpambn \S¯p¶ kwhmZap−v. A_qPlent\m,
AbmÄ t\XrXzw \ÂInbncp¶ Jpssdjn]£¯nt\m {]hmNIsâ al
¯z¯n\pw IoÀ¯n¡pw Aev]wt]mepw `wKwhcp¯m³ km[n¡nsö
hntijs¯ \nch[n kmam\yX¯z§fpsSbpw DZmlcW§fpsSbpw
shfn¨¯n C_v\p akvDuZv kaÀ°n¡p¶p:
"Cdp¼nsb sben ambv¡m
Ipdpw ]pdbv ]pen \mbv¡m
.... .... ....
XqIn\¯m ]bndm
_nZ¯nSmtam sXfnam IpbndmÂ
sNmSn¨p _¨nd sIm¯bv
XpS¨p ambn¯v FSp¡mtam
tPm\mI IeI¯bv
]q\mIw XSp¡ptam?'
(_.Jn. 85)
(Fen¡v aesb CÃmXm¡m\mhnÃ. Im«nse ]pen¡v \mb Xpeyam
hpIbnÃ. {KlWthfbn ]bÀ hnXbv¡m\mhnÃ. h{P¯n BteJ
\w sNbvXXv ssIsIm−p XpS¨m ambnÃ. tIm]n¨ D{KkÀ¸s¯ a®n
cbv¡p XSp¡m\mhnÃ.)
ae¸pdw ]Sbn \mSphmgnbmb ]md\¼nbpsS ]SbmfnIÄ bp²
¯n ]n´ncntªmSn At±l¯nsâ kao]s¯¯p¶p. AhÀ X§fpsS
\nÊlmbX shfns¸Sp¯pt¼mÄ \mSphmgnbpsS {]XnIcWw C{]Imc
amWv:
‘Nqfpw ]Sbmfpw le§Ä Xm¸pw
tXm¡pw ]Xns\«mbpZ¦Ä tIm¸pw

204
 _mfpw sb\bv t]msem¯hcn Bcmw
_cptam CW]q\m lcn¡v t\cm!’ (a.]. 59)

Bbp[§fpw ]SbmfnIfpw th−pthmfapff X\n¡v FXncmfnIÄ

\nÊmc³amcmWv F¶ hntijs¯, ]q¨ knwl¯n\p kaamhpIbnÃ
F¶ kmam\ywsIm−v kaÀ°n¡pIbmWv \mSphmgn.

DZm¯w
]pcmhr¯]cmaÀihpw sFizcykar²nbpsS hÀW\bpamWv DZm
¯me¦mc¯nsâ kz`mhw. _ZÀ JnÊ 26þmw Cien \_nbpw, A\pN
c³amcn {]apJ\mb A_q_¡dpw X½nepff kw`mjWw hnhcn¡p
t¼mgpff Hcp ]cmaÀiw t\m¡pI:
‘sbs− samfn¡v Bä Xncpa\w lpkv\mbZmÂ
CutcÄ \ndw _«mhZ³ a¦n \ndw ]IÀµmÀ
_n−n ckw Xpäv ^Wn¡pIm CcsImSps¯
_oc¡cp kn±oJv Dc¯¸Ä l_o_pÃmth,’
(A\pNc³amcn NnecpsS hm¡pt¡«v, ]Xn\memw cmhnsâ tim`
bpff \_nbpsS h«apJw a§n. AXpI−v, kzÀKt¯mSpff Xmev]cyw
ap³\nÀ¯n ]m¼n\v, Im sImSp¯ A_q_¡À C{]Imcw ]dªp.)
ChnsS A_q_¡dn\p \ÂIp¶ hntijWw ‘]m¼n\v Im Cc
bmbn \ÂInbh³’ F¶mWv. At±lhpambn _Ôs¸« Hcp ]pcmhr¯
amWv hywKyw. aps¼mcn¡Â i{Xp¡fnÂ\n¶p c£s¸«v A_q_¡dn
s\m¸w {]hmNI³ kuÀKplbn A`bw {]m]n¨ncp¶t¸mÄ D−mb
kw`hamWXv. £oWnX\mb \_n Kplbv¡I¯v A_q_¡dnsâ aSn
bn Xeh¨pd§sh, A_q_¡dnsâ Imen¶Snbnep−mbncp¶ s]m
¯n \n¶pw ]pd¯ph¶ hnjkÀ¸w At±ls¯ sIm¯n. {]hmNIsâ
\n{Zbv¡v `wKw hcmXncn¡m³, DWcp¶Xphsc A_q_¡À Ime\
¡msX ITn\thZ\ kln¨p.
A_q_¡dnsâ kz`mhalnabpw, {]hmNIt\mSpff `ànbpw sh
fnhm¡p¶ Cu ]pcmhr¯w ]cmaÀin¡p¶Xn\m AXv DZm¯w F¶
Ae¦mcambn amdp¶p.

205
 \_nbpsStbm ]qÀÆ{]hmNI³amcpsStbm ]pcmhr¯§Ä ]cmaÀ
in¨psIm−v hÀWy¯nt\m IYmkµÀ`¯nt\m ÇmLyXzw ssIhcp¯p
¶ DZmlcW§fpap−v.
_ZvdpÂap\oÀ 52þmw Ciense sIm«mchÀW\bpw, ae¸pdw ]S¸m
«nse ]ffnbpsS hÀW\bpw (C.15) sFizcykar²nbpsS BJym\w hgn
bpff DZm¯¯n\pZmlcWamWv.

hÀW\m]mShw
hÀW\bnepw ]m{XmhnjvImc¯nepw sshZyÀ Gsd kq£vaX
]peÀ¯p¶p−v. aWn{]hmfImhy§fnse \mbnImhÀW\bpw {]IrXn
hÀW\bpambn Xpe\w sN¿pt¼mÄ sshZycpsS Imhy`mh\ H«pw ]n¶n
esöv hyàamhp¶p. `mh¯n\\pkrXamb `mjbpw DNnXamb Imhy
_nw_§fpw AXnsâ apJykhntijXIfmWv. _ZvdpÂap\odnepw ae¸p
dw ]S¸m«nepw At±lw BhnjvIcn¨ Nne IYm]m{X§fpsS hmMvab
Nn{X§Ä ]pXpatNmcmsX \ne\n¡p¶hbmWv. Bcm[\meb§fpsS
bpw sIm«mc§fpsSbpw hÀW\bnepw bp²cwKNn{XoIcW¯nepw
sshZycptSXn\p kam\amb BhnjvImc§Ä`mjbn A]qÀÆamWv. ae
¸pdw ]S¸m«n kac]Ým¯eamb ae¸pds¯ ]pcmX\ Bcm[\meb
¯nsâ ZoÀLamb hÀW\bp−v. AXnse Hcp `mKw t\m¡pI:
‘Xmew P\§Ä I¬ XSn JÂ_pw IpfnÀ¸n¡pw
XzmlnÀ Pehpw lufv AZnÀ¸¯mse
ap−vþX«pIÄ anI]Wn akvPnZXr¸w
sI«pIÄ XcaZn A\Iw DiÀ]w
I«nIÄ ]SphSn A\Iw Acn¸w
Xmcbv ]¯ÀIÄ sN¯pIÄ Nn¯nc _n¯nbIfmÂ
tNen an\p¡§Ä shmfne¦n Xnf¦ps¶
koZm ankv_mln³ sbZncw t]mse
adnIbvþNnZsamSv sbfpIbpw _fIÄ kphoPm
IZ_pIÄ AZn Nnse ]WnIÄ kpemPm
IZnÀabn sbZnÀaIÄ apSns]S kmPm
tNcbv C¯ncw sb¯nsc sas¯ NnZ¯n AZmw
Bewhnf¦ps¶ ^pÀJzm\p Afoanse

206
 Bbm¯v C_mdm¯pw ]se ss_Xmepw
AZpta þ Acnabn sIm¯nsbSp¯pf sbfp¯pw
s]cpabn Nn¯ncw s_¯v ]Zn¯pw
NpcpfpIÄ ]nWbv¯v Ip\n¯vv Ipdn¯pw
BsI PuldpIÄ IeÀhbv IZnÀ abv¡pIamw
tben ASn¯«n \ndp¯nsb CamZpIÄ
tbäw _Sp¯¯n ISbnµv sIm¯o
aecpw þ s_ffs¸mS ]se hÀWw AZv A¨
_ffn¡pdn \ndbv skmÀWsa ]¨
]pÅn¡pdn IeÀ AlvaÀ ]n¨
tbdpw an¼dZpw ]Snbpw ]hnfw ]Wnt]mÂ
s]m©w ]se sN©Â \ndw sImSp¯pshmfnbps¶
]qÀWs¯fn bmJzqXv sb\pw ss_cw t]mÂ
aÀPm³ þ s]m³]Wn k_ÀPZv aZncIw adnbpw
s]m³]e \JvipIÄ aeÀ CSIpdnbpw
\Âs]menhv Cebv NZpÀ]pdw NpSÀ sbcnbpw
]qÀÆ ]qcW tXmcW NmcWw ImcWamÂ
X©w anlvdm_pw AIs¯¦pw _ncp¯psff
Xm\¸ hkv{X¸«v sbZnÄ]«§Ä
kpIsa þ X¯nacpw Iafpw IfÀImZo
I¯n _nf¦enSpw ]se PmZo
kp¯w _cp¯n Ipf¯n InWmZo
Xmcm X¡_nf¡v _cn¡v \nc¡v AWnbmbn’
(a.]. 15)
(P\§fpw I®pw Icfpw IpfnÀ¸n¡p¶ ip²Pehpw AXp kw`cn
¡p¶ hnkvabIcamb Pekw`cWnbpw ]ffnbnep−mbncp¶p. BIÀj
Iamb B ]ffn anI¨ ]Wn¯c§fpff aq¶v X«pItfmSpIqSnbXmWv.
Xcwt]mse sI«nbpbÀ¯nbXmWv. AXnsâ I«neIÄ BÝcyP\I
at{X. sN¯nan\p¡n Nn{X¸WnIÄ sNbvX IÃpIfm XoÀ¯XmWv `n
¯nIÄ. hnf¡nsâ {]Imiwt]mse AXnse an\p¡§Ä at\mlcambn
{]tim`n¡p¶p. NpdªhfIfpw sIm¯p]WnIfm Xnf§p¶ tX¡n
sâ hmXnepIfpw.

207
 Nne ]Zy§fpw temIs¯ {]Imin¸n¡p¶ JpÀB\nse kqà
§fpw aäpw IXIn sIm¯nbn«p−v. Nn{Xw h¨p]Xn¡pIbpw Ip\n¸pw
Ipdnbpw tNÀ¡pIbpw sNbvXn«p−v. BsI¡qSn ap¯p]Xn¨ hnf¡p
t]mse Xnf§p¶p.
ASn¯«n ImWp¶ XqWpIÄ F{Xbpw at\mlcambn ISªp
sIm¯nbhbmWv. ]q¡Ä shff\nd¯nepw, hffn¡pdnIÄ kzÀW \nd
¯nepw, ]pffn¡pdn Nph¶ hÀW¯nepambn tNÀ¯v Ae¦cn¨ {]kwK
]oThpw, AXnte¡p Ibdp¶ ]SnIfpw ]hng¯nÂXoÀ¯ {]XoXnbpf
hm¡p¶p. BIÀjIamb hÀW§fpsS tNÀ¨ AXnsâ AgtIäp¶p.
{]kwK]oT¯n\p Npäpw Xq¡nb Ae¦mchnf¡pIfpsS {]Imi
¯nemWv sIm¯p]WnIfpw IpdnIfpw Xnf§p¶Xv. {]mÀ°\bv¡v t\Xr
Xzw \ÂIp¶bmÄ \n¡p¶ "anlvdm_pw' AXn\I¯v hncn¨ ]«ph
kvv{X§fpw AXoh kpµcamWv. XpS¨pan\p¡n hcnhcnbmbn Xq¡nb hnf
¡pIÄ \£{X§sft¸mse Xnf§p¶p.)
km[mcWcoXnbn Ht¶mct−m CucSnbnÂ, Gdnbm Hcp D]
ame¦mc¯nsâ tas¼mSntbmsS IhnIÄ hÀWn¨p t]mImdpÅ H¶mWv
sshZyÀ hnkvXcn¨v hÀWn¨ncn¡p¶Xv. hÀWyhkvXphnsâ kq£vamwi
§Ä t]mepw \nco£n¨v Nn{X¯nse¶t]mse ]IÀ¯nbncn¡pIbmWn
hnsS. aq¶v X«pIfnembn \nÀ½n¨ tZhmeb¯nsâ aq¡nepw apebnepw
A\phmNIsc sIm−pt]mbn I¬ap¼n ImWn¨p Xcp¶ {]XoXn! KZy
¯nemhnjv¡cn¡pt¼mÄ AXnsâ kuµcyw tNmÀ¶p t]mIp¶Xmbn
tXm¶p¶p. am¸nf¸m«nse {]mNo\ CiepIfnsem¶mb ‘sIm¼v’ Aev]w
]cnjvIcn¨v ]pXnb Xmf{Iaw \ÂIm\pw Bem]\kuIpamcyw hÀ²n¸n
¡m\pw Ihn {ian¨XpImWmw.
ae¸pdw ]S¸m«nse Cu hÀW\ Häs¸«XÃ. _ZvdpÂap\odnse
‘Xm\w Hcp _pkvXm³ AZnepsff AXr¸§Ä’ (C.52) F¶mcw`n¡p¶
Cien cmPsIm«mc¯nsâ ZoÀLhÀW\bp−v. Adp]XvsamgnIfnembn
AXnsâ `wKn hÀWn¨n«pw aXnbmhmsX, ASp¯ Ciente¡pw AXp
XpSÀ¶pt]mIp¶pap−v.

bp²hÀW\IÄ
]S¸m«pIfnse bp²cwK§fpsS BhnjvImcw hocck{][m\hpw
ImhyKpWk¼¶hpamWv. ‘bp²¯nsâ XnaÀ¸pImWn¡m³ aäpNne Iho

208
izc³amÀ ImWn¨n«pff Icp¯ns\ shÃphnfn¡p¶ {]Imc¯nepffXv’
F¶mWv iqc\mSv Ipª³]nff Ahsb hnebncp¯p¶Xv. Nne DZmlc
W§fpsS shfn¨¯n AhbpsS kz`mhw ]cntim[n¡mw.
_ZÀ JnÊbn {]hmNI]£s¯ {]apJt]mcmfnbmb lwkbp
sS t]mÀhocyw hÀWn¡p¶ cwKw Fgp¯Ñsâ _menkp{Kohbp²s¯
t¸mepw AXnibn¸n¡p¶p−v :
"Ccn]pdw Xl¿dn\m \ne¡sh
CIÂ lwk ssi_¯pambv Xnc¡sh
Dcw Cdbv lcn lwk Xm³ ASp¡sh
Hcp s_«psImSbv, DSs\ XSp¡sh
Cud apän IqsS ssi_¯v tbI Ip¯v Xm³ Hin¯v
tXdn lwk ]msS ISvI¯m ASn¯nt«m³ XSp¯v
XSshmSp \o«pw ASshmSpNm«pw
XSanS ASÂ sImSp XpSÀ_n\ ISpIS
XSns]Spw _n\]se]mSpw sb¯nc
tNmSpcs¯mbn IcniWamÂ
s]mcpw Fcn s]mcnµv sbfpµmbpZ¯n\nÂ
]phn Infcsh s]mSn _mÀ Dc¯n\nÂ
acpZ _³Npien t]m s]m¦n If¯n\nÂ
alNpSÀ ImZnÀ adbv iqcW¯n\nÂ
t]mÀ Dc¼Â tIÄ¡n A]vtIm³ Xnct¡mÄ \m\pw a«nÂ
]mÀhbÀ¡v t]Zw Aä t]mZn lwk NmSns_«n
s_«Zv Ip^vdn X«nssS NpaenÂ
_nfbv Ccp s]mfnbZmbv ]nfcsh DS³ AhÀ
_nIrZta ]cnIfn Xmfw A¨paSv
BSn A¡fanse \nebmbv' (_.Jn. 49)
(bp²apJ¯v Ccphn`mKhpw ]cn{`an¨p \nÂs¡ lwk ssi_¯p
ambn Gäpap«n. Icp¯pä knwl¯ns\m¯ lwkbpsS sh«v ssi_¯v
XSp¯p. tIm]waq¯v ssi_¯v Hcp Ip¯pIp¯n. AXnthKw Hgnªp
amdnb lwk hmfpsIm−v ]c¯n ASn¨p. Ah³ XSp¯p. XShpw \o«pw
AShpwNm«pw sIm−v CSbnepff B XS¯n h¨p\S¶ bp²w sImSpa

209
bmbn XpSÀ¶p. Bbp[§Ä Gäpap«n Xo]mdn. a®pInfÀ¶v s]mSn]mdn.
Imäv h³Npgenembn DbÀ¶ps]m§n. D{KIncW§Ä s]mgn¨psIm−n
cp¶ kqcy³ bp²¡f¯n \n¶papbÀ¶ s]mSnbn adªp. almkap
{Zwt]mepw \mWn¨v t]mIp¶ hn[w ]Sbnc¼n. t\m¡p¶hÀ¡v Xncn¨dn
bm\mhm¯a«n ]S ho−pw I\¯p. HSphn lwk DbÀ¶p NmSnsh«p
Ibpw AXp FXncmfnbpsS Npaen ]Xn¨v icocw c−mbn ]nfcpIbpw
sNbvXp. ]S¡pXncbpsS Xmf¯ns\m¯ NphSph¨v lwk hnPb`mh
¯n \n¶p.)
ae¸pdw ]S¸m«nse Hcp bp²hÀW\:
‘s]SphZn³ CSCS ISphIÄ sXmSpsXmS ISµpS³ CSs]Sembv
]nSn¡bpw Adp¡pbpw ASn¯v sbÃv
apdn¡bpw HSn¡bpw s]Sp¡bpambv
sNSpsNS J_ÀbnSbv XShv ASshmSv ]Ss_Sn sImSpsImSpam
Nn\hn\n ]penIpew K\apIÄ CSISµnSbv _n\Xcw AZvt]mÂ
CS]p¡hÀIÄ¡pw Cf¡n Xpf¡n XInÀ¯v
apInÀ¯v Ipe¯nSbpw
sbZnÀ]n¯hpw Nnd¯n Ifp¯v DZc¯nÂ
]pd¯nepw Ip¯n _en¯nSbpw
ISn\¯n ISp¯neI¯nIÄ sas¯
Xdbn¯v Idbns¯ ]pf¯nSbpw
Iichpw \ne_nfn Aichpw NZpÀ]pdw
Dicth s]mSn apIn t]m’
(a.].64)
(B kab¯v ISphIÄ IS¶psN¶p t]mcpXpS§n. FXncmfn
Isf IS¶p]nSn¡pIbpw Adp¡pIbpw ASn¨v FÃp apdn¡pIbpw HSn¡p
Ibpw sImÃpIbpambn. J_dpIÄ¡nSbn h¨v ASnbpw XShpw shSn
bpw sImSpabmbn. Im«n ]pen¡q«w BSpItfmSp ]cm{Iaw ImWn¡p¶
Xpt]mse, AhÀ¡nSbn sN¶v Cf¡nadn¨v XIÀ¯p sImÃpIbmbn.
i{Xp¡fpw Xebnepw Igp¯nepw hbä¯pw ]pd¯pw Ip¯n hen¡pI
bpw, ISp¯ne, I¯n F¶nh {]tbmKn¨v ]pfbv¡pIbpw sNbvXp. \ne
hnfnbpw _lfhpw \mep]mSpw Db˦p.)

210
 Icn¼pen t]mepff ]md¡Â Ip«nbpw hym{Lkam\\mb ktlmZ
c³ lk³ t]m¡dpw i{Xp¡sf hIhcp¯p¶cwKw ae¸pdw ]S¸m«nÂ
BhnjvIcn¨Xv ImWmw:
‘Du¡n s_s«mSv \o«pIÄ Nm«pIfpw
DPnZ NpaSv A¦w AaÀ¨Ifpw
t\m¡n \mÂ]pdw kbv^v \S¯phZmÂ
\Icpw PqÀlv F¯nsc _¶anse
Iq¡nsb¯n ]ZnµnSpw _³Ip^nÀIÄ
IpZn sIm−v aZ¸pen Ip¯phZpw
Nm¡pw ]ff s]mfnµv IpSÂIcfpw
NmSn Nnµn_nfpµpw CdµnSphm³
CSbn apdns¸«v _nfpµhÀIÄ
sbfpµpw apdµpw Di¨nSphmÀ
ASn_n«hÀ A«mZn¸n«v Dcbmbv
At¿m, C¿hÀ t]m¡dpw Ip«nbpamw’ (a.]. 49)

(I\¯ i_vZhpw Dut¡dnb sh«pIfpw \o«pIfpw Nm«pIfpw DNn

Xamb A¦¨phSpIfpw Adnbp¶hcmWhÀ. \mep]mSpw {i²n¨v hmÄ{]
tbmKw \S¯pIbm G¸n¡p¶ apdnhv F{X AKm[XcamWv! FXncm
fnIÄ Iqhnhnfn¨p h¶p ]Xnªp\n¡pw. aZ¸pen Ahsc Ip¯pw.
Nm¡pt]mepff hbÀs]mfnªv IpSepw Icfpw Nn´n AhÀ hoWp acn
¡pw. CSbn apdnthäp hoWhÀ Dg¨psIm−v Fgpt¶äv AeapdbnSpw.
At¿m! CXp t]m¡dpw, Ip«nbpamWv. C\n c£bnÃ!)
DlZv ]S¸m«nse A\kp_v\p \fÀ F¶ tbm²mhnsâ B{IaW
hocyw IqSn ImWpI:
‘sNmSn¯vv sImSp¯ ]Sbv Dc¯ Icp¯ÀIsf
Adp¯v apdn¯vv Ipes¸Sp¡epw
Npdµpw Nndµpw Ip^nÀ _nfpµpw sbfpµpw
Z½v ]nc−pw Dcp−pw InS¶pi¡epw
ASn¯pw XSp¯pw Ncw _nSp¯pw ]pSn¯pw
sIm¯v sImSp¯pw sbSp¯pw Npän \Sp¡epw

211
 AShpw XShpw ]te XIÀZn _nInÀZ
]Ssbcnbpw s]mcnbpw Dcw Xcn¡epw
sImSnb sImSnbhsc HSnbpw XpSbpw
sImSn Icapw Nndapw apdns¸cp¡epw
IpZnc NZnc ]pdw IpaSv NpaSpw ASn
IpZn¯v aZn¯hcn ASp¡epw
s\Snbpw XnSpepw ]SsImSnbpw ZpSnbpw
]cinckpw apcipIÄ Ibv_nSp¡epw
s\Sp¦n IpSp¦n XSn apS¦n ]pSp¦n
NneÀ A\kpw a\kv HinbmZv FXnÀ¡epw.’ (D.].64)

(hÀ[n¨ sNmSntbmsS A\kv Icp¯cmb i{Xp¡sf B{Ian¨v

Adp¯p apdn¡pIbpw h[n¡pIbpw sNbvXp. AhÀ Npdªpw sNcnªpw
hogpIbpw ]Xnsb Fgpt¡pIbpw cà¯n InS¶pcpfpIbpw Dgbv
¡pIbpw sNbvXp. ASn¨pw, XSp¯pw, Akv{XwsXmSp¯pw, ]nSn¨pw, sIm
¯nbpw, FSp¯phoinbpw s]mcpXn. ]ehnt[\bpff AShpw XShpw
XpS˦p. sImSnb hntcm[nIfpsS XpSbpw, sImSnbpw, ssIbpw, Xebpw
apdnªp. NXpc¨phSpIfpambn IpXnc \mep]mSpw HmSn, IpXn¨p aZn¨p.
A´co£¯n XpSn, ]d, apciv XpS§nb hmtZym]IcW§fpsS tafw
DbÀ¶p. \Sp§nbpw IpSp§nbpw XSnapS§nbpw h¶hscsbÃmw H«pw
XfcmsX A\kv t\cn«psIm−ncp¶p.)
bp²cwK§Ä BhnjvIcn¡p¶Xn sshZyÀ¡pff ssh`hw apI
fn D²cn¨ hÀW\Ifn \n¶pXs¶ hmbns¨Sp¡mw. t]mcmfnIfpsS
{ZpXKXnbnepff Bbp[{]tbmK§fpw, A`ymk{]IS\§fpw ]IÀ¯n
¡mWn¡m³ th−pthmfw tIm¸pIÄ(tools) IhnbpsS ssIhiap−v.
Aev]wt]mepw BhÀ¯\hnckX IqSmsXbpw {InbIfpsS ss\c´cyw
\jvSs¸Sp¯msXbpamWv Hmtcm hÀW\bpw apt¶m«p t]mIp¶Xv.
tIhew bm{´nIamb hnhcW¯nsâtbm, IY]d¨nensâtbm Xc
¯neà AhbpsS \ne. Ipcpt£{Xbp²`qanbntet¡m, e¦bntet¡m
A\phmNIsc IqsSs¡m−pt]mIp¶ Fgp¯Ñsâ Ih\]mSh¯n\v
kam\amWXv. \qäm−pIÄ¡¸pd¯v Atd_y³acp`qanbn \S¶ t]mcm
«§fpsS cwK`qanbnemWv Xm³ \n¡p¶sX¶v, Hmtcm hmb\¡mc\pw
tXm¶nt¸mIp¶p! lwkbpsSbpw AenbpsSbpw aät\Iw bp²hoc³amcp

212
sSbpw A\ymZriyamb {]IS\§Ä, A{`]mfnbnse¶t]mse Ihn \ap
¡p ap¼n ImWn¨pXcp¶p. IrXn hmbn¨p Ignªmepw Cu t]mcm«§
Äs¡Ãmw Ihn ZrIvkm£nbmbncp¶pthm, F¶ ktµiw Bcnepw P\n
¸n¡m³ t]m¶ hÀW\!
bp²hr¯m´IY\§Ä¡mbn Ihn sXcsªSp¯ ]Z§fpw
Ae¦mc§fpw Imhykuµcy¯n\p amäpIq«p¶hbmWv. Nne {]tXyI
hyRvP\§fpsStbm, Iq«£c§fpsStbm BhÀ¯\w hgn, Ahbv¡p
e`n¡p¶ Bem]\am[pcyw BËmZIcamWv. `mjmImhy§fn ImWp
¶ bp²hÀW\Ifn C{X BIÀjIamb {]mk`wKn Is−¯m\mhnÃ.
CiepIfpsS sXcsªSp¸nepw Nne khntijXIfp−v. bp²KXn
¡\pkrXambn Abª a«n XpS§n NSpeXmf¯nte¡p amdp¶ Ci
epIfnemWv AhbpsS cN\. ]c¼cmKX CiepIÄ kµÀ`¯n\\ptbm
Pyambn ]cnjvIcn¨mWv CXp km[yam¡nbXv. Imhy`mjbn `mh¯n
\\pkrXamb hyXnbm\w hcp¯p¶Xn Ihn¡pff ]mShhpw ChnsS
{]ISamhp¶p−v.
bp²hÀW\Ifn IS¶phcp¶ Ae¦mc{]tbmK§Ä hÀWyh
kvXphn\p amäpIq«p¶hbmWv. ImhykµÀ`¯n\v Ah \ÂIp¶ AÀ°
hym]vXnbpw, angnhpw hnkvabP\Iat{X. DZmlcWambn, _ZÀ ]S¸m«n
se AenbpsS t]mÀhocyw shfnhm¡p¶ Hcp Iev]\ t\m¡pI:
‘JpssdinIÄ ipPmCIÄ _fsµ¯n AenXss½
Ipe¸m\pw ]nSn¸m\pw \Sn¸ms\
Aenbpw IpSp¦ntb ]cnsiµv ]dhms\
AdpIphbv aZw sImt− Icbv hSoIpew _µv
AcnXs¶ s]Sp¡phm³ \n\hms\
s]mfpZn AZn³ hn\bnepw Aen anIhmsb
Fdp¼nIÄ aZn¡bpw _bam ]änSpw ]Sn
Dc¯n Aen NmSn fÀ_nSbv
XehÀ CcpI−w DSÂ \Sp s]mfnµnSbv’
(_.Jn. 71)
(Jpssdjn ]SbmfnIÄ Iq«t¯msSsb¯n Aensb hfªp]nSn¨p
h[n¡m³ {iaamcw`n¨p. At±lw AIs¸« A]ISmhØsb¡pdn¨v
F´p]dbm³? aZnanfInb B\¡q«w h¶v knwls¯ hogv¯phm³ {ian

213
¡p¶Xpt]mse! At¸mgpw Aen anI¨t]mcm«w ImgvNh¨p. aZn¡p¶
B\bpsS akvXI¯n NmSnhogp¶ knwls¯t¸mse At±lw NmSn
sh«n. FXnÀ¡m³ h¶ Xeh³amcpsS DS s\SpsI]nfÀ¶v CcpIjvW
ambn¯oÀ¶p.

ckmhnjvImcw
kµÀt`mNnXambn GXpckhpw BhnjvIcn¡m³ Ihnbv¡p km[n
¡p¶p−v. At±l¯nsâ ImeL«whsc Ad_naebmfkmlnXy¯nsâ
apJy[mcbn ]cnKWn¡s¸«ncp¶Xv `ànck{][m\amb IoÀ¯\Im
hy§fpw hoc¯n\v ap³Xq¡apÅ ]S¸m«pIfpamWv. Chbv¡p am{XaÃ;
irwKmc¯n\pw, lmky¯n\pw, timI¯n\psaÃmw \nXyPohnX¯n CS
aps−¶pw PohnXKÔnbmb kmlnXyIrXnIfn \n¶v NneXns\ am{Xw
XakvIcn¡m\mhnsöpw Ihn sXfnbn¨p.
{]tabkzoIcW¯nepw ckmhnjvIcW¯nepw ]peÀ¯nt]m¶
hmÀ¸vamXrIIsfbpw bmYmØnXnI kao]\§sfbpw XnckvIcn¨psIm
−mWv sshZyÀ ‘_ZvdpÂap\oÀ lpkv\pÂPamÂ’ F¶ {]WbImhyw cNn
¡p¶Xv. kv{Xo]pcpj_Ô§sfbpw {]Wbs¯bpw kw_Ôn¨v IÀi\
amb AXnÀhc¼pIÄ \njvIÀjn¨pt]m¶ kaql¯n Ccp]Xv hbÊv
am{Xw {]mbapff sshZyÀ Cu hn[w Hcp Imhyw cNn¨t¸mÄ D−mbncn
¡m\nSbpff {]XnIcWw Duln¡mhp¶tXbpffq.
sshZycpsS ckmhnjvIcWIuiew shfnhmIp¶ Nne kµÀ`§Ä
]cntim[n¡mw.

irwKmcw

‘irwKmcckw hÀWn¡p¶Xn sNdptÈcn\¼qXncn¡p−mbncp¶

sshZKv[yw sshZyÀ¡pap−mbncps¶¶pw irwKmcIh\coXn Xosc k½
XaÃmXncp¶ A¶s¯ apkvenwkapZmwK§fpsS CSbn kp[ocamb
ImÂhbv]mbncp¶p At±lw \S¯nbsX¶papff’ iqc\mSv Ipª³
7
]nffbpsS \nco£Ww {]kIvvXamWv.
_ZvdpÂap\odnse HcnS¯v Pn¶pcmPmhmb C^vco¯nsâ sIm«mc
¯nsâ apIÄ\nebpsS IhmS¯nencp¶v kn¯mÀ hmbn¡p¶ ap\odnsâ
Nn{Xap−v. at\mlcamb B cmKw tI«v kao]s¯ \o´ÂIpf¯nÂ

214
can¡pIbmbncp¶ tXmgnamÀ ]cnkcw ad¶pt]mIp¶p. XpSÀ¶v ap¶nÂ
I− XmgnI¡pS¯n\p apIfn Ibdn ]qÀWN{µs\t¸mepff Ahsâ
emhWy¯nepw, lrZblmcnbmb kwKoX¯nepw apgpIn, Xn¡pw Xnc
¡pw Iq«p¶ AhcpsS tNjvSIsf Ihn Nn{XoIcn¡p¶Xv t\m¡pI:
‘DSp¸nÃmsX Jaoknt«mcpw
Hcp Imep½Â Xf Ct«mcpw
Hcp anfnbn ain Ct«mcpw
Xcnhf ImÂIWpµnt«mcpw
XfX−IÄ Iin¡nt«mcpw
]cnin Rm¯n Ipf¯n ImXnÂ
]©n \mkn AWnµhcpw
AWbv Jaokv adn¯nt«mcpw
Adsa JaokWnbmt¯mcpw
CWXpScpw AcªmÄ X−pw
FZnÀ¯v Iip¯Iw Ct«mcpw
XpWnN«bpw AWnsµt¶mÀ¯v
kzcWm_cWw ]q−hcpw
AWnbmbn \n−p Xnc¡nt\m¡nÂ
Ah³ Ch ]m¯P_mbpssZ’ (_.ap. 44)

(B bphXnIÄ¡nSbn XpWnbpSp¡msX Ip¸mban«hcpw Hcp

Imen am{Xw Xfbn«hcpw, Hcp I®n am{Xw ajnsbgpXnbhcpw, Imen
eWnbp¶ Xfbpw X−bpw ssI¡p [cn¨hcpw, Xcnhf ImeneWnª
hcpw, aq¡p¯nbpsS Rm¯v ImXneWªhcpw ImXneWntb− ]©n
aq¡n\n«hcpw Ip¸mbw adn¨n«hcpw, Ip¸mbanSm³ ad¶pt]mbhcpw,
XpcSpw X−pw AcªmWpw Igp¯n sI«nbhcpw XpWnbpw Ip¸mbhpw
[cns¨¶p IcpXn B`cWwam{Xw AWnªhcpw D−mbncp¶p.)
irwKmchpw lmkyhpw CgtNÀ¶ncn¡p¶ Cu `mh\bv¡v Hcp
]qÀhamXrIbp−v. sNdptÈcnbpsS cmk{IoUmhÀW\tbmSv CXn\pff
kmayw iqc\mSv Ipª³]nff Nq−n¡mWn¨n«p−v.
IhnbpsS \mbnImhÀW\IÄ an¡t¸mgpw ]XnhpkZmNmcam\
§sf adnIS¡p¶XmWv. sh¬aWn¡hnIsft¸mse \mbnIamcpsS amdn
Shpw Acs¡«psaÃmw hÀWn¨psIm−pff ]mZmZntIiNn{Xw ]IÀ¶p X

215
¶mte Ihn¡v Xr]vXnbmIq. _ZvdpÂap\odnse ‘I−md¡«p½Â..’ F¶m
cw`n¡p¶ Ciepw (54) _ZÀJnÊbnse ‘Dt−\pw anivIm¯v’ F¶ Ci
epw (68) DZmlcWw.

`àn
sshZycpsS ]S¸m«pIfn `ànbpsSbpw hoc¯nsâbpw kaRvP
kamb taf\amWv ZÀin¡m\mhpI. _ZvdpÂap\odnsâ {]kn²oIcW¯n
\ptijw `àn`mh¯n\v Du¶Â \ÂInbpff _ZÀ ]S¸m«nsâ cN\bn
teÀs¸«Xv Ihn]£¯p\n¶pff tkmt±iyamb CSs]Sembncp¶psh¶p
hnebncp¯s¸«n«p−v. kv{Xo]pcpj_Ô§sf ]p\À\nÀWbn¡p¶
_ZvdpÂap\odnsâ t]cn X\ns¡Xnsch¶ hnaÀi\§sf \nÀhocyam
¡m\mbncp¶phs{X AXv.
_Zdn càkm£nIfmb 14 t]À DÄs¸sS bp²¯n ]s¦Sp¯
313 t]cpsSbpw \maw FSp¯p]dªp hmgv¯pIbpw, AhÀ¡pth−n
{]mÀ°n¡pIbpw sN¿p¶ ImhyamWnXv. AXp ]mSn hymJym\n¡p¶Xv
]pWy{]hr¯nbmsW¶p hnizkn¡p¶ hensbmcphn`mKw P\§Ä tIc
f¯nep−mbncp¶p.
kq^oZÀi\§fpsS shfn¨¯n am{Xw hymJym\n¡mhp¶ CXn
se BZy CiÂXs¶ AXohKl\hpw `ànkm{µhpamWv.
‘AlZ¯nse Aen^vemw AIanbw
Aen^¨cs¸mcpÄ _nkvanÃmlv
Acna¡ebv IpXp_\pZn\w JpÀB\nÂ
AfIpäeIpdn _nkvanÃmlv’
F¶n§s\bmWp Imhymcw`w.
Øm\am\§sfm¶panÃm¯ Xm³ ImhycN\bv¡pff DZya¯nem
sW¶pw, _ZÀt]mcmfnIfpsS al¯z¯m `mh\bnepw hm¡nepwXs¶
A\p{Kln¡Wsa¶pw c−mas¯ Cien Ihn {]mÀ°n¡p¶p−v.
ssZht¯mSp {]mÀ°n¨pw, {]hmNIs\bpw A\pNc³amscbpw
hmgv¯nbpamWv {][m\ Imhy§fpsSsbÃmw XpS¡w. JpÀB³kqà
§fpw, {]hmNIhN\§fpw D²cn¨psIm−v `àn`mhw \ne\nÀ¯m\pw
sshZyÀ apXncp¶XpImWmw.

216
hocw
sshZycpsS {][m\Imhy§fn Gsdbpw ]S¸m«pIfmbXn\mÂ
hocckw Ahbnse Ømbo`mhas{X. AXnsâ BhnjvIcW¯n At±
l¯n\v kaioÀjcmb IhnIÄ Ad_naebmf¯ntem, aebmf¯ntem
Gsdsbm¶pansöv hyàw. _ZÀXmgvhcbn X§fpsS X¼n\Sp¯v
\nÀ½n¨ Pekw`cWnbnÂ\n¶v A\paXnIqSmsX shffsaSp¡m³ hcp¶
i{Xphns\ lwk shÃphnfn¡p¶ cwKw DZmlcWw.
‘Bs\t]mZv AkZp Cemlv lcn lwk NmSn ASp¯pS³
BscSm, ipPmA¯pc¯v Fabv lufn \n−v IpSn¸h³
Rm\apä \_n¿p\m AaÀsb−n lutfmSv ASp¸ZmÀ
Rm³ Ccn¡sh Pn¶pw C³knepw \m¦vZn¡nepw CÃt]À
Xm\apsämcp _¼\pt−m _Â I−nSt« Acn¸Zmbv’
(_.Jn. 44)
(ssZh¯nsâ knwlamb lwk NmSnbSp¯p ‘BscSm, hockyw
]dªp R§fpsS Ipf¯nÂ\n¶p shffw IpSn¡p¶h³? Úm\nbmb
\_nbpsS A\paXnbnÃmsX Ipft¯mSSp¡p¶h³ Bcv? Rm³ Pohn¨n
cns¡, a\pjycntem Pn¶ntem s]« Hcmfpw \mepZn¡nep−mhnÃ. Ds−
¦n AsXm¶p ImWWw.)
lwkbpsS hm¡n\p adp]Snbmbn I−mÂXs¶ Bcpw `b¶p t]m
Ip¶ Hcph³þAkvhZv NmSnbSp¡p¶p. ]Xns\«mbp[§Ä icoc¯ne
Wnªv AXoh tIm]t¯msSbmWv Ahsâ cwK{]thiw. sh«pw Ip¯pw
Nm«pw\o«pambpff Ahsâ ]cm{Iaw, ssIhiapff HähmfpsIm−v lwk
sNdp¡p¶p. ]Xns\«mbp[§fpw XIÀ¶v AkvhZv ]S¡f¯n hogp¶p.
_ZÀ t]mcm«¯n\v Bcw`wIpdn¡p¶Xv lwk \S¯nb [otcmÖz
eamb shÃphnfntbmSpw Gäpap«temSpamWv. AhnsS DbÀ¶ps]m§p¶
hocXz¯nsâ sImSn Xmgp¶Xv FXncmfnIfpsS ]S¯eh\mb A_qPl
ensâ hogvNsbmsSbpw.
A_qPlensâ A´ywIpdn¨ B t]mcm«¯nsâ hnhcWw t\m
¡pI:
‘_mdn CcIÄ It− _³ ]pentbmÀ ct−
Cud s]cpIpw i−bv tbäp sImSpam sImt−

217
 sImSpaXShpw CSIÄ Nm«pw
IpSne ap\bm CSbn \o«pw
]SsXmbnÂIÄ s]cnsI Im«pw
]ipZnSmsZ s_«pw ]mÀs¯min¯v X«pw
X«S Xo s]m¦o, NaÀ¡fw Ipep¦o
H«p CZpt]m X¦o DaÀ aI³ Ipi¦o
IpiIpi¡n NaÀ Kf_mbv
Ipes¸Sp¯m³ Pl Ke_mbv
s]mipZp aBsZm−h³ fÀ_mbv
^JvZv X¶n ]än ]Ib³ A¸Ä Npän
Npän PlepsS tam«pw kpÀC\m ASn \o«pw
s]sä ]pentbmÀ Nm«pw s]cnb Kf_pw Iq«pw
Iq«w CSbn dpwln\mse
Ip¯v \n\bm ]pdan\mse
Ip«n Plen³ kzZÀ X\nte
sIm−p _oW_pPmln Ip¯nbZv aoImCuÂ..’
(_.Jn. 79)
(A_qPlepw apBZp_v\p Dadpw Xo{hamb t]mcv XpS§n. CcIsf
I− h³]penIsft¸mse, Cuds]cpIn Gäpap«n. sImSpabnepff XShpw
CSbv¡pff Nm«hpw IpSnembp[§fmepff \o«epw ]gpXp\ÂIm¯
sh«pw, t\m¡nsbmgnªpff X«pambn AhÀ apt¶dn. Bbp[§Ä Iq«n
ap«pt¼mÄ Xo]mdn. bp²¡fw Ipep§n. apBZv Aev]w £oWn¨t¸mÄ
At±ls¯ sImes¸Sp¯m³ DZyan¡p¶ A_qPlen\v iucytadn.
AXn\nsS apBZnsâ sh«v A_qPlensâ XpSbn ]Xn¨t¸mÄ AbmÄ
Npänt¸mbn. XpSÀ¶vv Ah³ hÀ[n¨ tIm]t¯msS thK¯nepff ASnbpw
Bbp[§fpsS \o«epw Cuä]pensbt¸mepff Nm«hpambn Icp¯p {]I
Sn¸n¨p. s]s«¶v A_qPlensâ s\©¯v aoImCuensâ Ip´w sIm
−pff iàamb Ipt¯äp. apBZv Bªpsh«n.)
]S¡f¯nse A_qPlensâ A´y\nanj§Ä¡v alm`mcX
¯nse Zptcym[\sâ A´yt¯mSp kmayap−v. Ccphcpw i{Xp]£s¯
\mbIcmbncp¶phtÃm. `oasâ KZsIm−pff {]lctaäv XpS NXªmWv
Zptcym[\³ ]S¡f¯n hogp¶Xv. apBZnsâ, XpSbv¡pÅ sh«pw,

218
aoImCuensâ Ip¯ptaäv A_qPlepw \new]Xn¡p¶p. bp²¯n Ccp
hcpw {]ISn¸n¡p¶ Icp¯pw, hoWtijw X§fpsS KXIme{]uVn
A\pkvacn¨psIm−v \S¯p¶ hochmZ§fpw FXnÀ]£t¯mSp ]peÀ
¯p¶ ]pÑhpw kam\amsW¶p ImWmw.
_ZÀ]S¸m«nse hocckw Xpfp¼p¶ hÀW\IÄ¡p Xpeyamb `mK
§Ä ae¸pdw DlZv keoJ¯v ]S¸m«pIfnepw btYjvSw ImWmw. keo
J¯p cmÚnbpw Aenbpw X½nepff t]mcm«¯nse Hcp`mKw C§s\:
‘XShv ASn fÀ_pIÄ ASn_n\ s_«pw
Xcw sas¯ sImSpIpcw Ip¯v CSbv Nne \o«pw
]pShnIÄ InSpInS Ccn ]cnNm«pw
IpZn¯cn InSZnan IfnIfn tNm«pw
sNSsNS NpaSnS XSw s]mSnInfcbv
Xn\Ic³ IZnÀ adbv apIn DIw Dicbv.’ (k.]. 87)

(ITn\Xcamb ASnbpw sh«pw XShpw.. `qan InSpInSp¡pamdpff

IpXnc¨m«w. s]mSns]m§n I\¯ ImÀtaLwt]mse DbÀ¶v kqcy{]Im
iw ad¨p. AÛpXt¯mSpw `oXntbmSpw I−p\n¶hcpsS ImgvNa§n.)
ASÀ¡f¯n keoJ¯nsâ t]mÀhocyhpw Icp¯papff Hcp \m
bnIsb aebmfImhy§fn I−pap«m\mhnÃ. hocckmhnjvIcW¯nÂ
sshZyÀ¡pÅ ssh`hw keoJ¯nsâ Nn{XoIcW¯nepS\ofw sXfn
ªpImWmw. Ihn hoc¸penbmbn hmgv¯p¶ Aent]mepw AhfpsS {]I
S\¯n\p ap¼n ]I¨pt]mIp¶ cwKap−v.

timIw
Akm[mcWamb [ocXbpw Bß\nb{´Whpw ]peÀ¯p¶ alZv
hyànIÄ t]mepw Nnet¸mÄ a\pjyklPamb hnImchnNmc§fnÂ
s]«p ]Xdnt¸mIpw. AXnsâ DZmlcWamWv DlZv]S¸m«nse 108þmw Ci
en \mw ImWpI. IpSpw__ԧfnse kvt\lhmbv]n\pw, DujvafX
bv¡pw henbØm\w Iev]n¨ncp¶ {]hmNI³ Xsâ ]nXrktlmZc\mb
lwkbpsS tNX\bäicocw I−t¸mÄ ZpxJwkln¡h¿msX hne]n
¡p¶ cwKw Ihn \ap¡p ImWn¨p Xcp¶p:
‘AÃmlv Hcphsâ dkqen³ Xsâ
A½m\hsc bm lwkt¯mtc,

219
 FÃm ]Ss¸bpw Aabv¯hsâ
C¼¸penbms\ lwkt¯mtc,
tNZn]pIÄ s]tä ssJdmXns\
sN¿phsc bm lwkt¯mtc,
bmZm hcp¯hpw XpdhSnbmÂ
BIp¶htc bm lwkt¯mtc,
JmZnÀ X\bv dkq hPvlbv sXm«v
ImfÀ ]Ib½mÀ ipdqdpw tam«v
bmZmºv AZbv X«n _ne§pt¶mtc
bm k¿nZÈplZm lwkt¯mtc,’ (D.]. 108)

GXp {]XnkÔnbnepw X\n¡p Icp¯p]IÀ¶ncp¶ lwktbm

Spff kvt\lmZchpIÄ HmÀan¨psIm−pff Cu hnem]wtI«v amemJamÀ
t]mepw \Sp§pIbpw k¦Ss¸SpIbpw sNbvXXmbn Ihn ]dbp¶ timI
ckwsIm−v A\phmNIa\Êns\ aYn¡p¶a«nepff Nn{XoIcWamWnXv.
ae¸pdw ]S¸m«nse¯pt¼mÄ AXv Ipd¨pIqSn Xo{hamIp¶p. ]S
¡f¯nte¡p ]pds¸Sp¶Xn\mbn sambvXo³Ip«n F¶ t]mcmfn amXmhn
t\mSv bm{X tNmZn¡pt¼mÄ ZpxJw kln¡h¿msX AhÀ t_m[aäp
hogp¶p. B kµÀ`¯n hn§p¶ lrZbt¯msS sambvXo³Ip«n \S
¯p¶ A`yÀ°\ t\m¡pI:
‘Acpfn _nSbv XcWw sbsâ IcpWbv ap¯msc
DbnÀ¡v CcpWaptämsc
laebv ]¯v ilvÀ _bän sb\Zv s_t¯msc
t\mhpw I\w klnt¯msc
Dc Xncn¯n«v DbnÀ sImSp¯v C¼cbv _fÀ¯msc
apebv ]bkv DWÀ¯msc
DSb lJzm³ Ah\n shm¡m Ab¸osc
kz_qÀ sNbvXncn¸osc’ (a.]. 33)

(ImcpWyhXnbmb Fsâ ap¯mtc, Fsâ Poh\v B[mcambhtc,

]¯pamkw hbänÂNpa¶htc, t\mhpw `mchpw kln¨htc, P\\wapXÂ
Ct¶mfw hfÀ¯nbhtc, ape¸mteInbhtc, kÀÆhpw DSbh\mb ssZh
¯neÀ¸n¨v £an¡pI, F\n¡p hnSXcnI.)

220
 XpSÀ¶v `mcytbbpw Dd§n¡nS¡p¶ aIt\bpw ]ncnªv ]pds¸
Sp¶, ambn³ F¶ tbm²mhnsâ hnhcWhpw \ÂIp¶p. AXpw AXy´w
timIabw Xs¶. ]S¸m«p]mSn hymJym\n¡p¶ ]mSn¸dbensâ Ac§p
Ifn Cu `mKsa¯pt¼mÄ kv{XoIÄ hnXp¼pIbpw I®pXpSbv¡pI
bpw sN¿pI km[mcWkw`hambncp¶psh¶v Cu cwKs¯ IemIm
8
c\mb A_q_¡À IngntÈcn A\pkvacn¡p¶p−v.
1947þse kakvXtIcfkmlnXy]cnj¯nsâ hmÀjnIkt½f\
¯n Sn. Dss_Zv \S¯nb {]`mjWs¯ ]camÀin¨psIm−v \ncq]
I\mb kn.]n. {io[c³ kam\amb asämc\p`hw IqSn hyàam¡p¶p−v:
ae¸pdw Imhy¯nse sambvXo³Ip«n F¶ t]mcmfn amXmhnt\mSv hnS
hm§n bp²cwKt¯¡p t]mIp¶cwKw ]mSn hymJym\n¡pt¼mÄ lmfn
sâ Hcphi¯v HXp§nbncp¶ kv{XoIÄ ]ecpw ssItekpsIm−v I®o
9
scm¸pIbmbncp¶psh¶v At±lw A\pkvacn¸n¡p¶p.

lmkyw
XpffÂIrXnIfn ImWp¶Xpt]mepÅ lmkyw sshZyÀ IrXnI
fn Is−¯m\mhnÃ. kplr¯p¡fmb IhnItfmSpff kw`mjW§
fn \ÀaIhnXmiIe§Ä [mcmfambn D]tbmKn¨ncp¶ At±lw Imhy
cN\sb Iptd¡qSn KuchambmWp kao]n¨Xv. F¦nepw lmkys¯
]qÀWambpw \ncmIcn¡p¶nÃ.
_ZvdpÂap\odnsâ kuµcy¯nepw knXmÀ hmb\bnepw {`an¨v Ø
eImet_m[w \jvSs¸«pt]mIp¶ I\yIamcpsS {]hr¯nIÄ (C.44)
irwKmct¯msSm¸w lmkyckhpw {]Xn^en¸n¡p¶XmWv. hkv{X§Ä
adn¨n«pw, Acbn sIt«− AcªmWw Igp¯n sI«nbpw, XpWnbpw
N«bpw [cn¡msX [cns¨t¶mÀ¯v B`cW§Äam{Xw AWnªhcp
amb AhcpsS hnNn{Xcq]w I−m Bcpw Nncn¨pt]mIpw.
H¸\¸m«pImÀ¡pth−n cNn¨ s_¯ne¸m«v F¶ eLpImhy¯n
sâ \memwCiepw lmkyck{][m\amWv. H¸\bhXcn¸n¡p¶ kZÊnÂ
shänes¡«vv D−mbncn¡Wsa¶ \m«p\S¸v hnkvacn¨hsc ]m«neqsS
Ihn ]cnlkn¡p¶p:
‘ckamsb s_¯ne Cu k_¡p h¨o
cknI½mcpsS Xm\w sImSp¯nSpho³

221
 sImSp¡pw s_¯ne sI«nsænÂ
HmSns¯cphn t]mbpS³ _m§n
aSnbmsX iWw sIm−psImSv
sImSp¡phm³ ^peqkv Ibvhiw CsömÂ
Ioªpt]mbn AbÂ]mI ]pcbnÂsN¶v
sN¶v AhkvX hncp¯n«v sIm©w
Xs¶¦n iWw _m§n _cpho³
F¶n«pw _iambnsænÂ
t_¦n \oÀ \abvIfn AW¨p\n¶v
CZaÃm IoWpZ§Ä _ncp¯oSphn³
_ncp¯w IoWpZw tI«v \a¡v
s]mcp¯s¸SphZbv Xm\ta hn«v
Ipdns¯ k¦nS¯msebpw Hs¡
Hs¡bpw Dabv hm¡m kn\ls¸«v
H¸\ aZnbm¡n kpIw sImffmta’ (s_.]. 4)

(]m«pImÀ¡v AhImis¸« shänes¡«pXcnI. k`bv¡v shäne

h¨p Øm\am\§Ä¡\pkcn¨p{]hÀ¯n¡pI. sImSp¡phm³ shäne
s¡«nsæn A§mSnbn HmSnt¸mbn hm§nhcnI. aSn¡msX s]s«¶p
sIm−phcnI. sImSp¡phm³ ssIbn Iminsæn AbÂ]¡s¯
ho«nÂsN¶v Imcyw]dªv Aev]whm§pI. AhnsS\n¶pw In«nbnsÃ
¦n R§fpsS ap¼nÂh¶p k¦Sw ]dbpI. R§Ä¡v AenhptXm¶n
bm FÃmw s]mdp¯p ]ckv]cw kt´mj¯nemhmw.)
auenI cN\Isft¸mse CsXmcp Kuchkz`mhapff cN\bÃ.
hnhmlhoSpIfn H¸\¸m«p]mSnbncp¶ kwL§Ä¡mbn cNn¨ hnt\mZ
{][m\amb Cu Imhy¯n lmky¯n\pw aXnbmb Øm\ap−v. B
[Àaw CXv \ndthäp¶pap−v.

tIcfobX

tambn³Ip«n sshZycpsS eLpIrXnIfmb s_¯ne¸m«v, Idma¯v

ame, Xoh−n¨nµv, sIm«mcw\À¯IntbmSv XpS§nbh tIcfob]Ým

222
¯e¯n cNn¡s¸«hbmWv. F¶m ZoÀLImhy§fn ae¸pdw ]S
¸m«n\p am{XamWv tIcfob]cnkcw AhImis¸Sm\pffXv. _ZÀ JnÊ
¸m«v, DlZv ]S¸m«v, keoJXv ]S¸m«v, lnPvd F¶nh Atd_y³Ncn{X
hpw ]pcmhr¯hpsaÃmw IS¶phcp¶ cN\IfmWv.
{]tab¯n hyXykvXX ]peÀ¯p¶ _ZvdpÂap\oÀ lpkv\pÂ
Pamensâ ØnXnbpw hn`n¶aÃ. \mbnIm\mbI·mcpsS tZiamb lnµn
se AkvaoÀ, C´ybnse APvaodmImsa¶ hymJym\¯n\¸pdapÅ `mc
Xob]Ým¯ewt]mepw B Imhy¯n\panÃ. AZriyiànIfmb Pn¶p
Ifpw, Aw_cNpw_nIfmb sIm«mc§fpsaÃmw IS¶phcp¶ Cu Imhyw
Ad_n¡YIfpsS ambnImtemIs¯bmtWmÀ½n¸n¡pI.
C{]Imcw ]Ým¯ehnhcW¯nepw {]tab¯nepsaÃmw Atd
_y³þCkvemanI Npäph«§fnemWv sshZycpsS cN\IÄ \nesImffp
¶Xv. At¸mgpw Imhy_nw_§fpsS sXcsªSp¸n tIcfobtam, `mc
Xobtam Bb k¦Â¸§fnepw, kwkvIrXnbnepamWv At±l¯n\p Xm
ev]cyw. kwkvIrXImhy§fpw aWn{]hmfImhy§fpw sNep¯nb kzm
[o\w AhnsS sXfnªpImWp¶p−v.
_ZvdpÂap\odnse 18þmw Cien \mbnIbmb lpkv\pÂPamens\
hntijn¸n¡p¶Xv ‘N¶mcw ]q¯v Npdsµ _ohn’ F¶mWv. ]q¯p\nÂ
¡p¶ IWns¡m¶tbmSpff Cu kmayIÂ]\ Hcp aebmfIhnbpsS
`mh\Xs¶. ]q¯peªp\n¡p¶ cmPms]m³ac¯nsâ emhWyw
Bdmw Cienepw \mbnIbv¡p Iev]n¡p¶p−v.
]qhnÂ\n¶pw tX³\pIcp¶ h−v At±l¯nsâ CjvS_nw_§
fnsem¶mWv. ‘h−pw ]qhpw’ F¶ _meyImecN\bn XpS§n, ]n¶o
Spff {][m\Imhy§fnseÃmw AXp IS¶phcp¶p. _ZÀ]S¸m«n bp²
¯n\p ap¼v AWnIsf {IaoIcn¨p \nÀ¯p¶Xn\nSbn \_nbpsS ssI
bnep−mbncp¶ hSn, A\pNc\mb khmZnsâ hbä¯pX«nt¸mIp¶ cwK
ap−v. B kµÀ`¯nÂ, X\n¡p thZ\ns¨¶pw Xncn¨pIp¯m³ A\phZn
¨nsæn Xm³ £an¡pIbnsöpapff khmZnsâ {]XnIcWw tI«v
aäpffhÀ A¼c¶pt]mIpIbmWv. ]p©ncn¨psIm−v A§s\ sNbvXp
sImÅm³ {]hmNI³ A\paXn \ÂIpt¼mÄ At±ls¯ BtÇjn¨p
sIm−v hbä¯p Npw_n¡pIbmWv khmZv sN¿p¶Xv. Cu cwKw Ihn
ImWn¨pXcp¶Xv C§s\:

223
 ‘abvam³ alm PqBÂ aeÀ I©s¯
aZp]qcWw Is− ]Sn¡v ASps¯
ssI \ÂsbZam¡n JnZvlpwNm«n
IZntcm³ ai¦pw sabv ]pSn¯v]q«n
s]mcpfm _Xzt\mSv apIt¯ tNÀ¯n
s]mfnbpw IS CivJm AW¯psam¯n
Acn¸q AeÀsµ tX³ Acnµpw t]mse
AfpZpw aW¯pw iuJv Hinbm lmse’ (_.Jn. 42)

(\_n A\paXn \ÂInbt¸mÄ a[p\ndª Xmac¸qhnte¡v ]d

¡p¶ hni¶pheª h−ns\t¸mse khmZv ASpt¯¡mªp. kqcys\
\njv{]`am¡p¶ icocw ]nSn¨W¨p. apJw hbdnt\mSptNÀ¯p. {]Wb
¡SÂ CfInadnªp. a[p \pIcp¶t]mse KmVambn Npw_n¨p.)
{]hmNIs\ Xmac¸qhmbpw A\pNcs\ h−mbpapff Cu kmay
Iev]\ ae¸pdw ]S¸m«n tNcam³s]cpamÄ \_nsb I−pap«p¶ cwK
¯pw {]Xy£s¸Sp¶p−v. _ZvdpÂap\oÀ ]nXmhv hn[n¨ XShdbnÂ
\n¶pw c£s¸«p clkyambn lpkv\pÂPamens\ I−pap«p¶ cwK¯pw
(C.8) Cu D]am\w ImWmw. lpkv\pÂPamemIp¶ Xmac¸qhn h¶W
bp¶ h−mbmWv AhnsS ap\odns\ Nn{XoIcn¡p¶Xv.
kwkvIrX-þaebmfImhy§fn B¼Â¸qhv N{µsâbpw Xmac¸q
hv kqcysâbpw Iman\namcmWtÃm. Cu k¦ev]w kzmwioIcn¨v kzIob
amb coXnbn BhnjvIcn¡m³ Ihn {ian¡p¶XpImWmw. ZoÀLIme
s¯ thÀ]mSn\ptijapff kamKathfbn lpkv\pÂPam _ZvdpÂ
ap\odnt\mSv At\zjn¡p¶Xv ‘IpapsZ _mµ sXfnapIasZ−n sbs¦
tImew’ (_.ap.86) F¶mWv. B¼Â¸qhns\ _mÔhwsNbvX N{µkam\
amb ap\odnsâ sXfnapJw FhnsS F¶p hywKyw. \mbIsâ kuµcys¯
]cmaÀin¡pt¼msgÃmw _ZÀ(]qÀWN{µ³) IS¶phcp¶Xpw AXnsâ
`mKamWv.
IhnbpsS an¡ \mbnIamcpsSbpw XeapSn¡v Icnh−nsâ Idp¸pw
an\pan\p¸pap−v. Ah Npcp«ns¡«nh¨Xp hew]ncniwJns\ HmÀ½n¸n
¡pw. _ZvdpÂap\odn kp^bvdsb AhXcn¸n¡p¶ ‘Idp¸v _−ndIpw
Ipi api¡w/ IcnsI«m ]ncnis¦fpabm¡pw’ (C.67) F¶ `mKw

224
t\m¡pI. _ZÀ JnÊbnse kzÀKob I\yIamcpsS hÀW\bnepw (C.68)
Ch c−pap−v. Cu `mK¯v ]ncniwJnt\msSm¸w sN¼I¸qhpw D]am\am
hp¶p. I\yIamcpsS Np−pIÄ¡mWv sN¼I¸qhnsâ CXfpItfmSp
kmayw Iev]n¡p¶Xv. AhcpsS \mZ¯n\mhs«, ]q¦pbnensâ cmK
t¯mSpw. kzÀK¯nse I\yIamscÃmw tIcfkv{XoIfmtWm F¶ i¦
bmWv Cu `mKw hmbn¡pt¼mgp−mhpI!
`mcXobImhyk¦ev]a\pkcn¨v hnclmÀ¯cmb Iman\oImapI
·mÀ A\p`hn¡p¶ a·YZiIfn ]eXpw _ZvdpÂap\odnse \mbnIm
\mbnI³amcpw A\p`hn¡p¶p−v. cmPIev]\sb¯pSÀ¶p ]ckv]cw Im
Wm³t]mepw h¿msX, Zp:Jn¨ncn¡p¶ ap\odnsâbpw lpkv\pÂPamen
sâbpw Zb\obØnXn Ihn Nn{XoIcn¨ncn¡p¶Xv DZmlcWw:
‘Aµ \mfncphÀ¡pw lpºpsS Nnµ a¦n Ie¦nsb
Aµw sI«v s]mcnµ Ip¡pSw t]m apin¸v _nPmcambv
Aµnbpw ]IeqWd¡pw Iemapw _n«pfw _n¦embv
A¦w Civs¡mcp t]msetbäi\§Ä lpºZpaq«embv
_µw c−sc _mÀ¯IÄ In\msh¶ ZqX\nS¡nSm
_µv c−nS tNÀ¯epw ]e _mÀ¯ CivJn _ncp¯embv
kµZw DWÀµn«v ]mÀ¡en I−nSm alZp¡anÂ
X½n ap³Iinµns« CivJv \n\¨pc¯fpZnSepw’
(_.ap. 8)
(]ncnªncnt¡−n h¶t¸mÄ {]WbNn´bm AhcpsS a\w
Ie§n. sI«pt]mbap«bpsS aosX ASbncn¡p¶ tImgnsbt¸mse apjn
ªncn¸mbn. DuWpw, Dd¡hpw, kwkmchpsaÃmw \jvSs¸«v a\Êv ITn\
ambn hn§n. Ahbht]mjW¯n\v Ign¡p¶ Blmcw t{]aw am{Xam
bn. In\mhv CcphÀ¡panSbn ZqX\mbn hÀ¯n¡pIbpw, hmÀ¯IÄ
]ckv]cw Adnbn¡pIbpw sNbvXpsIm−ncp¶p. kz]v\¯nÂ\n¶pw
DWÀ¶pt\m¡pt¼mÄ {]Wb`mP\s¯ ImWmXncn¡pIbm Zp:J`mc
t¯msS, ]gb {]WbkÃm]tamÀ¯v IcªpsIm−ncn¡pw.
‘A´nbpw ]IeqWpd¡hpw Iemapw _n«pfw _n¦embv’ F¶ hcn
Ifpw, NqXpIfnbn ]cmPbs¸«v, lXmi\mbn¯oÀ¶ \fsâ AhØ
Nn{XoIcn¡p¶ \fNcnX¯nse ‘DuWn¶mØ Ipdªp, \n{Z\nibn¦Â
t]mepanÃmXmbv/ thWpt¶mscmsSmcm,`napJysamcpt\cw \mkvXn, \àw

225
Znhw’ F¶ `mKhpw X½nepff kmZriyw {]ISamWv. ]ckv]cw ]ncnªp
Igntb−n h¶ L«¯nepff lpkv\pÂPamensâ AhØ hÀWn¡p¶
29, 30 CiepIfnepw ap\odnsâ Zb\obØnXn Nn{XoIcn¡p¶ Cienepw
ta kqNn¸n¨ a³aYZibpsS BJym\§Ä ImWmw.
`mcXobk¦ev]§fpw hnizmk§fpw ]cnNnXamb BkzmZIÀt¡
IhnbpsS ]e hntijW§fpsSbpw kmcw {Kln¡m\mhq. _ZÀ JnÊbn
semcn¯v Jpssdjn ]£¡mÀ ssZhs¯ ]cmaÀin¡p¶Xv ‘lp_qepÂ
AAveminh³’ (_n.Jn46) F¶mWv. X§fpsS Bcm[\maqÀ¯nIfnÂ
{][m\amb lp_pepÂAAvemtZhsâ t]cns\m¸w `mcXob Cuizck¦
ev]¯nse inhkwÚIqSn tNÀ¯p {]tbmKn¨XmWnXv. cXotZh\mb
ImatZh\pw \fNcnX¯nse Ienbpw CXpt]mse ]cmaÀi hnt[bamhp
¶p−v. _ZvdpÂap\oÀ 8þmw Cien Imasâ sImSnbmb H«I¸£nsb
t¸mse (apIcamw \pAam¯v) F¶ {]tbmKhpw, ae¸pdw ]Sbnse Ien
tImac ssi¯m³ (C. 15) F¶ {]tbmKhpw DZmlcWw.
ae¡pIfnÂ(amemJ) {]apJ\mb Pn_vcoens\ ‘kpcÀtIm³’ F
¶pw(_.Jn.7), ‘XzmDkp Awem¡v’(amemJamÀ¡nSbnse abnÂ) F¶pw
(_.Jn.8) hntijn¸n¡p¶Xpw, Ckvemanse CuizckwPRbmb ‘AÃm
lp’ F¶Xn\p ]Icambn {ZmhnUi_vZ§fmb ‘B−h³’ (H.am.I. 10),
‘Xp¿h³’(H.am.I.9), ‘a¶h³’(H.am.I9), ‘X¼pcm³’, ‘Cdtbm³’ (_.Jn.
21), ‘]−³’(_.Jn.7) apXembh {]tbmKn¡p¶Xpw sshZycpsS Imhy
k¦Â¸s¯ {]Xn^en¸n¡p¶p−v.

Bbp[§fpw hmtZym]IcW§fpw
tIcfob]Ým¯e¯nepff ae¸pdw ]S¸m«nse bp²hÀW\bpw
Atd_y³]Ým¯e¯nepff DlZv ]S¸m«nse t]mcm«Nn{XoIcWhpw
tNÀ¯ph¨p ]cntim[n¨m ImWp¶ Nne khntijXIfp−v. 18-þmw
\qäm−nsâ ]qÀhmÀ²¯nemWv ae¸pdw]S¸m«n\v Bkv]Zamb kwLÀ
jw \S¡p¶Xv. DlZv]Sbn ]cmaÀin¡p¶ t]mcm«amIs«, Ggmw \qäm
−nsâ ]qÀhmÀ[¯nepw. XnI¨pw hnZqcØamb c−p\mSpIfn ]Xn
s\m¶p\qäm−nsâ ImehyXymk¯n \S¡p¶ c−p kw`h§fmWh.

226
Cu hkvXpXIfpsS shfn¨¯n c−pIrXnIfnepw IS¶phcp¶ ]S
t¡m¸pIfpsSbpw kwKotXm]IcW§fpsSbpw hnhcWw t\m¡pI:
‘Npän ]Sap«pIÄ Xmi \KmdmSn a¯fhpw apcsimä
sNmÃm³ XInÀZmcsa sN−IÄ ssIaWn In§nWnbpw
]e ]eþtNmSm In®mcw Nne¼pw Cf¡n apf¡nSembv
apän cncn X¯ncnbpw Ipi NqfIfpw Imfhpw Ns¦mSp sIm¼pw
aqfpw Xt¼mÀ apI_oW ssI _oW kn¯mdIfpw
anIZp\nþapµn ]se Nµan s_¯v apSn¯v aWn¯nSembv
Dsä apdbpw ]nSn_mÄ NIpfw IZnÀ Ipµhpw tXm«nbpw I¯n
H¸w iwkmS Iam\pw ISp¯ne s_½iphpw
IZncsa HÃbv _³ IÄ¡nSw N¡cw sNm«bpw ]«bpsa
Xpsä ap\ sN¼It_epIÄ aäv Xcw _IIÄ ]se _¶w
tXm¡pw Nn D− acp¶v Acs¸«nIÄ IpänIfpw
IhWIÄ sXmÃmIÄ _nsÃmSv
]m¯nIÄ A¼pIÄ sb¯ncbmw.’ (a.]. 60)

(AhÀ Xmi, \Imd, a±fw, apciv, Hä, sN−, ssIaWn, In§nWn,

In®mcw, Nne¼v, IpgÂ, Nqf, Imfw, iwJv, sIm¼v, Xt¼mÀ, apJhoW,
ssIhoW, kn¯mÀ Xp§nbh kwKotXm]IcW§Ä at\mlcambn
hmbn¨p. ]nSnhmÄ, N¦pfw, Ip´w, tXm«n, I¯n, iwkmS, ISp¯ne,
sh¬agp, N{Iw, sNm«vv, ]«, tXm¡v, NnÃv, D−, acp¶ps]«n, Acs¸«n,
Ipän, IhW, A¼v, hnÃv, ]m¯n F¶o Bbp[§fpambn Im¯p\n¶p.)
ae¸pdw ]S¸m«nse Adp]Xmw Ciense Hcp `mKamWnXv. C\n DlZv ]S
¸m«nse F«mw Ciense Hcp `mKw ImWpI:
‘apZncpw _nfn Imfta Ns¦mSv NqfIÄ No\nbpw NqfIfmepw
ap«pw apciv Hä X¼mdIÄ XmiIÄ Z^vIfpw _PsbmSv
aqfpw adphmZpSn a§eSn ]c a¯fhpw
NZncw Zq\n_oW knXmdIÄ IbvaWn In®mc§Ä Nne¼pw
Xt¼mdpw cmIckwZp\n Hmsc Xcw XpScbv NcNc
N«mIÄ ]«bpw sNm« kzemlv dnamlpIfpw
IZncw ap\ A¼pIÄ C«vv \nd¯pf IpänIÄ sb¯nsc sNmÂhm³
I«mcw sN¼It_epIÄ I¡nSw N¡chpw NIpfsa
JÖÀ Iams\mSv s_½ip Nm«pfn t\m«nIfpw

227
 sbZncw iwkmS ISp¯ne ZsºmSv ChIÄ ]Xns\«pw AWntµmÀ
sbÃmw _lp tImele§fpw ap«n apg¡nSth XIrXnbnÂ
tbinsbmcp iqcnZw sb¸Sn sN¸pIn H¸v Ceth’ (D.]. 8)

(Imfw, iwJv, No\n, Nqf F¶nh hnfn¨pw apciv, Xt¼mÀ, Xmi,

Z^v, _P, F¶nh ap«nbpw, aÀh, XpSn, ]d, a±fw F¶nh apg¡nbpw
hoW, kn¯mÀ, ssIaWn, In®mcw, Nne¼v F¶nhbn HtcmXcw cmK
§fpXnÀ¯pw AhÀ \S¶p. N«Ifpw ]«Ifpw sNm«Ifpw, IqÀ¯paqÀ¯
ap\b¼pIÄ \nd¨ IpänIfpw, \qänap¸sXm¼Xv Ip´§fpw... A§s\
F{Xsb{X Bbp[§Ä! ITmc, sN¼I, I¡nSw, N{Iw, NIpfw, Nm«pfn
sh¬agp tXm«n, iwkmS, ISp¯ne, ZÞv XpS§nb ]Xns\«v Bbp[
§fpw AhÀ AWnªncp¶p. ap«nbpw apg¡nbpw tImemle§tfmsS
apt¶dp¶ AhcpsS iucy¯n\v H¶nt\mSpw kmZriyw ]dbm\mhnÃ.)
c−phÀW\Ifnepw {][m\w tIcfobhmtZym]IcW§fpw Bbp
[§fpw Xs¶. sN−bpw, ssIaWnbpw, In§nWnbpw, iwJpw, hoWbp
saÃmw hmtZym]IcW§fnepw sh¬agphpw, N{Ihpw, NIpfhpw, Ipän
bpw Bbp[§fnepw c−nS¯pap−v. C§s\ tIcfobkz`mhapff kwKo
tXm]IcW§fpw ]St¡m¸pIfpw {]mNo\Atd_ybn ImWptam, F¶
ktµl¯ns\m¶pw sshZyÀ henb {]m[m\yw Iev]n¡p¶nÃ. lkvXn\
]pcnbpw Atbm[ybpw, tZhtemIhpsaÃmw tIcf¯nemtWm, F¶p tXm
¶n¸n¡p¶ a«nepff hÀW\IÄ XpffÂIrXnIfnepw N¼p¡fnbpw
kpe`amWtÃm.
F¶m H«pw BtemN\bnÃm¯ Hcp Iq«n¡pgbv¡eà Ihn \S
¯p¶Xv. ae¸pdw ]S¸m«n hcp¶ B[p\nIkz`mhapff ]St¡m¸pI
fmb tXm¡v, D−, acp¶ps]«n F¶nh DlZv]SbnenÃ. Ah {]mNo\
Ime¯v {]Nmc¯nenÃm¯XmsW¶ Imcyw At±lw HmÀ¯ncn¡Ww.
AXpt]mse Atd_y³hmZy§fmb Z^v, aÀh F¶nh ae¸pds¯ ]md
\¼nbpsS ]SbmfnIfpsS ]¡epanÃ.

Atd_y³Imhy_nw_§Ä
Ae¦mc{]tbmK§fn IS¶phcp¶ tIcfob_nw_§Ä¡p k
am\ambn, Atd_y³kv]ÀiapÅ {]XoI§fpw sshZyÀ D]tbmKs¸Sp
¯n bn«p−v. _ZvdpÂap\odnse BdmwCien lpkv\pÂPamensâ Imep
Isf _m³hr£¯nsâ inJc§tfmSv D]an¡p¶Xv (XSn¡nWsbm¯

228
ImepIÄ/X©ta _m\n³ sIm¼tXm) DZmlcWw. _m³hr£¯nsâ
sIm¼pIÄ at\mlcambXn\m Atd_y³Imhy§fnse \mbnImhÀ
W\Ifn [mcmfambn D]tbmKn¨n«pÅ D]am\amWnXv. aebmf¯nÂ
A{X ]cnNnXaÃm¯ I¸\bmbXn\mÂ, an¡ ]cn`mjIcpw Cu `mK
¯v Bhiyamb hniZoIcWw \ÂImsX au\ahew_n¡pIbmWv ]Xn
hv. Cu hcnIÄ¡p sXm«pap¼v, am³Igp¯v D]am\ambn hcp¶Xn\mÂ
ChnsSbpÅ ]cmaÀiw am³sIm¼msW¶v sXän²cn¨hcpap−v. A{]
Imcw Nne hymJym\§fn am³sIm¼v F¶À°w \ÂInbXv hmbn¨v
10
IhnIÂ]\bn A\uNnXyw ZÀin¡p¶ \ncq]Itcbpw ImWmw.
Imhy¯nse 72, 73 CiepIfn _m³hr£¯nsâ ]pjv]hpw D]
am\am¡nbncn¡p¶p. _ZvdpÂap\odns\ Zqsc\n¶p ImWpt¼mÄ AXp
_m³ ]pjv]amtWm F¶p ktµln¡p¶ Paoe¯ns\bmWv AhnsS
Bhnjv¡cn¨ncn¡p¶Xv. `mjmImhy§fn Xmacbpw B¼epwt]mse
Ad_nIhnIÄ D]tbmKn¡p¶ _m³]pjv]hpw {]kn²amWv.

CiÂsshhn[yw

kwkvIrXhy¯§Ä t]mse \nbXamb KW{Iatam, KpcpeLp

\nba§tfm am¸nf¸m«pIÄ¡nÃ. {ZmhnU]mc¼cy¯n cq]s¸SpIbpw
Atd_y³ kzm[o\¯m ]pjvSns¸SpIbpw sNbvX Ahbn kwKoX
¯n\pw Bem]\`wKn¡pamWv apJyØm\w. `mjmhr¯§fpsS kz`mhw
hnhcn¡pt¼mÄ F.BÀ Nq−n¡mWn¡p¶ ‘hyhØsbÃmw in^new,
{][m\w Km\coXn Xm³’ F¶ X¯zw ChnsSbpw {]kàamWv.
am¸nf¸m«pIfpsS Bem]\coXnsb ‘CiÂ’ F¶ kwÚ sIm
−mWv kqNn¸n¡mdpffXv. Hmtcm ]m«pw Be]nt¡−Xv GXp a«nemsW
¶v XpS¡¯n \ÂIp¶ CiÂkqN\bn \n¶p hyàamhp¶p. {]Nm
c¯nepffXpw HtcCuW¯n hcp¶Xpamb GsX¦nepw ]m«nsâ Bcw`
¯nepff Ht¶mct−m ]Z§tfm, IrXnbpsS ioÀjItam Ci \ma
ambn \ÂIpIbmWp ]Xnhv. Hcp DZmlcWw t\m¡pI: _ZvdpÂap\oÀ
lpkv\pÂPamense ‘]qaIfms\ lpkv\pÂPamÂ/]p¶mc¯mfw anIs´

229
_ohn’ F¶mcw`n¡p¶ Ggmas¯ ioen\v Ihn \ÂIp¶ CiÂkqN\
‘Bc¼’ F¶mWv. sshZyÀ¡v ap¼v cNn¡s¸« kJqw ]S¸m«nse,
‘Bc¼ hocnZÀ JmensZt−mÀ
A¸pcn_mipw XJv¯pI−mÂ
\mcnIÄ h´p Ifn¨p ]m«pw
\mX³ sNIn«ns\Xm¯ntI«pw’.
F¶ hcnIfpsS BZy]ZamWnXv. sshZycpsS Imhyw {]ikvXamb
tXmsS CtXa«n ]m«pcNn¨ ]n¡meIhnIÄ At±l¯nsâ cN\bnÂ
\n¶pÅ ‘]qaIfms\’ F¶ ]Zhpw CiÂkqN\bmbn \ÂIp¶p−v.
‘CbÂ’ F¶ Xangvi_vZ¯nsâ XÛhambmWv ‘CiÂ’ F¶
kwÚ {]Nmc¯n hcp¶Xv. CbäanÄ, CssNXanÄ, \mSIXanÄ
(]Zyw, KZyw, \mSIw) F¶n§s\ kmlnXys¯ aq¶phn`mKambn Xan
gn XcwXncn¨n«p−v. CXn Imhys¯ kqNn¸n¡p¶ ‘CbäanÄ’ F¶
Xn \n¶mWv Cb hcp¶Xv. Ad_naebmfIhnIÄ Ad_n¯angnÂ
\n¶mWv Cu ]Zw kzoIcn¡p¶Xv.

sshZyÀ¡rXnIfnse CiepIÄ
Ad_naebmfImhycwK¯v GähpwIqSpX CiepIfn cN\ \S
¯nbXv tambn³Ip«n sshZycmWv. DlZv]S¸m«v(118), _ZÀJnÊ(106), keo
J¯v]S (95), _Zvdp ap\oÀ(94), ae¸pdw]S(71), kemkoÂ(57), lnPvd
(26), Fen¸S(26), H«I¯nsâbpw am\nsâbpw IY(18), aqe¸pcmWw (87),
Inf¯name(6), s_¯ne¸m«v(4) F¶n§s\ 639 ioepIÄ At±l¯n
sâXmbp−v. HäCien cNn¡s¸« "Idma¯vame', "Xoh−n¨nµv', "h
−pw]qhpw' XpS§nbhbpw kamlmc§fn DÄs¸«n«nÃm¯ eLpImhy
§fpw thsdbpap−v.
_ZÀJnÊ, DlZv ]S¸m«v, keoJXv, Fen¸S, H«I¯nsâbpw am\n
sâbpw IY, s_¯ne¸m«v, aqe¸pcmWw F¶nhbnse BZy]m«pIÄ¡v
CiÂ\maw tNÀ¯pImWp¶nsænepw, ioepIfpsS F®¯n Ah DÄ
s¸Sp¶p−v. CiepIfpsS Imcy¯n Cu ssh]peyw hnkvabIcamsW
¦nepw AhsbÃmw ]qÀWambpw hyXykvXamsW¶v IcpXm³h¿. Htc
Ci Xs¶ ]eXhW BhÀ¯n¨p hcp¶Xmbn AhbpsS ]cntim[\
bn Ffp¸w t_m[yamhpw. hyXykvX IrXnIfnembn ‘sXm¦Â’ F¶

230
Ci 65 XhWbpw, ‘_¼v’ 31 XhWbpw, ‘lJm\’, ‘]pIbv\mÀ’ F¶nh
10 XhWbpw {]tbmKn¨n«pffXv DZmlcWw.
CiepIfpsS F®¯n C¯cw BhÀ¯\w Hgnhm¡nbmepw Nn
ek¦oÀWXIÄ Ahtijn¡p¶p. ]ea«nepff ]m«pIÄ¡pXs¶ hyXy
kvX CiÂkwÚIÄ \ÂIp¶Xpw, Htcm Ciepw sNdnb amä§Ä hcp
¯n ]cnjvIcn¡p¶XpsaÃmamWv Cu k¦oÀWXbv¡v \nZm\w.
sshZycpsS Ime¯v {]NmcW¯nencp¶ I¸¸m«v, \qÂaZvlv, k
Jqw ]S¸m«v, tNdqÀ ]S¸m«v F¶nhbnÂ\n¶pw At±lw CiÂamXrIIÄ
kzoIcn¨n«p−v. AXpt]mse AÚmXIÀ¯rI§fmb ‘BImiw`qan’,
‘sIm¼nsâ ]m«v’, ‘BZnapXÂ]pcmWw’ XpS§nb Imhy§fpw CiepI
fpsS sXcsªSp¸n\v At±lw Ahew_n¨p.

kJqw]S¸m«n \n¶v kzoIcn¨h

Ad_n¯angn \n¶pw Ad_naebmf¯nte¡v samgnamäw sN¿
s¸« kJqw]S¸m«nÂ\n¶mWv sshZyÀ Gähpa[nIw CiepIÄ kzoIcn
¨n«pffXv. {]kvXpX IrXnbpsS Imew, IÀ¯mhv F¶nhsb kw_Ôn¨v
bpàn`{Zamb \nKa\§Ä AhXcn¸n¨ _meIrjvW³ hffn¡p¶v A
Xn \n¶pw sshZyÀ kzoIcn¨ CiepIfpsS DZmlcW§fpw \ÂIp¶p
11
−v.
aqeIrXnbnse Ci kqNI§Ä¡p]Icw kJqanse hcnIÄ
CiÂ\ma§fmbn \ÂInbncn¡p¶Xnsâ amXrIIÄ ImWpI.
sshZyÀ IrXnbnse IrXn kJqw]S¸m«nse
Ci kqNIw Ci kqNIw
1. AÃmth \n\´v _.Jn. 27 D.]. 107 Nmb _ncp¯w
2. sb¦nepw Adt_mSv _.Jn. 36 k.]. 91 Nnd _ncp¯w
3. sI«nCamwAen _.Jn. 38 k.]. 9 BZnAcnas¸mcpÄ
4. XmiSnbmÀ _.Jn. 18 sNdp_ncp¯w
5. ZnanÀ Zsa ZnÂZn kem. 31 k.]. 94 sIm©Â
6. AS¦Â s]mcpXv _.ap. 31 F.]. 18 adpISÂ
7. HmimIÄ _.ap. 73 D.]. 8 Hmin
8. BIphm³ ZpB kem. 33 _.ap. 69 AiÀ _ncp¯w
9. AI´mÀ _.Jn 24 kem. 9 Nmbn¸v _ncp¯w
10. sImffm\_n F.]. 12 _.Jn. 41 XfÀhncp¯w
11. tbIn_n«´v D.]. 35 DXnap¯v
12. sb¶nen¡Y _.Jn. 53 X\wtIm

231
 13. Ccn´mÀ AhÀ kem. 7 _.Jn. 12 aq¶mw XpZn
14. DS³ ASÂ s]mcpXv _.Jn. 19 ISÂ_ncp¯w
15. \tÃmÀ CamwAen k.]. 67 Nmbn¸v sXm¦Â
16. sXfnµns« t]mXn kem. 50 D.]. 84 XfÀ_ncp¯w
17. adp¯v kJqw a.]. 58 Nn¶mcw
18. A¸Ä A¶_n k.]. 2,45 H−³

t]mbnhoc³(k.].38), Bc¼(_.ap.7), Nncn¨¦pS³ (_.Jn.31) AÀ

inseJZw (D.].13), Aenhen (_.Jn72) XpS§nb CiepIfpw Ihn kzoI
12
cn¡p¶Xv kJqw ]S¸m«n \n¶mWv.

\qÂaZvlpw aäp {]mNo\IrXnIfpw

Ipªmbn³ apkveymcpsS \qÂaZvlv, I¸¸m«v F¶o IrXnIfnÂ
\n¶pff CiepIfmWv asämcp hn`mKw. sshZyÀ¡rXnIfnse BZnX³
]ncniw (_.Jn.64, a.]8), IoWams\(_.Jn69,99), ]p®nb¯ew (k.].15,
D.]. 101), XncpXcpf¡S (_.Jn.66), tImeamwabn (D.].29) F¶nh
\qÂaZvln \n¶pff CiÂkqN\IfmWv. Ad_n¯angvIrXnIfnÂ\n¶v
\qÂaZvlnsâ IÀ¯mhv kzoIcn¨Xpw sshZyÀ Ahew_n¨Xpamb hncp
¯w, sXm¦Â XpS§nbhIqSn ]cnKWn¨m {]kvXpXImhy¯n BsI
bpff 15 CiepIfn ]IpXnbpw Cu KW¯n hcp¶XmsW¶v ImWmw.
Ipªmbn³apkveymÀ Hä Cien cNn¨ I¸¸m«n {]tXyI
Ci kqN\bnÃ. ]n¡mecNbnXm¡Ä Cu Imhy¯nsâ CuWs¯
‘Ci I¸¸m«v’ F¶mWv tcJs¸Sp¯nbncp¶Xv. sshZyÀ _ZÀ JnÊbn
epw (8,96), DlZv ]S(114)bnepw, _ZvdpÂap\odnepw(29) Cu Ci {]tbm
P\s¸Sp¯nbn«p−v.
{]mNo\Imhy§fmb ‘anAvdmPv’(_.Jn.18, _.ap.18,47, ln,12, D.].
109), ‘sIm¼v’ (_.ap. 5,32, _.Jn. 5,54, ln. 7 a.]. 4,46), ‘lJm\’(_.Jn.
7, D.]. 36, 102, k.]. 65,82), ‘Behpw AÀipw’ (_.ap.67) XpS§nbhbpw
Ci kqN\Ifmbn IS¶phcp¶p−v. tNdqÀ]S¸m«v, kJqw]S¸m«v F¶n
hbpsS IÀ¯m¡Ä ]qÀÆIrXnIfnÂ\n¶pw Is−Sp¯ ‘I−v I\n
_mh’, ‘N¦v Ie¦n’, ‘_¼v’, ‘H¸\¨mbÂ’, ‘Cc«¨nµw’, ‘IpXnc _¼v’
F¶nh sshZycpw kzoIcn¨n«p−v. CXn ‘_¼v’ Ihn¡v Gsd Xmev]cy
apff CiemWv. N¼p¡fnse hr¯\n_Ônbmb KZys¯ A\pkvacn¸n

232
¡p¶ hn[w, Ad_naebmfImhy§fn ImWp¶ CiemWnXv. KZy`mj
tbmSv IqSpXÂ ASp¸apff _¼n\v JpÀB³]mcmbW¯nsâ CuW
t¯mSv kmZrirap−v. Ad_n¯angvImhy§fn [mcmfambn ImWp¶
Cu Ci sshZycpsS DlZv ]S¸m«n am{Xw 18 XhW {]tbmKn¨ncn
¡p¶p.
Ad_n¯angv Imhy§fn \n¶pw BZyIme Ad_naebmfIhn
IÄ kzoIcn¨ hncp¯§fpw Xncp¸pIfpw, XpZn¸m«pIfpw AtX kwÚ
Ifn Xs¶ sshZyÀ FSp¯ptNÀ¯n«p−v. {]mNo\Imhyamb ]¯pXpZn
(kvXpXn)¸m«pIfn \n¶pff CuW§Ä ‘H¶mwXpZn’(_.ap.3), ‘c−mw
XpZn’ (_.Jn. 40), ‘BdmwXpZn’(_.ap.2) F¶n§s\bpw, ‘c−mwtNÂ’ (k.
].87), ‘aq¶mwtNÂ’(D.].103), ‘\memwtNÂ’(k.].72)F¶n§s\bpw c−p
hn[¯n DÄs¡mffn¨ncn¡p¶p.

kz´wcN\Isf CiÂkwÚIfm¡Â
]qÀhnIcpsS IrXnIfnÂ\n¶v CiÂkqN\IÄ \ÂIp¶Xn\p
]Icw Xsâ Xs¶ cN\Ifnse BZy]Z§Ä CiÂkwÚIfm¡n {]
tbmKn¡p¶ coXnbpw sshZyÀ Ahew_n¨p. _ZÀ JnÊbnse 68þmw ioÂ
Bcw`n¡p¶Xv ‘Dt−\pw anivIm¯v _mcnJn _µnssS’ F¶mWv.
CXnse BZy]Z§fmb ‘Dt−\pw anivIm¯v’ Cu Imhy¯n\p tijw
cNn¨ DlZp]SbpsS H¼Xmwioen\v CiÂkwÚbmbn \ÂInbXp
ImWmw. _ZvdpÂap\odnse 55þmwioensâ Bcw`¯nepff ‘XSInaWs¯’
F¶ {]tbmKw _ZÀJnÊbnse 101þmw ioensâ CiÂkqN\bmbn hcp
¶p. CXv Aev]w ]cnjvIcn¨v ‘XSIn aW¯v Npcp«vNm«w’ F¶ t]cnÂ
DlZv]Sbnepw(54) \ÂInbn«p−v. _ZÀJnÊbn Xs¶ {]tbmKn¨n«pff
(14) ‘XSIn aW¯v Nm«hpw’ CXnsâ hIt`ZamWv. Cu ioensâ XpS¡
¯nepff ‘AdnhXv In«n’ F¶ {]tbmKw ae¸pdw ]S¸m«nse c−mas¯
CiÂ\maambn tNÀ¯ncn¡p¶p.
Hcp IrXnbnse BZy`mKs¯ GsX¦nepw ]m«nsâ XpS¡w AtX
Imhy¯n asämcnS¯v CiÂkqN\bmbn hcmw. _ZÀ JnÊbnse Ggmw
Ci XpS§p¶Xv ‘lJm\ tIm³ Aadm a¡mhv hn«p\_n’ F¶ ]mZ

233
¯nemWv. ‘tIf−v tXmfÀ’ F¶mcw`n¡p¶ 86þmwioensâ Ci kwÚ
bmbn \ÂInbncn¡p¶Xmhs« ‘lJms\ tIm\admÂ’ F¶pw.

CiÂkzoIcW¯nse ]cnjvImc§Ä
Imhy§fn CiÂkqN\IÄ \ÂIpt¼mÄ sshZyÀ \S¯nb ]cn
jvImc§Ä ]pXpabpÅXmWv. ta kqNn¸n¨hn[w Ad_n¯angnse
tbm, Ad_naebmf¯ntetbm {]mNo\IrXnIfn \n¶v Ci amXrI
IÄ kzoIcn¨Xv c−pXc¯nembncp¶p. aqeIrXnbn tNÀ¯ CiÂ
kwÚIÄ, AtX]Sn kzoIcn¡p¶ coXnbmWv AXnsem¶v. sIm¼v,
sXm¦Â hncp¯w F¶n§s\, {]kn²amb CiÂkwÚIÄ amäw hcp
¯msX FSp¯ptNÀ¡p¶p.
aqeIrXnbnse CiÂkwÚ Dt]£n¨v ]Icw B Imhy¯nse
BZy]mZ§fpsS XpS¡w Ci kqN\bmbn {]tbmKn¡p¶ coXnbmWv
c−mat¯Xv. henb {]Nmcw ssIh¶n«nÃm¯Xpw A\phmNIÀ¡v A]
cnNnXhpamb CiÂkwÚIÄ Dt]£n¨v A¡me¯v Ipds¨¦nepw P\
Iobkz`mhw ssIh¶ncp¶ ‘tNdqÀ ]S¸m«n’sebpw ‘kJqw ]S¸m«nse’
bpw ‘\qÂaZvln’sebpw CiepIÄ amXrIbmbn \ÂIp¶Xv CXnsâ `mK
amWv.
C¯cw {]tbmKcoXnbnÂ\n¶pw Gsd hyXykvXamWv kz´w cN\
IÄ Xs¶ CiÂkqN\Ifm¡n \S¯p¶ ]co£Ww. _ZvdpÂap\oÀ,
_ZÀ JnÊ apXemb Imhy§Ä¡v IhnbpsS PohnXIme¯p e`n¨ kzo
IcyXbpw {]NmchpamWv Ihnsb Cu DZya¯n\p t{]cn¸n¨Xv. sshZyÀ
Ahew_n¨ {]mNo\Imhy§Ä an¡Xpw ]nÂIme¯p hnkvarXnbnem−
t¸mÄ AtX a«n hcp¶ sshZycpsS CiepIÄ BkzmZIa\ÊpIfnÂ
CSwt\Sn. ]mSn¸db t]mepff Iemcq]§Ä hgn sshZycpsS IrXnI
fnse ioepIÄ¡p e`n¨ {]Nmchpw Ah {]kn²amhp¶Xn\v klmbI
amb LSIamWv.
{]Nmc¯nepff CiepIfn Nne ]cnjvImc§Ä hcp¯n Ah
bn \n¶pw ]pXnb CiepIÄ¡v cq]w \ÂIm³ sshZyÀ {iaw \S¯nb
Xn\v \nch[n DZmlcW§fp−v. CiepIÄ¡nSbn ‘Xp−v’, ‘apdp¡w’
F¶nh tNÀ¯v CuWt`Zw hcp¯n AhXcn¸n¡p¶Xn sshZyÀ¡v
{]tXyIssh`hap−v. ‘sIm¼v’ F¶ CienÂ\n¶pw ‘_meapdp¡vsIm¼v’

234
(k.].37), ‘sIm¼v \SpNm«v apdp¡w’, ‘sIm¼v apdp¡w’ (D.]71), ‘sIm¼n
sâ A¨Â Xp−v Nm«v Npcpfw’ (ln.13) F¶n§s\ \nch[n CiepIÄ
krjvSn¡p¶Xv DZmlcWw. ‘I−mc¡«p½Â Nm«v apdp¡w’ (ln.19),
‘Dt−\pw anivIm¯v A¨Â’ (ln.18) F¶n§s\ kz´w cN\IÄ ]n¶oSv
Ci kwÚIfm¡pt¼mgpw Cu ]cnjvImcw ImWmw.

CiepIfpw ]c¼cmKXhr¯§fpw
sshZyÀ¡rXnIfnse CiepIÄ¡v `mjmhr¯§Ä, \mtSmSn¸m«p
IÄ, Xangvhr¯§Ä, Ad_nhr¯§Ä apXembhtbmSv ]ehn[¯nÂ
kmZriyapffXmbn ImWmw. CXn Xangvþaebmf Imhy§fnsebpw
\mtSmSn¸m«pIfntebpw CuWhpw Xmfhpambn Ahbv¡pff _Ô¯nsâ
ASnØm\w Is−¯m³ {]bmkanÃ. Cu Km\kmlnXnIsfÃmw {ZmhnU
]mc¼cy¯n ]ndhnsbSp¯XmWtÃm.
F¶m Ad_nhr¯§tfmSv kmayapff CiepIfpsS DÛhw
CXn \n¶p hyXykvXamWv. am¸nfamcpsS aX]chpw kmwkvImcnIhp
amb PohnXs¯ Gsd kv]Àin¨ Nne Ad_nImhy§fpsS kzm[o\w
Ahbv¡p ]n¶nep−v. Ad_naebmfImhyIÀ¯m¡fn Jmknapl½Z
S¡apff ]ecpw Ad_nkmlnXycwK¯pw hyànap{Z]Xn¸n¨hcmWv.
Ad_naebmf¯nepff AhcpsS cN\Ifn Ad_nIhnXIfpsS CuW
hg¡w {]ISambncp¶p. hnip²³amsc {]IoÀ¯n¡p¶ auenZpIfpw
‘_ZÀ _bv¯v’, ‘_pÀZ’ XpS§nb Imhy§fpw am¸nfamÀ¡nSbn henb
{]Nmcw t\Snbncp¶ krjvSnIfmWv. A¯cw Imhy§Ä sNep¯nb
kzm[o\¯nsâ ^eambn cq]wsIm− CiepIÄ¡mWv Ad_n hr¯
§tfmSv kmZriyapffXv.

Ad_nhr¯§tfmSv kmayapff CiepIÄ

_ZvdpÂap\odnse ‘t]mse \S¸v ioeanÂ’ F¶mcw`n¡p¶ Bdm

as¯ Cien\v Ad_nbnse ‘dPvkv’ hr¯¯nsegpXnb IhnXIfpsS
Bem]\coXnbmWpffXv. ‘am\nXwJme’ F¶ CiÂkwÚbmWv Cu
Cien\v Ihn \ÂInbncn¡p¶Xv.

235
 Ad_n¯angnse sN¼Ihncp¯¯n hcp¶Xpw sshZyÀ ‘BZn
A´w’ F¶ Ci kqN\bn tcJs¸Sp¯nbXpamb _ZvdpÂap\odnse
F«mwCien\v Ad_nbnse ‘dwev’ hr¯t¯mSpff kmayhpw Nq−n¡m
13
Wn¡s¸«n«p−v.
Cu `mKs¯,
‘F¯pw C¸cn/sim¯ _me\nÂ/]¯n\n lpkv/\p PamÂ
F¸fpw Ah/scm¸cw a\w/X¸nSmsZ/Xc¯n\mÂ’
F¶ hcnIÄ,
‘^mCem¯pÂ/^mCem¯p³/^mCem¯p³/^mCep³’
F¶ ‘dwev’ hr¯¯nsâ CuW¯n sNmÃmhp¶XmWv.
Ad_nbnse ‘I^o^v’ hr¯t¯mSv kmayapff CiemWv ‘sba³
sI«v’. Jmknapl½Znsâ aplvbn±o³ ame Cu Cien hcp¶XmWv. `mj
bnse ImIfnbpsS a«nepw CXme]n¡mw. _ZvdpÂap\oÀ(C.58), H«I¯n
sâbpw am\nsâbpw IY (C.2) F¶o CiepIÄ sba³sI«nemWv cNn¨n
«pÅXv.
_ZÀJnÊbnse ‘Dd¸n¸m³ AcpÄtI«v’ F¶p XpS§p¶ \mÂ]
XmwCien\v Ad_nbnse ‘lkvPv’ hr¯t¯mSv kmZriyw ImWp¶p. Ad
_n¯angnbn \n¶pff ‘c−mwXpZn’ F¶ CiÂkqN\bmWv Imhy
¯n \ÂInbncn¡p¶Xv.

`mjmhr¯§tfmSpw \mS³]m«pItfmSpw kmayapffh

am¸nf¸m«pIfpsS CiepIÄ¡v `mjmhr¯§tfmSpw, \mS³]m«pI
fpsS CuW§tfmSpapff _Ôw ]ecpw Nq−n¡mWn¨n«p−v. ‘almIhn
tNäphmbn ]co¡p«n’ F¶ {KÙ¯nsâ IÀ¯mhv tNäphmbn A_vZpÂ
JmZdpw, _ZvdpÂap\oÀ lpkv\pÂPamen\v BZy hymJym\sagpXnb(1960)
]q¶bqÀ¡pfw hn. _m¸pamWv Cu Znibnepff At\zjW§Ä¡v
XpS¡w Ipdn¨hÀ.
tNäphmbn A_vZpÂJmZÀ 1960-þ {]kn²oIcn¨ {KÙ¯n C§
s\ tcJs¸Sp¯p¶p: ‘am¸nf¸m«pIfnse CiepIÄ AYhm, a«pIÄ
AsænÂ, hr¯§Ä ]cntim[n¨m Ah {ZmhnUhr¯§fnepff KoX

236
§fpsS A\pIcWamsW¶p ImWmw. tII, ImIfn, aRvPcn, ]m\,
\tXm¶X, Hm«³Xpff F¶o hr¯§fpsS amXrIIÄ am¸nfKoX§
fn D−v. IqSmsX sFhÀ¸m«v, tIm¡fn, ]cnNap«v, DSp¡vsIm«v, ]pffp
h³, Ifw ]m«v, {Xn]pS, \ncWw IrXnIÄ, Ipd¯n¸m«v XpS§nb \m\m
14
Xcw ]m«pIfpsSbpw A\pIcW§Ä {]kvXpX Km\§fnep−v.’
lpkv\pÂPam hymJym\¯n ]p¶bqÀ¡pfw hn. _m¸p, Imhy
¯nse GXm\pw CiepIÄ¡p kam\amb `mjmhr¯§fpsSbpw, \mS³
]m«pIfpsSbpw t]cpkqNn¸n¡p¶p−v. "]pssI\mÀ' F¶ Cien\v "h©n
¸m«nt\mSpw'(]p56), "sNm¶mÀ \_nIÄ' F¶ Cien\v "AÀ²tII'
tbmSpw (]p.208), "Cuam³Ihn'¡v "]©Nmact¯mSpw'(]p.161), "BZnA
cpas¸mcpfn\v' aRvPcntbmSpw(]p.168) Dff _Ôw At±lw FSp¯pImWn
¡p¶p. aäpNne CiepIÄ¡v Ipd¯n¸m«v, XpbnepWÀ¯p]m«v, Hma\
¡p«³, amthen\mSv F¶nhtbmSpw kmayw Is−¯p¶p−v.
am¸nf¸m«pIsf KWwXncn¨v hr¯\nÀWbw\S¯m³ BZy{iaw
\S¯nbXv Ip«n¡rjvWamcmcmWv. amcmcpsS ‘hr¯inev]’¯n Du\
XcwKnWn, Du\ImIfn, lwk¹pXw, hIv{XOµÊv F¶nh DZmlcn¡p
t¼mÄ sshZycpsS _ZÀJnÊ, _ZvdpÂap\oÀ F¶o Imhy§fn \n¶p
ff \nch[nsamgnIÄ KWwXncn¨p ]cntim[n¡p¶p−v. Cu `mK¯n
epÅ hr¯§tfmsSÃmw am¸nf¸m«pIfnse CiepIÄ kmayw ]peÀ¯p
¶psh¶v amcmcpsS ]T\¯n hyàamIp¶p. hnhn[ `mjmhr¯§fpsS
kz`mh¯n hcp¶ sshZycpsS GXm\pw CiepIÄ ImWpI.
\tXm¶X hr¯t¯mSv kmayapff ‘]pIbv\mÀ’ F¶ CienÂ
_ZvdpÂap\oÀ Imhy¯nepff c−psamgn.
‘aZnsb \n³ A_pcmPm _nZn¯psff Aamdmse
ae¦nt\mw Ccpt]cpw apin¸mbtÃm
AXn\mse aesc \n³ apdmsZ−mw AZpt]mse
AWpthmfw ap\nbmsX s]mcp¯w F¶nÂ’ (_.ap. 9)
ImIfntbmSp kmayapff ‘sba³ sI«v’ F¶ Ciense (_.ap. 58)
c−psamgnIÄ:

237
 ‘A©pwXcw t]m lcodpw DSp¸n¨v
BsI Xpf¦pw ]pX¸pw ]pX¸n¨p
sN©Â anIs¨mcp XmPm\Zpw NqSn
Nn¶_ncÂs¡mcp Nn¯nc Jm¯apw’
_ZvdpÂap\odnse ‘sNm¶mÀ \_nIÄ’ F¶ 61þmw Cien\v tII
tbmSv kmayw ImWmw.
‘A¸Ä _nhcw t]mse AhtfmSpc¯v _mÀ¯m
Nn¸w JaÀ_m³tI«v sN¸n _ZvtdmsSm−v
At¸mfZn³ Da¡v F¶m apdmsZµmta
X¸msZmcpaosa®w X¿ehÀIÄIqSm.’
CXpt]mse ‘sI«n CamwAen’ F¶ Cienepff _ZvdpÂap\odnse
BZysamgn t\m¡pI:
‘Hs¿ F\n¡p−v ]¿Â ]ndmb¯nÂ
Hs¯mcpan¯v Ifn¯pw sIm−vþ Hcph³
Dsämcp _m¡v Rm³ sXänSmsX’ (C. 38)

aq¶p]mZapff Cu samgnbnse c−mw]mZ¯nse A´y]Zwamän

\nÀ¯nbm AXn\v IrjvWKmYbpsS sNmÂhSnhmsW¶p ImWm\mhpw.
AXpt]mse cmaNcnX¯nse Nne hr¯§tfmSv kmayapffhtbm, taÂ
DZmlcW¯n ImWp¶Xpt]mse ]cnjvIcn¨htbm Bb CiepIfp
ap−v.
\mS³]m«pIfpsS CuW¯nÂhcp¶ Nne am¸nf¸m«v CiepIfp
−v. Ip½nbSnbpsS CuW¯n\p kam\amb CiÂ, ‘Ip½n’ F¶ t]cnÂ
Xs¶bmWdnbs¸Sp¶Xv. CXpt]mse Ipd¯n¸m«nsâ CuW¯nepw Ci
epIfp−v.
am¸nf¸m«nse ‘kpJt¯msS’ F¶ Cien\v tXmäw]m«nt\mSpff
15
kmZriyw hn.Fw. Ip«n kqNn¸n¡p¶Xp ImWmw.
_Zvdp ap\odnse,
‘DSs\ Pqssae¯nd§n \S¶v sN−v
Dcbp¶ht\msS³ IqsS hcWsa¶v

238
 _Snhpäcio _nfn¡p¶Sp¯v Imam³
_fsc sImZnsb¦n Cs¦_mcs« tXam³’ (C.74)
F¶ Ciepw,
‘inhs\ hmgpt¶mcp s]m¶pw ]Ih\mtW,
IqsS \ncq]n¡p¶mt¶m s]m¶pw ]Ihm³’
F¶ CucSnbpw Htca«n Be]n¡mhp¶XmWv.
‘Idp¯s]t®, Icn¦pgeo,
\n\s¡mcp¯³ Ing¡pZn¨p’
F¶ \mS³]m«nsâ CuWhg¡w ae¸pdw]S¸m«nse ‘ad¯vkJqw’ F¶
Cient\mSp tNÀ¶p\n¡p¶p−v.
‘AS¨v I®oÀ XpS¨pa¶³
AIw s_dp¸mbn apin¯ncn¡bv
]Sbn _oWv NIs¸t«msc
]bÂIÄ amZÀ aShmÀIfpw
ASp¯v \n−v skmcq]w ap¼nÂ
Aebvµv _oWpw \ne_nfnbmbn.’ (a.]. 58)
kJqw ]S¸m«n \n¶pff ‘Bc¼’ F¶ Cien cNn¨,
‘]qaIfms\ lpkv\p PamÂ/]p¶mc¯mfw anIsµ _ohn’
F¶p XpS§p¶ hcnIÄ¡v
‘amthen \mSphmWoSpw Imew/am\pjscÃmcpsam¶pt]mse’
F¶ HmW¸m«nsâ CuWw Xs¶bmWpffXv.
sshZycpsStbm atäsX¦nepw Ad_naebmfIhnIfpsStbm Ciep
IÄ¡v {ZmhnUhr¯coXnItfmSpÅ kmayw AhbpsS s]mXp]mc¼cy
s¯bmWv ImWn¡p¶Xv. At¸mgpw Bem]\¯n Ah Im¯pkq£n
¡p¶ hyXncnàX Xncn¨dntb−Xp−v. kqjvaamb A]{KY\¯nÂ
ImIfnbpsStbm, KmYbpsStbm atäsX¦nepw hr¯§fpsStbm KWam
{XmLS\tbmSpw sNmÂhSnhnt\mSpw kmayw ]peÀ¯pt¼mgpw AhbnÂ
\n¶pw hn`n¶amb Hcp a«nemWv AXme]n¡s¸SpI. ]c¼cmKXambn
]n´pSÀ¶pt]mcp¶ Hcp CuWhg¡w Ahbv¡p−v. Cu hyXykvXX
bmWv AXnsâ AØnXz¯n\v \nZm\ambn \nesImÅp¶Xv.
***

239
Ipdn¸pIÄ
1. ‘Imhyw {Kmlyae¦mcmXv kuµcyae¦mc: ktZmj KpWme¦mclm
\mZm\m`ymw’ -þ hma\³, Imhyme¦mckq{Xw 1.1,1þ3
2. tUm. Sn. `mkv¡c³, `mcXobImhyimkv{Xw, (tIcf`mjm C³Ìn
äyq«v, Xncph\´]pcw, 1994). ]p. 196
3. Fw.F. dlvam³, ‘sam{KmÂCiÂs]cpa’, `mjmt]mjnWn, 27, 11,
(G{]n 2004), ]p.9
4. ]pent¡m«n sslZÀ, ]pent¡m«n IrXnIÄ, FUn. Fw.F³
ImctÈcn, (tIcfkmlnXyA¡mZan XriqÀ, 2007) ]p.163
5. Fw.F³. ImctÈcn, ‘Ad_naebmfkmlnXyw’, Ipdnam\w, (]n.sI.
{_tZgvkv, tImgnt¡mSv, 1989), ]p. 87
6. CXnsâ hymJym\¯n kp^bvdsbs¡m−v Cu hn[w kwibw
{]ISn¸n¨Xp hgn Ihn _ZvdpÂap\odnsâ AtemIkm[mcWamb
kuµcyhntijs¯ hÀWn¡pIbmsW¶v hyàam¡nbtijw,
]p¶bqÀ¡pfw hn._m¸p DffqÀ ]nwKfbpsS kuµcys¯ hÀWn
¡m³ {]tbmKn¨ CtX D]am\w D²cn¡p¶p−v. AXnt\¡mÄ
hfscap¼mWv sshZycpsS hÀW\ F¶pw AtZlw Nq−n¡mWn
¡p¶p:
‘cmtIµp aÞesam¶Ãoþcs−¦n
teIw {]XnѵwþGXXn¦Â
Xmtgm«pt]m¶sX´¼nfn’ (DffqÀ)
]p¶bqÀIpfw hn._m¸p, lpkv\pÂPam _ZvdpÂap\oÀ hymJym
\w, (bp.sI.kn. {]Êv, Ip¶wIpfw, 1960), ]p.225
7. iqc\mSv Ipª³]nff, N{µnI dn¸»nIv Zn\¸Xn¸v,
tImgnt¡mSvþ1970.
8. A`napJw : A_q_¡À IngntÈcn 5þ4þ2015
9. kn.]n. {io[c³, ‘Dss_Znsâ PohnXw’, Dss_Znsâ sXcsª
Sp¯ IhnXIÄ, k¼m.\^okm Dss_Zv, (\mj\Â _p¡vÌmÄ,
tIm«bw, 1980), ]p. 16
10. ‘icoc¯ns\m¯ ImepIÄ am³sIm¼msWm F¶pw, ]mZ¯ns\m
¯ hncepIÄ¡v ]fp¦gImtWm F¶pw i¦n¡p¶nS¯pÅ Ae

240
 ¦mc¯n\v HuNnXyIpdhp−v. \mbnIsb hÀWn¨phÀWn¨v apt¶m
«pt]mIpt¼mÄ Ihn`mh\ ImSpIbdnb A\pNnXkµÀ`§Ä ]gb
Ime aebmfIhnXbn [mcmfambn ImWmw’.
C{_mlnw t_hn©, ‘Imhyme¦mc§Ä sshZyÀ]m«pIfnÂ’, alm
Ihn tambn³Ip«n sshZyÀ ]T\§Ä, ]p. 113
11. _meIrjvW³ hffn¡p¶v, almIhn tambn³ Ip«n sshZycpsS
ImhytemIw, (hN\w _pIvkv, tImgnt¡mSv 2014),]p. 244þ251
12. Sn.]p. 250
13. lk³ s\Snb\mSv, am¸nf¸m«nsâ thcpIÄ tXSn, (hN\w _pIvkv,
tImgnt¡mSv 2012), ]p.28
14. tNäphmbn A_vZpÂJmZÀ, almIhn tNäphmbn ]co¡p«n, (]n.sI.
{_tZgvkv, tImgnt¡mSv, 1960) ]p.28, 29
15. hn.Fw. Ip«n, am¸nf¸m«nsâ XmbvthcpIÄ, (tIcfkmlnXyA¡m
Zan, XriqÀ, 2007) ]p.33

241
Bava K.“Works of Moyinkutty Vaidyar: Language and discource ”
Thesis. Department of Malayalam and Kerala studies, University
of Calicut, 2015.
 `mKw aq¶v

hyhlmc¯nsâ `n¶Xe§Ä

242
 sshZyÀ¡rXnIfpsS hyhlmcXew þ {]thiIw

sshZyÀ¡rXnIÄ \nÀÆln¡p¶ sshhn[yamÀ¶ hyhlmc§fp

sS kz`mhat\zjn¡pIbmWv Cu bq\nänsâ e£yw. ‘hyhlmcw’ (Dis-
course)F¶ kwÚbv¡v AXnsâ i_vZtImimÀ°w am{Xw ap³\nÀ
¯nbpÅ Hct\zjWw Ct¸mÄ {]kàaÃ.
`mj {]tbmKn¡p¶Xnsâ khntijcq]§sf, hyXykvXhyhlmc
§fmbn ]cnKWn¨phcmdp−v. `mjm]T\¢mÊpIfn \nthZ\w, I¯v,
D]\ymkw, {]`mjWw XpS§nbhsb `mjbpsS hnhn[hyhlmc§fmbn
]cnKWn¨phcp¶Xv Cu AÀ°¯nemWv. {]tbmKn¡p¶ kµÀ`hpw, k
ao]\§fpa\pkcn¨v Cu ]Z¯n\v IqSpXÂ AÀ°hym]vXn ssIhcp
¶Xp ImWmw.
‘{]_Ôw, ]mTIw Fs¶ms¡bmhpw AXnsâ i_vZtImimÀ°w.
hmIyLS\bv¡¸pdapÅ `mjmJÞambn sshbmIcW³amcpw, KW]c
amb thÀXncnhpIÄ \S¯m³ hnaÀiIs\ {]m]vX\m¡p¶ `mjmcq]
1
ambn kmlnXyhnaÀiIcpw AXns\ kao]n¡p¶p.’
B[p\ntIm¯c]cnkc§fnse hyhlmcNÀ¨Ifn Gähpa[nIw
{i²n¡s¸«n«pÅXv {^©v ssk²m´nI\mb antjÂ^qt¡mhnsâ (1926þ
1984) \nco£W§fmWv. ‘Úm\hpw A[nImchpw X½nepÅ_Ôs¯
A\mhcWw sN¿m\pw, Ncn{X¯nsâ IÀ¯r\nct]£kz`mhw hniZam
¡m\pw, am\hnIhnjb§fpsS Bt]£nI]Zhnsb \nÀÆNn¡m\psa
Ãmw ^qt¡m Is−¯nb hgn hyhlmcs¯ A]{KYn¡pIbmWv. hyh
lmcamWv ^qt¡mhnsâ A]{KY\¯nse Gähpw {]mYanIamb GII
sa¶p ]dbmw. A{]Imcw kaql¯nsâbpw Ncn{X¯nsâbpw A\\yX
Ifn thcpIfpÅ `mjm{]tbmK§fmWv At±l¯n\p hyhlmcw. kaq
l¯n `mjbpsS {Ia_²hpw kpLSnXhpamb {]hÀ¯\§Ä hniZo
Icn¡m³ kmaqlnIimkv{XÚs\ {]m]vX\m¡p¶ Hcp ssk²m´nI

243
kwhÀKamWv hyhlmcw’ F¶ hkvXpXbnte¡v ^qt¡mbpsS \nco£
2
W§Ä hnc Nq−p¶p.
sshZyÀ¡rXnIfpsS hyhlmcXew At\zjn¡pt¼mÄ AXn\v ]c
kv]c]qcI§fmb c−pXe§fps−¶pImWmw. Fgp¯n\I¯pÅ hyh
lmcamWv CXnsem¶v. IhnZÀi\¯nsâ {]IS`mh§fmb kzmX{´y
k¦Â]w, kv{XohntamN\k¦Â]w, {ZmhnUobXtbmSpw, ImÂ]\nIX
tbmSpw, B[p\nIXtbmSpapÅ kao]\w apXemb IrXnIfnse B´c
hyhlmc§sf¡pdn¨pÅ At\zjWw {]kàambn¯ocp¶p−v. AXp
t]mse Ihn Xsâ Ime¯nepw, ]n¡mekaql¯nsâ hnhn[§fmb
aÞe§fnepw sNep¯nb kzm[o\hpw {][m\as{X. C§s\ hyXykvX
§fmb aÞe§fnepÅ sshZyÀ¡rXnIfpsS hyhlmcw Cu `mK¯p
NÀ¨sN¿p¶p.
***

Ipdn¸pIÄ
1. tUm.]n.]n.cho{µ³, ^qt¡mþhÀ¯am\¯nsâ Ncn{Xw, 2þmw ].
(tIcf`mjm C³Ìnäyq«v, Xncph\´]pcw), ]p. 18
2. Sn.]p. 17þ20

244
 A[ymbw : 6

cmjv{SobZÀi\w
kzmX{´y¯nsâ A`nemjw

tambn³Ip«n sshZycpsS apJy{]tab§fmbn hnebncp¯s¸Smdp

ÅXv {]Wbhpw t]mcm«hpamWv. buh\Ime¯p cNn¨ Nne I¯p]m«p
Ifnepw, lpkv\pÂPamenepw {]Wb¯nsâ kuµcyw BhnjvIcn¨ Ihn
hnhn[ kµÀ`§fnembn GXm\pw H¸\]m«pIfpw IoÀ¯\§fpw eLp
IhnXIfpw cNn¨n«p−v. PohnXm´y¯n Hcp Ncn{XImhy¯nsâ cN\
bv¡pw XpS¡w Ipdn¨ncp¶p.
C¯cw kw`mh\IÄ amän\nÀ¯nbm ]S¸m«pIfpsS taJebnÂ
Xs¶bmbncp¶p IhnbpsS kÀKk©mcw. At±l¯nsâ _ZÀþDlZvþ
ae¸pdw ]S¸m«pIÄ Ad_naebmfkmlnXy¯nse Gähpw anI¨ IrXn
IfpsS KW¯n hcp¶hbmWv.
20þmw hbÊn cNn¨ _ZvdpÂap\odn\p ap¼pXs¶ 95 CiepIfn
embn keoJ¯v ]S¸m«v F¶ ZoÀLImhyw ]qÀ¯oIcn¨n«p−v. A¶
s¯ kmaqlnIkmlNcy¯n Gsd hnaÀi\§Ä Gäphm§nb krjvSn
bmbncp¶p AXv. _mekmlnXyhn`mK¯n hcp¶ Fen¸S, ao³]S
F¶nhbnepw t]mcm«w Xs¶bmWv {]tabw. Bbncs¯m¶pcmhpIfnse
IYIsf A\pkvacn¸n¡p¶ kemkoÂJnÊbnepw t]mcm«w {][m\hnj
bambn IS¶phcp¶p. ChbpsSbpw cN\mImew _ZvdpÂap\odnsâ ]ndhn
¡p ap¼pXs¶bmWv. {]WbImhyw cNn¨Xnsâ t]cn bmYmØnXnI
Nn´mKXn¡mÀ DbÀ¯nb FXnÀ¸ns\ adnIS¡m\mWv ]S¸m«pIfpsS
cN\bn apgpInbsX¶ ]c¼cmKX[mcW icnbÃ. ImhycN\bpsS
XpS¡wapXte, At±l¯n\v hocck{][m\amb BJym\§tfmSv {]
tXyI aaXbp−mbncp¶p F¶p hyàw. ‘am¸nfsshImcnIXbpsS c−p
apJyt{kmXÊpIÄ hochpw irwKmchpamsW¶ anÃdpsS \nco£W¯n
1
\v’ sshZyÀIrXnIfpsS ]T\¯n khntij{]kànbp−v.

245
 tIcfNcn{X¯n \n¶pw Atd_y³þt]Àjy³ ]pcmhr¯§fnÂ
\n¶pambn Imhy{]tabw Is−¯pt¼mÄ t]mcm«{][m\amb BJym\
§Ä¡v {]mapJyw ssIh¶Xv BIkvanIamIm\nSbnÃ. A¯cw kw`h
§fpsS BJym\w kmaqlnIamb Hc\nhmcyX IqSnbmbn amdnb Ncn{X
L«¯nembncp¶p sshZycpsS PohnXw. km[mcWP\§fpw A[nImc
tI{µ§fpambpÅ kwLÀjw AXnsâ ]mcayXbnse¯nbt¸mgmWtÃm,
Ihn Xsâ cN\IÄ \nÀÆln¡p¶Xv.

bp²Imhy§Ä þ {]mNo\ a²yImekmlnXy¯nÂ

hocck{][m\§fmb bp²mJym\§Ä {]mNo\a[yImekmlnXy
§fnepS\ofw ImWmw. \m«pcmPm¡·mÀ¡nSbn \S¶ncp¶ bp²§fpw,
A¦w, Ifcn, s]mbv¯v apXembhbpw kÀÆkm[mcWamb Npäp]mSnÂ,
AXnsâ BJym\§Ä kmlnXy¯nepw hym]IambXv kzm`mhnIat{X.
cmaNcnXIÀ¯mhv {]tabw kzoIcn¨Xv cmambWw bp²ImÞ¯n \n
¶mWv. _rl¯mb cmambWImhy¯n \n¶v bp²ImÞw XncsªSp
¡pt¼mÄ Ihn ap¶nÂI−Xv ‘Dugnbn sNdnbhcmb’ km[mcWP\
§sfbmbncp¶p. henb hnZym`ymktam k¼t¯m BÀÖn¨n«nsænepw
Btbm[\Iebn X¸ccmbncp¶ km[mcW¡mÀ. A¶s¯ kmaqln
I{Ia¯n `qcn]£w hcp¶ ChÀ¡v Bthihpw BËmZhpw ]Icm³
`ànkm{µhpw hocck{][m\hpamb CXnhr¯w Is−¯nbXv Nocma
Ihn ]peÀ¯nb HuNnXyZo£bpsS ZrjvSm´amWv.
I®ÈIhnIfpw, Fgp¯Ñ\pw, Ip©³\¼ymcpsaÃmw bp²cwK§
fpsS BhnjvIcW¯n XÂ]ccmbncp¶p. i¦c¸Wn¡cpsS `mcXame
bpw Fgp¯Ñsâ alm`mcXwInfn¸m«pw \qäm−pIfmbn BkzmZIsc B
IÀjn¨Xn\p ]n¶n Ahbn kv^pcn¨p\n¡p¶ `àn`mht¯msSm
¸w hocckhpw apJy]¦phln¨n«p−v. hS¡³]m«pIfpw sX¡³]m«pw
\nc£ccmb km[mcWP\§Ä XeapdIfneqsS ssIamdnIm¯p kq£n
¨Xpw CtX ImcWwsIm−p Xs¶. AXnse \mbI·mcpsS hociqc]cm
{Ia§Ä hmgv¯n Bthi`cnXcmIm\pw, XmZmßoIcWw {]m]n¡m\pw,
B_mehr²w P\§Ä¡pw km[n¨ncp¶p.

246
Ad_naebmf¯nse bp²Imhy§Ä
Ad_naebmf¯nse t]mcm«w {]tabambnhcp¶ BJym\Imhy
§fmWv ]S¸m«pIÄ. Cu taJebnse Gähpw k¼¶amb ImhyimJ
bmWnXv. A¨Sn kmÀÆ{XnIamIp¶Xn\p ap¼pXs¶ hmsamgnbneqsSbpw,
ssIsbgp¯p{]XnIfneqsSbpw \nch[n IrXnIÄ Cu cwK¯v {]Nmcw
t\Sn¡gnªncp¶p. cN\mImew \nÀ®bn¨n«nÃm¯Xpw, AÚmXIÀ
¯rI§fpamb At\Iw ]m«pIÄ Is−¯nbn«p−v. ]S¸m«pimJbnÂ
Bbnc¯n Aªqdntesd cN\IfpÅXmbn am¸nf¸m«pIfpsS k¼mZ
I\mb ¢m¸\ tIm«¡m«p iwkp±os\ D²cn¨v sI.Fw. _lmhp±o³ tcJ
2
s¸Sp¯nbn«p−v.
bp²hpw kwLÀjhpsaÃmw {]tabambnhcp¶ aebmfImhy§Ä
\mS³]m«pIÄ apXembhsb¡mÄ ]Xn·S§v cN\IÄ Cu KW¯nÂ
Ad_naebmf¯nep−v. Ahbn \sÃmcp`mKhpw C¶p e`yaÃ. FgpXn
kq£n¡m¯htbm, A¨Sn¡m¯htbm Bb cN\Ifpw, {_n«ojv A[n
ImcnIÄ GÀs¸Sp¯nb \ntcm[\waqew \jvSs¸« IrXnIfpw AkwJy
at{X.

]S¸m«pIÄ ]nd¶ kmaqlnIþcmjv{Sob]Ým¯ew

]Xns\«pw, ]s¯m³]Xpw \qäm−pIfn t]mcm«{][m\§fmb

]m«pIfpsS Hcp {]hmlwXs¶ Cu cwK¯p−mbn. AXmIs« Hcp bmZr
ÑnI {]Xn`mkambncp¶nÃXm\pw. AhbpsS ]ndhn¡pw, {]Nmc¯n\pw
\nZm\ambn¯oÀ¶ kmaqlnIþcmjv{SobNpäp]mSpIÄ {]tXyIhniIe
\w AÀln¡p¶p−v. CtX ImeL«¯n {]Nmcwt\Snb sIÊp]m«pI
fn kv^pcn¨p\n¡p¶ {]Wb`mh¯n\v sshbànIhnImc¯nsâ
XeamWpÅsX¦n ]S¸m«pIfnse hocckw kmaqlnIhnImcambn ]SÀ
¶p hym]n¡p¶Xp ImWmw. Ah Hcp kwLtNX\bpsS BhnjvImc§
fmbncp¶p. Ah ]mSnbpw BkzZn¨pw ]pfIwsIm−hcpw, {_n«ojvhncp²
sNdp¯p\n¸pIfpsS `mKambhcpw, AkwJyambncp¶p.

247
]S¸m«pIfpw, {_n«ojv ae_mdnse kmaqlnIþcmjv{Sob
Npäp]mSpIfpw
C´y³Ad_nkmlnXy¯nse kacImhy§sft¸mse, Ad_nae
bmf¯nse ]S¸m«pIÄ¡pw Ifsamcp¡nbXv t]mÀ¨pKokv A[n\nthi
Imes¯ kwLÀj§Ä Xs¶bmsW¶p IcpXmhp¶XmWv. XoctZi
§Ä tI{µoIcn¨v kwLPohnXw cq]s¸Sp¯pIbpw B`y´chpw sshtZ
inIhpamb hmWnPyhym]mc_Ô§fn kPohamIpIbpw, sNbvXncp¶
am¸nfamcpsS PohnXNpäp]mSpIfn AXp I\¯ BLmXta¸n¨p.
Ahcn ]ecpw DÄ{]tZi§fnte¡v IpSntbdpIbpw, D]Poh\¯n\m
bn ]pXnbamÀK§Ä BcmbpIbpw sNbvXp. hensbmcphn`mKw Irjnbn
epw, sNdpInShyhkmb§fnepw hym]rXcmbn PohnXw \bn¨pXpS§n.
XpSÀ¶ph¶ {_n«ojv B[n]Xyw ØnXnKXnIÄ IqSpX k¦oÀ
Wam¡p¶Xmbncp¶p. XpS¡¯n hym]mcw F¶ {]Jym]nXe£yamWv
Cw¥ojpImÀ¡pw D−mbncp¶Xv. ]t£, kmlNcy§Ä A\pIqesa¶p
I−t¸mÄ \m«pcmPm¡·msc hcpXnbnem¡m\pw `cW¯nsâ kakvX
taJeIfnepw ]nSnapdp¡m\pw AhÀ \S¯nb {iaw hnPbw I−p.
X§fpsS A[nImcw Dd¸n¨p\nÀ¯m\pw hym]n¸n¡m\pw A\ptbm
Pyamb X{´§fmWv {_n«ojpImÀ ae_mdn BhnjvIcn¨ncp¶Xv.
`q{]`p¡fmb P·namsc ]nW¡m³ AhÀ X¿mdmbncp¶nÃ. FÃm \nIp
Xn`mchpw km[mcW¡mcmb sNdpInSIÀjIcpsSbpw I¨hS¡mcpsSbpw
Npaenembncp¶p. P·namcpw, IÀjIcpw X½nep−mbncp¶ kwLÀj§
fn Ft¸mgpw P·namsc ]n´pW¡p¶ kao]\ambncp¶p A[nImcn
IÄ kzoIcn¨ncp¶Xv. IÀjIÀ D¸mZn¸n¡p¶ hnfIfn \sÃmcp`mKw
{]tXyIn¨p apXÂapSt¡m, A[zm\tam IqSmsX ]m«ambn P·namÀ¡pw,
\nIpXnbn\¯n {_n«ojv A[nImcnIÄ¡pw \ÂtI−nbncp¶p. IÀj
IcpsS {]Xntj[§tfm, \nÊlmbIXtbm Bcpw Ku\n¨ncp¶nÃ. FÃm
Xocpam\§fnepw {]ISamb IÀjIhncp²kao]\w Zriyambncp¶p.
Irjn`qanbnse D¸mZ\w ]¦nSp¶Xns\¸än BtemNn¡p¶Xn\mbn 116
{]apJP·namcpsS Hcp tbmKw {_n«ojv A[nImcnIÄ tImgnt¡mSv hnfn
¨p tNÀ¯ncp¶p. XpSÀ¶v ‘\o− At\zjW§Ä¡pw P·namcpambn \S
¯nb NÀ¨IÄ¡pw tijw 1805þ s\ÂIrjn¡mÀ¡v sam¯w D¸mZ\
¯nsâ aq¶nsem¶v AhImis¸Smw F¶ Xocpam\¯nse¯pIbmWp

248
−mbXv. sam¯w DÂ]mZ\¯n \n¶pw hn¯pIfpw aäp sNehpIfpw
Ingn¨ tijapÅXmWnXv. tijn¨Xn 60 iXam\w Kh¬saân\pw 40
3
iXam\w P·n¡pw F¶mWv Xocpam\n¡s¸«Xv.’ s\ÂIrjnbpsS am{X
aÃ, aäp ImÀjnIhnfIfpsS Imcy¯nepw Cu \ne]mSp Xs¶bmWp−m
bncp¶Xv. ImÀjnIhnfIfpsS aqeyw ]Wambn \nÝbn¨Xpw, IÀjIsc
{]bmk¯nemgv¯n. D¸¶§fpsS It¼mf\nc¡nt\¡mÄ DbÀ¶hne
bmbncp¶p Ahbv¡p IW¡m¡nbncp¶Xv. bYmkabw \nIpXnbS¡m³
Ignbm¯ IÀjIcpsS hoSpIÄ P]vXnsN¿p¶Xpw, ho«p]IcW§Ä
I−psI«p¶Xpw, imcocnI]oU\§Ä G¸n¡p¶Xpw \nXykw`h§
fmbn¯oÀ¶p.
aäp taJeIfn D]Poh\w tXSnbncp¶hcpsS ØnXnbpw hn`n¶
ambncp¶nÃ. XSn, kpKÔhyRvP\§Ä, D¸v, ]pIbne, XpS§nbhbpsS
hym]mc¡p¯I {_n«ojpImÀ ssIbS¡nbtXmsS AhbpsS hne IpXn
¨pbcm\pw, sXmgnenÃmbva cq£amIm\pw ImcWambn. ae_mdnse 6348
]pIbne D¸mZIcpsS I¨hSw Ip¯Ikw`cWw aqew \jvSs¸«Xmbn
4
{_n«ojv tcJIÄ hyàam¡p¶p. D¸phym]mccwKs¯ Ip¯I Bdmbn
ct¯mfw hcp¶ D¸f§fpsS DSaIsf _p²nap«nemgv¯m\pw, AhcpsS
sXmgnemfnIfpsS tPmen \jvSs¸Sp¯m\pw CShcp¯n.
XoctZi§Ä tI{µoIcn¨v \Ã\nebn XSnhym]mcw \S¯nbn
cp¶hscbpw {_n«ojv\b§Ä {]XnIqeambn _m[n¨p. Cu taJebnÂ
Ip¯Ikw`cWw aqew t_¸qÀ XpdapJs¯ I¸Â\nÀ½mWtaJebpw
{]XnkÔnbnembn. hym]mcnIfpw sXmgnemfnIfpw sXmgnÂclnXcmbn.
ae_mdn C{]Imcw ]pIbne, D¸v, XSn XpS§nb hym]mckwcw
5
`§fn GÀs¸«ncp¶ I¨hS¡mcn \sÃmcp ]¦pw am¸nfamcmbncp¶p.
\qäm−pIfmbn Xoc{]tZi§fntem, kao]Ø{Kma§fntem ØncXma
k¡mcmbncp¶ ChcpsS kmaqlnIþkm¼¯nI Npäp]mSpIfn KpcpX
camb BLmXw krjvSn¨psIm−mWv {_n«ojvkm{amPyXzw thcpd¸n¨n
cp¶Xv.

P·namcpsS NqjW§Ä
I¼\nkÀ¡mÀ, X§fpsS XmÂ]cy¯n\v klmbIamhpw hn[w
P·namÀ¡v \ÂInb A[nImc§fpw IpSnbm·msc tZmjIcambn _m[n
¨p. IpSnbm³amcnÂ\n¶v tXm¶pwt]mse ]m«¸Ww CuSm¡m\pw

249
\nÊmc{]iv\§fpsS t]cn IpSnsbmgn¸n¡m\pw P·namÀ¡v AhImiw
\ÂIp¶hn[w I¼\nkÀ¡mÀ ssIsIm− Xocpam\§Ä km[mcW
IÀjIsc AXoh ZpcnX¯nemgv¯n. 19þXmw\qäm−nsâ Ahkm\ ZiI
§fnse¯nbt¸mÄ IpSnsbmgn¸n¡epIfpsS F®w {IamXoXambn s]cp
InbXmbn IW¡pIÄ kqNn¸n¡p¶p. DZmlcW¯n\v 1887þapXÂ
1903þhscbpÅ Imebfhn\nSbv¡v tImSXnIÄ km[phm¡nb IpSnsbmgn
6
¸n¡Â hyhlmc§Ä t\m¡pI:
1887 þ 2819
1890 þ 4227
1893 þ 3797
1896 þ 3213
1899 þ 3418
1902 þ 3135
1903 þ 3825
IpSnbm·mcn Ccp]XnsemcmÄ C¯cw\S]SnIÄ¡p hnt[bcm
bncp¶pht{X. hmkvXh¯n IpSnsbmgn¸n¡s¸«hcpsS kwJytcJI
fn ImWp¶Xnt\¡mÄ hfschepXmbncp¶p. tImSXnhyhlmc§Ä
sNethdnbXmbXn\mepw, P·namÀs¡Xncmb tIkpIfn X§Ä¡p
\oXn e`n¡nsö hnizmkwsIm−pw tImSXnIsf kao]n¡p¶hcpsS
kwJyXs¶ hncfambncp¶p. ]m«w kzoIcn¡p¶Xn\v P·namÀ cioXn
\ÂIp¶ ]Xnhv, A]qÀÆambncp¶Xn\m F{XhÀjw IrjnsNbvX `qan
bmbmepw, km[mcWIpSnbm·mÀ¡v Hcp sXfnhpt]mepw lmPcm¡m³
km[n¡pambncp¶nÃ.
IpSnbm·mÀ P·namÀ¡v \ÂtI−nbncp¶ D¸¶§fpsSbpw ]W
¯nsâbpw tXmXv \nÝnXamb IW¡n am{Xw HXp§n \n¡p¶Xmbn
cp¶nÃ. ‘Ccp]XmwiXIambt¸mtg¡pw `q{]`p¡Ä t\Sns¡m−ncp¶
D¸mZ\¯nsâ Hmlcn 1805-þ tXmakv hmÀU³ ]m«ambn \nÝbn¨
]¦nsâ Cc«nbmbncp¶p. sam¯w D¸mZ\¯nsâ 75 apX 85 iXam\w
hsc IÀjIÀ sImSp¯ncp¶XmbmWv F^v._n. Chm³knsâ 1915-þse
7
hnebncp¯Â’ . CXn\p ]pdsa \m«mNmc{]ImcapÅ NS§pIÄ¡v ]pd
¸mSmbpw ImgvNbmbpw \sÃmcp]¦v P·n¡v \ÂtI−mbncp¶p.
at©cn kztZin a¦cs¯mSnbn kq¸n F¶ IpSnbmsâ A\p`hw
am{Xw ]cntim[n¨m P·namcpsS NqjW¯nsâ kz`mhw hyàamIpw:

250
 871 cq] ImW¸Whpw, 378 ]ds\Ãv hmÀjnI]m«hpw sImSp
¯mWv CbmÄ \nesaSp¯Xv. F¶m 1867þ IcmÀ s]mfn
s¨gp¯p thfbnse¯nbt¸mÄ (12 hÀj¯nsemcn¡Â `q
{]`p¡Ä¡v ImW¡cmÀ s]mfns¨gpXn XpI hÀ²n¸n¡mw.)
CbmÄ¡v 224 cq] ]pXp¡Â ^okmbpw 400 cq] ImgvNbm
bpw \ÂtI−n h¶p. c−v hÀj¯n\p tijwh¶ asämcp
s]mfns¨gp¯n\v ]m«w 1000 ]d s\Ãmbn DbÀ¯nbtXm
sSm¸w, 1000 cq] ImgvNbmbpw Bhiys¸SpIbp−mbn.
CXp \ndthäm³ IgnbmsX h¶ IpSnbm³ Hgn¸n¡en\p
8
hnt[b\mtI−n h¶p .
HmWw, hnjp XpS§nb BtLmjthfIfnepw P·nbpsS ho«nse
hnhmlmtLmj§fnepsaÃmw IpSnbm³ ]Wamtbm, Dev]¶amtbm Im
Wn¡ \ÂtI−Xp−v. IpSnbmsâ ho«nÂ\S¡p¶ BNmc{]ImcapÅ
NS§pIÄ¡v A\paXn \ÂIm\pw XobXn \nÝbn¡m\pw P·n¡v {]tXy
Iw ImWn¡ kaÀ¸nt¡−Xp−mbncp¶p.
IpSnbm·mÀ km[mcW \ÂtI− hnhn[Xcw \nIpXnIÄ¡p ]pd
sa am¸nfIÀjIcn \n¶pam{Xambn kmaqXncncmPm¡·mcpsS \nÀt±
im\pkcWw CuSm¡nbncp¶ Nne \nIpXnIsf¡pdn¨v I¼\nA[nImcn
IÄ \nban¨ ae_mÀI½ojWÀamcpsS dnt¸mÀ«n (1792) ]cmaÀin¡p
¶p−v. acWs¸Sp¶ BfpIfpsS kz¯nsâ Hmlcnsb¶\nebn ]ncn¨n
cp¶ ]pcpjm´cw F¶ \nIpXn, aäpÅhÀ¡v _m[Iambncp¶nÃ. I¼\n
A[nImcnIÄ C¯cw \nIpXnIÄ¡v FXncmbncps¶¦nepw,
‘]ucmWnI [À½a\pkcn¨v bmsXmcp hI _p²nap«pw IW
¡m¡msX ]pcpjm´chpw ]ngbpw HSpt¡−Xv, AhcpsS
(am¸nfamcpsS) [À½’amsW¶mbncp¶p kmaqXncnbpsS adp
]Sn! Sn¸phnsâ A[n\nthiIme¯v acn¨Xn\m Cu
\nIpXn e`n¡msXt]mb hyànbpsS kz¯n \n¶pt]m
9
epw ]n¶oSv CXv CuSm¡m³ {iaap−mbs{X.
P·namÀs¡Xncmb IpSnbm·mcpsS ]cmXnIfn A\pIqehn[n
e`n¡pI Ffp¸ambncp¶nÃ. GsX¦nepw hnt[\, tIkv Pbn¨mÂXs¶
asämcpImcWw ImWn¨v Abmsf IpSnbnd¡pw. C§s\ IpSnbnd¡s¸
Sp¶ IÀjI\v aäp P·namÀ `qan \ÂIm³ Iq«m¡nbncp¶nÃ. P·namcpsS
]oU\§fpw IpSnsbmgn¸n¡epw hym]Iambn«pw AkwLSnXcmb IpSn
bm·mÀ¡v {]Xntj[n¡mt\m, sNdp¯p\n¡mt\m Ignbpambncp¶nÃ.
I¼\n`cWm[nImcnIÄ¡v X§fpsS \nIpXnZmbIcmb P·namsc ]nW
¡p¶Xn XmÂ]cyhpap−mbncp¶nÃ.

251
Sn¸phnsâ ]cnjvImc§fpw {]XymLmX§fpw
19,20 \qäm−pIfn ae_mÀPnÃbpsS hnhn[ `mK§fnep−mb
kwLÀj§Ä¡pw, kwL«\§Ä¡pw ]n¶n Cu hn[apÅ kmaqlnI
þcmjv{SobLSI§Ä \nÀWmbI]¦phln¨n«p−v. Xsâ {lkzamb ae
_mÀhmgvN¡me¯v Sn¸pkp¯m³ \S¸nem¡nb `q]cnjvIcWhpw, \n
IpXn]ncnhp kwhn[m\hpw, ]n¡me¯p−mb kwLÀj§Ä¡p \nan
¯amb LSI§fnsem¶mWv. ae_mdn `qkÀtÆ \S¯n, AXnsâ ASn
Øm\¯n GIoIrXamb \nIpXn]ncnhp k{¼Zmbw \S¸nem¡m\mbn
cp¶p Sn¸phnsâ DZyaw. ‘AXphsc \nIpXnbn\¯ntem, atäsX¦nepw
hIbntem Hcp ss]kt]mepw kÀ¡mdnte¡v sImSpt¡−Xmbn h¶n«n
Ãm¯hcmbncp¶p ae_mdnse P·namÀ. \nIpXnbS¡m\pw, It¨cnbnÂ
h¶v `qanbpsS DSaØmhImiw Dd¸n¡m\pw ChÀ¡p IÂ]\ e`n¨
t¸mÄ X§sf PmXobambn XcwXmgv¯m\pÅ hnZybmbn«mWv AhÀ Icp
10
XnbXv.’
Sn¸phnsâ DtZymKØ\mb AÀjZvt_KvJm³ \nIpXn IW¡m¡n
bXv IÀjIsâtbm, ImW¡mcsâtbm Hmlcnbnembncp¶nÃ. ]Icw P
·nt`mK¯nembncp¶p. CXpw P·namsc {]tIm]n¸n¨p. ImÀjnIcwKs¯
¶t¸mse kmaqlnIcwK¯pw ]cnhÀ¯\§Ä hcp¯m³ Sn¸p {ian¨ncp
¶p. A¯cw \o¡§tfmSv s]mcp¯s¸Sm\mhmsX ae_mdn \n¶pw
XncphnXmwIqdnte¡v ]emb\w sNbvX taÂPmXn¡mcmb P·namÀ \nc
h[n D−mbncp¶p. 1792þÂ Sn¸phnsâ ]X\¯n\ptijw Cw¥ojv A[nIm
cnIfpsS BioÀhmZt¯msS AhÀ XncnsIsb¯pIbpw, `qanbpsS taÂ
X§Ä¡p−mbncp¶ ]qÀÆmhImiw hos−Sp¡pIbpw sNbvXp. X§fp
sS ZpÀKXn¡v ImcW¡mc\mb Sn¸phnt\mSv AhÀ¡p−mbncp¶ {]Xn
tj[w kzm`mhnIamWv. F¶m At±lt¯mSv hnt[bXzw ]peÀ¯nbn
cp¶hÀ F¶mtcm]n¨v ]n¶oSv am¸nf¡ÀjItcmSpw AhÀ {]XnIqe \ne
]mSv ssIs¡m−p. X§fpsS i{Xphmb Sn¸phns\ ]n´pW¨hsc¶ [mc
WtbmsSbmWv Cw¥ojpImÀ CXnenSs]«Xv.
Sn¸phnsâ ]X\t¯msS am¸nf¡ÀjÀ¡v P·namtcmSpÅ i{XpX
bpw hÀ²n¡m\nSh¶p. P·namsc Cw¥ojv I¼\nA[nImcnIÄ AhcpsS
]gb Øe§fn ]p\ÀhmgvN \S¯nbt¸mÄ, At\IhÀj§Ä Bcp
sSbpw taÂt¡mbvabnÃmsX, kpJambn A\p`hn¨pt]m¶ kvYe§Ä

252
\jvSs¸« am¸nfamcpsS i{XpX IqSpX ITn\ambXmbn Cw¥ojv I½o
jWdpsS dnt¸mÀ«nep−v. C{]Imcw ae_mÀP\XbpsS PohnX¯nsâ
kakvXtaJeIsfbpw {]Xy£amtbm, ]tcm£amtbm {Kkn¨pIgnª
AkzØXIfmWv am¸nfIem]sa¶pw, ImÀjnIIem]sa¶pw, kmapZm
bnIelfsb¶pw hyXykvXt]cpIfn hyhlcn¨pt]mcp¶ kwLÀj§
fpsS aqeImcWw. Cu Iem]§fn Gähpw{][m\hpw Ahkm\t¯Xp
amb 1921þse Iem]w amän\nÀ¯nbmÂ, ]eXn\pw kwLSnXkz`mhtam,
hym]vXntbm D−mbncp¶nÃ. ‘1836þ\pw 1919þ\pw CSbn \S¶ 32 Iem]
§fn FÃmwIqSn kPoh]¦mfn¯w hln¨hÀ 351 t]cmbncp¶p. HcmÄ
am{Xw \S¯nb 1836þse Iem]hpw 99 t]À ]¦mfnIfmb 1896þse Iem]
11
hpw CXnep−v.’
Iem]§Ä¡p t{]cIamb ASnØm\ImcW§Ä hkvXp\njvT
ambn hniIe\w sN¿mt\m, ]cnlmc\S]SnIÄ kzoIcn¡mt\m, {_n«o
jv A[nImcnIÄ¡p IgnbmsXt]mbXmWv XpSÀ¨bmb kwLÀj§Ä
¡p hgnh¨Xv. FÃm {]iv\§fpsSbpw ASnØm\ImcWw am¸nfamcpsS
‘aX{`m´v’ am{Xambn hymJym\n¡s¸SpIbmbncp¶p. Icn\nba§Ä GÀ
s¸Sp¯n, iàambn ASn¨aÀ¯pI F¶Xpam{Xambncp¶p AhÀ Is−
¯nb ]cnlmcw. Iem]§sf¡pdn¨t\zjn¡m³ NpaXes¸Sp¯nb
kvs]jy I½ojWÀ kvt{S©v, 1852 sk]vXw_À 25 \v kaÀ¸n¨ ip]mÀ
iIfpsS shfn¨¯n kÀ¡mÀ BhnjvIcn¨ \nbaw ‘A{Ia_m[nXam
b {]tZis¯ BsI in£n¡m\pw, Xt±ihmknIfpsSta Hs¶mgnbm
12
sX ]ngNpa¯m\pw hyhØ sN¿p¶Xmbncp¶p.’ Iem]ImcnIfmhm³
CSbps−¶p tXm¶p¶hsc hnNmcWIqSmsX XShnem¡m\pw \nbaw
A\paXn \ÂInbncp¶p.
1855þ ae_mÀ PnÃmIeIvSÀ sImt\men h[n¡s¸«t¸mÄ A[n
IrXÀ kzoIcn¨ in£m\S]SnIÄ Cu coXnbnepÅXmbncp¶p. sImt\m
enbpsS h[¯n {]XnIfmb aq¶pt]cn c−pt]À t\cs¯ in£n¡
s¸«v Pbnen Ignbp¶Xn\nsS c£s]«hcpw, HcmÄ AhÀ¡v IeIvS
dpsS _w¥mhnte¡pÅ hgn ImWn¨psImSp¯ _me\pambncp¶p. "sIme
]mX'I¯n\p ]n¶n hnizk\obambn tXm¶p¶Xmbn’ hneyw temK³
]dbp¶ c−pImcW§fn BZyt¯Xv, Ahsc PbneneS¡m³ Ie
IvSÀ \ÂInb D¯chnepÅ hntZzjamWv. kw`h¯n\ptijw HcmgvN¡p

253
Ån Xs¶ {]XnIÄ aq¶pt]cpw ssk\yhpambpÅ Gäpap«en sImÃ
s¸«psh¦nepw {_n«ojvA[nIrXcpsS {]XnImc\S]SnIÄ AhnsS Ah
km\n¨nÃ. hÅph\mSv, s]m¶m\n, ]me¡mSv, tImgnt¡mSv F¶o Xmeq
¡pIfnÂs]Sp¶ H¼Xp{]tZi§fnse P\§Ä¡v Iq«¸ng Npa¯m\mWv
13
AhÀ D¯chn«Xv.
Iem]_m[nX {]tZi§fnse ØnXnKXnIÄ IqSpXÂ kwLÀj
`cnXam¡m³ am{XamWv C¯cw \S]SnIÄ klmbn¨Xv. X§Ä t\cn
Sp¶ NqjW§Ä¡pw ]oU\§Ä¡pw AÂ]wt]mepw AdpXnhcp¯m
sX, Hcp \ne¡pw _ÔanÃm¯ Ipä§Ä¡v in£ Gäphmt§−n h¶
t¸mgp−mb AkzØXbpsS ]cnWnX^e§fmbncp¶p ]e Iem]§
fpw.

Iem]§fpsS kmapZmbnIam\w
ae_mdnse IÀjIcnepw aäp sXmgnepIfn GÀs¸«ncp¶hcnepw
hnhn[ PmXnaXhn`mK¡mÀ DÄs¸«ncp¶psh¦nepw, Iem]§fn ]s¦Sp
¯hcnepw, sImÃs¸«hcnepw A[nIhpw am¸nfamcmbncp¶Xv, F´psIm
−msW¶ At\zjWw {]kàamWv. Iem]w \S¶ {]hniyIfnseÃmw
am¸nfamcpw, sslµhcmb Iogmfhn`mK§fpamWv apJyambpw A[nhkn
¨ncp¶Xv. Chcn A[xIrX ZenXv hn`mK§Ä¡v Hcp kwLSnXkz`m
htam t\XrXztam D−mbncp¶nÃ. PmXobamb D¨\oNXz§Ä ià
ambn \ne\n¶ncp¶ kmaqlnI{Ia¯nÂ, kÀh]oU\§fpw kln¨v Po
hnXw \bn¨ncp¶ ChÀ¡v kakvXtaJeIfnepw kzmX{´yw \ntj[n¡
s¸«ncp¶p. aäpÅhsct¸mse taÂhkv{Xw [cn¡mt\m, hgn \S¡mt\m,
]Ån¡qS§fntem, t£{X§fntem t]mIp¶Xnt\m A\paXnbp−mbn
cp¶nÃ. adp`mK¯v P·namtcsdbpw taÂPmXn¡mcmbncp¶Xn\m Ah
tcmsSXnÀ¡phm³ Ffp¸w km[yhpambncp¶nÃ. hnizmk¯nsâbpw B
Nmcm\pjvTm\§fpsSbpw _e¯nÂXs¶ AhcpsS GXp sNdp¯p\nÂ
¸pIsfbpw \nÀhocyam¡m³ P·namÀ¡p Ignbpambncp¶p. F¶n«pw Kh
¬saân\p kaÀ¸n¨ ]cmXnIfn H¸n«hcn 25 iXam\w lnµp¡fmbn
14
cp¶psh¶v \nco£n¡s¸«n«p−v.
am¸nfamcn \sÃmcpiXam\w Cu IogmfkapZmb§fn \n¶p
]cnhÀ¯\w sNbvXhcmbncp¶p. XeapdIfmbn X§Ä A\p`hn¨pt]m
¶ hnthN\§tfmSpÅ {]Xntj[w AhcpsS At_m[a\Ên cqVaqe

254
ambncp¶pXm\pw. ]pXnb hnizmkkwlnX k½m\n¨ k¦Â]§fpw ]
ÅnIÄ tI{µoIcn¨p cq]s¸« Iq«mbvaIfpw AhÀ¡v Bthiw ]IÀ¶p.
A{IanIfmb P·namÀ¡pw {_n«ojpImÀ¡psaXnscbpÅ t]mcm«¯nÂ
Poh³ \jvSs¸«mepw, acWm\´cPohnX¯nÂ, AXp kzÀK{]m]vXn¡p
\nZm\amIpsa¶v AhÀ ZrVambn hnizkn¨pt]m¶p. Ckvemansâ Bcw`
ZibnÂ, AXns\ D·qe\w sN¿ms\mcp§nb a¡bnse i{Xp¡Äs¡
Xnsc {]hmNI\pw A\pbmbnIÄ¡pw \St¯−nh¶ hnip²bp²§Ä
¡v kam\amWv C¯cw Gäpap«epIÄ F¶mbncp¶p AhÀ [cn¨ncp¶Xv.
]et¸mgpw {]mtZinIamb am\§tfm GsX¦nepw hnjbt¯mSp
Å s]s«¶pÅ {]XnIcWtam F¶Xne¸pdw hyàamb e£ytam, t\
XrXztam CÃmsXt]mb Iem]§Ä Chbn \nch[nbmWv. càkm£n
Ifmbn kzÀKw]qIm³ aX{`m´nfInb am¸nfamÀ \S¯nb kmlknI k
ac§Ä F¶ kmam\yhXvIcWamWv {_n«ojv ]£¯p\n¶pw s]mXpsh
Iem]§sf¡pdn¨p−mbXv. aX]chpw kmaqlnIhpamb tNcnXncnhpI
Ä¡v hn¯p]mInbXpw, hÀKobkz`mhw ssIh¶Xpamb A{Iakw`h§
fpw aX]cnhÀ¯\{ia§fpw Iem]§Ä¡nSbn sNdnb tXmXnse¦n
epw \S¶n«p−v. \¼qXncnamcmb P·namÀs¡Xnsc am¸nfamÀ \S¯nb
kac§Ä¡v A¯cw hymJym\§fp−mhpI Ffp¸hpambncp¶p. F¦n
epw, {_n«ojv A[nImcnIfptSbpw, `q{]`p¡fptSbpw `mK¯p\n¶p−mb
a\pjyXzclnXamb kao]\§ÄXs¶bmWv Chbv¡p apJy{]tNmZI
sa¶v Iem]§sf¡pdn¨p ]Tn¨ sI.F³.]Wn¡À, sI.Fw. _lmhp
±o³, Fw. KwKm[c³, kn.sI.Icnw, sI.sI. F³. Ipdp¸v XpS§nb tIc
fobNcn{XImc·mÀ Nq−n¡mWn¡p¶p−v.
hmkvtImUmKmabpsS BKa\w apXÂ kzmX{´ye_v[nhscbpÅ
\mec\qäm−pIme¯v A[n\nthi¯n\pw P·n¯ta[mhnXz¯n\psaXn
sc ae_mdn \S¶ t]mcm«§fpsS Ncn{X¯n ]S¸m«pIÄ¡v IrXy
amb CSap−v. {_n«ojvtcJIfpsS shfn¨¯n sI.F³. ]Wn¡À Nq−n
¡mWn¡p¶Xpt]mse ‘am¸nfIem]§fpsS hockvacWIÄ ambmsX
kq£n¡pIbpw Iem]ImcnIfpsS kmlkIrXy§fpsS hÀW\ Xeapd
IfnÂ\n¶p XeapdIfnte¡p ssIamäwsN¿pIbpw sNbvX’ Ncn{XZuXy
15
amWv Ah \ndthänbXv.

255
 16þmw \qäm−n Bcw`n¡pIbpw tambn³Ip«n sshZycpsS Ime
L«t¯msS {]uVamb kmlnXy{]Øm\ambn cq]s¸SpIbpw sNbvX
]S¸m«pIÄ¡v Ad_nbnepw, Ad_n¯angnepw Nne ]qÀÆamXrIIfp−v.
sshZycptSbpw, CXc]S¸m«p IÀ¯m¡fptSbpw IrXnIfpsS hniIe\
¯n AhbpsS {]tabhpw kz`mhhpw IqSn ]cnKWnt¡−Xp−v.

C´y³ Ad_nkmlnXy¯nse kacImhy§fpw

KZyIrXnIfpw

Ad_nbnepÅ cN\IÄ hyXykvXamb c−pssIhgnIfnepÅh

bmWv. CkvemwhnizmknIfpsS hwiobNcn{X¯ntem ]pcmhr¯§fntem
]cmaÀin¡s¸Sp¶Xpw, HcpXcw hnip²]cnthjw kn²n¨Xpamb t]mcm
«§fpsS BJym\§fmWv Hcphn`mKw. KZyhpw, ]Zyhpw CSIeÀ¶pÅ
auenZpIfn NneXv C{]Imcw hnip²bp²§fn càkm£nIfmbh
cpsS (iplZm¡Ä) IoÀ¯\§fmWv. _ZÀauenZv, DlZvauenZv F¶nh
DZmlcWw. Chbv¡p]pdta, Atd_y³þt]Àjy³Ncn{X§fn \n¶p {]
tabw kzoIcn¨ hnhn[ ]S¸m«pIÄ¡v Ahew_amb At\Iw IrXnIÄ
thsdbpap−v.
Ad_nkmlnXy¯nsâ hnhn[taJeIfn tIcfob]ÞnXcpsS
CuSpä kw`mh\Ifp−v. Ncn{Xw, sshÚm\nIw, kmlnXyw, IÀ½im
kv{Xw F¶n§s\ hyXykvXXpdIfn Ah hym]n¨pInS¡p¶p. tIcf
¯nse ]S¸m«pcNbnXm¡Ä¡v {]tNmZ\w \ÂInbXpw, sImtfmWnbÂ
B{IaW§sf iàambn {]Xntcm[n¡p¶Xpamb Nne cN\IÄ Ah
bn thdn«p\n¡p¶p. t]mÀ¨pKokpImÀ, {_n«ojpImÀ XpS§nb ]m
ÝmXyiànIfpsS A[n\nthi¯n\v XpS¡wIpdn¨ L«¯nÂXs¶ A
Xns\XnscbpÅ kacmlzm\§fpambn cNn¡s¸« At\Iw{KÙ§fp−v.
Ahbn {][m\IrXnIsfÃmw A¡me¯v BßobcwKs¯¶t]mse
kmaqlnIþcmjv{SobtaJeIfnepw \mbIXzw hln¨ncp¶ aX]ÞnX
cpsS cN\IfmWv. Xlvcofv, Xplv^¯p apPmln±o³, ^XlpÂap_o³,
Jp¯p_m¯pÂPnlmZn¿, AÂJkoZ¯pÂPnlmZn¿, AssÊ^pÂ_
¯mÀ F¶nhbmWv Ahbn apJyw.

256
Xlvcofv
ssiJv ssk\p±o³ aJvZqw H¶ma³ (1466þ1521) cNn¨ Xlvcofv F¶
ImhyamWv Cu hn`mK¯nse {]YaIrXn. ‘Xlvcofv Alven Cuam³
AemPnlmZn A_ZXnÊpÂ_m³’ F¶mWv {KÙ\ma¯nsâ ]qÀWcq]w.
t]mÀ¨pKokpImcpsS B{IaW§fpw a\pjyXzclnXamb {]hÀ¯\§
fpw hnhcn¨v AXns\Xnsc hnip²bp²w \St¯−Xnsâ A\nhmcyX
Nq−n¡mWn¡pIbmWv {KÙImc³. kmaqXncnbpsS iàamb t\XrXz
¯n\p Iogn \mbÀ]SbmfnItfmsSm¸w AWn\nc¶p \S¯p¶ t]mcm«
s¯bmWv At±lw hnip²bp²sa¶v hntijn¸n¡p¶Xv. C´ybn cNn
¡s¸« BZy A[n\nthihncp²kmlnXyIrXn F¶ khntijX Cu
Imhy¯n\p−v. ae_mdnse am¸nfkaqls¯bpw apkvenw`cWm[nImcn
Isfbpw t]mÀ¨pKokpImÀ¡pw ]n³KmanIÄ¡psaXnsc AWn\nc¯nb
Xn \nÀWmbI kzm[o\w sNep¯nb IrXnbmWnXv.
Xlvcofnsâ ssIsbgp¯v{]XnIÄ tIcf¯nse {][m\cmPm¡³
amÀ¡pw apkvenw]ÅnIÄ¡pw CuPn]vXv, XpÀ¡n, Atd_y XpS§nb
cmPy§fnte¡pw Ab¨p sImSp¯ncp¶p. {]apJ apkvenwtI{µ§fnepw,
Bcm[\meb§fnepw aJvZqw Xs¶, t\cns«¯n P\§sf DZvt_m[n¸n
¡pIbpw sNbvXncp¶p.
177 hcnIfpÅ Cu Imhy¯nsâ cN\mImew IrXyambn \nÀWbn
¡s¸«n«nÃ. hmkvtImUKmabpsS c−mwhchn\v (1502) tijapÅ c−v
]Xnäm−n\nSbnemsW¶v A\pam\n¡s¸Sp¶p. 1521þemWv ssk\p±o³
aJvZqw H¶ma³ A´cn¡p¶Xv. Gsd Ncn{X{]m[m\yapÅ Cu Imhyw
\½psS Ncn{XcN\Ifn th−hn[w {]tbmP\s¸Sp¯nbn«nÃ.
kmaqXncntbmsSm¸w \n¶v \nÝbZmÀVyt¯msS s]mcpXnb tIm«
¡Â Ipªmenac¡mÀ¡v hnizmk]camb DuÀÖw ]Icm³ ssk\p±o
sâ Imhyhpw DZvt_m[\hpw klmbIambncp¶p. am¸nfamÀ¡nSbnÂ
XeapdIfmbn ssIamdnt¸mcp¶ sFXnly§fnepw ]m«pIfnepw hmgv¯
s¸Sp¶ Ipªnac¡mÀ iloZv Ct±l¯nsâ injy\msW¶v IcpXs¸
Sp¶p. \nc]cm[nbmb Hcp I\yIsb ]d¦nIÄ XShn ]mÀ¸n¨ hmÀ¯
bdnªv Ipªnac¡mÀ Xsâ hnhmlthZnbn \n¶v Cd§ntbmSpIbpw
Ahsf tamNn¸n¨tijw \S¶ t]mcm«¯n càkm£nXzw hcn¡pI
bpw sNbvXXmbmWv CXpkw_Ôamb BJym\§fn ]cmaÀin¡p

257
¶Xv. ‘hmsamgnbmbn {]Ncn¡s¸« Cu IY 1793þ tImgnt¡mSv henb
Jmknbn \n¶pw {_n«ojpImÀ Hcp Xmfntbmebn FgpXn¡pIbp−m
bn. B tcJ tIcfhÀ¯am\w F¶ t]cn e−\nse C´ymHm^okv
16
sse{_dn Bâv dn¡mÀUvkn kq£n¨ph¨ncn¡p¶p.’

Xplv^¯p apPmlnZo³
15,16 \qäm−pIfn Z£ntW´ybnse Ckvemw A\pbmbnIÄ¡n
Sbn \nÀWmbIkzm[o\ap−mbncp¶ s]m¶m\nbnse aJvZqw ]ÞnX
·mcn Gähpw {]apJ\mWv ssiJv ssk\p±o³ aJvZqw c−ma³. ssiJv
ssk\p±o³ H¶masâ ]p{X\mb ssiJvapl½Zv AÂKÊmenbpsS
aI\mbn {In. h.1531þemWv At±l¯nsâ P\\w. Ignª \mep\qäm−p
Imeambn, ]ffnZÀkpIfnepw Ad_nIvtImtfPpIfnepw ]Tn¸n¨p t]mcp
¶ "^XvlpÂapCu³' F¶ IÀ½imkv{X{KÙapÄs¸sS \nch[nIrXn
IÄ Ad_n`mjbn At±l¯ntâXmbp−v.
Xsâ ap³KmanIsft¸mse kmaqXncncmPmhpambn ASp¯ kulrZ
_Ôw At±lw \ne\nÀ¯nt¸m¶p. _oPm¸qÀ, KpPdm¯v F¶nhnS§fn
tebpw, CuPn]vXv, XpÀ¡n apXemb hntZicmPy§fnsebpw, kp¯m³
amcpambn kaqXncn¡pth−n Ad_nbn I¯nS]mSpIÄ \S¯nbncp
¶Xv Ct±lambncp¶p.
a[yImetIcfNcn{XcN\bv¡pÅ Gähpw{][m\ D]mZm\kma{Kn
bmbn kzoIcn¨pt]mcp¶ Xplv^¯p apPmlnZo³ BWv ssk\p±o³
c−masâ anI¨ kw`mh\. \mep`mK§fmbn hn`Pn¨n«pÅ Cu IrXnbp
sS \memw`mK¯mWv t]mÀ¨pKokv Imes¯ B{IaW§fpw {]Xntcm[
hpw {]Xn]mZn¡p¶Xv. 14 A[ymb§fnembn hniZoIcn¡p¶, 1498þapXÂ
1583þhscbpÅ Imebfhnse kw`hhnImk§fn \sÃmcp ]¦n\pw A
t±lw km£nbmsW¶ hkvXpX {]Xn]mZy¯nsâ hnizmkyX hÀ²n¸n
¡p¶p−v. tIcf¯nse Ckvemansâ BKa\wapXepÅ BZnaNcn{Xw
hnhcn¡p¶ c−mw`mK¯n\pw, tIcfobsslµhcpsS hnizmkmNmc§Ä,
PmXnk{¼Zmbw, hnhmlcoXnIÄ, Zmb{Iaw, sXmgnÂhn`P\w apXembh
NÀ¨sN¿p¶ aq¶mw`mK¯n\pw Gsd Ncn{X{]m[m\yap−v.
ssk\p±o\v ASp¯ kulrZ_Ôap−mbncp¶ _oPm¸qcnse
kp¯m³ AenBZnÀjmbv¡mWv {KÙw kaÀ¸n¨ncn¡p¶Xv. Cw¥ojv,
{^©v, emän³, kv]m\njv, sN¡v, t]mÀ¨pKokv, t]Àjy³ XpS§nb

258
hntZi `mjIfnte¡pw aebmfw, Xangv, I¶U, DÀZp, KpPdm¯n apXem
b C´y³`mjIfnte¡pw Cu IrXn hnhÀ¯\w sN¿s¸«n«p−v. 16þmw
\qäm−nse tIcf¯nsâ cmjv{SobþkmaqlnIcwK§sf¡pdn¨pÅ B[n
ImcnIhpw, ka{Khpamb Ncn{XtcJbmbn Cu IrXn ]cnKWn¨p t]mcp
¶p. Ncn{XIY\¯n ssiJvssk\p±o³ ]peÀ¯p¶ \njv]£X FSp
¯p]dtb−XmWv. bp²w \S¡p¶ kµÀ`¯n sImSp§Ãqcnse GXm
\pw apkvenwIÄ AhnsSbpÅ {InkvXy³tZhmeb§Ä Xohbv¡m³ {ian
¨Xpw, AXp XSbm³sN¶ \mb·msc sIm¶Xpamb kw`hw At±lw
hnhcn¡p¶Xv CXn\p sXfnhmWv.

^Xlp ap_o³
sImtfmWnbÂhncp² sNdp¯p\n¸pIÄ¡v s]m¶m\nbnse
aJvZqapamsct¸mse kÀKmßIcN\IÄ hgn DuÀÖw]IÀ¶ ]ÞnX\m
Wv tImgnt¡ms« Jmkn apl½Zv. aplvbn±o³ amebpsS cNbnXmhv F¶
\nebnemWv At±lw e_v[{]XnjvT t\SnbsX¦nepw, C´y³ Ad_n
kmlnXy¯n\v \ÂInb kw`mh\IÄ AXnt\¡mÄ hnetbdnbXmWv.
Jmknapl½Znsâ Ad_ncN\Ifn Gähpw {]kàhpw Imhy
KpWw XnIªXpamb ImhyamWv ‘^XvlpÂap_o³’. ‘AÂ^Xvlp ap
_o³ enÊmancn¿ÃZo bplnºp apkvenao³’(apkvenwIsf kvt\ln¡p
¶ kmaqXncn¡v kaÀ¸n¡p¶ hyàamb hnPbw) F¶mWv ]qÀWamb
ImhyioÀjIw. kmaqXncncmPmhnsâ IognepÅ \mbÀþapkvenw ]Sbmfn
IÄ \m¸XphÀjs¯ bp²¯ns\mSphnÂ, t]mÀ¨pKokv\nb{´W¯n
epÅ NmenbwtIm« IogS¡nbXns\bmWv ({In.h.1571) hyàamb hnPb
ambn Ihn hntijn¸n¡p¶Xv. C´ymNcn{X¯n kp{][m\amb Øm\w
Cu t]mcm«¯n\p−v. ‘Cu bp²§fn am¸nfamÀkmaqXncnbpsS t\Xr
Xz¯n hln¨ ]¦mfn¯w a[yImeC´ybpsS Ncn{XKXnsb \nÀW
bn¨ hkvXpXbmWv. t]mÀ¨pKokpImÀs¡Xnsc Hcp \qäm−pImew \S¶
Cu sNdp¯p\n¸psIm−mbncp¶p tIcfw tKmhsbt¸mse Hcp t]mÀ
17
¨pKokv A[n\nthitI{µambn amdmXncp¶sX¶’ \nco£Ww {]kà
amWv.
tImgnt¡m«p\n¶pw 10 In.ao. AIse NmenbmÀ]pgbpsS Xoc¯m
Wv ‘kmaqXncnbpsS N¦n\pt\sc Nq−nb ssIt¯m¡v’ F¶phntijn

259
¸n¡s¸« t]mÀ¨pKokv tIm«bp−mbncp¶Xv. Cu tIm« tI{µoIcn¨v,
t]mÀ¨pKokpImÀ kmaqXncnbpsS A[nImc¯n\pw, am¸nfamcpsS ISÂ
hmWnPy¯n\pw t\sc shÃphnfnDbÀ¯pIbpw, a\pjyXzclnXamb B
{IaW§Ä Agn¨phnSpIbpw sNbvXt¸mgmWv AXns\XnscbpÅ {]Xn
tj[w iàambXv. kmaqXncnbpsS tk\bnse {]apJhn`mK§fmbncp
¶ \mbÀþapkvenw ]SbmfnIÄ¡nSbn \ne\n¶ sFIyhpw ]ckv]c
hnizmkhpamWv Ahsc hnPb¯nte¡p \bn¨Xv. Jmkn apl½Znsâ
hnhcWw t\m¡pI:
\mb·mÀ Hcp Øe¯p kt½fn¨p,
apkvenwIÄ asämcp Øe¯pw.
]S¯eh·mÀ c−p Iq«À¡panSbnÂ
hnhc§Ä ]ckv]cw ssIamdm³ k©cn¨p sIm−ncp¶p.
apkvenw tk\ bp²`qanbn Hcp {]tXyIþ
Øew sXcsªSp¯p, AapkvenwIÄ asäm¶pw.
apkvenw tk\ apgph³ JpÀB³ sXm«p kXywsNbvXp ]dªp:
"i{Xphns\Xnsc t]mcmSn BZyw R§Ä acn¡psa¶v.'
At¸mÄ \mbÀ ]SbmfnIÄ ]dªp: "\n§Ä \yq\]£amWv.
Cu tLmcbp²w Häbv¡p \S¯m³ \n§sf R§Ä hnSpIbnÃ,
\aps¡ÃmhÀ¡pw kwbpàambn
t]mcmSn tIm«bnte¡p apt¶dmw.'
Cu A`n{]mbt¯mSv FÃmhcpw tbmPn¨p.
18
(^Xvlp ap_o³ hcnIÄ 398 -þ404)
tIm« IogS¡n AXps]mfn¨pamäp¶Xn\nSbnemWv, C´ybpsS a
sämcp`mK¯v AXphsc ]d¦nItfmSv s]mcpXn\n¶, _oPm¸qÀkp¯m³
C{_mlnw AenBZnÂjm A{]Xo£nXambn i{Xp¡tfmSv kÔnsN
bvXpsh¶ hmÀ¯sb¯p¶Xv. t]mÀ¨pKokv hncp²kac¯n kp¯m
\pw kmaqXncn¡panSbn \nc´cw Bibhn\nabw \S¶ncp¶p. AXnÂ
apJy]¦phln¨ncp¶Xpw Jmkn apl½Zv Xs¶bmbncp¶p. Cu \o¡s¯
kp¯m³ ssZht¯mSv sNbvX {]XnÚbv¡p hncp²sa¶v hntijn¸n
¨psIm−v Ihn kmaqXncnbpsS al¯zw DZvtLmjn¡p¶Xn§s\bmWv:
‘CXpt]mse Hcp bp²w Ad_nIÄt¡m, aäpÅhÀt¡m
CSbn ap¼v \S¶Xmbn cmPm¡·mtc, kp¯m·mtc,
tk\m]XnItf, t\Xm¡tf \n§Ä tI«n«pt−m?

260
 apkvenwcmPm¡·mtc, Cu sslµhcmPmhnÂ\n¶p
19
\n§Ä ]mTw ]Tn¡phn³’ (hcn 510þ 512)

Xm³ ]dªsXÃmw kmaqXncnbpsS km£mÂal¯z¯nsâ Bbn

c¯nsem¶p am{XamsW¶pw Ihn DWÀ¯p¶p−v.
bp²cwKNn{XoIcW¯nepw CXckw`h§fpsS BJym\¯nepw
Hcp ZrIvkm£nhnhcW¯nsâ {]XoXn krjvSn¡m³ At±l¯n\v Ign
ªn«p−v. ImthymNnXamb {]tbmKhntij§fpw, Ae¦mcIÂ]\Ifpw
sIm−p k¼¶amWv Cu IrXn.
Hcp DZmlcWw t\m¡q:
‘Hmtcm aWn¡qdnepw AÛpX§Ä kw`hn¡pIbmWv.
A´yZn\w t]mse _o`Âkambncp¶p
AhnSs¯ aWn¡qdpIÄ.
s]mSn]SewsIm−pw, Dbcp¶ ]pI
sIm−pw ]IepIÄ cm{Xnbmbn.
]oc¦ni_vZw CSnbpsSbpw,
hmfnsâ Xnf¡w an¶ensâbpw {]XoXn krjvSn¨p.
AtX{]Imcw, Ip´§fpw Akv{X§fpw
D¡IÄ t]mse FXnÀI£nIsf ]n³XpSÀ¶p.
shSnbp−bpw, Akv{Xhpw taLw hÀjn¡p¶t]mse
i{Xphn\p t\sc ]Xn¡m³ XpS§n.
]ns¶ Ccp`mK¯pw ssk\nIapt¶äw
Pe{]fbw t]msebmbncp¶p.
20
sImÃs¸«hÀ, Cubmw]mäIÄ t]mse \nch[n.’ (hcn 345 þ350)
Cu bp²¯n kmaqXncn¡p th−n Jmknapl½Zpw ]S¡f¯n
end§n s]mcpXnbncp¶psh¶v IcpXmhp¶XmWv. Imhy¯nse Nne hnh
cW§fn AXnsâ kqN\IÄ ImWp¶p−v.
‘R§Ä \nch[n ]oc¦nIfn \n¶v
AhÀs¡Xnsc D−IfpXnÀ¯p.
]t£, AhcpsS apt¶äw XSbm³ IgnªnÃ’ (hcn.336)
B Znhkw kw`hn¨ a\pjy\miw `b¦cambncp¶p.
C{X henb \miw HcpIme¯pw R§fmcpw I−n«nÃ. (365)

261
XpS§nb {]kvXmh\Ifnse ‘R§Ä’ F¶ {]tbmKw AXnte¡phncÂ
Nq−p¶p.
Jmknapl½Zv Xsâ Ad_naebmfImhyamb aplvbn±o³amebnÂ
cN\mImew hyàam¡p¶Xpt]mse ^Xvlp ap_o\n AXv kqNn¸n
¨pImWp¶nÃ. _oPm¸qÀkp¯m³ t]mÀ¨pKokpImcpambn kÔnbn
teÀs¸« Imcyw ]cmaÀin¡p¶Xn\m AXp\S¶ 1579þ\pw, aplvbn±o³
ame cNn¨ 1607þ\pw CSbnemWv IrXnbpsS cN\sb¶v IcpXmw. IrXn
bnse Nne kqN\IfpsS shfn¨¯n 1578þ\pw 1579þ\pw CSbnemWv CXn
sâ cN\sb¶v Cw¥ojntebv¡v `mjm´cw sNbvX tUm. Fw. F. apCuZp
21
Jm³ A`n{]mbs¸Sp¶p.

AÂJkoZ¯p PnlmZn¿
t]mÀ¨pKokv hncp²kacw {]tabambnhcp¶ Jmknapl½Znsâ
asämcp eLpImhyamWv AÂJkoZ¯p PnlmZn¿. NmenbwtIm« B{I
aW¯n hnPbw ssIhcn¨ ssk\nIsc {]iwkn¡pIbmWv Cu IrXn
bpsS e£yw. bp²¯nsâ ]s¦Sp¡msX amdn\n¶hsc \ninXambn hna
Àin¡p¶pap−v. ^Xvlp ap_o\n \n¶p hyXykvXambn ASp¯Ime
¯p am{XamWv Cu IrXn KthjIcpsS {i²bnÂhcp¶Xv. aX]Þn
X\mb ]m§n Al½ZvIp«n apkveymcpsS {KÙtiJc¯n \n¶mWv
CXnsâ {]Xn Is−Sp¡s¸«Xv. cN\mImew ^XvlpÂap_o\v tijam
hWw.

Jp¯p_m¯p PnlmZn¿
t]mÀ¨pKokpImÀs¡XnscbpÅ kacmlzm\hpambn Jmkn apl
½Zv {]`mjWcq]¯n cNn¨ IrXnbmWv ‘Jp¯p_m¯p PnlmZn¿’.
hnip²bp²¯n càkm£nIfmhp¶hÀ¡v ]ctemI¯p e`n¡p¶
{]Xn^ew hÀWn¨v, ssk\nIsc Bthi`cnXcm¡m\pw t]mcm«cwK¯p
\n¶pw hn«p\n¡p¶hsc hnaÀin¡m\pamWv {KÙImc³ {ian¡p¶Xv.
Cu {]`mjW¯nsâ ]IÀ¸pIÄ shÅnbmgvNIfnse DZvt_m[\§fnÂ
DÄs¸Sp¯p¶Xn\mbn ae_mdnse hnhn[]ÅnIfnte¡v Ab¨psImSp
¯ncp¶p. bp²¯nsâ {]mcw`Zibnep−mb Xncn¨dnhpIfpsS ]Ým¯
e¯n tIm« ]nSns¨Sp¡p¶Xphsc Xm³ \ncmlmca\pjvTn¡psa¶v km
aqXncn {]Jym]n¨pht{X. Cu kµÀ`¯nemWv At±l¯nsâ hnizkvX

262
cmb am¸nf¸SbmfnIÄ t]mÀ¨pKokpImÀs¡Xnsc hnip²bp²¯ns\m
cp§n ]pds¸Sp¶Xv. AhÀ¡v ss[cyhpw hnizmk]chpamb DuÀÖhpw
\ÂIpI F¶ e£yt¯msSbmWv kmaqXncnbpsS apJyD]tZjvSm¡fn
semcmfmb Jmknapl½Zv Cu {]`mjWw X¿mdm¡p¶Xv. ]m§n Al
½ZvIp«n apkveymcpsS {KÙtiJc¯n \n¶mWv CXnsâbpw ]IÀ¸v
Is−Sp¯Xv.

AssÊ^p _¯mÀ
t]mÀ¨pKokpImsc ]n´pSÀ¶v C´ybnse¯nb {_n«ojpImÀ
C´y apgph³ X§fpsS tImf\nbm¡p¶Xnepw C´y¡msc AS¡n`cn
¡p¶Xnepw hnPbwI−p. XpS¡¯n \m«pcmPm¡·mcpsSbpw aäpw
t\XrXz¯n \S¶ {]Xntj[§Ä ]n¶oSv ]ebnS§fnte¡pw hym]n
¨p. tImf\niànIÄs¡Xncmb kwLSnXkac§Ä cmPy¯nsâ hnhn[
tI{µ§fn iàn{]m]n¨p IgnªXn\ptijamWv tIcf¯n AXnsâ
AesbmenIsf¯p¶Xv. 1857þse H¶mwkzmX{´ykacw \S¡p¶ thf
bn tIcf¯n Imcyamb {]t£m`§sfm¶pw s]mXpsh DbÀ¶p h¶n
«p−mbncp¶nÃ. ]gÈncmPmhnsâ ]SbmfnIfmbncp¶ IpdnNyÀ 1802þ epw
1812þepw hb\m«n \S¯nb Iem]§Ät]mepÅ Nne Häs¸« {]t£m`
§Ä am{XamWv CXnÂ\n¶p thdn«p\n¡p¶Xv.
F¶m 18þmw \qäm−nsâ D¯cmÀ²¯n Xs¶ {_n«ojv `cW
¯ns\Xnsc iàamb kacmlzm\§fpambn ae_mdnse Nne apkvenw
]ÞnX³amÀ cwK¯ph¶pIgnªncp¶p. {_n«ojpImÀs¡Xnsc \nIpXn
\ntj[{]Øm\¯n\v XpS¡wIpdn¡pIbpw, AXnsâ t]cn PbnÂhm
kw A\pjvTn¡pIbpw sNbvX shfnbt¦mSv DaÀJmknbpw (1757þ1852)
a¼pdw k¿nZv AehnX§Ä (1752þ1844) ]p{X³ k¿nZv ^kÂ]qt¡mb
X§Ä (1824þ1901) F¶nhcpamWv Cu hn`mK¯n ap³\ncbnep−mbn
cp¶Xv.
18,19 \qäm−pIfn ae_mdnse apkvenwIfpsS kmaqlnIþcmjv{So
btaJeIfnse CSs]SepIfnepw apt¶ä§fnepw a¼pdwX§³amÀ {In
bmßIamb ]¦phln¨n«p−v. ae¸pdwPnÃbnse Xncqc§mSnbmbncp¶p
ChcpsS BØm\w. Atd_y³cmPyamb sba\nse lfÀau¯n \n
¶pw 1769þ 17þmas¯ hbÊnemWv k¿nZehnX§Ä ae_mdnse¯n
t¨cp¶Xv. AXn\p ap¼pXs¶ ChnsSsb¯n BßobtaJebn {]hÀ

263
¯n¨pt]m¶ncp¶ At±l¯nsâ A½mh·mcmb k¿nZv ssiJv Pn^vcn,
ssiJv lk³Pn^vcn F¶nhcn \n¶v {]tNmZ\apÄs¡m−mWv At±lw
Ct§mt«¡p ]pds¸Sp¶Xv. "sshtZinIhncp²kac¯n Dd¨t\XrXz
hpw Bbp[kÖoIcWhpw IqSmsX sNdnbtXmXnepÅ bp²wsIm−v
{]tbmP\ansöv’ DZvt_m[\w sNbvX ssiJv lk³Pn^vcnbpsS Nn´
IÄ At±ls¯ {]tNmZn¸n¨p. ae_mdnse¯nb tijapÅ BZy hÀj
§fn Xs¶, {_n«ojvhncp²\ne]mSpsIm−v {it²bcmbn amdn¡gn
ªncp¶ shfnbt¦mSv DaÀJmkn, ]c¸\§mSn A_q_¡ÀtImb F¶o
]ÞnXcpambn ASp¯ kulrZ_Ôw Øm]n¨p.
PmXnaXt`Zat\y FÃmhn`mKw P\§fpsSbpw BZchn\p]m{Xam
bncp¶ X§Ä Xsâ ImcyØ\pw KpakvX\pambn \nban¨Xv {]tZihm
knIÄ¡p kp]cnNnX\mbncp¶ tIm´p\mbscbmbncp¶p. lnµpapkvenw
sFIyw iàns¸Sp¯n s]mXpi{Xp¡fmb Cw¥ojpImÀs¡Xnsc AWn
\nc¡m³ At±lw D]tZin¨p. aX]camb kwib§Ä¡pÅ adp]Sn
F¶ \nebn At±lw ]pds¸Sphn¨ ^Xvh (aXhn[n) ]tcm£ambn
{_n«ojpImÀs¡Xncmb kac¯n\pÅ Blzm\ambncp¶p. ‘AssÊ^pÂ
_¯mÀ’ (aqÀ¨tbdnb hmÄ) F¶ t]cn CXnsâ ssIsbgp¯ptIm¸n
IÄ hym]Iambn {]Ncn¸n¡s¸«tXmsS A[nIrXÀ AXp \ntcm[n¡pI
bpw tIm¸nIÄ ]nSns¨Sp¡pIbpw sNbvXp. At±l¯nsâ aI³ k¿nZv
^k ]n¶oSv CXv CkvXw_qfn \n¶v A¨Sn¨p {]kn²oIcn¨p. sI.
sI. apl½Zv A_vZpÂIcow aebmf¯nte¡p hnhÀ¯\w sNbvX Cu
IrXn, kn.sI.Icow Xsâ ‘tIcfapkvenwNcn{Xw ØnXnhnhc¡W¡v U
22
bdIvSdnbnÂ’ DÄs¸Sp¯nbn«p−v.

D±¯p DadmAv
km{amPyXzhncp²\ne]mSpIfpsS t]cn {_n«ojpImÀ \mSpIS
¯nb k¿nZv ^k ]qt¡mb¯§Ä ]nXmhns\t¸mse henb P\]n
´pWbmÀÖn¨ ]ÞnX\mbncp¶p. shÅnbmgvNIfn hnizmknItfmSv
\S¯nb DZvt_m[\§fneqsS hensbmcp hn`mKw P\§sf Cw¥ojpImÀ
s¡Xnsc AWn\nc¯m³ k¿nZv^ken\p km[n¨p. lnµpapkvenw ssa{Xn
¡v Du¶Â\ÂInsIm−p \S¯nb {]kwK§fn "ASna¯iywJe

264
s]m«ns¨dnbWsa¦n PmXnaXt`Zat\y, P\e£§Ä GtIm]nXcmbn
apt¶dWsa¶v' HmÀ½s¸Sp¯nbncp¶p.
{_n«ojvImÀs¡Xncmb kac¯n\pÅ Blzm\hpambn At±lw c
Nn¨ {KÙamWv ‘D±¯p DadmAv hÂlp¡mwenlm\¯n I^d¯nh
A_Z¯n Akv\mw’. ‘D±¯p DadmAv’ F¶ Npcp¡t¸cnednbs¸
Sp¶ Cu IrXnbpsS {]XnIÄ hym]Iambn {]Ncn¸n¡s¸«tXmsS ae
_mÀ IeIvSÀ sImt\men AXn\pw hnet¡Às¸Sp¯n. \m«n Iem]§
Ä¡p hn¯p]mIphm³ t\XrXzw \ÂIp¶psh¶tcm]n¨v At±ls¯
\mSpIS¯m³ 1852 s^{_phcn 12\v a{ZmkvKh¬saâv D¯chn«p. h³
{]Xntj[w DbÀ¶phs¶¦nepw ae_mÀ hn«psImÅmsa¶v kzbw k½Xn
¨v At±lw Atd_ybnte¡p I¸Â Ibdn. k¿nZv^kens\Xnsc ssI
s¡m− \S]Sn ae_mdnse P\§Ä¡nSbn {_n«ojv hncp²hnImcw
Bfn¡¯n¡pIbpw XÂ^eambn IeIvSÀsImt\men Iem]ImcnIfpsS
ssIIfmÂXs¶ sImÃs¸SpIbpw sNbvXp.
Atd_y, sba³, CuPn]vXv, XpÀ¡n XpS§nb cmPy§fnse IÀ½
\ncXamb PohnX¯n\nSbnepw {_n«ojvkm{amPy¯ns\Xncmb {]NmcW
§Ä k¿nZv^k XpSÀ¶pt]m¶p. \ntcm[n¡s¸« D±¯p DadmAv
XpÀ¡nbpsS XeØm\amb CkvXmw_qfn \n¶v ho−pw A¨Sn¨p. Ad
_nbnepw, XpÀ¡nbnepambn \nch[n {KÙ§Ä cNn¨ At±lw 1901þÂ
tIm¬Ìmânt\m¸nfnÂh¨v A´cn¡p¶Xphsc Xsâ \ne]mSpIfnÂ
Dd¨p\n¶ncp¶p.

shfnbt¦mSv DaÀJmknbpsS cN\IÄ

1757 apX 1852 hscbpÅ Imebfhn Pohn¨ shfnbt¦mSv DaÀ
JmknbpsS cN\Ifpw {]`mjW§fpw 19þmw \qäm−nse ae_mdnsâ km
aqlnIþcmjv{SobNcn{Xw cq]s¸Sp¯p¶Xn KWyamb ]¦v hln¨n«p−v.
kmaqlnIhnjb§sf¡pdn¨v KZy¯nepw ]Zy¯nepw [mcmfw eLpte
JIsfgpXpIbpw {_n«ojv`cWs¯ hnaÀin¨v ^XvhIfnd¡pIbpw sN
bvX Ct±ls¯, ‘am¸nfamcpsS _u²nI{]tNmZ\ambpw {_n«ojpImÀ
s¡Xnsc am¸nfamcnÂ\n¶p−mb BZyImekac§fpsS NnÓambpw
23
sI.F³. ]Wn¡À hnebncp¯p¶p−v.

265
 {_n«ojv A[nImcs¯ shÃphnfn¨psIm−v iàamb \nIpXn \n
tj[{]Øm\¯n\v At±lw XpS¡wIpdn¨ncp¶p. \nIpXn\ntj[w Hcp
kacamÀ¤ambn tZiobt\Xm¡Ä D]tbmKs¸Sp¯p¶Xn\v Ht¶ImÂ
\qäm−pap¼mbncp¶p AXv. tIm]mIpecmb {_n«ojv A[nImcnIÄ At±
ls¯ Nmh¡mSv Xp¡vSnIt¨cnbn hnfn¨phcp¯n hnNmcWsNbvXp.
‘Xm¦fmtWm, R§fpsS `cW¯ns\Xnsc aXhn[nIÄ ]pds¸Sphn¡p
¶ BÄ’ F¶ tNmZy¯n\v ‘AsX, Rm³ Xs¶bmWv; taenepw \n§fp
sS `cWs¯ FXnÀ¡pIXs¶ sN¿pw’ F¶ adp]SnbmWv \ÂInbXv.
XpSÀ¶v At±ls¯ PbneSs¨¦nepw AhnsS\n¶pw AÛpXIcambn
c£s¸«p. \ne]mSpIfn ]ndtIm«pt]mIm³ X¿mdÃm¯Xnsâ t]cnÂ
ho−pw PbnÂhmkw A\pjvTnt¡−nh¶p. F¶m \m«n {]Xntj[w
iàambtXmsS At±ls¯ \ncp]m[nIw hn«b¡m³ {_n«ojpImÀ \nÀ
_ÔnXcmbn¯oÀ¶p. PbnenÂ\n¶pw kplr¯v, a¼pdw k¿nZv Aehn
X§Ä¡b¨ kpZoÀLamb Ad_nIhnXbpsS {]tabhpw A{IanIfmb
`cWm[nImcnIÄs¡Xnsc s]mcpXm\pÅ Blzm\ambncp¶p. Ad_nbn
epw Ad_nþaebmf¯nepambn \nch[nImhy§fpw KZyIrXnIfpw At±
l¯ntâXmbp−v. sshtZinIhncp²kac§Ä kPohambn kwLSn¸n¨
t¸mÄXs¶ kmaqlnIamb AkaXz§Ä¡pw hnthN\§Ä¡psaXnsc
iàamb {]NmcW§Ä \S¯m\pw DaÀJmkn¡v km[n¨ncp¶p.

A[n\nthihncp²cN\IfpsS kzm[o\w
tIcfob]ÞnXcpsS Ad_ncN\IÄ H¶ntesd kmaqlnIþcm
jv{Sob[À½§Ä \ndthäm³ ]cym]vXambncp¶p. 16þmw \qäm−nsâ BZy
ZiIw apX 20þmw\qäm−nsâ Bcw`whscbpÅ aq¶piXm_vZ§Ä¡nS
bnemWv Ch cNn¡s¸«Xv. tIcf¯n A¨Sn Bcw`n¨n«nÃm¯Xn\mÂ
kuZnAtd_y, sba³, XpÀ¡n, CuPn]vXv F¶o cmPy§fn \n¶mWv
Chbn ]eXpw {]kn²oIcn¨ncp¶Xv. AtXmsSm¸w ssIsbgp¯p{]Xn
Ifmbpw Ah {]Ncn¸n¡s¸«p. hnhn[ apkvenwBcm[\meb§fn hn
izmknItfmSp \S¯p¶ DXvt_m[\¯n\mbn Ch e`yam¡nbncp¶p.
Ad_n`mjbnsegpXs¸«Xn\m Hcp Znhy]cnthjhpw Ahbv¡p ssI
h¶p. Ah ]mSn hymJym\n¡p¶Xv ]pWyIÀ½ambn IcpXs¸«p. Ad_n
am[ya¯nembXn\m {_n«ojvtImf\nIfmbncp¶ CXc Gjy³þB{^n
¡³cmPy§fnse apkvenwtI{µ§fnepw Cu IrXnIÄ kzoIcn¡s¸«p.

266
km{amPyXzhncp²{]NmcW§Ä¡v Hcp GIXm\X ssIhcp¯m\pw, P\
§fn hn¹hhocyw hfÀ¯nsbSp¡m\pw Ah klmbIambn.
Ad_nbn cNn¡s¸« Cu IrXnIÄ Ad_naebmf¯nse ]S¸m
«pimJbpsS hfÀ¨bv¡pw {]tNmZ\ambn¯oÀ¶p. Ad_naebmf{KÙ
IÀ¯m¡fn `qcn]£hpw Ad_nkmlnXy¯nepw ]mÞnXyapÅhcm
bncp¶Xn\m AhcpsS cN\IÄ¡v ZmÀi\nIam\hpw, Znimt_m[hpw
\ÂIm³ Cu IrXnIÄ klmbIambn amdn. C§s\ ae_mdnse am¸nf
amÀ¡nSbn {_n«ojvkm{amPyXz¯n\pw, ^yqUÂ\mSphmgn¯¯n\psa
Xncmbn iàn{]m]n¨ {]t£m`§Ä¡pw, AXnt\mSpÅ {]Xntcm[ambn
cNn¡s¸« ]S¸m«pIÄ¡pw amÀKZÀiI§fmbn Cu IrXnIÄ amdpIbm
bncp¶p.

]S¸m«pIÄ Ad_n¯angnÂ
Ad_naebmf¯nse ]S¸m«pIÄ¡p kam\ambn Ad_n¯angnÂ
{]Nmc¯nepÅ Imhy§sfbmWv ‘]ssSt¸mÀ’ F¶p hyhlcn¨pt]mcp
¶Xv. hcnssi aplvbn±o³ ]pehcpsS ‘k¡q³ ]ssSt¸mÀ’(1686) F¶
IrXnbmWv Cu cwKs¯ {]YacN\bmbn ]cnKWn¨phcp¶Xv. Ad_n
aebmf¯nse kJqw ]S¸m«v CXnsâ kzX{´XÀÖabmWv.
18, 19 \qäm−pIfnembn At\Iw bp²Imhy§Ä XangIs¯
apkvenwIÄ¡nSbn cNn¡s¸«ncp¶p. Ad_naebmf¯nse {]apJ]S
¸m«mb tNäphmbn ]co¡p«nbpsS ‘^¯vlpÈman’sâ cN\¡pap¼pXs¶
AtX{]tabw kzoIcn¨psIm−v Ad_n¯angn cNn¡s¸« ImhyamWv
‘_pZplpÈmw’. ssiJp\m]pehcpsS Cu ]ssSt¸mcn\v ‘apl½ZobIm
Þw’, ‘kn±o¡nbmImÞw’, ‘^mdq¡nbmImÞw’ F¶n§s\ aq¶p`mK
§fp−v. 61 A[ymb§fnembn 6786 ]Zy§Ä DÄs¡mÅp¶ _rl¯mb
cN\bmWnXv. tX§m¸«WwkztZinbmb IpªpaqÊm]pehÀ cNn¨ ]
ssSt¸mcpIfmWv ‘k¿nZ¯v ]ssSt¸mÀ’, ‘CchpkpÂIp³ ]ssSt¸mÀ’
F¶nh. \mbnIm{][m\amb Cu cwKs¯ BZyImhyw F¶ khntijX
‘k¿nZ¯v ]ssSt¸mcn’\p−v.
CamwAensb \mbI\m¡n A©pIrXnIÄ cNn¨ Ak\en]pe
hcmWv Cu taJebnse asämcp Ihn. ‘C_p\nbm³’, ‘D¨n’, ‘Zmln’,

267
‘ht«m¨n’, ‘Cµncmb³’ F¶n§s\ i{Xp]£s¯ tk\m\mbIcpsS
t]cpIfmWv IrXnIÄ¡v \ÂInbn«pÅXv. A©pIrXnItfbpw tNÀ¯v
‘Abv´v]ssSt¸mÀ’ F¶p hnfn¨phcp¶p. AÚmXIÀ¯rIamb Imknw
]ssSt¸mcn {]hmNI]u{X\mb Jmknw JÀ_embp²¯n càkm
£nbmb IYbmWv {]tabw. \mS³]m«nsâ coXnbnemWv cN\.
‘lpss\³ ]ssSt¸mÀ’, ‘D¨n]ssSt¸mÀ’, ‘C´cnbm³ ]ssSt¸mÀ’
F¶n§s\ At\Iw cN\IÄ thsdbpap−v. Ad_naebmf¯nteXp
t]mepÅ hnjbsshhn[y§Ä ImWm\nÃ. BZna CkvemwNcn{X¯nse
bp²§fmWv an¡ Fgp¯pImcpw Bhnjv¡cn¨ncn¡p¶Xv. t]mÀ¨pKokp
ImÀ¡pw ]n¡me A[n\nthiiànIÄ¡psaXncmb {]Xntcm[w i
àns¸Sp¯m³ X§fpsS hwiobNcn{X¯nse KmYIÄ ]mSn P\§sf
kÖcm¡pI F¶ e£yamWv s]mXpth D−mbncp¶Xv.

]S¸m«pIÄ Ad_naebmf¯nÂ
Ad_naebmf¯nse BZy]S¸m«v GXmsW¶p XoÀ¯p]dbpI
{]bmkamWv. ame¸m«pItfmfw Xs¶ ]g¡w Ahbv¡p−mhm\mWv km
[yX. 19þmw\qäm−nsâ a[yt¯msSbmWv CsXmcp kPohkmlnXy{]
Øm\ambn hnImkw {]m]n¡p¶sX¦nepw AXn\v ct−maqt¶m \qäm−p
IÄ¡paps¼¦nepw Ah DÛhn¨psh¶pIcpXm³ \ymbap−v. BZy ]S
¸m«v Ipªmenamsc¸änbpÅXmsW¶v sI.sI. apl½Zv A_vZpÂIcoap
ambpÅ Hcp kw`mjWs¯ D²cn¨psIm−v tUm. F³.Fw. \¼qXncn
hyàam¡p¶p. t]mÀ¨pKense enkv_¬ sse{_dnbn AXnsâ tIm
24
¸nbpÅXmbpw At±lw kqNn¸n¡p¶p−v.
t]mÀ¨pKokv A[n\nthiIme¯v cNn¡s¸«Xmhm\nSbpÅ Cu
IrXnbpsS tIm¸n AhÀ X§fpsS \m«nse¯n¨v kq£n¨Xmbncn¡mw.
B Ime¯v Ad_nbnepw Ad_naebmf¯nepw tIcf¯n cNn¡s¸
«n«pÅ ]e IrXnIfpw enkv_¬ sse{_dnbn kq£n¡s¸«n«p−v.
t]mÀ¨pKokv hmgvN¡me¯v Jmkn apl½Zpw ssiJv ssk\p±o\pw Ad
_nbn kacImhy§Ä cNn¨psh¶ hkvXpXIqSn ]cnKWn¡pt¼mÄ
A¡me¯pXs¶ Ad_naebmf¯nepw ]S¸m«pIÄ cq]s¸«ncn¡m\pÅ
km[yX XÅn¡fbm\mhnÃ.

268
 ]S¸m«pIfpsS kz`mhw

Ad_naebmf¯nse ]S¸m«pIsf AhbpsS kz`mha\pkcn¨v

{][m\ambpw aq¶mbn hn`Pn¡mw.

1. hntZi]Ým¯e¯nepÅ cN\IÄ
Atd_y³D]`qJÞ¯ntem, aäp hntZicmPy§fntem \S¶ t]m
cm«§fpsS BJym\amWv Chbn BZyt¯Xv. Ckvemansâ BhnÀ`mh
hnImkL«§fn AXnt\msSXncn« i{Xp¡tfmSv, {]hmNI\pw A\pbm
bnIÄ¡pw \St¯−nh¶ bp²§fmWv an¡IrXnIfnepw IS¶phcp¶
Xv. \nch[n ZoÀLImhy§fpw Iq«¯neq−v. \mephmey¯nembn Bbnc
¯ntesd ]pd§fpÅ, JmknbmcI¯v IpªmhbpsS ‘^pXqlpJnkvdm
h ssJkÀ’ DZmlcWw. Cu hn`mK¯nse {][m\IrXnIfpsS ]«nI
NphsS tNÀ¡p¶p.
cN\m/{]kn
IrXn {KÙIÀ¯mhv
²oIcWhÀjw
1. dAvkp Kp F¶ AÚmX IÀ¯rIw 1812
lÀ_pÂIp_vdm
2. aZo\¯p¶ÖmÀ s]m¶m\n Aen 1826
3. ^pXplp _lv\kv JmknbmcI¯v 1846
Ipªmh
4. ^pXplp Jnkvdm h JmknbmcI¯v -þ
ssJkÀ Ipªmh
5. ^Xlp ^pdqkv Bep§Â sNdnb 1864
lʳ
6. Kkvh¯v ^¯lv a¨n§eI¯v sambvXo³ 1863
a¡ apÃ
7. X_q¡v ]S¸m«v s]m¶m\n \qdp±o³ 1874 ({]km)
8. J´¡v ]S¸m«v s]m¶m\n \qdp±o³ 1876 ({]km)
9. lpss\³ ]S¸m«v amfntb¡Â 1879
Ipªl½Zv
10. _ZÀ ]S¸m«v tambn³Ip«n sshZyÀ 1876
11. DlZv ]S¸m«v tambn³Ip«n sshZyÀ þ
12. ^pXplpÈmw tNäphmbv ]co¡p«n 1877
13. ^pXplv XzmC^v tImS¼nbI¯v Ipªn 1889
koXnt¡mb¯§Ä
14. IÀ_e ]S¸m«v ]c¸n apl½Zv 1883
apkveymÀ

269
 15. IÀ_e Pk ap−{¼ D®n apl½Zv
16. {Kokv ]S¸m«v sImbnem−n Al½Zv 1883
17. apAv¯¯v ]S¸m«v hÃm©nd sambvXo³ 1890
Ip«n lmPn
18. ssJ_À ]S¸m«v hS¡nt\S¯v Al½Zp
Ip«n samÃ
19. Kkvh¯v _Zdp Nm¡ocn sambvXo³ Ip«n 1907
Ip_vd (Nm¡ocn
_ZÀ)
20. _Zdp Dfvam ]S¸m«v am©m³]ndbI¯v 1885
A_vZpÄ Akokv
21. ]gb bkoZv ]S AÚmX IÀ¯rIw 1886 ({]km)
22. lÀ_p Akvlm_v tImS¼nb¯v Ipªn 1889 ({]km)
F¶ J´¡v ]S koXn tImb X§Ä
23. X_q¡v ]S¸m«v NpÅnbm³ a½ZvIp«n -þ

2. I¸nXImhy§Ä
Ncn{Xkw`h§fpambn t\cn«p _ÔanÃm¯ {]tab§fmWv Cu
KW¯n hcp¶Xv. F¦nepw, IYm]m{X§Ä km¦Â¸nIamIWsa¶nÃ.
]e IrXnIfnepw {]hmNI\pw, At±l¯nsâ PmamXmhpw \memwJeo^
bpambncp¶ Aenbpw IYm]m{X§fmbn {]Xy£s¸Sp¶p. tambn³Ip«n
sshZycpsS cN\bmb ‘keoJ¯v ]S¸m«v’ (1868), am¸nf DaÀ Benweº
F¶ IhnbptSsX¶v IcpXs¸Sp¶ ‘kJqw]S¸m«v’(1836), tImgnt¡mSv
kztZin aplvbn±o³ cNn¨ ‘henbPn³ ]S¸m«v’(1862), aplvbn±o\p_v\p
_mhbpsS ‘sNdnbPn³ ]S¸m«v’ (1865) F¶nhbmWv Cu hn`mK¯nse
apJycN\IÄ. tambn³Ip«n sshZycpsS BZyImecN\Ifmb Fen¸S,
kemko F¶nh CXnt\mSp kmayapÅ kzX{´cN\IfmWv.
apl½Zv\_ntbbpw, {][m\ A\pNc·mtcbpw IYm]m{X§fm¡n
km¦Â¸nIIYIÄ cNn¨Xnsâ t]cn an¡ {KÙImc·mcpw A¡me¯v
iàamb FXnÀ¸pIÄ kaql¯n \n¶pw t\cn«ncp¶p.

3. tIcfNcn{XImhy§Ä
XnI¨pw tIcfob ]Ým¯e¯n \S¶ t]mcm«§fpsS KmYIfm
Wv ChbnepÅXv. {_n«ojv`cW¯n\pw, P·namcpsS ]oU\§Ä¡psa
Xnsc \S¶ sNdpXpw hepXpamb kwL«\§fmWv ChbpsS {]tabw.
BZy c−phn`mK¯n ImWp¶Xpt]mepÅ kpZoÀLamb cN\IÄ Ch
bn IpdhmWv. Ch kaql¯n krjvSn¡p¶ kzm[o\w Xncn¨dnªv

270
]e IrXnIfpw A¨Sn¨p hnXcWw sN¿p¶Xpw, ssIhiw hbv¡p¶Xpw
A[nImcnIÄ \ntcm[n¨ncp¶p. tambn³Ip«n sshZycpsS ‘ae¸pdw ]S
¸m«v’, tNdqÀ kztZinIfmb a½ZpIp«n, aplvbn±o³ F¶nhÀ tNÀs¶gp
Xnb ‘kmckÀKpW XncpXcpfame F¶ tNdqÀ]S¸m«v’, ]c¸\§mSn
kztZin J¿m¯nsâ ‘tNdqÀNn´v’, Ip\nbn C¼n¨nsshZycpsS ‘Ipªn
acbv¡mÀ iloZv’, kn.]n. apl½Znsâ ‘Hmamc¸S,’ AÚmXIÀ¯rI
§fmb ‘a®mÀ¡mSv]S¸m«v’, ‘at©cn]S¸m«v’ apXembh Cu KW¯nÂ
s¸Sp¶p. 1921þse Iem]Ime¯pw, AXn\ptijhpw cNn¨ At\Iw ]m«p
Ifpw C¡q«¯nep−v. sI.Sn.apl½Znsâ ‘921þse am¸nfelf’, ‘Jnem
^¯v ]S¸m«v’, ]n. `mkv¡csâ ‘aªWnªamae’ F¶mcw`n¡p¶
]m«v, I¼f¯v tKmhnµtat\m³ cNn¨ ‘Gd\m«nse [oca¡Ä’ F¶nh
DZmlcWw.

]S¸m«pIfpsS kzm[o\w
18, 19 \qäm−pIfnse ae_mdnsâ kmaqlnIþcmjv{SobNcn{Xs¯
\nÀWmbIambn kzm[o\n¨ Iem]§fpsS DuÀÖt{kmXÊpIfmbn \ne
sIm−p F¶XmWv ]S¸m«pIÄ \nÀÆln¨ kmaqlnI[À½w. A¯cw
IrXnIÄ aäp Km\§sft¸mse hn{iaþhnt\mZthfIfn Hät¡m Iq«m
tbm Be]n¨p am\kntImÃmkw ssIhcn¡pI F¶ e£y¯n am{Xw
HXp§n \n¡p¶hbmbncp¶nÃ. Ah P\§fpsS Nn´maÞes¯ Cf
¡nadn¡pIbpw Ahsc katcmÕpIcmbn ]cnhÀ¯n¸n¡pIbpwsNbvXp.
CkvemanIhwiobNcn{X¯nsâ BZnaZibn \S¶ t]mcm«§Ä
¡p kam\ambn C¯cw kwL«\§sf ImWm\pw, Iem]§fn sImÃ
s¸Sp¶hÀ¡v càkm£nIfpsS ]cnthjw \ÂIn hmgv¯m\pw ]S¸m«p
cNbnXm¡Ä aÕcn¨pt]m¶p. BgvN¨´Ifnepw aäp s]mXpØe§
fnepw ]c¼cmKX CiepIfnÂ, `mhmßIambn CXp]mSn hymJym\n¡p
¶ ]Xnhpw hym]Iambn. sXmgnemfnIÄ Iq«ambn tPmensN¿p¶ _oUn
sXdp¸ptI{µ§fnepw kam\sXmgnenS§fnepw Ch NÀ¨mhnjbambn
cp¶p.
Iem]§fn sImÃs¸Sp¶ t]mcmfnIfpsS A´yhn{iatI{µ§
Ä¡v hnip²nbpw {]m[m\yhpw Iev]n¡s¸«Xv CXnsâ XpSÀ¨bmbncp

271
¶p. hÀjwtXmdpw AhcpsS kvacW]pXp¡p¶ B−pt\À¨Ifn h³
P\]¦mfn¯w {]ISambncp¶p. Xt±iob]ÞnX·mÀ cNn¡p¶ Ad_n
IoÀ¯\Imhy§fmb auenZpIfpsS ]mcmbWw, càkm£nXz¯nsâ
al¯zw hnhcn¡p¶ {]`mjW§Ä F¶nhtbmsSm¸w ]S¸m«pIfpw
]mSn hymJym\n¨ncp¶p. t\À¨bmtLmj§Ä AXpambn _Ôs¸« {]tZ
i§fn am{Xw HXp§n \n¡p¶Xmbncp¶nÃ. Ah aäp {]tZi§fnepw
kwLSn¸n¡p¶ ]Xnhv \nehnÂh¶p. A¯cw NS§pIÄ¡v ]Wtam
aäp hkvXp¡tfm Zm\wsN¿p¶Xv, tcmKim´n¡pw B]¯pIfnÂ\n¶p
Å c£bv¡pw klmbIcamIpsa¶mWv hnizmkw. càkm£nIfpsS
bpw aäp hnip²·mcpsSbpw A´yhn{iaØe§Ä \nch[nbpÅ Gd
\mSv, hÅph\mSv Xmeq¡pIfn am{XaÃ, AhnsS\n¶p IpSntbdnbhÀ
Xmakn¡p¶ hb\mSv, tImgnt¡mSv PnÃIfnepw, Xangv\m«nse \oeKncn
PnÃbnepw C¯cw t\À¨IÄ hym]Iambncp¶p. AXn\mbpÅ ImWn¡
h©nIÄ ]ÅnItfmS\p_Ôn¨v Øm]n¨n«pÅXv Ct¸mgpw ImWmw. Ch
bn ae¸pdw, ]qt¡m«qÀ, Hmam\qÀ t\À¨IÄ¡v IqSpX {]m[m\yw
e`n¨ncp¶p.
càkm£nIfpsS Aam\pjnIkn²nIsf kw_Ôn¨ hnizmk§
fpw AhcpsS J_dnS§Ä tI{µoIcn¨pÅ BtLmj§fpw hym]Iam
hp¶Xn ]S¸m«pIfpsS kzm[o\w ImWmw. t\À¨ItfmS\p_Ôn¨p \S
¡p¶ Iemcq]§fnepw NS§pIfnepw Ch ]mSp¶ ]Xnhpw km[mcWbm
bncp¶p.

]S¸m«pIfpsS Ncn{X[À½w
Hmtcm ]S¸m«pw Ncn{X]cambn Nne [À½§Ä \ndthänbn«p−v.
{]tabw sshtZinIambmepw {]mtZinIambmepw Ncn{X]camb \nch[n
AdnhpIÄ Ah ]IÀ¶pXcp¶p. Ah \S¶ ImeL«¯nse P\PohnXw,
kwkvImcw, hnizmkmNmc§Ä P·nþIpSnbm³ _Ô§Ä, A[n\nthi
hncp² apt¶ä§Ä F¶n§s\ At\Iw hkvXpXIÄ AhbpÄs¡mÅp
¶p−v. Ahbnse AXnitbmànIeÀ¶ hÀW\Ifpw hocm]Zm\§fpw
amän\nÀ¯nbm Ncn{XcN\bv¡mhiyamb D]mZm\§Ä \ap¡p e`n
¡pw. am¸nfIem]§sf ap³hn[ntbmsSam{Xw t\m¡n¡mWp¶ {_n«ojv
Ncn{XImc·mcpsS Ipdn¸pIfpw tImSXntcJIfpw am{Xw Ahew_n¨v \nÀ
½n¡p¶ Ncn{Xw \njv]£amb Adnhp k½m\n¡nÃ. kaImenIamb

272
aäp tcJIÄ Gsdsbm¶pw e`yaÃm¯Xn\m tIcfob Ncn{XcN\bnÂ
Ch Hgn¨pIqSm\mhm¯ D]mZm\kma{Knbmbn amdp¶p. ae¸pdw]S¸m«v,
tNdqÀ]S¸m«v, Ipªnacbv¡mÀ iloZv Jnʸm«v XpS§nb cN\IÄ Cu
coXnbn {]tbmP\s¸Sp¯nbn«p−v.

]S¸m«pIfpsS kmaqlnI[À½w
A[n\nthihncp²hpw P·nXzhncp²hpamb kac§sfbpw AXnÂ
]¦mfnIfmbn PohXymKw sNbvXhscbpw kw_Ôn¨ kvacWIÄ kaq
la\Ên \ndwa§msX \ne\nÀ¯n F¶XmWv Ah \nÀÆln¨ {][m\
kmaqlnI[À½w. ]et¸mgpw Hcp Iem]s¯¡pdn¨pXs¶ \nch[n B
Jym\§fp−mbn F¶Xv Ah s]mXpkaql¯n sNep¯nb kzm[o\
¯n\v ZrjvSm´amWv. DZmlcWambn tNdqÀ Iem]w ]Ým¯eamb cN
\IÄ t\m¡pI. {]kn²amb tNdqÀ]S¸m«n\p ]pdsa ]c¸\§mSn kztZ
in J¿m¯nsâ ‘tNdqÀNn´v’, Xncqc§mSn sI.Sn. apl½Znsâ ‘tNdqÀ]S’
F¶nh Ad_naebmf¯nepw sI.apl½Zv _m¸papkveymcpsS ‘auenZp
iplZmC tNdqÀ’ F¶ IrXn Ad_nbnepw shfn¨wI− cN\IfmWv.
t]mÀ¨pKokv AXn{Ia§Äs¡Xnsc cNn¡s¸« Ad_nkacImhy
§fpw iplZm¡fpsS (càkm£nIÄ) A]Zm\§Ä hmgv¯p¶ Ad_n
bnepÅ auenZpIfpw P\a\ÊpIfn sNep¯nb kzm[o\t¯¡mÄ
hepXmbncp¶p ]S¸m«pIfpsS kzm[o\w. Ad_nbnepÅ cN\IÄ ]mSn
hymJym\n¡m³ B `mjbnepÅ ]mÞnXyw A\nhmcyambncp¶p. AXn
sâ Øm\¯v X§fpsS amXr`mjbn Xs¶, Nnc]cnNnXamb CiepI
fn ]S¸m«pIÄ {]Xy£s¸«tXmsS kmam\yP\§Ä¡pt]mepw AXv
lrZnØambn amdn. aebmfen]n hiansænepw Ahcn kv{Xo]pcpj
t`Zat\y `qcn`mKhpw Ad_naebmf¯n km£cX ssIhcn¨hcmbn
cp¶p.
]S¸m«pIfn BhnjvIcn¨ncn¡p¶Xv AhÀ¡pNpäpw \S¡p¶
Xpw ]tcm£amsb¦nepw AhÀIqSn ]¦mfnIfmbXpamb kw`h§fmWv.
aX]camb ]pcmhr¯§fpsS BJym\§fpsS ØnXnbpw hyXyØambn
cp¶nÃ. X§fpsS hnizmk{]amW§tfmSpÅ B`napJyhpw AhbnÂ
kv^pcn¨p \n¡p¶ `àn`mhhpsaÃmw P\§sf kzm[o\n¨p.
t]mcmfnIfpsS A]Zm\§Ä hmgv¯pt¼mÄ km[yamIp¶ XmZm
ßoIcWhpw hnImchnaeoIcWhpw km[mcW¡msc Ahbnte¡mIÀ

273
jn¨p. cNbnXm¡Ä A{]kàamhpIbpw Imhy§Ä kaql¯nsâ
s]mXpkz¯mbn ]cnWan¡pIbpw sNbvXp. Gsd {]NmcapÅ ]e ]S¸m
«pIfpw AÚmXIÀ¯rI§fmbn \nesImÅp¶Xv C¡mcW¯memWv.

]S¸m«pIfpw ]mSn¸dbepw
aebmfnapkvenw§Ä¡nSbn Gsd {]Nmcap−mbncp¶ Iemcq]
amWv ]mSn¸dbÂ. ]Ånb¦W§fntem hnimeamb ssaXm\§fntem
kÖam¡nb thZnIfn cm{XnIme§fnemWv CXhXcn¸n¨ncp¶Xv.
lrZyamb CiepIfn cNn¡s¸« ]S¸m«pIÄ AhbpsS X\nabnÂ
Be]n¨v kzX{´ambn hymJym\n¡pIbmWv CXnsâ kmam\ykz`mhw.
Ad_nbntem Ad_naebmf¯ntem DÅ CXcImhy§fpw Ncn{X
IYIfpw JpÀB³ kqà§fpsaÃmw hymJym\¯n\mbn {]tbmP\s¸Sp
¯p¶p. \Ã i_vZam[pcnbpw {]`mjWNmXpcnbpw kzmb¯amb Iem
Imc·mÀt¡, Cu cwK¯v tim`n¡m³ Ignªncp¶pÅq. kmaqlnI {]m
[m\yapÅ kaImenIkw`h§fpambn IYmwis¯ _Ôn¸n¡m\pw
`ànhocck§Ä btYmNnXw BhnjvIcn¨v t{imXm¡sf hyXykvX
§fmb A\p`qXnaÞe§fnte¡p \bn¡m\pw km[n¨ncp¶ ]mSn¸d¨n
epImÀ A[nIhpw ae_mÀtaJebnemWp−mbncp¶Xv.
]S¸m«pIfnse hoc·mcpsS hmMvabNn{X§Ä krjvSn¨v AhÀ¡v
P\a\ÊpIfn Ønc{]XnjvT \ÂIm³ Cu Iemcq]¯n\p Ignªp.
càkm£nIÄ¡v Aam\pjnI]cnthjw \ÂIn AhÀ Cuizck¶n[n
bn Pohn¡p¶hcmsW¶pw Ahscap³\nÀ¯n {]mÀ°n¨m \nXy
PohnX¯nse k¦S§Ä¡p ]cnlmcamIpsa¶pw P\§sf [cn¸n¨ncp
¶p. ]pcpj·mcmWv Cu Iemcq]w AhXcn¸n¨pt]m¶ncp¶Xv. ]mSp¶Xpw
hymJym\n¡p¶Xpw HcmÄ Xs¶bmhWsa¶nÃ. ]n¶Wnbn ct−m
aqt¶mt]À ]m«pImcmbn D−mhmdp−v.
tIcfobIemcq]§fmb NmIymÀIq¯v, ]mTIw F¶nhtbmSv ]mSn
¸dben\v kmayap−v. ]pcmtWXnlmk§fn \n¶pÅ kwkvIrXtÇmI
§Ä kaImenIkw`h§fpambn tNÀ¯p efnXamb `mjbn hymJym
\n¡pIbmWv B IeIfpsS kz`mhw. Iq¯¼e§fntem, t£{Xm¦W
¯n kÖam¡nb thZnIfntem BWv Ah AhXcn¸n¨ncp¶Xv. km[m
cWP\§Ä¡v Bßob]cnÚm\w \ÂIn, Ahsc `ànamÀK¯nte
¡p \bn¡pIbmWv e£yw. NmIym·mÀ AhXcn¸n¨ncp¶ Iq¯nÂ

274
lmkyhpw kmaqlnIhnaÀi\hpw {][m\LSI§fmbncp¶psh¦nepw
]mTI¯n AXn\v henb Øm\ap−mbncp¶nÃ.
]mSn¸dbensâ DÛh¯n\pw, hfÀ¨bv¡pw ]n¶n ChbpsS kzm
[o\w ImWmw. H¸\, tIm¡fn XpS§nb am¸nfIeIsft¸mse aäp
IeItfmSpÅ kmayw ChnsSbpw {]ISamWv. F¶m Ht¶mct−m tÇm
I§fà Hcp Imhyw ]qÀWambpw ]mSn hymJym\n¡pIbmWv ]mSn¸db
ensâ coXn. {]tXyI thjhn[m\§fnÃ. Iq¯pt]mse Hcp \nÝnX ka
bw sIm−v ]qÀ¯nbmhpIbpanÃ. cm{XnIme§fn aqt¶m\mtem aWn
¡qÀ hoXw ]¯p apX ]Xn\©phsc Znhk§Ä XpSÀ¨bmbn AhX
cn¸n¨mWv km[mcWcoXnbn Hcp Imhyw ]qÀ¯oIcn¨ncp¶Xv.

]S¸m«pw, Jnʸm«pw
thZnIfn Cu Iemcq]w AhXcn¸n¡p¶hsc Jnʸm«pImÀ
F¶p hnfn¨pt]m¶ncp¶p. ‘JnÊ’ F¶ ]Z¯n\p ‘IY’ F¶mWÀ°w.
Ncn{Xs¯ IYmcq]¯n Bhnjv¡cn¡p¶ ]m«pIfmWv Jnʸm«pIÄ.
FÃm ]S¸m«pIfpsSbpw DÅS¡w Ncn{Xkw`h§fmbXn\mÂ, Ahsb
Jnʸm«pIÄ F¶pw hyhlcn¨pt]mcmdp−v. tambn³Ip«n sshZycpsS
]S¸m«pIÄ _ZÀ Jnʸm«v, ae¸pdw Jnʸm«v F¶o t]cpIfnepw Adn
bs¸Sp¶Xv AXpsIm−mWv.
F¶m Jnk¸m«pIsfÃmw ]S¸m«pIfÃ. bp²hr¯m´§fpambn
_ÔanÃm¯Xpw, {]hmNI·mcpsStbm, kq^ot{ijvT³amcpsStbm Poh
Ncn{X§fpsS ImhymhnjvImc§fpamb Jnʸm«pIÄ At\Iap−v.
BZw\_n JnÊ, bqkp^v\_n JnÊ (kÀZmcI¯v _mh), kpsseam³
\_nNcn{Xw (amb³Ip«n Ffbm), tIcfNcn{Xw (]pent¡m«n sslZÀ)
apXembh DZmlcWw. C¯cw Imhy§Ä ]mSn¸dben\v D]tbmKn¨ncp
¶nÃ. ]S¸m«pIÄ am{Xta, AhnsS ]cnKWn¨ncp¶pÅp. F¦nepw "C{_m
lnap_v\p AZvlw Jnʸm«p't]mse {]tab¯nse hyXykvXXsIm−p
P\{]oXnbmÀÖn¨ncp¶ Häs¸« Nne Imhy§Ä ]mSn¸dªncp¶p.
At\Iw thZnIfn Jnʸm«pIÄ AhXcn¸n¨p ]mSn¸dbens\,
ae_mÀapkvenwIÄ¡nSbnse Gähpw P\IobIemcq]am¡n \ne\nÀ
¯nbncp¶ \nch[n IemImc·mcp−v. ]n.Sn. _ocm³Ip«n auehn, ImSm
bn¡Â sambvXo³Ip«n lmPn, \Ãfw _ocm³, ]n.hn. aqk¡p«n auehn
Ipacw ]p¯qÀ, FSbqÀ ]n.]n.Fw. Ip«n, apÅqÀ¡c lwk auehn, A_q

275
_¡À IngntÈcn, Ipªpapl½Zv (ku¯v hb\mSv), tXm«¸mfn apl½Zv,
Xnt¡mSn _ocm³Ip«n, A_vZpdkmJv akvXm³, Fw.]n. apl½Zv sIm
t−m«n, ^coZvap³jn Beph, ae¸pdw tN¡p, kn.]n. apl½Zv th§c,
Iogp]d¼v apl½Zv F¶nhÀ 20þmw \qäm−nsâ D¯cmÀ²¯n Cu cwK
¯v anI¨ kw`mh\IfÀ¸n¨n«p−v. Chcn ]ecpw `mh\mk¼¶cmb
IhnIfpambncp¶p. ‘tIcf Jnʸm«p kwLw’ F¶t]cn Ct¸mÄ Cu
cwKs¯ IemImc·mcpsS s]mXpthZnbpw {]hÀ¯n¨phcp¶p.

tambn³Ip«n sshZycpsS ]S¸m«pIÄ

‘_ZvdpÂap\oÀ lpkv\pÂPamÂ’ F¶ {]WbImhy¯nsâ cN\

bv¡ptijw ]S¸m«pIfpsS taJebnemWv sshZyÀ {i²tI{µoIcn¨Xv.
19þmw \qäm−nse ae_mdnsâ kmaqlnIþcmjv{Sob Npäp]mSpIfpsS shfn
¨¯n ]cntim[n¡pt¼mÄ {]tab]camb Cu amäw XnI¨pw kzm`mhn
Iamb ]cnWXn am{XamsW¶p ImWm\mhpw. km[mcWP\§fpsS CS
bn hfÀ¶ph¶ Ihnbv¡v kmaqlnIbmYmÀ°y§sf XnckvIcn¡m
t\m, AXnÂ\n¶pw Hfnt¨mSmt\m Ignbpambncp¶nÃ. Xsâ Imet¯mSpw
temIt¯mSpw {InbmßIambn kwhZn¡m³ sshZyÀ¡v km[n¨Xnsâ
ZrjvSm´§fmWv Cu kacImhy§Ä. Ch {]kàambn¯ocp¶Xn\v
asämcp ]Ým¯ew IqSnbp−v.
Gd\mSv, hÅph\mSv Xmeq¡pIfnse aäp {]tZi§fnÂ\n¶pw
hyXykvXamb cmjv{SobkmlNcyamWv Ihn P\n¨phfÀ¶ sImt−m«n
bn A¶p \ne\n¶ncp¶Xv. At±l¯n\p ASp¯ kulrZ_Ôap−m
bncp¶ sImt−m«nbnse X§ÄIpSpw_w henb `q{]`p¡fpw {_n«ojv
A\pIqenIfpambncp¶p. AXnsâ t]cn {_n«ojv A[nImcnIÄ AhÀ
¡p {]tXyI Øm\am\§fpw \ÂInt¸m¶p. 18, 19 \qäm−pIfnse Iem
]§fn \n¶p hyXykvXambn Hcp henb `qhn`mKw apgph³ hym]n¨Xpw
amk§tfmfw \o−p\n¶Xpamb 1921þse ae_mÀkacIme¯pt]mepw
sImt−m«n X§³amÀ AhcpsS \ne]mSn amäwhcp¯nbncp¶nÃ. F
¶m adp`mK¯v km[mcWP\§fn \sÃmcp`mKhpw Cw¥ojvhncp²
]£¯v \nebpd¸n¨hcpambncp¶p.

276
 A¼e¸pgcmPmhnsâ kZky\mbncns¡¯s¶ km[mcW¡mcpsS
]£¯p\n¶p kwkmcn¡pIbpw D]cnhÀK¯nsâ \ne]mSpIÄs¡Xnsc
IhnXsb Bbp[am¡pIbpw sNbvX Ip©³\¼ymsct¸msebmWv ssh
Zycpw Pohn¡p¶Xv. km¼¯nIambn kpØncaÃm¯ Xsâbpw IpSpw_
¯nsâbpw `uXnIamb \ne\n¸n\pw AXnPoh\¯n\pw sImt−m«n
X§³amcpambpÅ _Ôw XpStc−Xv A\nhmcyambncp¶p. cmjv{Sob
\ne]mSpIÄ¡¸pdw \à klrZbcpw t]Àjy³`mjm]ÞnXcpambncp¶
CjvXnbmJvjmbpw, Imcyس \nkmap±o\pw sshZycnse Ihnsb AI
agnªv t{]mÕmln¸n¡pIbpw sNbvXncp¶p. tNdqÀ]S¸m«pt]mse {]Xy
£¯n {_n«ojvA[nIrXscbpw, P·namscbpw IS¶m{Ian¡p¶ cN\
IÄ IhnbpsS ]£¯p\n¶p−mImsX t]mbXpw AXpsIm−mhmw.
F¦nepw, Ip«n¡mew apXÂXs¶ sshZycpsS cN\Ifn t]mcm«¯nsâ
hocyw sXfnªpImWp¶p−v. `q{]`p¡fpsSbpw {_n«ojv A[nImcnIfp
sSbpw NqjW§Äs¡Xnsc DbÀ¶ph¶ kac§fmWv _mey ImecN\
bmb Fen¸SbnÂ, FenIfpw ]q¨Ifpw X½nepÅ kwL«\¯nsâ cq]
¯n BhnjvIcn¨ncn¡p¶sX¶v \ncq]IÀ Nq−n¡mWn¡p¶p.

]S¸m«pkmlnXyw sshZyÀ¡p ap¼v

sshZyÀ Fgp¯pXpS§pt¼mÄ, Ad_n¯angnepw Ad_naebmf
¯nepw ]cnKW\obamb Hcp ImhyimJbmbn ]S¸m«pIÄ amdn¡gnªn
cp¶p. Ad_naebmf¯n sshZyÀ¡pap¼v cNn¡s¸« {][m\ ]S¸m«p
IfmWv ‘lÀ_pÂIp_vdm’(1812), ‘aZo\¯p¶ÖmÀ’(1826), ‘kJqw ]S¸m«v’
(1836), ‘^pXplp _lv\kv’(1846), ‘^pXplp Jnkvdm h ssJkÀ’(1846),
‘Kkvh¯v ^¯lv a¡’(1863), ‘tNdqÀ]S¸m«v’(1844), ‘henbPn³ ]S¸m«v’
(1865) F¶nh. Chbv¡p]pdsa \mtSmSn¸m«pIÄt]mse {]Ncn¨pt]m¶
AÚmXIÀ¯rI§fpamb eLpIrXnIfpw At\Iap−mbncp¶p.

{]tab§fnse sshhn[yw
]S¸m«pIÄ¡v hym]Iamb {]Nmcw t\Sns¡mSp¡p¶Xnepw, A
sXmcp P\IobImhyimJbmbn hfÀ¯nsbSp¡p¶Xnepw sshZyÀ hln
¨ ]¦v kp{][m\ambncp¶p. kmam\yw ZoÀLamb ]S¸m«pItfm JnÊ
¸m«pItfm hr¯{]mk\nba§Ä ]men¨pcNn¡p¶hÀ am{Xta, Ad_n
aebmfkmlnXy¯n IhnIfmbn AwKoIcn¡s¸Sq F¶\ne hcp¶Xv

277
sshZycpsS ImeL«t¯msSbmWv. Cu taJebnse Imhy§sf hnebn
cp¯p¶Xn\pÅ AfhptImembn ImhymkzmZIcpw \ncq]Icpw ]cnKWn
¨ncp¶Xv At±l¯nsâ _ZÀþDlZvþae¸pdw ]S¸m«pIsfbmbncp¶p.
]S¸m«pcN\bv¡pÅ {]tabw kzoIcn¡pt¼mÄ B cwKs¯ apgp
h³ km[yXIfpw At±lw {]tbmP\s¸Sp¯n. Npcp¡w Nne cN\IÄ
amän\nÀ¯nbm BZnaCkvemwNcn{X¯nse kacKmYIfmbncp¶p AXp
hscbpÅ _rlZmJym\§fpsSsbÃmw {]tabw. sshZycmIs«, Xsâ
{]Xn`sb AhnsS am{Xw Xf¨n«nÃ.
{]tab§sf ASnØm\am¡n ]cntim[n¨m Ah \mephn`mK
¯n hcp¶hbmsW¶p ImWmw.
CkvemanINcn{X]mT§sf B[mcam¡n cNn¨ _ZÀþDlZv ]S¸m
«pIfmWv ChbnemZyt¯Xv. Atd_y³Ncn{X¯nepw, CkvemanINcn{X
¯nepw \mgnI¡ÃpIfmbn Adnbs¸Sp¶ t]mcm«§fpsS IY F¶ \ne
bn {]kàamb cN\IfmWnXv.
]Ým¯eNn{XoIcW¯n ChtbmSp kmayaps−¦nepw keoJ
¯v ]S¸m«n\v thdn« AØnXzap−v. AXnsâ {]tabw Ihn IÂ]nXam
sW¶v IcpXs¸Sp¶p. kaImeo\cmb NneÀ cNn¨ henbPn³ ]S¸m«v
(1862), sNdnbPn³ ]S¸m«v (1865) F¶nhbn IÂ]nX{]tab§Ä {]Xy
£s¸«tXmsSbmWv sshZycpw AXp ]co£n¡p¶Xv.
]qÀWambpw tIcfob]Ým¯eapÅ ae¸pdw]S¸m«mWv aq¶ma
s¯ hn`mK¯nepÅXv. Ad_naebmf¯nse {]mtZinINcn{XmJym\§
fmb ]S¸m«pIfn {]YaKW\obamb IrXnbmWnXv.
ta kqNn¸n¨ hn`mK§fnÂ\n¶p hyXykvXambn kzX{´kz`m
hapÅXpw, _mekmlnXy¯nsâ KW¯nÂhcp¶Xpamb ]S¸m«pIfmWv
Fen¸Sbpw kemkoepw. kemkoensâ {]tab¯n\v Ad_n¡YbpsS
kz`mhaps−¦nepw AXp `mh\mkrjvSnbmsW¶v Ahkm\ CienÂ
hyàam¡nbn«p−v.

tambn³Ip«n sshZycpw ]mSn¸dbepw

"]mSn¸dbÂ' F¶ Iemcq]¯nsâ DÛhs¯tbm, hnImk]cn
Wma§sftbm Ipdn¨v Imcyamb At\zjW§Ä \S¶n«nÃ. ]S¸m«pIÄ
DÄs¸sSbpÅ Ad_naebmfIrXnIÄ klrZb{i² ]nSn¨p]äp¶Xpw,
[mcmfambn {]kn²oIcn¡p¶Xpw, tIcf¯n AhbpsS A¨Sn¡p

278
XpS¡w Ipdn¨ 19þmw \qäm−nsâ A´yZiI§fnemWv. t_mws_bnÂ
\n¶v A¨Sn¨ \maam{Xamb IrXnIÄ amän\nÀ¯nbm AXn\pap¼pÅ
cN\IsfÃmw ssIsbgp¯p{]XnIfmbmWv \ne\n¶ncp¶Xv.
Häs¸« Nne kacKoX§fpw, tNdqÀ ]S¸m«pt]mepÅ Imhy§fn
se Nne `mK§fpw, ame¸m«pIÄ¡pw sIÊp]m«pIÄ¡psam¸w BfpIÄ
]mSn\S¶ncp¶p. BgvN¨´Ifnepw hnhmltLmjbm{XIfnepw \m«n³
]pds¯ KmbIkwL§Ä Ah ]mSn AhXcn¸n¡pIbpw sNbvXncp¶p.
CXnÂ\n¶pw hyXykvXambn hensbmcp kZÊn\pap¼n Hcp ]S¸m«p
Imhyw ]qÀWambpw ]mSn hymJym\n¡p¶ coXn sshZyÀ¡pap¼v \ne\n
¶ncp¶Xmbn sXfnhpIfnÃ. tNdqÀ ]S¸m«pt]mepÅ cN\Ifn ]mSn¸d
bensâ henb km[yX \nehnep−mbncp¶psh¦nepw, Ah Be]n¡p
¶Xpw, A¨Sn¨p hnXcWw sN¿p¶Xpw, {_n«ojvA[nIrXÀ \ntcm[n¨p
sh¶Xpw ]cnKWnt¡−Xp−v.
C§s\ t\m¡pt¼mÄ ]mSn¸dbensâ XpS¡sa¶msW¶pw, BZy
ambn AhXcn¸n¡s¸« IrXntbXmsW¶papÅ At\zjW§Ä sNs¶
¯pI sshZycnepw, At±l¯nsâ _ZÀþae¸pdw ]S¸m«pIfnepamWv. hn.
Fw. Ip«n cNn¨ "tambn³Ip«n sshZyÀ' F¶ PohNcn{XIrXnbn _ZÀ
]S¸m«nsâ BZy AhXcWs¯¡pdn¨v C§s\ tcJs¸Sp¯p¶p: "t{]a
Imhyamb _ZvdpÂap\oÀ lpkv\pÂPamen\p tijw \mSphn« tambn³
Ip«n sshZyÀ \mephÀj¯n\ptijw Xncns¨¯nbXv _ZÀ ]S¸m«pam
bmWv. ]nXmhnsâbpw sImt−m«n¯§fpsSbpw t\XrXz¯n Hcp hen
b ]ÞnXkZÊp hnfn¨ptNÀ¯v Xsâ almImhyw C¼amÀ¶ CuW
¯n `àymZc§tfmsS sshZyÀ ]mSn kaÀ¸n¨p. kZÊv Ihnsb hmcn¸p
25
WÀ¶p. A`n\µ\§fpsS a[pamcn AhnsS hÀjn¨p'.
Cu ]cmaÀi¯nse kqN\IfpsS hmkvXhadnbm³ ]cym]vXamb
aäp tcJIfnÃ. _ZvdpÂap\odnsâ cN\bv¡p tijw Ihn \mSphn«Xn\pw
sXfnhpIfnÃ. F¦nepw sshZyÀ Xs¶, _ZÀ ]mSn hymJm\n¨ kw`hw
hmsamgnbmbn ssIamdnt]m¶n«p−v. CXnÂ\n¶pw hyXykvXamWv ae
¸pdw ]S¸m«nsâ ØnXn. AXnsâ BZy AhXcWs¯¡pdn¨v IrXnbnÂ
Xs¶ ]camÀiapÅXn\m aäptcJIÄ tXtS−XnÃ. B Imhy¯nsâ
cN\bv¡p hyXykvXamb Hcp ]Ým¯eap−mbncp¶p. ae¸pds¯ ]uc
{]apJcmb Nne kplr¯p¡Ä Bhiys¸«X\pkcn¨mWv ae¸pdw hen
b§mSn ]Ånbn amk§tfmfw Xmakn¨v sshZyÀ Cu IrXn cNn¡p¶

279
Xv. AXn\pap¼pXs¶ {]kn²oIcn¨ncp¶ _ZÀ, DlZv]S¸m«pIfneqsS
At±lw {]ikvX\mbn amdn¡gnª ]Ým¯e¯nembncp¶p Cu
A`yÀ°\. Imhyw ]qÀ¯nbmbtijw ]ÞnX·mcpw, ]ucapJycpw Im
hymkzmZIcpapÄs¡mÅp¶ hensbmcpkZÊv ae¸pd¯p kwLSn¸n¨p.
sshZyÀ Xs¶ Cu Imhyw ]qÀWambpw ]mSn hymJym\n¨p sIm−v IrXn
{]Imin¸n¨p. Ihn F¶Xnep]cn \sÃmcpKmbI³ IqSnbmbncp¶ sshZy
sc, P\mhen lÀjmch§tfmsS FXntcäpht{X.
ae¸pdw ]S¸m«nsâ Ahkm\s¯ Cien cN\mImehpw Cu
Act§ä¯nsâ hnhchpw Ihn tcJs¸Sp¯nbn«p−v. kZÊnep−mbn
cp¶ {]apJcpsS t]cpIÄ ]cmaÀin¨ tijw C§s\ kq]n¸n¡p¶p:
"Bsf lnPvd¯v lkmdp io\nÂ
AÆÂ d_oAv A©pw Zn\w tkma\nÂ
t_fbv ^b \m³ C¡Zbv t]mänsb
Ctµ \ph ]mSn Act§äntb'
lnPvd 1300 ({In.h.1883) d_oDÂAÆÂ A©n\mbncp¶p AXv.
{]kvXpX kw`hamWv sXfnhpIÄ e`yamb BZy ]mSn¸dbÂ. CXnÂ
\n¶pw Cu Iemcq]¯n\v XpS¡w Ipdn¨Xv tambn³Ip«n sshZycmsW¶v
hyàamIp¶p. IhnbpsS PohnXIme¯pXs¶ Hcp Iemcq]¯nsâ ]cn
thjw AXn\p e`n¡pIbpw sNbvXp.

sshZyÀ¡rXnIÄ ]mSn¸db cwK¯v

sshZyÀ¡rXnIÄ tIcfobkaql¯nepw kwkvImc¯nepw sNep
¯nb kzm[o\¯n\p]n¶n "]mSn¸dbÂ' IemImc·mÀ apJy]¦phln
¨n«p−v. tIcfobs]mXpaÞe¯n hym]Iamb kzoImcyX t\Sn¡gn
ª hnhn[ am¸nfIemcq]§fnseÃmw sshZyÀ¡rXnIfpsS kzm[o\w
{]ISamIp¶Xv Ah P\a\ÊpIfn krjvSn¨ A\pcW\§fpsS A\
´c^eamWv. 19, 20þ\qäm−pIfn At\Iw ]S¸m«pIÄ cNn¡s¸«n«p
s−¦nepw Jnʸm«pthZnbnse IemImc·mÀ¡pw AhbpsS BkzmZIÀ
¡pw Hcpt]mse XmÂ]cyap−mbncp¶Xv sshZyÀImhy§fnembncp¶p.
Jnʸm«nsâ thZnIfn sshZycpsS _ZÀ ]S¸m«nt\mfw AhXcn
¸n¡s¸« asämcp IrXnbpanÃ. IYIfnbpsS Ac§pIfn D®mbnhmcy
cpsS \fNcnXw B«¡Ybv¡p−mbncp¶ Øm\amWv Cu cwK¯v _ZÀ
]S¸m«n\p−mbncp¶Xv. AXnsâ ]mSn¸dben\p XpS¡wIpdn¨ tij

280
apÅ Ht¶Im \qäm−ntesd¡mew Jnʸm«v F¶ ]Z¯nsâ ]cymb
ambn Cu t]cv \nesIm−p.
hnizmknIÄ Bcm[\meb§fn kPohamImdpÅ daZm³ amk
¯nemWv _ZÀcàkm£nIfpsS A\pkvacWZn\w IS¶phcp¶Xv. CXn
t\mS\p_Ôn¨v Znhk§tfmfw \o−p\n¡p¶ _ZÀ ]mSn¸db Hcp
A\pjvTm\wt]mse an¡bnS§fnepw kwLSn¸n¨ncp¶p. {]tab¯nepÅ
Bßob]cnthjhpw `ànbpsS A´co£hpw hnizmknIsf AXnte
¡mIÀjn¡pIbpw sNbvXp.
_ZÀ ]S¸m«v AhXcn¸n¨n«nÃm¯ IemImc·mÀ Cu cwK¯phncf
ambncn¡pw. Xsâ 45 hÀjs¯ IemPohnX¯n\nSbn Aªqdntesd
thZnIfn Cu Imhyw ]mSn hymJym\n¨Xmbn A_q_¡À IngntÈcn
F¶ AhXmcI³ AhImis¸Sp¶p. cm{Xn F«paWntbmsSbmWv AhX
cWw XpS§pI. Znhkw icmicn \mepaWn¡qÀ hoXw Ccp]Xp apXÂ
Ccp]¯nb©p Znhkw hsc \o−pt]mIpw. hyXykvXkapZmb¡mcmb
kv{Xo]pcpj·mcpsS henb BkzmZIkZÊpIÄ an¡bnS§fnepap−m
Ipw. IemkzmZ\¯n\pÅ Ahkcw ]cnanXambncp¶ \m«nÂ]pd§fnÂ
DÕh{]XoXn P\n¸n¡p¶ hn[ambncp¶p Jnʸm«pIÄ Act§dnbncp
26
¶Xv.
hnhn[ CiepIfpsS Bem]\w, ]c¼cmKX CuW¯nepw Xmf
¯nepw am{Xw HXp§n \n¶ncp¶nÃ. Nne kµÀ`§fnÂ, lnµnþaebmfw
kn\naIfn P\{]nbKm\§fpsS CuW¯n Be]n¨v sshhn[yw
krjvSn¡m\pw, hymJym\§fn ]pXnb AÀ°Xe§Ä \ÂIm\pw Iem
Imc·mÀ {ian¨ncp¶p. ]pXpXeapdbpsS A`ncpNnsb Xr]vXns¸Sp¯m\m
bncp¶p Cu NphSpamä§Ä.
sshZyÀ¡rXnIfpsS ]mSn¸dben\p e`n¨{]Nmcw IeIÄ P\a\
ÊpIfn sNep¯p¶ kzm[o\¯n\pw ]cnhÀ¯\¯n\pw ZrjvSm´amWv.
{_n«ojv ae_mdnse kmaqlnIþcmjv{Sob aÞe§fn AXp krjvSn¨
Ne\§Ä sNdpXmbncp¶nÃ. ae¸pdw ]S¸m«nsâ ]mSn¸dben\v GÀs¸
Sp¯nb \ntcm[\w, Ah apt¶m«phbv¡p¶ cmjv{Sobw A[nImcnIÄ
`b¶ncp¶p F¶Xnsâbpw sXfnhmIp¶p−v. kaImenIcmjv{Sobt¯m
Spw, AXnsâ P\hncp²amb \ne]mSpXdItfmSpw kwhZn¡m³ sshZyÀ
¡rXnIÄ¡pÅ tijnbmbncp¶p B Xncn¨dnhn\v ]n¶nep−mbncp¶Xv.
***

281
Ipdn¸pIÄ
1. sdmWmÄUv C. anÃÀ, D²cWw: hn.]n. apl½Zmen, am¸nf¸m«pIÄ
\qäm−pIfneqsS,(Idâv _pIvkv, tIm«bw, P\p. 2007), ]p. 54
2. s{]m^. sI.Fw. _lmhp±o³, tIcfapkvenwIÄ þ t]mcm«¯nsâ
Ncn{Xw, (CkvemanIv ]»njnwKv lukv, tImgnt¡mSv, 1995), ]q. 159
3. tXmakv hmÀU³ ]pds¸Sphn¨ hnfw_cw, 1805 Pqsse 21. BRM, Col
22, 37-42 Innes and Evans Report D²cWw: sI.F³.]Wn¡À,
ae_mÀIem]w {]`pXz¯n\pw cmPhmgvN¡psaXnsc, hnh. F_n.
tImin, (Un.kn. _pIvkv tIm«bw, \memw ]. 2007), ]p. 20þ21
4. H.S Graeme to the Board of Rev. 31 Aug 1820 D²cWw: sI.F³.
]Wn¡À, ae_mÀ Iem]w..., ]p. 29.
5. BRP, 14 April 1831, Vol 1282 pp 3683-9 D²cWw: sI.F³. ]Wn¡À,
Sn.]p. 29.
6. Jud Dept. GO No. 2374, 1 Oct 1894, GO No. 1770, 10 Nov 1896, Rev Dept
GO No. 509, 6 Feb 1896 and GO No. 1091, 30 Oct 1908. D²cWw: Sn.]p.
55
7. Innes Notes D²cWw: Sn.]p. 58.
8. a¦cs¯mSnbn kq¸nbpsS lcPn RMSC, iii, P.56 D²cWw: Sn.]p.9
9. kn.sI. Icow, tIcfapÉowNcn{XwØnXnhnhc¡W¡v UbdIvSdn,
hmeyw 1, ]p. 365
10. D²cWw : kn.sI. Icow. Sn.]p. 294
11. sI. F³. ]Wn¡À. ae_mÀIem]w..., ]p. 101
12. hneyw temK³, ae_mÀ am\zÂ. hnh: Sn.hn. IrjvW³ (amXr`qan
_pIvkv tImgnt¡mSv, 2004), ]p. 628
13. Sn.]p.631
14. sI.Fw. _lmhp±o³, tIcf apkvenwIÄ þ t]mcm«¯nsâ Ncn{Xw,
]p. 150
15. sI.F³. ]Wn¡À, ae_mÀ Iem]w...., ]p. 106
16. tUm.sI.sI.F³. Ipdp¸v, ‘Xplv^¯p apPmlnZn³’, am¸nf]mc
¼cyw, (CÀimZv _pIvkv ÌmÄ, tImgnt¡mSv þ1998), ]p. 24

282
17. tUm. sI.sI.F³. Ipdp¸v, ‘^Xvlp ap_o³’, am¸nf]mc¼cyw,
]p. 24
18. Jmkn apl½Zv, ^Xvlp ap_o³, hnh: s{]m^. a¦S A_vZpÂ
Akokv, (AÂlpZm _pIvkvÌmÄ, tImgnt¡mSvþ 1996), ]p. 74
19. Sn.]p. 74
20. Sn.]p. 64
21. Sn.]p. 29
22. kn.sI Icow, tIcfapÉowNcn{Xw..., hmeyw 1, ]p. 559
23. sI. F³. ]Wn¡À, ae_mÀIem]w..., ]p.119
24. tUm. F³.Fw.\¼qXncn, ‘GIm´]YnI\mb Ncn{Xmt\zjI³’
Ncn{XwhÀ¯am\am¡nbHcmÄ, FUn. dkmJv ]bt{¼m«v, (apl½Zv
A_vZpÂIcow skâÀt^mÀ lntÌmdn¡ÂÌUokv, sImt−m«n,
2012), ]p.114
25. hn.Fw.Ip«n, almIhntambn³Ip«nsshZyÀ, (tIcfkmlnXy A¡m
Zan XrÈqÀ, 2007) ]p. 46
26. A`napJw: A_q_¡À IngntÈcn, 5þ4þ2015.

283
Bava K.“Works of Moyinkutty Vaidyar: Language and discource ”
Thesis. Department of Malayalam and Kerala studies, University
of Calicut, 2015.
 A[ymbw : 7

Ihnhyhlmcw
aqey§fpsS ]p\ÀhnNmcw

kv{Xo: kzXzhpw Bhnjv¡mchpw

tambn³Ip«n sshZycpsS kv{XoIYm]m{X§Ä s]mXpsh X§fpsS

kv{XokzXz¯n A`nam\n¡p¶hcpw ]pcpjtI{µoIrXamb A[nImc
hyhØsb ewLn¡p¶hcpamWv. sshZyÀ krjvSn¨Xn\v kam\amb Icp
¯pw, CÑmiànbpw ]peÀ¯p¶ kv{XoIYm]m{X§Ä aebmfkmlnXy
¯n hncfamWv. {]iv\§fn \n¶pw {]XnkÔnIfn \n¶pw Hfnt¨m
Sp¶hcpw hn[n¡p IogS§n \nÈ_vZcmhp¶hcpaÃ; X§fptSXmb \ne
]mSpXdbn \n¶v AXns\ kss[cyw t\cnSpIbpw kmlNcy§sf amän
adn¡pIbpw sN¿p¶hcmWhÀ. 19þmw\qäm−nse tIcfobkv{Xo AhØ
bpsS ]cnkc¯p\n¶p ]cntim[n¡pt¼mÄ Ihn krjvSn¡p¶ hn¹h
¯n\v Ncn{X]chpw kmwkvImcnIhpamb {]kànbp−v.

`n¶kz`mhapÅ IYm]m{X§Ä
sshZycpsS Imhy§fn IS¶phcp¶ kv{XoIÄ hyXykvX kmaq
lnI\nc¸nepÅhcmWv. km[mcWPohnX¯nsâ Npäp]mSpIfnÂIgnªp
IqSp¶hÀ, `ànbptSbpw hnizmk¯ntâbpw amXrIbmbn Bßob ]cn
kc¯p Pohn¡p¶hÀ, ]S¡f¯nend§n hotcmÖzeambn s]mcpXp¶
hÀ, Aam\pjnIamb ]cnthjw NmÀ¯n\ÂInb kzÀKobI\yIamÀ,
Pn¶pcmPIpamcnamÀ XpS§nbhscsbms¡ AhnsS I−pap«m\mhpw.
sshhn[yamÀ¶ Cu IYm]m{X§fpsSsbÃmw hyànXzmhnjv¡cW
¯n Ihn {]tXyIw {i²]Xn¸n¨n«p−v.

km[mcWkv{XoIÄ
_ZÀ JnÊbnsemcnS¯v ]ckv]cw hg¡nSpIbpw ASn]nSn IqSpI
bpw sN¿p¶ c−pkv{XoIYm]m{X§fp−v. F«psamgnIfnembn AhcpsS

284
kw`mjWhpw IelhpsaÃmw Ihn X·bXzt¯msS hÀWn¨ncn¡p¶p.
AhcpsS sNbvXnIfn ImWm³ IgnbpI km[mcWa\pjycpsS hnImc
{]IS\§fmWv. B cwKw Ihn Nn{XoIcn¨ncn¡p¶Xv t\m¡pI:

‘ASns]«v sIm¯n¸nSn¯mtcmþ AWbv

Xmenbpw amebv Adp¯mtcm
]nSns]«v kn¶pw ISn¯mtcm þ ]n¨
N«bpw Iods]Sp¯mtcm,
ISpI ]pZt¸msS sI«nadnµn«pw
Icni¯n Imin\n IqsS _nfpµn«pw
CScn ]nSµhÄ ]n¶pw Ffpµn«pw
Ccnt]cpw H«v ab¦n \neµn«pw
_n−msf þ ISw þ sImt−mfnÂ’.
]ckyamb {]XnIcWw, AtXXpXc¯nepÅXmbmepw ]pcpj·mÀ
¡p am{Xta, A`nImayambpÅq F¶pw kv{XoIÄ X§fpsS hnImchnNm
c§Ä \nb{´n¨p \nÈ_vZcmbn Igntb−hcmWv F¶papÅ kmaqlnI
[mcWsb tNmZywsN¿p¶ a«nepÅXmWv Cu \m«n³]pd¯pImcnIfpsS
{]XnIcWw. AhnsSbp−mbncp¶ Hcp hr²sâbpw, {]hmNIsâ ZqX·m
cmbn AXphgn IS¶pt]mIp¶ c−pt]cpsSbpw km¶n[y¯n Xs¶bm
Wv AhcpsS Ielw Act§dp¶Xv. kw`mjW¯n\nSbn AhÀ ]c
kv]cap¶bn¡p¶ hmZKXnIÄ bpàn`{ZamWv. ‘ISw hm§nb Imin\v
_lfw h¨ IY BfpIfdnªm A]am\amsW¶pw, hÀ¯am\w Gsd
]dªmepw Xcm\pÅ Imiv Xtc−nhcpsa¶papÅ HcphfpsS \ymb¯n
\v, ]WwXncn¨pX¶m Ct¸mÄ ]dbp¶sXÃmw _m¡nbmhpatÃm, AXn
s\´mWv kam[m\’sa¶papÅ adptNmZyw DbÀ¶phcp¶Xv DZmlcWw.
_ZdnÂ\n¶pw ae¸pdw]S¸m«nse¯pt¼mÄ tIcfobNcn{X]Ým
¯e¯nepÅ Nne kv{XoIYm]m{X§sf I−pap«p¶p. XnI¨pw km[mc
Wa\pjycpsS kz`mhkhntijXIfpÅhcpw hoSpw IpSpw_hpambn Ign
ªpIqSp¶hcpamWhÀ. X§fpsS Dähcpw DSbhcpamb ]pcpj·mÀ ]md
\¼nbpsS ]StbmSp s]mcpXm³ bm{X]dªnd§pt¼mÄ I®oscmgp¡n
hoSn\I¯v IgnªpIqSpIbÃ, adn¨v At±l¯nsâ ]S¯eh·msc
I−v bp²w Hgnhm¡m³ ]camh[n {ian¡pIbmWhÀ. kv{XoIÄ Ah
tcmSv \S¯p¶ A`yÀ°\ t\m¡pI:

285
 "Cu \m«n A§mSnbpw Bcm[\mebhpw \nÀan¨p Xma
kn¡m³ A\paXn \ÂInbXv \n§fmWv. CXphsc Cu
]pWy\m«n Pohn¨pt]m¶ R§Ä kXy¯n\p \nc¡m
¯Xmbn H¶pw sNbvXn«nÃ. ZpjvS·mcmb A\y\m«pImÀ
Bsc¦nepw IYbnÃmsX ]ng¨psh¦n A¶pXs¶ AhÀ
sImÃs¸«n«pap−v. AXn\ptijw ChntS¡p bp²¯n\p
hcp¶sX´n\mWv? adp\m«nte¡v c£s¸Sp¶Xn\v A\p
hmZw tNmZn¨t¸mÄ ‘AXn\p IÂ]\bnÃ’ F¶ hm¡p
tI«v, F§pwt]mImsX R§fnhnsS Xs¶ ]mÀ¡pIbm
bncp¶p. HmÀ¡m¸pd¯v Cu NXn sN¿m³am{XapÅ A]
cm[w R§Ä sNbvXn«nÃ. C\nbpw {]XnImcw sN¿Wsa
¶ps−¦nÂ, Cu A§mSn apgph³ Fcn¨psImÅpI. R§
fpsS tZhmebw _m¡n hbv¡pI. R§fpsS icoc¯nepÅ
B`cWw apgph³ AXn\p ]Icambn \ÂImw.'
XnI¨pw km[mcW¡mcmb kv{XoIfmsW¦nepw Hcp \nÀWmbI
kµÀ`¯n AhktcmNnXamb CSs]SemWv AhÀ \S¯p¶sX¶v Cu
hm¡pIfn \n¶v hyàamhp¶p.

Ncn{X¯nse amXrImh\nXIÄ

sshZycpsS A´yImhyamb ‘lnPvd’bn {]Xy£s¸Sp¶ kv{XoI

sf aXþhwiobNcn{X¯n \n¶pÅ BZnaamXrIIfmbmWv Ihn DbÀ
¯n¡mWn¡p¶Xv. hnizmk¯n\pw kzmX{´y¯n\pw t\sc DbÀ¶phcp
¶ GXp shÃphnfntbbpw sNdp¡m\pÅ Icp¯v AhÀ {]ISn¸n¡p¶p
−v. JpssdjnIfpsS \njvTqcamb]oU\§Ä Gäphm§n càkm£n
bmth−nhcpt¼mgpw Xsâ A`n{]mb¯nepd¨p \n¡p¶ ‘kan¿¯v’,
kv{XokzXzw DbÀ¯n¸nSn¡p¶ IYm]m{XamWv. hnizmkkwc£W¯n
\pw, A`n{]mbkzmX{´y¯n\pw th−nbpÅ t]mcm«¯n {]hmNI
]£¯p\n¶pÅ BZycàkm£nbmWhÀ.
apl½Zv\_nsb AwKoIcn¨psh¶Xnsâ t]cn Ducn¸nSn¨ hmfp
ambn, Xs¶ h[n¡m³hcp¶ ktlmZc³ Dadnsâ ap¼n hnizmkw Dd
s¡ {]Jym]n¡pIbpw, kaNn¯XtbmsS Abmsf t\cnSpIbpw sN¿p
¶ ‘k^n¿¯v’ Cu IrXnbnÂ\n¶pÅ asämcp amXrImIYm]m{XamWv.
AXphsc \_nbpsS ISp¯ FXncmfnbmbncp¶ Dadnsâ ]Ým¯m]¯n
\pw, a\wamä¯n\pw \nan¯ambn¯ocp¶Xv k^n¿¯v {]ISn¸n¡p¶
[ocXbmWv. hÅt¯mfnsâ ‘PmXIw Xncp¯n’ F¶ IhnX Cu kw`hw
]Ým¯eam¡n cNn¨XmWv.

286
 bp²¯n\nSbn `À¯mhns\bpw, aIs\bpw, ktlmZcs\bpw \
jvSs¸«n«pw Xfcm¯ Bßhocyw]peÀ¯p¶ ‘lnµv’ (D.]. 109) F¶
IYm]m{Xs¯ DlZv]S¸m«n Bhnjv¡cn¡p¶p−v. DähcpsS arXtZl
§Ä hln¨v H«I¸pd¯v Häbv¡pbm{XsN¿pt¼mgpw AhÄ N©eNn¯
bmhp¶nÃ.

]S¡f¯nse s]¬hocyw
CkvemwNcn{X`qanIbn \nebpd¸n¨ DlZv ]S¸m«nse kv{XoIYm
]m{X§Ä aäp t]mcm«§fn \ns¶Ãmw Hcp]Sn apt¶m«pt]mIp¶p−v.
Ccp]£¯pw ]pcpj·mÀ am{Xw Bbp[ta´p¶ t]mcm«ambà DlZnsâ
Nn{XoIcWw. AWnbdbn \n¶v Ac§nse¯n FXncmfnItfmSv Bbp
[saSp¯v IW¡ptNmZn¡p¶ kv{XoIsf Ccp]£¯pw ImWmw. bp²
X{´§Ä sa\bp¶Xnepw {]Xntcm[n¡p¶Xnepw IS¶m{Ian¡p¶Xnepw
]pcpj·mtc¡mÄ sshZKv[yw {]ISn¸n¡p¶hÀ C¡q«¯nep−v. AXn
semcmÄ ]S¡f¯n [zPhmlIbmbn t]mepw {]Xy£s¸Sp¶p−v.
_Zdn Xsâ ]nXmhns\ h[n¨ {]hmNI]£s¯ lwktbmSv {]XnIm
cw XoÀ¡m³ ]S¡f¯nend§pIbpw t\cs¯ X¿mdm¡nb ]²Xnb\p
kcn¨v At±ls¯ h[n¨ tijw s\©pIodn, IcÄ ]dn¨v Nh¨p Xp¸p
Ibpw sN¿p¶ lnµv, ]S¡f¯n At¼äphoW aIsâ incÊv aSnbnÂ
h¨v LmXI\mb Bknansâ XesbSp¡p¶h\v \qdv H«Iw ]mcntXmjn
Iambn {]Jym]n¡pIbpw Bknansâ Xetbm«nbn aZyw \nd¨p IpSn
¡psa¶v tZhXamsc ap³\nÀ¯n i]YwsN¿pIbpw sN¿p¶ kpem^¯v,
{]hmNI]£s¯ A_qPm\¯ns\ t\cnSp¶ DXv_¯nsâ aIÄ lnµv
F¶nhÀ i{Xp\ncbnse {]apJcmWv.
FXnÀtNcnbnse Cu s]¬Icp¯ns\sbÃmw \nÀhocyam¡p¶
hn[amWv DlZvbp²¯nse \nÀWmbI L«¯n D½md¯p amkn\n¿
\pssk_m _ohn \S¯p¶ {]IS\w. bp²¯n {]hmNI³ sImÃs¸«p
F¶ i{Xp¡fpsS hymP{]NmcW¯n\p ap¼n klt]mcmfnIÄ ]Xdn
t¸mhpIbpw \ncmicmbn ]n´ncnbpIbpw sN¿p¶ L«¯nemWv \pssk
_ Xsâ t]mÀhocyw ]pds¯Sp¡p¶Xv. \_nsb B{Ian¡ms\¯p¶
C_v\p JaoCt\bpw Iq«mfnItfbpw Häbv¡p t\cnSpIbmWhÀ. Akm
[mcWamb ss[cyhpw bp²ssh`hhpw ]peÀ¯p¶ \pssk_bpsS ap
t¶ähpw AXn\v {]hmNI³ \ÂIp¶ km£y]{Xhpw \mevCiepIfn

287
embn Ihn hc¨pImWn¡p¶p. bp²¯n ]n´ncntªmSp¶hcpsS apJ
t¯¡v a®phmcnsbdnbpIbpw, t]mcmSm\dnbnsæn Bbp[w, Xs¶
tb¸n¨v ZqcZn¡nte¡v c£s¸Sm\mhiys¸SpIbpw sN¿p¶ D½pAbv
a\pw Cu ]S¸m«n {]Xy£s¸Sp¶p−v. hm¡nepw {]hr¯nbnepw XnI
ª BÀPhw {]ISn¸n¡p¶ IYm]m{XamWnhÀ.
keoJ¯v ]S¸m«nemWv s]¬Icp¯nsâ Gähpw anI¨ amXrI
\mw I−pap«p¶Xv. Hcp kv{XotI{µIYm]m{Xambn hcp¶ GI ]S¸m«p
ImhyamWnXv. {]hmNIt\mSpw A\pNc·mtcmSpw X\n¡pÅ Iqdpw `àn
bpw \ne\nÀ¯ns¡m−p Xs¶ H«pw ap³hn[ntbm ]£]mXnXztam IqSm
sX Ccp]¯ntbgmbncw ]SbmfnIfpambn AhtcmsSXnÀ¡m³ hcp¶
keoJ¯v cmÚnsb sshZyÀ Bhnjv¡cn¨ncn¡p¶p. IhnbpsS aäp cN
\Ifnepw kaImenIcpsS IrXnIfnepw A¦hocy¯nsâ {]XoIambn
AhXcn¸n¨n«pÅ CamwAentbbpw A_vZpÂIcow, Awdp_v\paBZv
F¶o ]S\mbItcbpw A¼c¸n¨psIm−mWv keoJ¯v apt¶dp¶Xv.
Hcp L«¯n cmÚn AhcpsS ]nSnbneIs¸SpIbpw sN¿p¶p−v. XpSÀ
¶v cmÚnsbbpw Iq«n AhÀ X§fpsS X¼nte¡p \S¡pt¼mÄ Nncn¨p
sIm−v keoJ¯v \S¯p¶ {]XnIcWw C§s\bmWv: ‘Xpeycmb FXn
cmfnIfnÃmsX bp²¯eh·msc¶v A`nam\n¡p¶ \n§Ä aq¶pt]À
H¯pIqSn Hcp kv{Xosb _eambn ]nSn¨ph¨ncn¡p¶Xv BÝcyIcw
Xs¶!’ ASp¯\nanjw Xsâ IpXncsb Dbc¯n NmSn¨v Akv{XthK
¯n IpXn¨v AhÄ c£s¸Sp¶p. GgpZnhks¯ t]mcm«¯ns\mSphnÂ
kzbw {]hmNIk¶n[nbnse¯p¶Xphsc keoJ¯ns\ Iogvs¸Sp¯m³
BÀ¡pamhp¶nÃ. s]¬t]mcm«hocy¯nsâ {]XoIamb keoJ¯v Ihn
bpsS k¦Â]IYm]m{XamWv. Ncn{X¯n Ahsf I−pap«m\mhnsÃ
¦nepw IYbnepS\ofw _Zdnsâbpw DlZnsâbpw BJym\¯n ImWp¶
AtX bmYmÀ°y{]XoXn krjvSn¨psIm−mWv sshZyÀ IY]dªpt]m
Ip¶Xv.

lpkv\pÂPamÂ
XeapdIfneqsS aebmfa\Ên e_v[{]XnjvT t\Snb IYm]m{X
amWv lpkv\pÂPamÂ. keoJ¯v ]S¸m«nse¶t]mse Cu Imhy¯nepw
\mbnIbpsS t]cv {KÙioÀjI¯n IS¶phcp¶p−v. kuµcyhpw
Ipeo\Xbpw kz`mhKpW§fpw H¯nW§nb I\yIbmbn Imhymcw`

288
¯n Ahsf AhXcn¸n¡pt¼mÄ aWn{]hmf¯nse \mbnIamcn \n
¶v thdn« HcØnXzw AhÄ¡pÅXmbn hmb\¡mÀ IcpXpIbnÃ. {Ita
W XtâShpw kmlknIXbpw t]mÀhocyhpw kl\iànbpapÅ Hcph
fmbn AhÄ hfcp¶Xv ImWmw.
sIm«mc¯nse kIekpJ kuIcy§fptSbpw a[y¯n hfÀ¶n
«pw X\n¡pt]m¶h\mbn AhÄ Is−¯p¶ `mhnPohnX]¦mfnsb
AwKoIcn¡m³ BW[nImcw X¿mdmhp¶nÃ. AhfpsS ]£¯p\n¶pw
XpSÀ¶p−mhp¶ sNdp¯p\n¸pIÄ kv{XoIfpsS A`n{]mb¯nt\m
XncsªSp¸nt\m hneI¸n¡m¯ ]pcpjtI{µoIrXamb hyhØtbm
Spw, `cWIqSt¯mSpamWv. AhfpsS ]nXmhv B tZis¯ `cWm[nImcn
IqSnbmWtÃm.
cmPIev]\bm thÀ]ncnªpIgnbp¶ _ZvdpÂap\odns\ clky
ambn kÔn¨v c£s¸Sm\pw H¶n¨p Pohn¡m\pw Xocpam\saSp¡p¶Xpw
]²XnIÄ cq]s¸Sp¯p¶Xpw AhfpsS t\XrXz¯n Xs¶. Xsâ hne
tbdnb B`cW§Ä aäpÅhÀ¡p ap¼n Nasªmcp§p¶Xn\pÅ h
kvXp¡fmbÃ, `mhnPohnXs¯ cq]s¸Sp¯p¶Xn\pÅ D]m[nbmbmWv
AhÄ IW¡m¡p¶Xv.
e£ykm^ey¯n\mbn sIm«mc¯nse kpJkuIcy§Ä ]cnXy
Pn¨v AXnhnZqcamb asämcp tZi¯nse¯nt¨cpt¼mgmWv A_qk¿mZn
sâ sImSpwh©\ AhÄ Xncn¨dnbp¶Xv. F¶m ap¡pht\msSm¸w Hfn
t¨mSnbhÄ F¶ A]JymXn `b¶v s]s«¶p XncnsIt¸mcmt\m \ncmi
bmbn PohnXw Ahkm\n¸n¡mt\m AhÄ X¿mdmhp¶nÃ. A_qk¿m
Zns\ \ne¡p \nÀ¯p¶Xnt\msSm¸w Xs¶, aäpÅhÀ¡p ap¼n Ah
sâ `mcybmbn Nabm\pÅ X{´hpw AhÄ Bhnjv¡cn¡p¶p−v. lpkv
\pÂPamensâ kuµcyw I−p{`an¨ _lvPÀkp¯msâ ZqXbmsb
¯p¶ hr²sb B«n¸mbn¡m\pw _e{]tbmK¯neqsS Iogvs]Sp¯m³
h¶ ssk\nIsc Bbp[saSp¯v Xpc¯m\pw AhÄ¡v c−maXmtemNn
t¡−n h¶ncp¶nÃ. a®nsâ am{XaÃ, s]®nsâbpw DSbh³ cmPmhm
sW¶ B¬bpànsb tNmZyw sN¿m\pw asämcmfpsS ]Xv\nbmb Xsâ
t\sc \S¯nb _e{]tbmK¯n\v IW¡pXoÀ¡m\pambn AhÄ kpÂ
¯msâ sIm«mc¯nte¡v Ibdns¨Ãp¶p. AXpI−v `bt¶mSp¶ kpÂ
¯msâ Nn{Xw s]¬Icp¯nsâ ASbmfambn Ihn hc¨pImWn¡p¶p.

289
 GXv ZpÀLSkÔnbnepw XfcmsX apt¶dpIbpw Xsâ hyànXzw
Im¯pkq£n¡pIbpw sN¿p¶ lpkv\pÂPam X\n¡p ssIhn«p t]m
bsXÃmw hos−Sp¡p¶nS¯mWv Imhyw Ahkm\n¡p¶Xv.
s]®n\pta ]pcpj³ Øm]ns¨Sp¡p¶ A[nImcamWv BW¯
sa¶ kmaqlnI[mcWsb {]Xy£¯nÂXs¶ tNmZyw sN¿pIbmWv
‘keoJ¯pw’, ‘lpkv\pÂPamepw’. kmlnXy¯nse kv{Xo]£\ne]mSp
Ifpw AXn\\pkrXamb cN\Ifpw aebmf¯n tI«ptIÄhnt]mepan
Ãm¯ Ime¯mWv sshZyÀ Cu \mbnIamsc krjvSn¡p¶Xv. Ihn ]peÀ
¯nt¸m¶ ]ptcmKa\ho£W¯nsâ Gähpw anI¨ ZrjvSm´§fmbn
keoJ¯v ]S¸m«pw lpkv\pÂPam Imhyhpw \nesImÅp¶p. aebmf
kmlnXy¯n iàamb kv{Xo]£cN\ \S¯nb BZy Fgp¯pImc
\mWv sshZysc¶Xn\v Cu Imhy§Ä km£nbmWv.
sshZyÀ Cu Imhy§Ä cNn¡pt¼mÄ kv{Xo]£cN\IÄ ]mÝm
XytemI¯pt]mepw iàn {]m]n¨ncp¶nÃ. kaImenIcmb sh¬aWn
¡hnIÄ¡mhs« kv{Xo F¶ k¦Â¸w Xs¶ icoc{][m\ambncp¶p.
Awt_m]tZihpw, ]qc{]_Ôhpw {]kcn¸n¨ncp¶Xv kv{XohntamN\]c
amb Imhyk¦Â]§fmsW¶v Bcpw IcpXm\nSbnÃ. sshinIX{´IÀ
¯mhnsâ ]n³apd¡mcmbn X§sf kzbw Ahtcm[n¡pIbmbncp¶p
sh¬aWn¡hnIÄ sNbvXXv. thiymhr¯nbpsS ‘al¯zw’ ap¯ÈnamÀ
\ÂIp¶ D]tZi§fneqsS hnhcn¡p¶ Awt_m]tZi§fpsS Hcp ]c¼
cbmWv AhÀ `mjbn krjvSn¨Xv. sh¬aWn al³, sImSp§ÃqÀ
sIm¨p®n¯¼pcm³, \Sph¯v Aѳ, Hdh¦c \oeIWvT³\¼qXncn
XpS§nbhÀ Awt_m]tZicN\bn IgnhpsXfnbn¨hcmWv.
aebmf¯nse hyànXzapÅ BZykv{XoIYm]m{Xambn \ncq]IÀ
Nq−n¡mWn¡mdpÅ CµpteJbpsS ]ndhn¡v 17 hÀjw ap¼mWv lpkv
\pÂPam Imhyw ]pd¯phcp¶Xv. Xm³ kvt\ln¡p¶ am[ht\msSm¸w
Cd§n¸pds¸Sm\pÅ ss[cysam¶pw CµpteJbpw {]ISn¸n¨p ImWp
¶nÃ.
kmaqlnIhyhØnXn¡I¯pÅ e£vaWtcJIÄ t`Zn¨v CjvS
s¸« ]pcpj³amsc tXSnbnd§p¶, Bimsâ \mbnIamsc aebmfnIÄ
]cnNbn¡p¶Xv ]ns¶bpw c−p]Xnäm−p IgnªmWv. \fn\nbpw(1911),
eoebpw(1914) ]pd¯phcp¶Xn\p ap¼pXs¶ lpkv\p Pamen\v Ad_n

290
aebmf¯n \nch[n ]Xn¸pIfpw Cw¥ojn {it²bamb Hcp ]T\hpw
(F t]m¸peÀ am¸nf tkmwMvþ F^v. t^mkäv) h¶p Ignªncp¶p.

ImÂ]\nI{]hWXIÄ

kmlnXyNcn{X¯n henb kzm[o\wsNep¯nb {]Øm\§fn

sem¶mWv ImÂ]\nIX AYhm, sdmamânkw. 19þmw \qäm−nsâ BZy]
IpXnbn bqtdm¸nembncp¶p AXnsâ cwK{]thiw. \ntbm¢mÊnk¯n
sâ A]Nbt¯msS Cw¥−v, PÀ½\n, {^m³kv F¶o cmPy§fn Hcp
{]Øm\cq]w ssIs¡m−v AXp iàn{]m]n¨p. cq]`mh§fnepw Imeb
fhnepw sNdnb hyXymk§fp−mbncp¶psh¦nepw AXnsâ ASnØm\
khntijXIÄ Cu cmPy§fnseÃmw kam\ambncp¶p.
BwKtebIhn hneyw thÀUvkvhÀ¯nsâ (1770þ1850) ‘endn¡Â
_ÃmUvknsâ BapJs¯’ (Preface to the Lyrical Ballads) ‘Im¸\nIX
bpsS {]IS\ ]{XnI’bmbn hntijn¸n¡mdp−v. {In.h. 1800-þÂ {]kn²o
Icn¨ CXnsâ c−mw]Xn¸n\v thÀUvkvhÀ¯pw tImfdnUvPpw tNÀ¶v
X¿mdm¡nb apJhpcbn \ntbm¢mknk¯nsâ Imhyk¦Â¸§sf
\ncmIcn¨psIm−v Imhy{]IrXn (Nature of Poetry) ImhykÀKw (Poetic
Creation), Imhy`mj (Poetic Diction), F¶o aÞe§fnse \qX\amb
ImgvN¸mSpIÄ apt¶m«ph¨p. AtXmsS Im¸\nIXsb¡pdn¨pÅ NÀ¨
Ifpw bqtdm]y³ kmlnXy¯n kPohambn¯oÀ¶p.
`mhmßIX, hnImc]cX, hyàn]cX, BZÀimßIX F¶nhbm
Wv Im¸\nIXbpsS ASnØm\`mh§Ä. Ch IqSmsX ‘At_m[Xe
¯nte¡pÅ{]bmWw, A`uaLSI§tfmSpÅ XmÂ]cyw, BhnjvIcW
kzmX{´yw, KrlmXpcXzw, KXIme`àn, kz]v\k©mcIuXpIw XpS
1
§nb ]e kz`mhkhntijXIfpw sdmamânIv IrXnIfn ImWmw.
ImÂ]\nIXbpsS {]mKvcq]s¯bmWv ]qÀhImÂ]\nIX (Pre-
Romantism) F¶p hnfn¡p¶Xv. `mh\m\njvTtb¡mÄ IÂ]\m\njvTam
bncp¶p AXv. IÂ]\sb(fancy) kw`h§sf A\pkvacn¨mhnjv¡cn¡p
¶ coXnbmbmWv tImfdnUvPv IW¡m¡p¶Xv. AXn \n¶pw hyXykvX

291
ambn `mh\bpsS kÀKmßIhi¯n\v sdmamân¡pIÄ Du¶Â \ÂIn.
‘`mh\bpsS am{´nIiànbn {]oþsdmamân¡pIÄ hnizkn¨ncp¶psh
¦nepw `mh\tb¡mÄ {]m[m\yw kzm`mhnIXbv¡pw (Naturalness), kl
P\yXbv¡pw(Spontaneity), {]mIrXnIXbv¡pw (Primitiveness) AhÀ \Â
2
IpIbp−mbn.

ImÂ]\nIX aebmf¯nÂ
19þmw \qäm−nsâ A´y¯nepw 20þmw \qäm−nsâ Bcw`¯nepam
bmWv aebmf¯n ImÂ]\nI{]Øm\¯n\p XpS¡wIpdn¡p¶Xv.
Cw¥ojv hnZym`ymk¯n\p e`n¨ {]Nmc¯nsâ ^eambn, ]mÝmXykm
lnXyhpambn D−mb k¼À¡amWv AXn\phgn sXfnbn¨ LSI§fnÂ
{][m\w. At¸mtg¡pw ]mÝmXy\mSpIfnse AXnsâ {]`mh¯n\v a§
te¡pIbpw B[p\nIXbv¡v XpS¡wIpdn¡pIbpw sNbvXpIgnªncn
¡p¶p.
Ipamc\mimsâ hoW]qhns\bmWv (1907) `mjbnse e£Wsam
¯ BZyImÂ]\nIImhyambn ]cnKWn¡s¸«pt]mcp¶Xv. CXnt\mS
Sp¯ L«¯n ]pd¯ph¶ F.BÀ. cmPcmPhÀ½bpsS ‘aebhnemkw’
(1895), sI.kn. tIih]nÅbpsS ‘Bk¶acW Nn´miXIw’ (1895), Fw.
cmPcmPhÀ½bpsS "{]nbhnem]w'(1903), hn.kn. _meIrjvW¸Wn¡
cpsS ‘Hcp hnem]w’(1908), ‘hnizcq]w’(1911) XpS§nb Imhy§fnepw ImÂ
]\nIXbpsS Nne LSI§Ä H¯ptNÀ¶ncn¡p¶p. Cu KW¯nse {]
YaImhyamb ‘aebhnemk’¯nsâ t]cmWv aebmf¯nse ImÂ]\nI
Xsb¡pdn¨pÅ NÀ¨Ifn BZyw DbÀ¶phcmdpÅXv.
aebmf¯nse ]qÀhImÂ]\nIL«w Gsd {lkzamWv. ]qÀWmÀ
°¯n A§s\ hntijn¸n¡mhp¶ Imhy§Ä hncfhpamWv. ¢mÊn
Iv, \ntbm¢mÊnIv {]hWXIÄ¡mWv ap³Xq¡sa¦nepw sh¬aWn¡hn
IfpsS cN\Ifn ]qÀhImÂ]\nIXbpsS Awi§Ä ImWmw. sh¬
aWn{]Øm\¯nse {]apJIhnIfmWv aebmf¯n ]¨aebmf¯n
sâbpw hàm¡fpw, {]tbmàm¡fpambn cwK{]thiw sN¿p¶Xv. CXn
hr¯¯nse ]pXpa, `mjm]camb emfnXyw, hnImc]cX XpS§nb ]e
KpW§fpw Ahbn Is−¯m\mhpw. ]¨aebmf{]Øm\¯n\v Gähp
a[nIw kw`mh\bÀ¸n¨ Ip−qÀ \mcmbWtat\m\mWv sdmamânk¯n

292
sâ ap³Kman ({]nþsdmamânIv) F¶p hnfn¡s¸Sm³ Gähpw AÀls\¶v
3
B cwKs¯ KthjI\mb sI. {]tim`³ A`n{]mbs¸Sp¶p.
‘Ip−qÀ \mcmbWtat\msâ \mep`mjmImhy§fnse ka{K`mh
\bv¡v ImÂ]\nIXbpsS ]cnthjaps−¶pw, DZv_Wamb t{]amthi
§fpw Pzen¡p¶ kmlknIXIfpw IqSn Ahsb ImÂ]\nIXbpsS
ImemhØbntebv¡mWv hmkvXh¯n kÖam¡nbncn¡p¶sX¶p’
4
Fw. eoemhXnbpw \nco£n¡p¶p−v.

ImÂ]\nIXbpw tambn³Ip«n sshZycpw

Ad_naebmfImhy§sf amän\nÀ¯n aebmf¯nse ImÂ]\nI
{]Øm\¯nsâ Ncn{Xs¯ A]{KYn¡m\mhnÃ. ImÂ]\nIXbpsS ASn
Øm\ khntijXIÄ aebmf¯n BZyambn {]ISamhp¶Xv tambn³
Ip«n sshZycpsS ‘_ZvdpÂap\oÀ lpkv\pÂPamÂ’ (1872) F¶ Imhy¯n
emsW¶v, B IrXn ]cntim[n¨m Ffp¸w t_m[yamIpw. AXp {]kn
²oIcn¨v 19 hÀj§Ä¡p tijamWv Ip−qcnsâ \mep`mjmImhy§Ä
DÄs¸Sp¶ ]¨aebmf{]Øm\w Bcw`n¡p¶XpXs¶. F.Bdnsâ ‘ae
bhnemkhpw’, ‘lpkv\pÂPamepw’ X½n 23 hÀjs¯ AIeap−v.
{]Wbs¯ kw_Ôn¨ sshZycpsS k¦Â]amWv Cu Imhy¯nÂ
sXfnªpImWp¶Xv. kv{XobpsS kzXzw DbÀ¯n]nSn¡pIbpw, AhÄ
]pcpjsâ t`mKXrjvW ian¸n¡p¶Xn\pÅ D]IcWw am{XamsW¶
kaImenIIhnIfpsS hnNmc[mcsb \ncmIcn¡pIbpamWv sshZyÀ sN
¿p¶Xv. _ZvdpÂap\odpw lpkv\pÂPamepw X½nepÅ {]Wbw ss\anjn
IhnImc¯n \n¶pSseSp¡p¶, DSÂ\njvTamb H¶mbÃ; ImÂ]\nI
XbpsS ASnØm\`mh¯n\v A\p]qcIamb hn[¯nepÅ at\m\njvT
amb {]WbamWv Bhnjv¡cn¨ncn¡p¶Xv. kv{Xo]pcpj·msc Htc hnXm
\¯n {]XnjvTn¡pt¼mtg A¯c¯nepÅ Hcp {]Wbk¦Â]w km[y
amhq.
\mbnItbmSpÅ A\pcmK¯n \mbI\mb _ZvdpÂap\odns\
\bn¨ncp¶Xv ZpÀ_ehnImcambncp¶psh¦nÂ, A`uakuµcy¯nsâ DS
aIfmbn Ihn hÀWn¡p¶ JaÀ_m³, kp^bvd XpS§nb D]\mbnI
amsc Ah\p hcn¡mambncp¶p. AhcpsS {]tem`\§fn \n¶pw Ah³
c£s¸Sp¶Xv lpkv\p Pament\mSpÅ AeuInIamb A\pcmK¯nsâ

293
t{]cW sIm−pam{XamWv. adp`mK¯v _lvPÀ cmPmhnsâbpw apjv¯m
Jnsâbpw cmÚo]Zw \nckn¡m\pw, ap\odns\ am{Xw [ym\n¨p Ignbp
hm\pw \mbnIsb t{]cn¸n¡p¶ LSIhpw asäm¶Ã. AhÀ¡nSbnepÅ
{]Wb¯nsâ at\m\njvT`mh¯n\v AXp \nZÀi\ambn \n¡p¶p. _Zv
dpÂap\odpambpÅ kamKaw km[yamIptam F¶ ktµlhpw, A§s\
kw`hn¨mepw, ZoÀL\mÄ A_qk¿mZnt\msSm¸w Ignª Xs¶, Ah³
kzoIcn¡ptam F¶ Nn´bpw Ahsf Bi¦bnemgv¯m\nSbpÅ thfbn
emWtÃm kp¯m³ Ahsf £Wn¡p¶Xv.

kmlknIXbpw kzmX{´yhmRvObpw
{]Wbs¯ t]mcm«¯n\pÅ D]m[nbm¡p¶ \mbnIm\mbI·m
cmWv Cu Imhy¯nepÅXv. AhcpsS sshbànIkzmX{´y¯nsâ
{]Jym]\hpw, kmlknIat\m`mhhpw IrXnbpsS ImÂ]\nIkuµcy
¯n\v amäpIq«p¶p−v. Cu kmlknIXtbbpw, kzmX{´yhmRvOtbbpw,
Ipd¨pIqSn DbÀ¶hnXm\¯n {]XnjvTn¡m\pÅ {iaamWv ]S¸m«pI
fn ImWpI.
kmaqlnIhpw, cmjv{Sobhpamb A\oXnIfpw ASn¨aÀ¯epIfpw
iàamIpt¼mgmWv hyànIÄ kzmX{´ys¯ kz]v\w ImWpI. B
kz]v\¯nepw Hcp ImÂ]\nI`mhap−v. \nehnepÅ kmaqlnIhyhØn
Xnsb XIÀ¯v Hcp ]pXnb temI{Iaw km[yam¡Wsa¶v AbmÄ B{K
ln¡p¶p. A\oXns¡Xncmb Cu t]mcm«¯n DuÀÖw kw`cn¡p¶Xv
KXImeNcn{XkvarXnIfn \nt¶m, kzm\p`h¯n \nt¶m BImw.
ImÂ]\nIXbpsS kz`mh§fnsem¶mb KXIme¯nte¡pÅ {]bmW
hpw AXnt\mSpÅ `ànbpamWv Ihnsb \bn¡p¶Xv. AhnsS\n¶pw
{]tab§Ä Is−¯m³ {]tNmZn¸n¡p¶Xv. Xm\pÄs¡mÅp¶ kaql
¯nsâ `mhnsb¡pdn¨pÅ IhnbpsS kz]v\§fn Xo{hamb sshImcn
IX DÄt¨À¶ncn¡p¶p. ]S¸m«pIfnse \nch[n CiepIfn Cu
sshImcnIXbpsS Ips¯mgp¡v A´À[mcbmbn \nesImÅp¶p. ià
amb hnImc§fpsS A\ÀKfamb Ips¯mgp¡mbmWv thÀUvkvhÀ¯v
IhnXsb \nÀÆln¨ncn¡p¶Xv.

294
`mh\bpw BZÀi]cXbpw
ImÂ]\nIImhy§fpsS A\nhmcyKpW§fnsem¶v AXnsâ `mh
\mßIXbmWv. ¢mÊnIvþ\ntbm¢mÊnIv Imhy§fnepw `mh\bv¡v Øm
\aps−¦nepw, sdmamânIvIhnIÄ AXn\p \ÂIp¶ Øm\w ]cnKWn
¡pt¼mÄ AX{X {][m\asöp ImWmw.
Bim³Imhy§sft¸mse BJym\kz`mhapÅ {]tab§fmWv
sshZycpw kzoIcn¨Xv. At¸mgpw `mh\m{][m\amb hÀW\IfpsS km
[yXIÄ Ihn ]camh[n {]tbmP\s¸Sp¯nbn«p−v. _ZÀþDlZv ]S¸m«p
IfpsS BJym\¯n\v Ahew_am¡m³ \nch[n Ncn{XIrXnIÄ Ihn
¡p ap¶nep−mbncp¶p. F¶m ae¸pdw ]S¸m«v hmsamgnNcn{Xs¯
am{Xw B[mcam¡n `mh\bn ]p\xkrjvSn¡pIbmWv Ihn sNbvXXv.
IhnbpsS Gähpw anI¨ hÀW\IfpsS KW¯n hcp¶ ae¸pdw ]Ån
hÀW\bpw(C.15), _ZÀJnÊbnse kzÀKI\yIamcpsS hÀW\bpw(C.68)
`mh\m]cXbv¡pÅ anI¨ ZrjvSm´§fmWv. kemkoÂ, keoJ¯v,
Fen¸S XpS§nb IYmImhy§fpw Ihn`mh\bpsS krjvSnIfmWv.
sshZycpsS Imhy`mh\bpsS aIptSmZmlcWambn Adnbs¸Sp¶Xv
_ZvdpÂap\oÀ lpkv\p PamemWv. kplr¯v \nkmap±o³ ]dªptI«
Hcp IY XtâXmb coXnbn ]p\cmJym\w sN¿pIbmbncp¶p sshZyÀ.
IYm]m{X§fpsS {]Wbhpw hnclhpw ]p\xkamKahpsaÃmw `mhXo{h
XtbmsS ]p\cmhnjv¡cn¡m³ sshZyÀ¡p Ignªn«p−v.
{]tabw {]Wbambmepw t]mcm«ambmepw XnIª BZÀimßIX
bpsS `qanIbnemWv Hmtcm IYm]m{Xhpw \nesImÅp¶Xv. AXmhs«,
IhnbpsS Xs¶ BZÀit_m[¯nsâ {]Xn^e\hpw. DlZp]S¸m«nse
lwkbpw, ae¸pdw ]S¸m«nse sambvXo³Ip«nbpw keoJ¯p ]S¸m«nse
keoJ¯pw s]mcpXp¶Xv X§Ä hnizkn¡p¶ BZÀi¯n\pth−n
bmWv. BZÀi¯n\pth−n Pohn¡m\pw acn¡m\pw X¿mdmWhÀ.
‘_ZvdpÂap\odnse’ \mbnIm\mbI·mcpsS ØnXnbpw hn`n¶aÃ.
kIe kpJkuIcy§fpw ]cnXyPn¡m³ \mbnIsb t{]cn¸n¡p¶Xpw
asäm¶paÃ, Pn¶pcmPIpamcnbmb kp^bvdbpsS Xmev]cy¯n\p hg§m
¯Xn\m ap\odns\, `£Ww \ÂImsX ]oUn¸n¡pIbpw ssIImep
IÄ _Ôn¨v InWänsednbpIbpw sN¿p¶p−v. acWw ap¶n ImWp¶
kmlNcy¯nepw ap\oÀ Xsâ \ne]mSpIfn Abhp hcp¯p¶nÃ.

295
{]Wbw, kaXzw, kzmX{´yw apXembhsb kw_Ôn¨ BZÀimßI
amb k¦Â]§fnemWv Bimsâ IYm]m{X§sft¸mse sshZycpsS
IYm]m{X§fpw \nesImÅp¶Xv.
\mXnZoÀL§fmb `mhKoX§tfmSmWv Im¸\nI IhnIÄ¡v Iq
SpXÂ B`napJyw. sshZycmhs«, IYmImhy§tfmSv X\n¡pÅ {]Xn]
¯n \ne\nÀ¯nt¸m¶p. Imhy§Ä¡I¯pXs¶ kzX{´amb \ne\nÂ
¸pÅXpw `mhKoX§fpsS kuµcyw XnIªhbpamb ioepIfpw A¡q«
¯nep−v.

ImÂ]\nIXbpsS t]Àjy³kzm[o\w
Ipamc\mims\bpw aäp ImÂ]\nIIhnIsfbpw {][m\ambpw kzm
[o\n¨Xv Cw¥ojvkmlnXy¯nse ImÂ]\nIcN\IfmWv. sjÃn, Ioävkv,
{_uWnwKv XpS§nbhcpsS cN\Ifmbncp¶p AXn apJyw. I¡¯
bnepw a{ZmknepapÅ D]cn]T\amWv Bim\v AXn\v klmbIambXv.
F¶m ImÂ]\nIXbpsS Cu BwKtebkzm[o\w aebmfIhn
Xbnep−mhp¶Xn\p ap¼pXs¶ t]Àjy³kmlnXyhpambpÅ k¼À¡w
hgn Ad_naebmfIhnIÄ A¯cw {]hWXIÄ Xncn¨dnªncp¶p.
t]Àjy³þDÀZpkmlnXy§fn \n¶pÅ At\Iw t\mhepIÄ 19þmw\qäm
−nsâ D¯cmÀ²¯n Ad_naebmf¯n hnhÀ¯\w sN¿s¸«n«p−v.
‘sseemaPv\p’ F¶t]cn {]kn²amb t]Àjy³{]WbIYbmWv Bim
sâ eoemImhy¯nsâ {]tNmZ\w. Cu t\mhepw Ad_naebmf¯nÂ
A¶p hnhÀ¯\w sN¿s¸«ncp¶p.
DÀZpkmlnXyhpambpÅ k¼À¡hpw sshZyÀ¡v Cu taJebnÂ
hgnIm«nbncn¡m\nSbp−v. aebmf¯n sdmamânIv{]Øm\¯n\v XpS
¡w Ipdn¡p¶Xn\p ap¼pXs¶ D¯tc´ybn AXnsâ AesbmenI
sf¯nbncp¶p. ‘hwKkmlnXy’¯nsâ ImtäämWv tIcf¯n sdmamânIv
5
{]Øm\w DSseSp¯Xv F¶ tIkcn_meIrjvW¸nÅbpsS A`n{]mbw
CXpambn _Ôs¸Sp¶p−v. hwKkmlnXyhpw, DÀZpkmlnXyhpw ]ckv]
cw k¼À¡apÅ kmlnXytaJeIfmWv. _ZvdpÂap\odnsâ aqeIrXn
t]Àjy³{]tabw kzoIcn¨ DÀZpt\mhemsW¶ Is−¯epw CXn\p
_ew \ÂIp¶p.
Bim\n ]qÀWX ssIhcn¡p¶ aebmf¯nse ImÂ]\nI{]
Øm\¯n\v ap¼pXs¶ AXnsâ ASnØm\e£W§Ä {]ISn¸n¡p¶

296
IrXnIÄ F¶ \nebn tambn³Ip«n sshZycpsS IrXnIÄ¡pÅ kmln
XyNcn{X]camb {]kàn A\ntj[yamsW¶p ImWmw. B IrXnIsf
ImÂ]\nI{]Øm\¯n FhnsSbmWv {]XnjvTnt¡−sX¶ Imcy
¯n ho−phnNmcw A\nhmcyamWv.

{ZmhnUkuµcyimkv{Xhpw sshZyÀ¡rXnIfpw

aWn{]hmfIhnIÄ krjvSn¨ htcWyImhykwkvImc¯n\p _Z

embn, tIcfNcn{X¯nepw kwkvImc¯nepw Bg¯n thcpIfpff Hcp
Imhy]mc¼cyw DbÀ¯n¡mWn¡p¶XmWv tambn³Ip«n sshZycpsS
IrXnIÄ. B ]mc¼cy¯nsâ khntijXIÄ Xncn¨dnªm am{Xta
sshZyÀ¡mhy§fpsS hmb\ ka{KamhpIbpÅq.
{InkvXphn\ptijapff BZy\qäm−pIfn XangI¯v cq]s¸«
kwL(N¦) kmlnXyw ]n¡mekmlnXys¯ KWyambn kzm[o\n¨n«p
−v. Ie, kmlnXyw, kwkvImcw XpS§nb taJeIfn Z£ntW´ybn
se Gähpw iàamb apt¶ä¯nsâ ImeambmWv kwLImew Adnb
s¸Sp¶Xv. XangvkmlnXy¯nse ¢mÊnIvkz`mhapff cN\Itfsdbpw Cu
ImeL«¯nsâ kw`mh\bmWv. aebmfw Hcp kzX{´`mjbmbn hnIm
kw {]m]n¨n«nÃm¯ A¡me¯v Pohn¨ncp¶ {]apJIhnIfn tNctZi
¯v (tIcfw) \n¶pff IhnIfpap−mbncp¶p. ‘Nne¸XnImc’IÀ¯mhm
b CfwtImhSnIÄ Ahcn {]apJ\mWv.
]m«p{]Øm\¯nepw I®ÈIrXnIfnepw {]ISambn Zriyambn
cp¶ Cu {ZmhnUImhy]mc¼cys¯ aWn{]hmfhpambn Iq«ntbmPn¸n¨v
Hcp ]pXnb Imhy`mjbpw cN\mssienbpw cq]s¸Sp¯m³ Fgp¯Ñ³
{ian¨p. {ZmhnUhr¯§fpw AXnsâ sNmÂhSnhpIfpw At±lw ]n´pSÀ
¶p. \mSphmgn¯hpw Bcyta[mhn¯hpw iàambtXmsS {ZmhnUImhy
k¦Â¸§Ä ]n´pScp¶ cN\IÄ s]mXp[mcbn \n¶pw ]mÀizhXv¡
cn¡s¸«p. AXns\ \mtSmSnkmlnXyw F¶ \nebn am{Xw HXp¡n
\nÀ¯n. \mKcnIkmlnXysa¶m kwkvIrX¯n\v taÂt¡mbvabpff
aWn{]hmfamsW¶ [mcW {]_eamhpIbpw sNbvXp.
Imhy`mjbpsS cq]¯nepw k¦Â¸¯nepw h¶ Cu amäw kzoI
cn¡m³ Ad_naebmfIhnIÄ X¿mdmbncp¶nÃ. aWn{]hmf¯nÂ

297
kwkvIrX`mjbv¡v Iev]n¨p\ÂInb {]m[m\yw Ad_nbv¡v \ÂIn
s¡m−v, ]gb{ZmhnU]mc¼cys¯ \ne\nÀ¯m\pw Ad_nbpambn AXn
s\ kwtÇjn¸n¡m\pamWv AhÀ apJyambpw {ian¨Xv.

{ZmhnUkuµcyimkv{Xw
kwLImekmlnXyIrXnIfnemWv {ZmhnUkuµcyimkv{X¯nsâ
thcpIfpffXv. kwLkmlnXy¯nsâ e£W§Ä ‘sXmÂIm¸nbw’,
‘bm¸cp¦ew’, ‘Cssdb\mÀ AIs¸mcpÄ’, ‘]pds¸mcpÄ’, ‘sh¬]mame’
F¶o {KÙ§fn t{ImUoIcn¨ncn¡p¶p. kmlnXyIrXnIsf AIw,
]pdw F¶n§s\ c−mbn hn`Pn¨mWv C¯cw e£W{KÙ§Ä NÀ¨
sN¿p¶Xv. "AIs¸mcpfnse {]Xn]mZyw Bß\njvT(subjective)ambncn
¡pw. ]pds¸mcpfnse {]Xn]mZyamhs« hkvXp\njvThpw (objective) AI
s¸mcpÄ lrZb_豈 BhnjvIcn¡pt¼mÄ ]pds¸mcpÄ kmaqlnI
_豈 BhnjvIcn¡p¶p. kmlnXy¯nse hkvXphnjb§Ä
(subject matters) C§s\ c−p hn[¯ntehcm\pffp. AIw AIt¯¡pw
6
]pdw ]pdt¯¡pw t\m¡p¶p.'
AIwIhnXIÄ hyànIfpsS B´cnIPohnXs¯ kv]Àin¡p¶
{]Wbw t]mepff {]tab§Ä¡v ap³Xq¡w \ÂIp¶hbmWv. AI\m
\qdv, IpdpwsXmssI, sF¦dp\qdp, Iens¯mssI apXembh Cu hn`mK
¯nÂs¸Sp¶hbmWv. \mbnIm\mbI³amcpsS {]Wb¯nsâ thZnIfmb
Øe§sf B[mcam¡n AIwIhnXIsf A©pXnWIÄ (sF´nssW)
Bbpw HmtcmXnWtbbpw AhØmt`Z§sf Bkv]Zam¡n XpssdIfm
bpw hn`Pn¡mhp¶p−v. Ipdn©n (ae{¼tZiw), ]msse (hc−{]tZiw),
apssà (h\{]tZiw), acpXw (Irjn¡p tbmPn¨ \m«p{]tZiw), s\bvXÂ
(kap{ZXocw) F¶nhbmWv sF´nWIÄ.
a\pjycpsS `uXnIPohnXw {]tabam¡p¶ ]pdwIhnXIfn bp²
¯n\v ap³Xq¡w e`n¡p¶p. cmPm¡³amcpsS ]cm{Ia§fpw ssk\nI
apt¶ä§fpsams¡ hnkvXcn¨p hÀWn¡p¶ hocck{][m\amb Imhy
§fmWh. ‘]pd\m\qdpw’, ‘]Xnäp]¯pw’ Cu hn`mK¯nemWv hcp¶Xv.

298
{]tab¯nse {ZmhnUkzm[o\w
tambn³Ip«n sshZycpsS {]tab§fpw AXnsâ BJym\§fpw
]qÀWambpw taÂkqNn¸n¨ Imhyk¦ev]¯n am{Xw HXp§n\n¡p¶
XmsW¶p ]dbm³ h¿. A¿¸]Wn¡À Nq−n¡mWn¡p¶Xpt]mse
‘sXm¡m¸nbcpsS Imes¯ sXt¡C´y³`q{]IrXn B[mcam¡nbm
Wv Ggv AI¯nWIfpw, Ggv ]pd¯nWIfpw \nÀt±in¡s¸«n«pÅXv. `q
tKmf¯nse aäp`mK§Ä {i²mhnjbamIpt¼mÄ IqSpX XnWIÄ
7
AwKoIcn¡s¸Sp¶Xv \ymbamWv’. F¦nepw AhbpsS iàamb kzm[o
\w sshZycneps−¶v Is−¯m\mhpw.
sshZycpsS ImhyhyhlmcaÞe§fnse {][m\{]tab§Ä {]
Wbhpw t]mcm«hpamWv. ‘_ZvdpÂap\oÀ lpkv\p PamÂ’ F¶ {]Wb
Imhyhpw, BZyImecN\Ifnse irwKmc{][m\§fmb I¯p]m«pIfpw
AIw k¦ev]¯n\I¯pffhbmWv. Ad_naebmfImhytemI¯v XnI
¨pw A\yambncp¶ {]Wbw {]tabambn kzoIcn¨v sImt−m«nbnse
X§³amcpsSbpw, Xsâ Kpcphpw 26 Awi§fnse ]ÅnIfnse Jmknbp
ambncp¶ apkveymcI¯v Al½ZvIp«n apkveymcpsSbpw Bßobt\Xr
Xzhpw kzm[o\hpw iàamb tZi¯ph¨mWv sshZyÀ lpkv\pÂPamÂ
cNn¡p¶Xv. Xangv`mjbn {]mhoWywt\SpIbpw XangIs¯ Nne tI{µ
§Ä kµÀin¡pIbpw sNbvXXn\p tijambncp¶p AXv. XangvhymIc
W{KÙ§fpw AXnse Imhy{]tab§fpw sshZysc kzm[o\n¨Xnsâ
DZmlcWw IqSnbmWnXv. F¶m Ad_n¡YIfpsS amXrIbnepff
A`uaamb ]Ým¯ew IrXnIfn IS¶phcp¶Xn\m AXns\ XnW
k¦Â]ambn tNÀ¯phmbn¡p¶Xn ]cnanXnIfp−v.
kmaqlnIPohnX¯n CSs]«psIm−v Ihn \S¯nb cN\IÄ
]pdwIhnXIfpsS khntijXIfpÄs¡mffp¶p−v. ssk\nI apt¶ä§
fpw B{IaW§fpw cmPyX{´ÚXbpsaÃmw {]tabam¡p¶ Xangv]pdw
Imhy§fpw sshZycpsS ]S¸m«pIfpw kam\khntijXIÄ ]peÀ¯p
¶p−v. hocck¯n\p Xs¶bmWv c−nS¯pw Du¶Â \ÂIp¶Xv.
kwLImeIrXnIfn \sÃmcp]¦pw IYmJym\§fmWv. ]p\cm
Jym\¯nsâ km[yXIfpÅ {]tab§Ä Is−¯n ]pXpa tNmcmsX
Bhnjv¡cn¡p¶Xnembncp¶p sshZyÀ¡pw XmÂ]cyap−mbncp¶Xv.

299
{KÙe£W]cmaÀi§Ä
{]mNo\ XangvIhnIfpw, `mjbnse ]m«pIhnIfpw ImhycN\bnÂ
Nne Iogvhg¡§Ä ]men¡p¶Xp ImWmw. \¶qen {KÙe£Wambn
]dbp¶ cN\mkt¦X§fmWnh. ‘{KÙw, {KÙIÀ¯mhv, {]Xn]mZ\co
Xn, tIÄ¡p¶h³ F¶o A©pImcy§Ä ]dbp¶ ‘s]mXp¸mbnchpw’,
{KÙ\nÀ½mXmhnsâ \maw, {KÙ¯nsâ aqew, {]Nmc¯nencn¡p¶
Øew, {KÙ¯nsâ \maw, OµÊv, {]Xn]mZn¡p¶ hnjbw, ]Tn¡p¶
hÀ, {]tbmP\w F¶o F«phnjb§Ä DÄs¡mÅp¶ ]mbnchpw, cma
8
NcnXImc\pw Xncp\ng amemImc\pw, I®È³amcpw kzoIcn¨n«p−v’.
\¶qÂIÀ¯mhv kqNn¸n¡p¶ Imcy§Ä {Iaambn ]n´pScpIbÃ
sshZyÀ sN¿p¶Xv. {KÙIÀ¯mhnsâ t]cnsâ Øm\¯v XqenIm\ma
ambn kzoIcn¨ ‘]¿ÂXz_o_v’ (sshZy]p{X³) an¡ cN\Ifnepw
ImWmw. (DZm._.Jn.2, a.].2) {KÙ¯nsâ aqew, {]Xn]mZ\hnjbw, {]
tbmP\§Ä apXembh Bcw`¯nepw A´y¯nepapff CiepIfnembn
hcp¶p. Ahew_am¡p¶ aqeIrXn CSbv¡pw ]cmaÀin¡p¶p−v. \¶q
ense amÀK\nÀt±i¯n \n¶v hyXykvXambn IrXnbpsS cN\mImew
IqSn ZoÀLImhy§fnseÃmw ]cmaÀin¡p¶p. lnPvd hÀjhpw sImÃhÀ
jhpamWv CXn\v B[mcam¡nbncn¡p¶Xv.
`mjm{]tbmK§fpsS taJebnemWv Xangvþ{ZmhnU]mc¼cyw
]qÀWambpw {]Xn^en¡p¶Xv. Xangva«nepÅ Imhyssien, ]ZkwkvI
cWcoXnIÄ, hr¯me¦mc§Ä apXemb taJeIfn {]ISamIp¶ Cu
kzm[o\w IrXnIfpsS `mjm]{KY\¯n NÀ¨ sNbvXn«p−v.

sImtfmWnbÂhncp²B[p\nIXbpsS ]mT§Ä

bqtdm¸nse hymhkmbnIhn¹h¯nsâ XpSÀ¨bmbn 17,18 \qäm−p

Ifnembn D−mb \thm°m\amWv B[p\nIXbpsS (Modernism) Bi
btemI¯n\v hgnXpd¡p¶Xv. ]c¼cmKXk¦Â]§fpsSbpw aqey§fp

300
sSbpw Øm\¯v imkv{Xob ImgvN¸mSn\pw bpànNn´bv¡pw Du¶Â
\ÂIp¶ kao]\amWv B[p\nIXbpsS hàm¡Ä apt¶m«p h¨Xv.
{_n«³, {^m³kv apXemb iànIÄ Gjy³þB{^n¡³cmPy§
fn A[n\nthiw hym]n¸n¨tXmsS B[p\nIXbpsS aqey§Ä F¶Xv
bqtdm]y³ aqey§Ä F¶p hyhlcn¡s¸«p. Ie, kmlnXyw, X¯z
Nn´ XpS§n kÀhtaJeIfnepw bqtdm¸nsâ _u²nItaÂt¡mbva Øm
]ns¨Sp¡m\mWv A[n\nthiiànIÄ {ian¨Xv. ]uckvXykmlnXy§
sfbpw hnÚm\imJIsfbpw XcwXmgv¯m\pff {ia§fpw CXnsâ `mK
ambn \S¶p. {_n«ojv C´ybn \S¸nÂhcpt¯− hnZym`ymk¯nsâ
kz`mhw F{]Imcambncn¡Wsa¶ hnjbw NÀ¨sN¿p¶ 1835-þse
sat¡msf an\pSvknse Hcp ]cmaÀiw CXn\v sXfnhmWv: "C´ybnse
bpw Ad_nbnsebpw kmlnXyhnÚm\w sam¯w kamlcn¨mepw bqtdm
]y³kmlnXy¯nsâ Hcp Aeamcbn sImÅmhp¶ ]pkvXI§fneS
9
§nb hnÚm\w Ahbn D−mhpIbnÃ' F¶mbncp¶p sat¡msf
bpsS {]kvXmhw.
Cu hn[apÅ ImgvN¸mSpambn, tImf\nhmgvN C´ybn iàn
{]m]n¨psIm−ncp¶ 19þmw \qäm−nsâ D¯cmÀ²¯nemWv sshZycpsS
PohnXw. tIcf¯n B[p\nIXbpsS Bib§Ä kzoIcn¨psIm−pff
]cnjvIcW{ia§Ä kmaqlnIcwK¯pw kmlnXycwK¯pw Bcw`n¡p¶
Xn\p ap¼mbncp¶p AXv.
At¸mgpw B[p\nIXbpsS KpW]camb aqey§Ä Ihn kzmwioI
cn¨ncp¶Xnsâ sXfnhpIÄ At±l¯nsâ hntamN\k¦Â]¯nÂ
ImWmw. \mSphmgn¯¯n\pw km{amPyXz¯n\psaXnsc P\IobIem]
§Ä iàn {]m]n¡pt¼mÄ km[mcW¡mcpsS ]£¯p\n¶ Ihn
kv{XohntamN\wt]mepff ]ptcmKa\Bib§fpsSbpw hàmhmbncp¶p
htÃm. {_n«ojpImÀ sIm−phcp¶sXÃmw Xn·bmsW¶v At±lw IcpXn
bnÃ. hnIk\cwK¯v hn¹h¯n\v XpS¡wIpdn¨ Xoh−nkÀhokv
Bcw`n¨ thfbn AXn AIw\ndªv kt´mjn¡p¶ IhnsbbmWv
‘Xoh−n¨nµv’, ‘Xoh−n s_bv¯v’ XpS§nb cN\Ifn ImWpI.
km{amPyXzhncp²X {]Xy£¯n Xs¶ DbÀ¯n¡mWn¡p¶
ap{ZhmIy kz`mh§fnepff cN\Ifnembncp¶nà At±l¯nsâ `mh\
hnlcn¨ncp¶Xv. B Bibw {]XoImßIambn AhXcn¸n¨m Xs¶

301
ImhyKpW¯n\v tIm«wX«msX Dt±in¨ ^ew sN¿psa¶v XpS¡wapXte,
Ihn Xncn¨dnªncp¶p.
‘Fen¸S’ F¶ _mekmlnXycN\bn t]mepw Cu ZÀi\ap−v.
kz´w Øe¯v AXn{Ian¨pIbdn hkvXphIIÄ \in¸n¡pIbpw ]¯m
b¯nse [m\y§Ä apgph³ A]lcn¨psIm−pt]mIpIbpw sN¿p¶
FenIÄs¡Xnsc ]q¨IÄ \S¯p¶ kachpw henb ssk\nIk¶ml
t¯msSsb¯p¶ aqjnI¸Ssb ]q¨IÄ Xpc¯p¶XpamWv AXnsâ
{]tabw. Xsâ bPam\sâ ho«n ]q¨ kpJambn Dd§n¡nS¡pt¼m
gmWv FenIÄ AhnsSbpÅ hkvXp¡Ä A]lcn¡ms\¯p¶Xv. Gsd
A[zm\w th−n hs¶¦nepw AhÀ DWÀ¶p apt¶dnbt¸mÄ i{Xphns\
Xpc¯m³ km[n¡p¶p.
ae¸pds¯ Bcm[\mebhpw P\hmktI{µhpw XIÀ¡ms\¯p
¶ \mSphmgns¡Xnsc Xt±iobÀ \S¯nb sNdp¯p\n¸nsâ IY ]d
bp¶ ae¸pdw ]S¸m«nsâ cN\me£yhpw asäm¶mbncp¶nÃ. AXp]mSn
hymJym\n¡p¶ kZÊpIÄ¡v {_n«ojpImÀ¡v \ntcm[\taÀs¸Sp¯n
bXv, B Imhyw krjvSn¨ hn¹h¯n\pZmlcWamWv.
kz´wcN\IfneqsS Ihn DbÀ¯n¡mWn¨ A[n\nthihncp²
aqey§fpw AtXmsSm¸w kzoIcn¨ B[p\nImib§fpamWv sshZysc
kaImenIIhnIfn \n¶pw hyXykvX\m¡p¶Xv.
***

Ipdn¸pIÄ
1. s{]m^. Fw.]n. ]Wn¡À, aebmfJÞImhy§Ä Hcp ]T\w,
(tIcf`mjm C³Ìnäyq«v, 1996) ]p. 39
2. Sn.]p. 36
3. tUm. sI. {]tim`³, ]¨aebmfIrXnIfpw]T\hpw, (tIcf `mjm
C³Ìnäyq«v, Xncph\´]pcw, 1996), ]p. 15
4. tUm. Fw. eoemhXn, aebmfIhnXmkmlnXyNcn{Xw, (tIcf
kmlnXy A¡mZan, XrÈqÀ) ]p. 167
5. tIkcn _meIrjvW¸nÅ, ‘aWn\mZw AhXmcnI’, D²cWw: Fw.
]n. ]Wn¡À, Sn.]p. 19

302
6. s\Ãn¡Â apcfo[c³, hnizkmlnXyZÀi\§Ä, (Un.kn _pIvkv,
tIm«bw, 1997) ]p.372
7. sI.A¿¸¸Wn¡À, C´y³kmlnXykn²m´w {]kànbpw km[y
Xbpw, (tIcf`mjm C³Ìnäyq«v, 1999) ]p. 94
8. s]mXp¸mbncw
‘\qte, \phÂthm³, \phepw Xndt\
sImÄthm³, tImSdv, Iqäp, Bw, sF´pw,
FÃm\qdvIpw, Cssh s]mXp¸mbncw’.
(\\qÂ. ]p. 5)
Nnd¸p¸mbncw
B¡ntbm³ s]btc, hgnth FssÃ
\pds]bÀ bmt¸\p Xenb s]mcptf
tISv t]mÀ ]bt\mSv Bbn F¬s]mcpfpw
hmbv¸¡m«³ ]mbnc¯p CbÂt]’.
(\¶qÂ. ]p. 26)
tUm. F³. APnXvIpamÀ, Xncp\ngÂame Hcp]T\w, (tIcf`mjm
C³Ìnäyq«v, Xncph\´]pcw, 2002), ]p. 2þ3
9. Xmbm«v i¦c³, C´y³hnZym`ymkw \qäm−pIfneqsS (sI.Fkv.
Sn.F Xncph\´]pcw, 2013), ]p.93

303
Bava K.“Works of Moyinkutty Vaidyar: Language and discource ”
Thesis. Department of Malayalam and Kerala studies, University
of Calicut, 2015.
 A[ymbw : 8

sshZycpsS Fgp¯v
kzm[o\¯nsâ cq]t`Z§Ä

tambn³Ip«nsshZycpsS cN\IÄ kmlnXy¯nsâbpw, kmaqlnIþ

kmwkvImcnI taJeIfpsSbpw hnhn[XpdIfn sNep¯nb kzm[o\w
hnkvabIcamWv. sshZycpsS kaImenIcmb `mjmIhnIÄt¡m, Ad_n
aebmfIhnIÄt¡m ]n¡me¯p e`n¨ kzoImcyXbpsS ]Xn·S§p
hym]vXn AXn\p−v. ]pXnb cq]`mh§Ä kzoIcn¨v Ct¸mgpw Ah{]
Nmcw t\Sns¡m−ncn¡p¶p. hÀ¯am\Ime¯nse hnhn[§fmb hyh
lmcaÞe§tfmSv kwhZn¡m\pÅ AXnsâ tijnbmWv CXp shfnhm
¡p¶Xv. amdnhcp¶ XeapdIfpsS A`ncpNnsb Xr]vXns¸Sp¯m³ t]m¶
LSI§Ä Ahbneps−¶v Cu hkvXpX t_m[ys¸Sp¯p¶p.
sshZyÀ¡rXnIÄ¡p e`n¨ kmaqlnI AwKoImc¯nsâ hym]vXn
sb AXnsâ Imea\pkcn¨p c−mbnhn`Pn¡mw. Ad_naebmfkmln
Xyhpw sshZyÀ¡rXnIfpw s]mXpkaql¯nsâ ]cnKW\bn hcp¶Xv,
1947þÂ \S¶ kakvXtIcf kmlnXy]cnj¯nsâ kt½f\t¯mSpIqSn
bmWv. AXn\pap¼pÅ {]Nmcw {][m\ambpw apkvenwkmaqlnIhr¯¯n
\I¯mbncp¶p. AXn\m 1947þhscbpÅ AXnsâ hfÀ¨sb BZyL«
ambpw, ]n¶oSpÅXns\ c−mwL«ambpw hniIe\w sN¿mhp¶XmWv.
ta hn`P\¯nse BZyL«¯n AYhm, 20þmw \qäm−nsâ XpS
¡¯n\v F«phÀjw ap¼phscbmWv IhnbpsS PohnXImew. kmlnXy
cwK¯v kPohambncp¶ At\Iw Fgp¯pImÀ 19þmw \qäm−nsâ c−mw
]IpXnbn sshZycpsS kaImenIcmbn Pohn¨ncp¶p. Ad_naebmf¯n
epw, `mjbnepw Hcp ]cnhÀ¯\Zibv¡v XpS¡wIpdn¨hcpw B KW
¯nep−v.

kzm[o\w kaImenIcnÂ
{]mkhnhmZw t]mepÅ kwhmZ§fpw NÀ¨IfpwsIm−v `mjm
kmlnXycwKw kPohambncp¶ kµÀ`¯nemWv sshZyÀ Pohn¡p¶Xv.

304
sX¡³tIcf¯n A¶pPohn¨ncp¶ {]apJ]ÞnXcmWv tIcfhÀ½
henb tImbn¯¼pcm\pw (1845-þ1914), F.BÀ. cmPcmPhÀ½bpw (1863þ
1918). sshZyÀ¡v 26 hbÊpÅt¸mgmWv(1873) Ipamc\mim³ P\n¡p¶Xv.
sshZyÀ acn¡pt¼mÄ (1892) Bimsâ auenIIrXnIsfm¶pw ]pd¯ph
¶n«nÃ. a[ytIcf¯nemhs«, sImSp§ÃqÀtImhneIw tI{µambn kmln
XycwK¯v kPohambncp¶ sh¬aWn{]Øm\¯nsâ `mKamb IhnIfp
sS Hcp \o−\nc A¡me¯p−v. sImSp§ÃqÀ Ipªn¡p«³ X¼pcm³
(1864þ1913), sImSp§ÃqÀ sIm¨p®n¯¼pcm³(1858þ 1926), \Sph¯v Aѳ
\¼qXncn (1841þ1912), \Sph¯v al³ (1868þ1944), Hdh¦c \oeIWvT³
\¼qXncn(1857þ1916), Im¯pÅn ANypXtat\m³ (1850þ1909), Iq−qÀ
\mcmbWtat\m³ (1861þ1936), HSphn IpªnIrjvWtat\m³ (1869þ
1916), ioshmÅn \mcmbW³ \¼qXncn(1868þ1905), sIm«mc¯n i¦p®n
(1855þ1937), apeqÀ Fkv. ]ß\m`¸Wn¡À (1869þ1931) XpS§nbhÀ CtX
Imebfhn Pohn¨ncp¶hcmWv.
Ipªn¡p«³X¼pcmsâ ‘alm`mcXw XÀÖa’ t]msebpÅ GXm
\pw cN\IÄ amän \nÀ¯nbm DÄ¡m¼pÅ cN\IÄ hncfambncp¶p.
ImhycN\ Hcp hnt\mtZm]m[n am{Xambncp¶p C¡q«¯n an¡hÀ¡pw.
A£ctÇmIw, {ZpXIh\w, kakym]qcWw, Iq«pIhnXm\nÀ½mWw F
¶nhbn Ignhp sXfnbn¡m\pÅ aÕc§Ä¡mWv ap³Xq¡w e`n¨ncp
¶Xv. IhnIsf arK§fpw, ]£nIfpw, cmambWIYm]m{X§fpambn k¦
Â]n¨v Ihn arKmhenbpw, Ihn ]£namebpw, Ihn cmambWhpsams¡
cNn¨v AhÀ kwXr]vXnbSªp.
aebmf¯nse BZy sNdpIYmIr¯mb th§bn Ipªncma³
\mb\mcpw(1860þ1914), sshZycpsS PohnXIme¯v XetÈcnbnep−v. A¸p
s\Sp§mSn, N´ptat\m³, kn.hn. cma³]nÅ XpS§nb t\mhenÌpIfpw
IhnbpsS kaImenIÀ Xs¶.
F¦nepw Cu hn`mK¯nepÅ GsX¦nepw `mjmIhnItfm, IYmIr
¯p¡tfm, sshZycpsS kulrZhr¯¯nep−mbncp¶p F¶\pam\n
¡m³ X¡ sXfnhpIsfm¶pw e`yaÃ. CcpIq«cpw ]peÀ¯nt¸m¶ncp¶
`mhpIXz¯nepw, Fgp¯nsâ am[yaamb `mjmcq]¯nepapÅ A´c
amhmw CXn\p ImcWw.
F¶m Ad_naebmfkmlnXy¯nsâ ØnXn CXnÂ\n¶pw hn`n
¶amWv. sshZycpsS krjvSnIÄ amän\nÀ¯nbmepw, Ad_naebmf

305
kmlnXy¯nse iàamb cN\IÄ Cu Ime¯nsâ kw`mh\IfmWv.
A¶v ae_mdn Pohn¨ncp¶ {]apJ Ad_naebmfIhnIÄ ChcmWv:
apkveymcI¯vAl½ZvIp«n apkveymÀ(a. 1912), JmknA_q_¡À Ipªn
(a.1884), tNäphmbn ]co¡p«n(1848--þ1886), Imªncme Ipªncmbn³ (1848
þ1901), Nm¡ocn sambvXo³Ip«n (a.1929), ipPmbn sambvXpapkveymÀ (1861þ
1920), tImSt©cn ac¡mÀapkveymÀ (a. 1935), ap−{¼ D®na½Zv (a.1930),
tImS¼nb¯v Ipªn koXnt¡mb¯§Ä(1858þ1921), Xm\qÀ sambvXo³
samà (a.1906), sImbnem−n A½Zv (1861þ1924), hÃm©nd sambvXo³
lmPn (a.1901), hÃm©nd Ipªl½Zv (1842þ1906), amfnb¡Â Ipª
l½Zv (1842þ1905), \meI¯v IpªnsambvXo³ (a.1920) hÅn¡mS³ apl
½Zv(a.1920). `mjbnepw Ad_naebmf¯nepw Hcpt]mse kw`mh\IfÀ
¸n¨hcpw kmaqlnI]cnjvIÀ¯m¡fpambncp¶ h¡w auehn(1873þ1932),
aànX§Ä(1847þ1912) F¶nhcpw Cu ImeL«¯n Pohn¨ncp¶hcmWv.
Chcn `qcn]£wt]cpw kmlnXycwK¯v sshZycpambn ASp¯
k¼À¡w ]peÀ¯nbhcmbncp¶p. ]ecpsSbpw cN\IÄ sshZyÀ ]cn
tim[n¨p Xncp¯nbXn\p tijamWv {]kn²oIcW¯n\p \ÂInbncp
¶Xv. Jmkn A_q_¡ÀIpªn, apkveymcI¯v Al½ZvIp«n apkveymÀ
F¶nhÀ BßobcwK¯v sshZycpsS Kpcp\mY³amcpw kmlnXycwK¯v
injy·mcpambncp¶p. AhcpsSbpw tImSt©cnac¡mÀ apkveymcpsSbpw,
hÃm©nd sambvXo³ lmPnbpsSbpw {][m\cN\IÄ sshZyÀ kwtim
[\ \S¯nbn«p−v. ‘^pXplpÈmw’ F¶ _rlXvImhysagpXnb tNäp
hmbn ]co¡p«nbpw, tambn³Ip«n sshZycpw X½nÂ\S¶ kmlnXykwhm
Zhpw, AhÀ¡nSbn \ne\n¶ncp¶ kulrZ_Ôhpw ]co¡p«nbpsS
1
PohNcn{X{KÙ¯n hniZam¡nbn«p−v.

sshZyÀ]ZtImiw
{]apJFgp¯pImÀ AhcpsS cN\bn {]tbmKn¨ ]Z§fpsS AÀ
°Xe§Ä hniZoIcn¡p¶ ]ZtImi§Ä X¿mdm¡p¶ coXn kao]
Ime¯p aebmf¯n Bcw`n¨n«p−v. kn.hn.bpsSbpw _jodnsâbpw
cN\IÄ¡p−mb ]ZtImi§Ä DZmlcWw. F¶m A¯cw {ia§Ä
¡p XpS¡wIpdn¡p¶Xn\v ]Xnäm−pIÄ¡p ap¼pXs¶ sshZyÀ IrXnI
Ä¡v Ad_naebmf¯n ]ZtImiap−mbn. apkveymcI¯v Al½Zv

306
Ip«n apkveymcpsS ]p{X³ A_vZpáp«n auehnbmWv AXv X¿mdm¡n
2
bncp¶Xv.
Xsâ kaImenIcmb Ad_naebmf{KÙIÀ¯m¡Ä¡nSbnÂ
sshZyÀ¡p−mbncp¶ Øm\hpw kzm[o\hpamWv CsXÃmw hyàam¡p
¶Xv. IhnbpsS acWtijhpw B kzm[o\w \ne\n¶p t]m¶p.

IrXnIfpsS {]Nmcw
sshZycpsS PohnXIme¯pw, acWtijw 1947þhscbpÅ Zibn
epw, tIcf¯nepw AbÂkwØm\§fnepapÅ Ad_naebmf hmb\
¡mÀ¡nSbnemWv At±l¯nsâ IrXnIÄ {]Nmcw t\Sp¶Xv. XetÈcn,
Xncqc§mSn, s]m¶m\n, ae¸pdw, sImt−m«n F¶o Øe§fnep−mbn
cp¶ Ad_naebmf{]km[\meb§Ä hgn A¨Sn¨ ]Xn¸pIÄ F¯n
t¨cm¯ hoSpIÄ hncfambncp¶p. ‘k_o\¸m«pIÄ’ F¶phnfn¨ncp¶
Ad_n aebmfImhy§Ä hoSpIfn Ibdnbnd§n hnÂ]\ \S¯p¶
hÀ [mcmfap−mbncp¶Xn\m km[mcW¡mÀ¡v ]pkvXI§Ä At\z
jn¨p \St¡−nbncp¶nÃ. IrXnIÄ ]mSn hymJym\n¡p¶ Jnʸm«p
Imcpw, hnhmlhoSpIfnse h«¸m«pImcpw, ChbpsS {]Nmc¯n apJy
]¦phln¨n«p−v. `mjm]camb k¦oÀWXIÄ adnIS¶v sshZycpsS Ci
epIÄ km[mcW¡mcpsS CSbn {]Ncn¨Xv C¯cw kwL§fpsS
kzm[o\w aqeambncp¶p.
20þmw \qäm−nsâ Bcw`t¯msS Ad_naebmf¯nepw `mjbnep
ambn \nch[n B\pImenI§Ä {]Xy£s¸«p XpS§n. A¯cw {]kn²o
IcW§fn h¶ \ncq]W§fpw IrXnIfpsS {]Nmc¯n\v klmbIam
bncp¶p. apl½Zv A_vZpdlnamsâ ]{Xm[n]Xy¯n ]pd¯nd§nbncp
¶ ‘AÂAao³’ ]{X¯n Ad_naebmfkmlnXys¯bpw sshZyÀ
IrXnIsfbpw Ipdn¨pÅ teJ\§Ä {]kn²oIcn¨ncp¶p. \ncq]I\pw
{KÙImc\pamb h¡w A_vZpÂJmZÀ 1932-þÂ ‘am¸nf¸m«pIÄ’ F¶
ioÀjI¯n ‘AÂAao\n’segpXnb teJ\]c¼ctbmsSbmWv Ad_n
3
aebmfImhy§Ä B t]cn {]kn²nbmÀÖn¨sX¶pw IcpXs¸Sp¶p.

307
kmlnXy]cnj¯vkt½f\w
1947 sabv 17, 18 XobXnIfn tImgnt¡mSv kwLSn¸n¨ kakvX
tIcfkmlnXy]cnj¯nsâ 18þmw hmÀjnIkt½f\w am¸nf¸m«nsâ Ncn
{X¯nse \mgnI¡ÃmWv. sshZycpsS thÀ]mSn\v 55 hÀj§Ä¡ptijw
\S¶ {]kvXpXkt½f\¯n ImkÀtKmUv \n¶pw h¶ Ihn Sn. Dss_Zv
\S¯nb {]`mjWw sshZyÀ¡rXnIfnse kuµcymwi§fpw kmaqlnI
{]m[m\yhpw shfns¸Sp¯p¶Xmbncp¶p. Ad_naebmfkmlnXyw,
tambn³Ip«n sshZycpw aäp IhnIfpw B cwK¯p \ÂInb kw`mh\IÄ
F¶nhsb kw_Ôn¨ Dss_Znsâ \nco£W§Ä thZnbnep−mbncp
¶ Pn. i¦c¡pdp¸v, sh®n¡pfw tKm]me¡pdp¸v, tPmk^v ap−tÈcn,
DÅm«n tKmhnµ³Ip«n\mbÀ, kn.F. Ipªp®ncmP XpS§nbhcpsS
{]iwkbv¡p ]m{Xambn.
sshZyÀ¡rXnIfpsSbpw Ad_naebmfImhy§fpsSbpw, cq]`mh
khntijXIsf kw_Ôn¨v, AhbpsS ]c¼cmKX BkzmZIaÞe
¯n\p shfnbn \S¡p¶ BZy{]`mjWamWnXv.

IrXnIÄ aebmfen]nbnÂ
20þmw \qäm−nsâ D¯cmÀ²t¯msSbmWv sshZyÀIrXnIÄ aebm
fen]nbn ]pd¯nd§p¶Xv. XetÈcn, Xncqc§mSn, sImt−m«n F¶nhn
S§fnÂ\n¶v AhbpsS Ad_naebmf ]Xn¸pIÄ XpSÀ¨bmbn {]kn²o
Icn¨t¸mÄ Ip¶wIpfw, XrÈqÀ, Beph (FdWmIpfw) F¶o Øe§
fnse {]km[IcmWv aebmfen]nbnepÅ ]Xn¸pIÄ¡v {]Nmcw \ÂIn
bXv. tImgnt¡mSp\n¶pw ]pd¯nd§p¶ N{µnIBgvN¸Xn¸n A¼Xp
IfpsS A´y¯n lpkv\pÂPam Imhyw hymJym\klnXw {]kn²o
Icn¨p. ]p¶bqÀ¡pfw hn. _m¸phnsâXmbncp¶p hymJym\w. kn.F.
Ipªp®ncmPbpsS AhXmcnItbmSp IqSn 1960þÂ Ip¶wIpfw bp.sI.
kn. {]Êv CXv ]pkvXIcq]¯n {]kn²oIcn¨p. ap¶qän]Xn\©v ]pd
§fpÅ Cu hymJym\¯n \nch[n CiepIÄ¡v AXnt\mSv kmayapÅ
`mjmhr¯§Ä Is−¯n ASn¡pdn¸mbn \ÂInbncp¶p. Cu {KÙam
Wv aebmfen]nbn A¨Sn¨ BZy sshZyÀImhyw. amXr`qan BgvN¸Xn
¸n (1960 HIvtSm_À 16) Cu hymJym\¯n\v Sn. Dss_Zv FgpXnb \ncq
]W¯n AXnsâ ta·IÄ FSp¯p ImWn¡pIbpw, ]cnanXnIÄ kqNn
¸n¡pIbpw sN¿p¶p−v.

308
 XpSÀ¶v Bephbnse Ckvemanbm _p¡vÌmÄ F¶ Øm]\w
‘_ZvdpÂap\oÀ lpkv\pÂPamÂ’, ‘_ZdpÂap\oÀ IY’ F¶n§s\ c−p
{KÙ§Ä {]kn²oIcn¨p. XrÈqcnse Ban\m_p¡vÌmfmWv _ZÀ JnÊ
¸m«nsâ BZy aebmf]Xn¸v(1961) {]kn²oIcn¡p¶Xv. CXnsâ c−mw
]Xn¸v 1962þepw aq¶mw]Xn¸v 1967þepw ]pd¯nd§nbncp¶p. tIcfkmln
XyA¡mZanbpsS hnZKv[kanXn ]cntim[n¨v hninjvS{K٧ġp \Â
Ip¶ ]mcntXmjnIw Cu IrXn¡p k½m\n¨Xmbn aq¶mw]Xn¸nepÅ
{]km[I¡pdn¸n ImWp¶p. Fw.sI.kpa¿m_ohnbpsS {]km[IXz
¯nÂ, Bephm Ckvemanbm_p¡vÌmÄ ]pd¯nd¡nb _ZÀ]S¸m«nÂ
(1963) hymJym\w DÄs¸Sp¯nbncp¶nÃ. sshZycpsS PohnXs¯bpw
IrXnIsfbpw Ipdn¨v Gsd At\zjW§Ä \S¯nb sI.sI. apl½Zv
A_vZpÂIcow ‘_ZÀ ]S¸m«v’, ‘_ZvdpÂap\oÀ’, ‘ae¸pdw ]S¸m«v’ F¶nh
1964þ65 hÀj§fnembn eLphymJym\klnXw {]kn²oIcn¨p.

k¼qÀWIrXnIÄ
tambn³Ip«nsshZycpsS k¼qÀWIrXnIÄ BZyambn ]pd¯nd¡p
¶Xv 2005-þemWv. kwØm\kÀ¡mcnsâ kmwkvImcnIhIp¸n\p IognÂ
ae¸pdwPnÃbnse sImt−m«nbn {]hÀ¯n¨phcp¶ sshZyÀkvamcI
I½nän c−phmeyambn AXp {]kn²oIcn¨p. aebmf¯nepÅ Imhy
t¯msSm¸w ]Z§fpsS AÀ°w, KZyhnhÀ¯\w, Ad_naebmfen]nbn
epÅ aqe]mTw F¶nhbpw DÄs¡mÅn¨n«p−v. sI.sI.apl½Zv A_vZpÂ
Icow, sI. A_q_¡À F¶nhcmWv hymJymXm¡Ä.
IhnbpsS ‘_ZÀ JnÊ’(_Zdp Ip_vdm) ‘_ZvdpÂap\oÀ lpkv\pÂ
PamÂ’ F¶nhbpsS hymJym\§Ä sshZyÀkvamcI¯nsâ IognepÅ
am¸nfIem]T\KthjWtI{µw 2011þÂ ho−pw {]kn²oIcn¨p. JnÊ
¸m«vIemImc\mb _n.sI. Aen auehn sImS¡Ãv BWv c−p hymJym
\hpw X¿mdm¡nbXv.
sshZyÀImhy§Ä¡v Ad_naebmf¯nepw aebmf¯nepambn
{]kn²oIcn¨ ]Xn¸pIÄ Ahbv¡p e`n¨ P\k½nXnbpsSbpw {]Nmc
¯nsâbpw ASbmf§fmWv. A¼XphÀj§Ä¡p ap¼v (1965 Pqsse 6)
sI.sI.apl½Zv A_vZpÂIcow FgpXnb Hcp teJ\¯nÂ, _ZvdpÂap\o

309
dn\v 168 ]Xn¸pIfpw _ZÀ Jnʸm«n\v 150  Gsd ]Xn¸pIfpw h¶pIgn
4
ªXmbn {]kvXmhn¨pImWp¶p.
Cu teJ\¯nsâ cN\bv¡v tijamWv, {]kvXpX Imhy§Ä ae
bmfen]nbn hym]Iambn A¨Sn¡s¸Sp¶Xv. AhbpsS F®wIqSn ]cn
KWn¨m ]pkvXI{]km[INcn{X¯nepw hn]W\¯nepw Ahbv¡pÅ
Øm\w hyàamhpw.

hyhlmc¯nsâ \qX\aÞe§Ä
Ad_naebmf¯nsebpw, `mjbnsebpw ]cnanXamb ]cnkc§
fn am{Xw HXp§n \n¡p¶Xmbncp¶nÃ, sshZyÀ¡rXnIÄ krjvSn¨
`mhpIXzw. ]pXnb hyhlmccq]§Ä kzoIcn¨v IebpsSbpw kmlnXy
¯nsâbpw aäpaÞe§fnte¡v Ah hym]n¨p. hyXykvXkwthZ\
kz`mhapÅ XeapdItfmSv AXv kwhZn¨p. amdp¶ `mhpIXz¯n\\pk
cn¨v Zriyþ{imhyam[ya§fnepw, ]pXpXeapdbpsS kwthZ\ioe§Ä¡
\pkrXambn DSseSp¡p¶ Bhnjv¡mctaJeIfnepw AXv CSw]nSn¨p.
‘_ZvdpÂap\oÀ lpkv\pÂPamÂ’, ‘_ZÀJnʸm«v’, ‘ae¸pdw]S¸m«v’F¶o
cN\IfpsS ]p\cmJym\§sf ap³\nÀ¯n AXnsâ kz`mhw ]cntim[n
¡mw.

_ZvdpÂap\oÀ lpkv\pÂPamÂ
sshZycpsS _ZvdpÂap\oÀ Imhy¯n\v t\mhÂcq]¯nepw sIÊv
]m«pIfpsS cq]¯nepw c−p ]p\cmJym\§Ä Ad_naebmf¯nep−v.
hnhÀ¯\§fpw ]p\cmJym\§fpw hgn Ad_naebmf¯nse t\mhÂ
{]Øm\s¯ k¼¶am¡nb s]m¶m\n \meI¯v IpªnsambvXo³ (a.
1920) BWv ‘_ZvdpÂap\oÀ lpkv\pÂPamÂ’ t\mhensâ IÀ¯mhv. _Zv
dpÂap\oÀ Imhy¯n BkzmZIÀ¡nSbnepÅ kzoImcyX Xncn¨dnªv
aebmfen]nbn CXnsâ IYmkw{Klw ]n¡me¯v Nne {]km[IÀ
]pd¯nd¡nbncp¶p. ‘_ZdpÂap\oÀ IY’ F¶ t]cn Bephbnse Ckv
emanbm _p¡vÌmÄ ]pd¯nd¡nb IrXn DZmlcWw. aq¶p`mKambn ]pd
¯nd¡nb ‘_ZdpÂap\oÀ sIÊv’(hmg¸pÅn amap«n 1922), ‘_ZvdpÂap\oÀ
lpkv\pÂPam Jnʸm«v’ (kn.F.apl½Zv auehn), ‘_ZvdpÂap\oÀ H¸\

310
¸m«v’ (]n.sI. leoa) XpS§nb cN\IÄ Ad_naebmf¯n h¶ ]p\
cmJym\§fnÂs¸Sp¶p.

lpkv\pÂPamÂ--þ ]n.Sn. A_vZpdlnam³

am¸nf¸m«pcq]¯n ‘_ZvdpÂap\oÀ lpkv\pÂPamen’\v aebmf

¯n D−mb ]p\cmJym\§fnÂ, IqSpX {]Nmcwt\SnbXv ]n.Sn.
A_vZpdlnam³ cNn¨ ‘lpkv\pÂPamÂ’ ImhyamWv. k¦oÀWamb {]
tbmK§Ä, A\y`mjm]Z§Ä F¶nh Dt]£n¨v efnXhpw BIÀjI
hpamb ssienbn IY]dbm\pÅ {iaambncp¶p AXv.
‘alnbn almkos\¶ alnasbgpw kp¯m\v
aeÀ aghnÃmbn«ps−mcp I\ntamfv
AhfpsS a[pshmgpIpw t]cmWv lpkv\p Pamev’
F¶n§s\bpÅ BZyCiÂXs¶ A_vZpdlnamsâ cN\mcoXnbv¡v am
XrIbmWv. ‘t{]aKmYIÄ’ F¶t]cn t]Àjy³{]WbIYbmb ‘sse
em aPv\p’, _jodnsâ ‘_meyImekJn’ F¶oIrXnIfpsS Imhymhnjv
¡mc§fpw ‘lpkv\pÂPamen’t\msSm¸w DÄs¡mÅn¨v At±lw ]pkvXI
cq]¯n {]kn²oIcn¨n«p−v.

lpkv\pÂPamÂþFw.F³. ImctÈcn
_mekmlnXycq]¯n Fw.F³.ImctÈcn X¿mdm¡nb KZyþ]p\
cmJym\amWv ‘lpkv\pÂPamÂ’. IrXnbnse Hmtcm A[ymb§Ä¡pw
‘almko³’, ‘A_qk¿mZv’, ‘JaÀ_m³’ F¶n§s\ Imhy¯nse Hmtcm
IYm]m{X§fpsS t]cv ioÀjIambn \ÂInbn«p−v. 1987þÂ tImgnt¡mSv
AÂlpZm _p¡vÌmÄ CXnsâ BZy]Xn¸p ]pd¯nd¡n.

lpkv\pÂPamÂþ Un. hn\bN{µ³

Ihn Un. hn\bN{µsâ ‘lpkv\p PamÂ’ Imhyw _mekmlnXy

hn`mK¯n hcp¶ cN\bmWv. efnXamb ssienbn lpkv\pÂPam
ensâ IY]dbp¶ Imhy¯nsâ BZy]Xn¸v 2011þÂ {]kn²oIcn¨p. Fw.
F³. ImctÈcnbpsS ]p\cmJym\amWv CXnsâ cN\bv¡v Ahew_am
¡nbXv. Imhymcw`w C§s\bmWv:

311
 ‘Hcp IY Rm\pw ]dbmw sIt«m
lpkv\p Pamen³ IY ]dbmw
lpkv\p Pamen³ IYsb¶mtem,
_Zvdp ap\odn³ IYbtÃm.’

t\mhepw \mSIhpw

_ZvdpÂap\oÀ lpkv\pÂPamen\v ‘`{Zap\n’ F¶ t]cn aebmf

¯n Hcp t\mhÂ`mjyw \nehnepÅXmbn, Adp]XphÀj§Ä¡p ap¼v
5
]pd¯nd§nb sshZycpsS BZyPohNcn{X{KÙ¯n ImWp¶p. {KÙ
Imcsâtbm {]km[IcpsStbm t]cv e`yaÃ.
\mSIIr¯pw, kwhn[mbI\pamb C{_mlnwsh§c Cu Imhyw
\mSIcq]¯n ]p\cmJym\w \S¯nbn«p−v. Imhy¯nse IYm]m{X§
tfmsSm¸w tambn³Ip«n sshZycpw, \nkmap±o\pw CXn IYm]m{X§
fmbn hcp¶p−v. \nkmap±o³, sshZyÀ¡p IY ]dªpsImSp¡p¶ cwK
t¯msSbmWv \mSIw XpS§p¶Xv. kzX{´]p\cmhnjv¡mcw F¶ \ne
bn IYmKXnbn sNdnb amäwhcp¯nbpw, ]pXnb IYm]m{X§Ä¡v
P·w\ÂInbpw ]pXpa ssIhcp¯nbn«p−v. 2011þÂ tImgnt¡mSv en]n
]»nt¡j\mWv CXp ]pkvXIcq]¯n ]pd¯nd¡nbXv.
2008þÂ tImgnt¡mSv h¨v \mSI¯nsâ BZy AhXcWhpw \S¶p.
kn\nam \mSIcwK§fnse {]apJ IemImc³amsc AWn\nc¯n, anI¨
cwKkÖoIcWt¯msSbmWv Act§äw \S¶Xv. km[mcW\mSI§fnÂ
\n¶v hyXykvXamb ]Ým¯ew A\nhmcyambXn\m IqSpX Ac§p
Ifn AXnsâ XpSÀ¨bp−mhnÃ.

KZy]p\cmJym\§Ä
lpkv\pÂPamÂ, DÄs¸sSbpÅ {][m\Imhy§Ä¡v D−mb KZy
]p\cmJym\§Ä, sshZyÀ¡rXnIfnte¡pÅ {]thiI§fmbn \nesIm
Åp¶p. Sn.sI. lwk cNn¨ ‘]qaIfms\ lpkv\pÂPamÂ’ (en]n ]»n
t¡j³kv, 2013) F¶ IrXn DZmlcWw. CiepIfpsS Bibw KZy¯nÂ
am{Xambn BJym\w sN¿pIbà ChbpsS kz`mhw. Hmtcm Ciensâbpw
Bibw, IYmKXnbpsS ss\c´cyw Im¯pkq£n¨psIm−v kw{Kln
¡pIbpw XpSÀ¶v {]kàamb Imhy`mKw FSp¯ptNÀ¡pIbpamWv
sN¿mdpÅXv. IhnbpsS PohNcn{XImc·mcpw Cu coXn Ahew_am¡m

312
dp−v. hn.Fw.Ip«n (almIhn tambn³Ip«n sshZyÀ, 2007) _joÀ Np¦
¯d (CiÂN{IhÀ¯n tambn³Ip«n sshZyÀ), sI.A_q_¡À (sshZy
cpsS Imhy{]]©w) XpS§nbhcpsS IrXnIÄ Cu hgn¡pÅXmWv.

lpkv\pÂPam A\y`mjIfnÂ
Cu Imhy¯nsâ IYmkw{Klhpw, aqeIrXnsb¡pdn¨v Nne \nco
£W§fpw DÄs¡mÅp¶ F^v.t^mkänsâ ‘F t]m¸peÀ am¸nf
tkmwKv’ F¶ Cw¥ojv {]_Ôw(1899) Hcp sshZyÀ¡rXn¡v asämcp `mj
bn h¶ BZy]T\amWvv. AXn\ptijw kao]Ime¯v Cw¥ojnepw,
Xangv, I¶U`mjIfnepw Nne KZy]p\cmJym\§fp−mbn. Fw.F³.
ImctÈcnbpsS ‘lpkv\pÂPamÂ’ Xs¶bmWv ]cn`mjIscÃmw Ahew
_n¨Xv.
sI.Fw. APoÀIp«nbpsS Cw¥ojv hnhÀ¯\w (Husnul Jamal : A
Persion tale of love and adventure) 1987þÂ {]kn²oIcn¨p. sadnäv _pIvkv
CShm F¶ Øm]\amWv CXnsâ {]km[IÀ. sshZyÀ cNn¨ lpkv\pÂ
Pam Imhyw A\y`mjm]Z§fpw {]tbmK§fpw \ndªXmbXn\mÂ
]cn`mjIÀ¡v Ffp¸w hg§pambncp¶nÃ. AXnse hÀW\bpw, Ae¦mc
I¸\Ifpw Imhykuµcy¯n\p a§te¡msX samgnamäw sN¿pI
Ffp¸hpaÃ. C¯cw {]XnkÔnIÄ adnIS¡pI F¶ e£yt¯msS
bmWv ]cn`mjIscÃmw CXnsâ aebmf]p\cmJym\s¯ B{ibn¡p
¶Xv.
I¶U Fgp¯pImcn kmdm A_q_¡À, XangvkmlnXyImc³
tXm¸n apl½Zv aocm³ F¶nhÀ X§fpsS `mjIfn lpkv\pÂPamÂ
XÀÖa sNbvXhcmWv.
tIcft¯mSp tNÀ¶pInS¡p¶ IÀWmSIbnse {]tZi§fnÂ
sshZycpsS PohnXIme¯pXs¶ IrXnIfpw {]Ncn¨ncp¶p. ImkÀtKm
UpÅ sam{KmÂ{Kmaw, Ad_n¯angvþI¶UþaebmfIhnIfpsS kwKa
`qanbmbncp¶p.
sshZycpsS cN\IÄ¡v IÀWmSIbn e`n¨Xnt\¡mÄ {]Nmcw
t\Sm\mbXv Xangv\m«nemWv. Xangpambn _ÔapÅ CiÂcoXnIfpw
IrXnIfn ImWp¶ AkwJyw Xangvi_vZ§fpw IqSnt¨À¶t¸mÄ Xang
Is¯ km[mcW¡mÀ¡pt]mepw Cu Imhy§fpambn ASp¸w hÀ[n¨p.

313
sshZyÀ cNn¨ Nne IeymW¸m«pIÄ¡v Xangn e`n¨ {]Nmcw AXn\p
ZmlcWamWv. Xangv\m«n Ah ]pkvXIcq]¯n ]pd¯nd§nbncp¶p.
Ahbv¡v Xangv\m«n e`n¨ {]Nmcs¯¡pdn¨v tXm¸n apl½Zv
aocm³ tcJs¸Sp¯nbXn§s\bmWv: ‘_ZvdpÂap\oÀ lpkv\pÂPamÂ’,
‘_ZÀ ]S¸m«v’, ‘DlZv ]S¸m«v’ apXemb sshZyÀ¡rXnIÄ sX¡³Xncp
hnXmwIqdnsâ Gähpw sXt¡Aä¯nÂt]mepw hfsc {]Nmc¯nembncp
¶p. \mKÀtImhnen\Sp¯pÅ tImSmdnepw AXpt]mepÅ aäp Nne {]tZ
i§fnepw BgvNbn Hcp {]tXyIZnhkw Akdn\ptijw sXcphnÂ
6
_©pIÄ \nc¯n bphm¡Ä IqSnbncp¶p _ZÀ ]mSmdp−mbncp¶p’.

_ZÀ ]S¸m«v
Ad_naebmfkmlnXy¯nÂ, ]n¡mecNbnXm¡sfbpw Iem
Imc·mscbpw Gähpa[nIw kzm[o\n¨ IrXn _ZÀ Jnʸm«mWv. KZy
¯nepw ]Zy¯nepambn sshZyÀ¡ptijw Cu cwK¯p−mb IrXnI
fn _ZÀ bp²NcnXw {]tabambnh¶ cN\IÄs¡Ãmw {]tNmZ\am
bXv _ZÀ]S¸m«mbncp¶p.
sshZyÀ¡pap¼v Cu {]tabapÅ c−v Imhy§fmWv tIcf¯nÂ
cNn¡s¸«ncp¶Xv. AÚmXIÀ¯rIamb _ZÀImhyhpw, ssI¸ä
sambvXo³Ip«n apkveymcpsS Ad_nImhyhpamWh. CXn c−mas¯
IrXn {]kn²oIcn¨n«nÃ. Ad_naebmf¯n cNn¨ _ZÀ bp²Imhy¯n
se Nne `mK§Ä al¯mb am¸nfkmlnXy]mc¼cy¯n D²cn¨n«p
−v. sshZycpsS _ZÀ JnÊbv¡ptijw ]pd¯ph¶ cN\IÄ ChbmWv:
‘_Zdp Dfvam ]S¸m«v’ (am©m³ ]ndbI¯v A_vZp Akokv, 1885),
‘Kkvh¯v _Zdp Ip_vdm]S¸m«v’(Nm¡ocn sambvXo³Ip«n,1907), ‘_ZÀ
H¸\’(sI.kn.apl½Zv), ‘_Zdp Ip_vdmNn´v’(Imcs¯mSn apl½Zv aue
hn), ‘_ZÀame’(tImSt©cnac¡mÀ apkveymÀ), ‘_ZÀame’ (Imªncme
Ipªncmbn³), ‘_ZÀH¸\¸m«v’(hmg¸pÅnbn A_vZpáp«n), ‘_ZÀ
H¸\’ (\Ãfw _ocm³). ‘_ZÀNcn{Xw’(lmPn Fw.Fw.auehn,1960), ‘_ZÀ
]m«v’(sI.kn.Ahdm³), ‘_Zvcn¿¯p lwkn¿’ (NmeneI¯v Al½Zv
tImbapkveymÀ), ‘_ZÀ’(]«n¡mSv C{_mlnwauehn).

314
 CtXmsSm¸w ‘_ZÀ ss_¯v’(\meI¯v ac¡mÀIp«napkveymÀ),
‘_ZÀauenZv’ (s]m¶m\nhf¸n A_vZpÂAkokv apkveymÀ), XpS§nb
Ad_nIrXnIfpw {]kn²oIcn¨n«p−v. bqk^entIt¨cnbpsS ‘]S¡f
¯nse cm{Xn’ IhnXbpsS {]tabhpw _ZÀbp²Ncn{X¯nse Hcp kµÀ`
amWv. kwkvIrX¯nepw Hcp _ZÀ bp²Imhyw cNn¡s¸«n«p−v. Fw.
IpªmhsshZycmWv AXnsâ IÀ¯mhv.
_ZÀ ]S¸m«nse CiepIfpw cN\mssienbpw amXrIbm¡nbmWv
Chcn an¡ cNbnXm¡fpw ImhycN\ \nÀÆln¨n«pÅXv. Ad_nbnÂ
cNn¡s¸« _ZÀss_¯n t]mepw sshZycpsS kzm[o\w ImWmw. Cu
Imhy¯n Ad_nss_¯nsâ CuW¯n aebmf¯nepÅ {]mÀ°
\mKoXhpap−v. AXn BhÀ¯n¨phcp¶ hcnIÄ
‘_Zvco§sf _d¡¯n\mÂ
sbabv Im¡sW bm dº\m’
F¶XmWv. CXv _ZÀ Jnʸm«nse BdmwCien BhÀ¯n¨p {]tbm
Kn¨ncn¡p¶,
‘_o«v dmlnsa sb³ sImZn _Zvþ
co§sf Xncp lJn\mÂ’
F¶ samgnbpsS A\pIcWamsW¶p ImWmw.
_ZÀ ]Ým¯e¯nÂ, Hä Cienembn cNn¡s¸« ]m«pIfn P\
{]oXnbpsS Imcy¯n {]YaØm\¯pÅ sI.kn. apl½Znsâ ‘h¼pä
lwkmdfnbÃm’ F¶pXpS§p¶ Km\¯nÂv _ZÀJnÊbnse ‘Bs\ t]mZv
AkZp Cemlv lcn’þF¶mcw`n¡p¶ Ciensâ kzm[o\w {]ISamWv.
_ZÀ ]S¸m«nsâ CiepIfn cNn¡s¸« At\Iw cN\IÄ Ad_nae
bmf¯nepS\ofw ImWmw.

ae¸pdw ]S¸m«v
IemkmlnXycwK§fnse¶ t]mse, kmaqlnIþcmjv{SobaÞe
§fnepw Ne\§Ä krjvSn¨ ImhyamWv ae¸pdw ]S¸m«v. kz´w a®nÂ
]qÀÆnIÀ \S¯nb t]mcm«w F¶ \nebnÂ, X§fpsS hwiobkzXz
¯n DuäwsImÅm\pw, t]mcm«¯n\pÅ DuÀÖw kw`cn¡m\pw Hcp
P\Xsb {]m]vXcm¡p¶Xmbncp¶p Cu cN\.

315
 Cu Imhyw ]mSn hymJym\n¡p¶Xn\v {_n«ojpImÀ \ntcm[\
taÀs¸Sp¯nbXv AXnsâ kzm[o\w Xncn¨dnªXpsIm−mWv. IhnbpsS
aäp ]S¸m«pIÄ¡v C¯csamcp \nb{´Ww t\cntS−nh¶ncp¶nÃ.
ae¸pdw ]S¸m«nse Ncn{X]cmaÀi§Ä DÄs¡mÅp¶ tcJIÄ
Gsdsbm¶pw e`yaÃm¯Xn\m sshZyÀ t\cn«p hnhctiJcWw \S¯n
cNn¨ Cu Imhyw Hcp Ncn{XtcJbmbn ]cnKWn¨phcp¶p. B kacw
{]tabambn GXm\pw cN\IÄ ]n¶oSv Ad_naebmf¯nepw `mjbnep
ap−mbn. ‘ae¸pdw ipAZm¡Ä Nn´v’(hmb¸pÅn amap«n), ‘ae¸pdw Nn
´v’ (ImSmbn¡Â sambvXo³Ip«nlmPn), ‘ae¸pdw t\À¨¸m«v’ (apkveymc
I¯v Al½Zv Ip«n), ‘ae¸pdw t\À¨¸m«v’ (A.I.) F¶nh DZmlcWw.
Ad_nbnepÅ ae¸pdwiplZm¡bpsS auenZpw kam\{]tabw DÄs¡m
Åp¶p. Gd\mSv, hÅph\mSv Xmeq¡pIfn \à {]Nmcwt\Snbncp¶ Hcp
tIm¡fn¸m«nepw Cu kzm[o\w ImWp¶p−v. AXnse Hcp `mKw
t\m¡pI:
‘X´m Xm\m XXn\m X¯v þ X´m Xm\n¶mt\m
X´m aeÀ X´cpÄ ae¸pdw sskZmtcm
kz´w PqaA¯p ]Ån, Np«nSm\hØ _nÅn
A´]md\¼n XpÅn, BsI Hcp an¯IÅn
IÅnIÄ Adn´v ine þ ambhÀIÄ IqSntb
Ifcn s]mcpXphm\mbv X½n X½n ]mSntb
DuWpd¡pS³ Hgn¨v D½m_mhmsb XyPn¨v
D¸ a¡sf¸nSn¨v k¦S¡®oscmgn¨v
k¦S¸bnXensâ _mhmbnXm t]mIpta
kmcan \ap¡p c£, sN¿m\n\nbmcpta’
sshZycpsS Imhy¯nse t]mcmfnIÄ _Ôp¡tfmSv hnS]dbp¶
hnImc`cnXamb cwKw, tIm¡fnbpsS Xmf¯n\\pkcn¨v Nn«s¸Sp
¯nb ]m«pIfp−v. AXnsâ Bibm\phmZamWv Cu hcnIfpw.

sshZyÀ¡rXnIÄ Zriyþ{imhy am[ya§fnÂ

am¸nf¸m«pIÄ P\IobamIp¶Xn\pw, kmapZmbnIamb AXnÀhc
¼pIÄ t`Zn¡p¶Xn\pw CSbm¡nb kmlNcy§fn {][m\w Zriyþ
{imhyam[ya§fpsS hym]\amWv. 1960þ\p tijw {Kmat^m¬ dnt¡mÀ

316
UpIfpw, tdUntbmbpw {]Nmc¯n h¶tXmsS Cu amäw {]ISambn XpS
§n. am¸nf¸m«pcwKs¯ {]ikvXIemImc·mÀ Be]n¨ Km\§fn B
taJebnepÅ ¢mÊnIvcN\Ifmbn Adnbs¸Sp¶ sshZyÀ¡rXnIÄ¡v
apJyØm\ap−mbncp¶p. tImgnt¡mSv BImihmWn\nebw BgvNI
fn c−pXhW 25 an\näv hoXw ChbpsS {]t£]W¯n\v kabw A\p
hZn¨ncp¶p.

sshZyÀ tdUntbm\mSIw
sshZycpsS PohnXhpw kmlnXy{]hÀ¯\§fpw {]tabam¡n cNn
¨ tdUntbm\mSIamWv "almIhn tambn³Ip«n sshZyÀ'. 2013-þse AJne
tIcftdUntbm\mStImÕh¯nsâ `mKambn tIcf¯nse BImihmWn
\neb§Ä CXp {]t£]Ww sNbvXp. \mSI{]hÀ¯I\mb lncWy
\mWv CXnsâ Xnc¡Y X¿mdm¡nbXv.

Ne¨n{XKm\§Ä
1950þ\p tijw X\Xv CiepIfnepÅ am¸nf¸m«pIÄ kn\nabnepw
\mSI§fnepw {]Xy£s¸Sp¶p−v. am¸nf¸m«pIfnse CuWhg¡§
fpsS emhWyw Xncn¨dnªv, Ahbv¡v aebmfnIfpsS a\Ên Øm\w
t\Sns¡mSp¡p¶Xn\v ]n. `mkv¡c³, hbemÀ, sI. cmLh³amÌÀ,
_m_pcmPv F¶nhÀ \S¯nb {iaw {]m[m\yaÀln¡p¶p.
am¸nf¸m«nsâ CucSnIÄ kn\nabn BZyambn {]Xy£s¸Sp
¶Xv Hcp XangvNn{X¯neqsSbmWv. hnhn[ `mjIfnepÅ Km\§Ä¡nS
bn IS¶ph¶ am¸nf¸m«v ioenepÅ ‘F´n\mWv ]q¦ctf, ]´nc−n
em¡Wv /F¸fmWv ]qacw hncnªp tX³ IpSn¡Wv’ F¶ hcnIfmbn
7
cp¶p AXv.
AXn\ptijw h¶ ‘A½’ F¶ kn\nabv¡p th−n sIÊv F¶
Cien ]n. `mkv¡c³ \S¯nb cN\bmbncp¶p Cu hn`mK¯nse
]qÀWkz`mhapÅ BZyKm\w.
]n. `mkv¡csâ "ImbecnI¯v' F¶ Km\amWv Cu cwK¯v hgn
¯ncnhmIp¶Xv. 1954þÂ ]pd¯ph¶ "\oe¡pbnÂ' F¶ kn\nabnse
Cu Km\w tambn³Ip«n sshZycpsS _ZÀ Jnʸm«nse,
‘B\ t]mZkp Cemlcn lwk NmSnbSp¯pS³
BscSm, ipPA¯pcs¯ssa lufn \n−v IpSn¸h³’

317
F¶ hcnIfpsS a«n cNn¨XmWv. ]n¶oSv ‘Akpchn¯v’ F¶ Nn{X¯n
\p th−n ]n. `mkv¡c³ cNn¨,
]Ieh\n¶v adbp¼w, AInep ]pX¨ apdn¡pÅnÂ
]\naXn _nw_apZn¨ t]m ]pXpaWhm«nþGgmw
_ldn\I¯v lqdnt]mse aXnadnam³Ip«o
F¶ Km\hpw sshZytcmSv ISs¸«ncn¡p¶p. _ZvdpÂap\odnse,
‘XSInaWs¯ kab¯nÂ, DS\hs\¯n a\ÊpÅnÂ
kcknPapsä aZpct¯³ lpkv\p Pamemþ AhfpsS
Xcw AlvsZms¡ ad´oSpw F\XpsS lmemÂ’
F¶ hcnIfpsS sNmÂhSnhmWv CXn\pÅXv.
hnhn[Ime§fn ]pd¯nd§nb GXm\pw aebmfNe¨n{X§fnÂ
sshZycpsS cN\IÄ {]tbmP\s¸Sp¯nbn«p−v. Bbnj(1964) F¶
Nn{X¯nsâ kwhn[mbI³ BÀ.sI. tiJÀ BWv CXn\p XpS¡w Ipdn
¡p¶Xv. Cu kn\nabnse ‘]qaIfms\ lpkv\p PamÂ’, F¶ Km\
amWv kn\nabn D]tbmKn¨ BZy sshZyÀ¡rXn. XpSÀ¶v ]n.F³.
tat\msâ ‘Hmfhpw Xochpw’ (1970) F¶ Nn{X¯nepw _ZvdpÂap\odnse
‘Hs¿ F\n¡p−v’, ‘XSInaWs¯ kab¯nÂ’ F¶o CiepIÄ DÄs¸
Sp¯n. 1973-þ ]pd¯nd§nb ‘acw’ F¶ kn\nabn (kwhn[m\w bqk
^en tIt¨cn) sshZycpsS c−p cN\Ifp−v. _ZvdpÂap\odnse ‘I−md
¡«p½Â’, ‘Nn¯nc¯mse ]WnX Iq«nÂ’ F¶o ioepIfmbncp¶p AXv.
sF.hn. iin kwhn[m\w sNbvX ‘1921’ F¶ Nn{X¯nepw (1988), ‘ap¯p
\hcXv\apJw I¯nSpw abnemsf’ F¶ sshZycpsS I¯p]m«v IS¶p
hcp¶p−v. AXpt]mse apl½Zv A_vZpdlnamsâ PohnXs¯ B[mc
am¡n ]n.Sn. Ipªnapl½Zv kwhn[m\wsNbvX ‘hoc]p{X\nÂ’ (2011),
‘_ZÀ JnÊ’bnse ‘XpSsc a±fhpw’ F¶p XpS§p¶ Ci {]Xy£s¸Sp
¶p−v.
aebmfNe¨n{XKm\imJbpsS Ncn{X¯n aämÀ¡pw e`n¨n«nÃm
¯ AwKoImcamWv sshZyÀ¡p e`n¨sX¶v Cu DZmlcW§Ä kqNn¸n
¡p¶p. Ht¶ImÂ\qäm−n\p ap¼v Pohn¨ Hcp IhnbpsS cN\IÄ, amdn

318
amdnhcp¶ XeapdIfpsS A`ncpNntbmSv kwhZn¡p¶psh¶Xv AXnsâ
P\Iobkz`mhs¯bmWv hyàam¡p¶Xv.

dnbmenän tjm

kaql¯nsâ at\m`mhs¯bpw(Attitude), A`ncpNnsbbpw (Aptitude)

cq]s¸Sp¯p¶Xn Zriyam[ya§Ä¡v \nÀWmbIamb ]¦p−v. c−mbn
cmam−phsc Cu taJebn Ne¨n{X§Ä¡p−mbncp¶ Øm\w, C
t¸mÄ {Kma§fnÂt]mepw kÀÆkm[mcWambn amdnb sSenhnj³ Gsä
Sp¯pIgnªp. Sn.hn. Nm\epIÄ {]t£]WwsN¿p¶ hnt\mZ]cn]mSn
Ifn dnbmenän tjmIÄ¡v Gsd BkzmZIcp−v. Chbn Hcp hn`mKw
am¸nf¸m«pIÄ¡v am{XambpÅ aÕc§fmWv. aebmf¯n Gähpw IqSp
XÂ Nm\epIÄ {]t£]Ww sNbvXphcp¶ dnbmenän tjmIÄ CXmWv.
Nm\Â cwK¯v am¸nf¸m«v dnbmenän tjmIÄ¡v XpS¡w Ipdn¨Xv
kzImcyNm\emb ssIcfnbmbncp¶p. ‘]«pdpamÂ’ F¶ t]cn 2008 Â
{]t£]Wamcw`n¨ Cu ]cn]mSn Ct¸mgpw XpScp¶p.
XpSÀ¶v kam\kz`mhapÅ ]cn]mSnIÄ aäpNm\epIfpw Bcw`n¨p.
‘ssaem©n’(Gjyms\äv) ‘IkhpX«w’(AarX), ‘am¸nf¸m«v’(Pbv lnµv),
‘]Xn\memwcmhv’ (aoUnbh¬), ‘Ip¸nhf’(ZÀi\) F¶n§s\ ssIcfnb
S¡w Bdv {][m\Nm\epIfn C¯cw dnbmenäntjmIfp−v. hnhn[
PnÃIfn tI_nÄs\ävhÀ¡v D]tbmKn¨p \S¯p¶ {]mtZinI Nm\ep
Ifnepw C¯cw ]cn]mSnIfp−v. am¸nf¸m«n\pam{Xambn {]tXyI ]cn]m
Snbnsænepw asämcp kzImcyNm\emb kqcySnhnbpsS ‘kqcyknwKÀ’
t{]m{Kman Hcp du−v CXn\mbn amänh¨Xp ImWmw.
sshZycpsS CiepIÄ temIsa§papÅ aebmfnIÄ¡v t\cn«mkz
Zn¡m\pw, At±l¯nsâ Imhy`mjbpsSbpw kÀKmßIPohnX¯nsâ
bpw khntijXIÄ kw_Ôn¨ {]mYanIkm£cX ssIhcnbv¡m\pw
CXp klmbIambn. aÕc§Ä¡p hn[nIÀ¯m¡fmsb¯p¶ {]apJ
KmbIcpw hnZKv[cpw Hmtcm ]m«nsâbpw ]Ým¯ehpw, cNbnXmhns\
kw_Ôn¨ hnhc§fpw hniZoIcn¡p¶Xn\m BkzmZ\{]{Inb Ffp
¸amIp¶p. sshZycpsS cN\IÄam{Xw DÄs¸Sp¯nbpÅ {]tXyI du−p
Ifpw Nne Nm\epIfnep−v.

319
sshZyÀ¡rXnIfpw aÕcthZnIfpw
tIcf¯nse kvIqÄþtImtfPv ItemÕh§fnepw aäp aÕc]cn
]mSnIfnepw Hcp aÕcbn\ambn am¸nf¸m«pIÄ ]cnKWn¨phcp¶p. am¸n
f¸m«nsâ CuW¯n\\pkrXambn cNn¡s¸Sp¶ ]pXnb ]m«pIÄ, kn\n
amKm\§Ä F¶nh C¯cw thZnIfn s]mXpsh ]cnKWn¡s¸SmdnÃ.
AXnsâ \nba§Ä ]men¨p cNn¡p¶ IrXnIfn kuµcyhpw kmlnXy
`wKnbpw H¯nW§nb cN\IÄ¡mWv {]m[m\yw. hÀj§fmbn Cu C\
¯n PnÃmþkwØm\Xe§fn anIhp]peÀ¯p¶ KmbItcsdbpw
Be]n¡p¶Xv sshZycpsS {][m\IrXnIfn \n¶pÅ CiepIfmWv.

]pXpXeapdbpsS cwK{]thiw
]gbKm\§Ä A{]kàamsb¶pw, ]mÝmXykwKoX¯nsâ Nph
Sp ]nSn¨pÅ cN\IÄ¡pw, Bem]\coXnIÄ¡pw am{Xta, ]pXpXe
apdsb kzm[o\n¡m\mhp F¶pw IcpXp¶ Km\cNbnXm¡fpw kwKoX
kwhn[mbIcpw [mcmfap−v. c−mbncam−n\p tijw ]pd¯nd§nb ae
bmfNe¨n{XKm\§fnepw, kwKoX BÂ_§fnepw Cu {]hWXbpsS
^eambp−mb \nch[n ]m«pIfp−v.
kwKoXcwK¯v ]pXnb ]co£W§fpambn cwK¯ph¶ Nne ayq
knIv {Sq¸pIÄ CXn\v ]pXnsbmcp`mhw \ÂIm³ {ian¡p¶Xp ImWmw.
]gb P\{]nbKm\§Ä¡v ]pXnb CuWhpw ]Ým¯ekwKoXhpw \Â
In AhXcn¸n¡p¶ coXnbmWXv. C¯cw kwL§Ä AhXcn¸n¡p¶
]m«pIfn P\{i²bmIÀjn¡p¶ Hcp hn`mKw tambn³Ip«n sshZycpsS
¢mÊnIv kz`mhapÅ cN\IfmWv. AhbpsS ]c¼cmKX CiÂhg¡§
fnÂ\n¶p ]pd¯pIS¶v ]Snªmd³kwKoX¯nsâ Xmf¯n\\pkrX
ambn Nn«s¸Sp¯nbpw NphSpIÄ \ÂInbpamWv AhÀ Ac§nse¯n¡p
¶Xv. CXn\p kam\amb ]co£Ww IYm{]kwKw, ]mSn¸db F¶o
cwK§fnse IemImc³amÀ \mep]Xnäm−p ap¼papXÂ \S¯nbncp¶p.
sshZycpsS CiepIfn NneXv lnµnkn\naIfnse P\{]nbKm\§fpsS
CuW¯n AhXcn¸n¡p¶ coXnbmbncp¶p A¶p−mbncp¶Xv.
]m«pIfpsS X\na \jvSs¸Sp¯p¶p, F¶ Btcm]Ww D¶bn¡m
sa¦nepw sshZyÀ¡rXnIÄ¡v ssIhcp¶ Cu \qX\ kwKoX`mjyw
{]kàamhp¶p−v. kwKoXtemIs¯ B[p\nI{]hWXIfpÄs¡m−v
]pXnb hyhlmcaÞe§Ä kzoIcn¡p¶Xn\pw, \ne\n¡p¶Xn\p

320
apÅ AhbpsS Icp¯pw Ne\mßIXbpw ASbmfs¸Sp¯pIbmWn
hnsS.

kzm[o\w hnhn[Iemcq]§fnÂ

tambn³Ip«n sshZycpsS kÀKmßIPohnXhpw, IrXnIfpw hnhn[

tIcfob Iemcq]§fn sNep¯nb kzm[o\w ]T\hnt[bamt¡−
Xp−v. sshZyÀXs¶, XpS¡wIpdn¨ ]mSn¸dben At±l¯nsâ cN\
IÄ¡p ssIh¶ {]mapJyw ]cntim[n¨p Ignªp. IhnbpsS Ime¯p
\nehnencp¶tXm, ]n¡me¯p {]Nmc¯n h¶tXm Bb aäp Nne
Iemcq]§fn IqSn {]ISamhp¶ kzm[o\¯nsâ kz`mhhpw hym]vXn
bpw At\zjn¡mw.

1. tIm¡fn
tIcf¯nse hnhn[ kapZmb§Ä¡nSbn sNdnb cq]t`Z§tfm
sS {]Nmc¯nepÅ \mS³Iemcq]amWv tIm¡fn. \mbÀ, CughÀ,
IpdnNyÀ, IpdpaÀ, IW¡À XpS§nb sslµhhn`mK§Ä¡nSbnepw ae
_mdnse apkvenwIÄ¡nSbnepw, e£Zzo]v \nhmknIÄ¡nSbnepw ]Xn
äm−pIfmbn Cu Iemcq]w \ne\n¶p t]mcp¶p. s]mXpsh ]pcpj³am
cmWv CXhXcn¡mdpÅXv. \Ã sabvhg¡w Bhiyamb Cu Iemcq]
¯n\v IfcnbpsS NphSpIfpambpw _Ôap−v. a[yImetIcf¯nÂ
Btbm[\ IeIÄ¡p {]kn²ambncp¶ IS¯\mS³ Ifcnbpambpw,
I®qÀ, ImkÀtKmUv PnÃIfn ]qc¡fnbpambpw _Ôs¸«mhmw CXp
{]Nmcw t\SnbXv.
{XnaqÀ¯nIsf k¦Â¸n¨psIm−v aq¶pXncnbn«p I¯n¨ph¨ \ne
hnf¡nsâ km¶n²y¯neWv \mbÀ, IpdnNyÀ, IpdpaÀ XpS§nb hn`mK
¡mcpsS tIm¡fn Act§dpI. XpS¡w hµ\w, Ifn, sXmg F¶o
]ShpItfmsSbmbncn¡pw. sNdpsN−bpw ssIaWnbpw hmZy§fmbn D]
tbmKn¡pw.
ae_mdnse apkvenwIÄ¡nSbn ImWp¶ tIm¡fnbn thj
¯nepw ]m«pIfnepw am¸nf¯\na ZriyamWv. \nehnf¡v D]tbmKn¡m
dnÃ. F«papXÂ ]Xn\mdphsc AwK§fp−mhpw. kwLmwK§fpsS F®w
Cc«kwJybmth−Xp−v. ]\bpsS XSnsIm−v Htc hen¸¯n \nÀ½n
¡p¶ tImepIfmWv D]tbmKn¡p¶Xv.

321
 Cu Iemcq]¯n\p XpS¡w Ipdn¡pt¼mÄ, tambn³Ip«n sshZyÀ
{][m\ ]¦phln¨Xmbn tIm¡fn BNmcy\mb FScnt¡mSv Ben
¡p«n Kpcn¡Ä tcJs¸Sp¯p¶p.
I®qcnse Adbv¡Â AencmPmhnsâ Øm\mtcmlW¨S§nÂ
sshZycpw, At±l¯nsâ kplr¯mb t]Àjy³]ÞnX³ \nkmap±o\pw
kw_Ôn¨ncp¶p. NS§nt\mS\p_Ôn¨v AhXcn¸n¡p¶Xn\mbn ss]X
Âac¡mÀ F¶ sXmgnemfnbmWv CXnsâ NphSpIÄ Nn«s¸Sp¯nbXv.
BZy AhXcW¯n\p t\XrXzw \ÂInbXpw At±lw Xs¶. tIm¡fn
bn ‘sshae¡p¯v’ F¶dnbs¸Sp¶ ssienbmbncp¶p AXv. Ifn¡mÀ
¡v ]mSp¶Xn\mbn Hm¸\¨mbÂþ apdp¡w CiepIfn tambn³Ip«n
sshZyÀ Hcp]m«p cNn¨p. Adbv¡ÂcmPmhv ]p\À\nÀ½n¨ aplvbn±o³
]ÅnbpsS hÀW\bmWv ]m«nsâ {]tabw.
‘a¶n anIs´ _lpþ
am\amw I®qcd¡Â
alnamkpJ¯n hmgpw
Aen cmP l_o_v kp¯m³
]p¶mcsat¯ ]pIÄ
aplvbn±o³ ]ÅnXs¶
s]menhm s]mfn¯v ]Wn
sNbvXo³ IÂ]ns¯ ]ns¶’
F¶mbncp¶ B Km\¯nsâ XpS¡w.
ss]XÂac¡mcpsS injy\mb lpʳIp«n XetÈcnbnÂ\n¶pw
Ifn ]cnioen¨tijw kztZiamb tImgnt¡mSv sX¡pwXebnse¯n,
AhnsSbpw Hcp kwL¯n\p cq]w \ÂIn. BZyambn ]cnioe\w t\Snb
]Xn\mdp t]sc ss]XÂac¡mÀ tImgnt¡mSph¶v tImep \ÂIn BinÀ
8
hZn¨pht{X.
aäp tIm¡fncq]§fn ImWp¶Xpt]mse am¸nftIm¡fn
bnepw hmbv¯mcnbpw, \mS³]m«pIfpw, D]tbmKn¡p¶ps−¦nepw
sIÊp]m«pIÄ, ]S¸m«pIÄ apXembhbv¡mWv apJyØm\w. C¯c¯n
epÅ \m¸¯n\mep]m«pIÄ, _ocm³tImb Kpcp¡fpsS ‘am¸nf tImÂ
¡fn’ F¶ {KÙ¯n FSp¯ptNÀ¯n«p−v. sshZycpsS _ZvdpÂap\oÀ,

322
_ZÀ DlZv, ae¸pdw ]S¸m«pIÄ, h−pw ]qhpw apXemb IrXnIfnse
`mK§fmWv Chbntesdbpw.
sshZycpsS CiepIÄ tIm¡fnbn IS¶phcp¶Xv am¸nf
tIm¡fnbpsS am{Xw khntijXbÃ. sImt−m«n, ae¸pdw t\À¨I
fpsS `mKambn \nehnep−mbncp¶ s]«n hchptLmjbm{XIfn IW
¡À, sNdpaÀ F¶o hn`mK¡mcpsS tIm¡fnbp−mbncp¶p. AhcpsS
]m«pIfn \mS³]m«pItfmsSm¸w sshZyÀ¡rXnIfnse `mK§fpw X\
Xmb CiepIfn ]mSn AhXcn¸n¨ncp¶p.

2. ]cnNap«pIfn
Ifcnbpambn _Ôs¸«p cq]wsIm− Iemcq]amWv ]cnNap«pIfn.
tIcf¯nse hnhn[ {]tZi§fnepw e£Zzo]nepw CXp {]Nmc¯nep−v.
tIm«bw, FdWmIpfw PnÃIfn e¯o³ ss{IkvXhÀ¡nSbnepw ae_m
dn apkvenwIÄ¡nSbnepw, hnhn[ ZenXvhn`mK§Ä¡nSbnepw sNdnb
cq]t`Z§tfmsS CXp \ne\n¶pt]m¶ncp¶p.
Cu Ifnbn BdpapX ]Xn\mdphsc ]pcpj³amÀ DÄs¡mÅp
¶ kwLhpw Hcp Bim\pap−mIpw. ]Ånapä§tfm, hoSpIfpsS ]cnk
ctam thZnbmImw. hr¯mIrXnbn \n¡p¶ Ifn¡mcpsS a[y¯nÂ
\n¶v, ssIaWnsIm«n ]mSn¯pS§pw. ]m«v Gäp]mSns¡m−v Ifn¡mÀ
NphSphbv¡pIbpw hmfpw ]cnNbpw ]ckv]cw ap«n¨p Ifn¡pIbpw
sN¿pw. aäp hn`mK§fpsS ]cnNap«pIfnbn \n¶v am¸nfamcpsS ]cnN
ap«pIfn Nne Awi§fn hyXykvXX ]peÀ¯p¶p. \nehnf¡v D]tbm
Kn¡p¶ ]XnhnÃ. shÅap−v XäpSp¯v AXn\paosX Nph¶ I¨sI«n,
Xebn Ddpam sI«nbmWv Ifn¡pI. hnhmlw, s]cp¶mÄ XpS§nb
BtLmjthfIfn \S¯nhcp¶ Cu Iem{]IS\¯n\mbn Ad_n
aebmf¯n \nch[n]m«pIÄ cNn¨ncp¶p.
]m«pIfn sshZycpsS cN\IÄ¡v ChnsSbpw Øm\ap−v. _ZÀ
]S, DlZv ]S XpS§nb ]S¸m«pIÄ CXn ]mSmdp−v. _ZÀ ]S¸m«nse
‘]pds¸«_pPmlnepS³ In_vÀ/s]m¦nsbfp´v en_mkv Nssa´v’ apX
9
emb CiepIÄ DZmlcWw.

323
3. No\nap«v
t£t{XmÕh§fpsSbpw tLmjbm{XIfpsSbpw Ahn`mPyLSI
ambn amdnb ]©hmZys¯ A\pkvacn¸n¡p¶ am¸nfIemcq]amWv No\n
ap«v. "ap«pwhnfnbpw' F¶ t]cnepw CXdnbs¸Sp¶p−v. t]cp kqNn¸n¡p
¶Xpt]mse a±fw, Xnane, CSbv¡, Ce¯mfw, sIm¼v F¶o A©p
hmZy¯nsâ taf\amWv ]©hmZyw. F¶m No\nap«n aq¶v hmZyta
bpÅp. jl\mbntbmSp kmayapÅ sNdnb IpgemWv No\n. AXn\mÂ
‘am¸nf jl\mbn’ F¶ t]cpw CXn\v ASp¯ Ime¯v ssIh¶n«p−v.
CXnt\msSm¸w apciv (sNdnb sN−), Hä (Hcp Xcw sN−) F¶nhbpw
D]tbmKn¡p¶p. Cu Iemcq]w GXpIme¯mWv DÛhn¨sX¶v hyà
aÃ. _ZvdpÂap\odnse 15þmw Cien ImWp¶ Hcp ]Ým¯eNn{XoIc
W¯n CXp ]cmaÀin¨pImWp¶Xn\m 19þmw \qäm−n Xs¶ {]Nmc
¯nep−mbncp¶psh¶v A\pam\n¡mw.
t\À¨bnse s]«nhchpIfpsS AI¼SnbmbmWv {][m\ambpw
No\nap«v AhXcn¸n¨ncp¶Xv. tImgnt¡mSv CSnb§c, ae¸pds¯ sIm
t−m«n, tam§w, Icph³Xpcp¯n F¶nhnS§fnepw, a[ytIcf¯nse
Nne ]ÅnIfnepw \S¡p¶ t\À¨Ifn CXn\v henb {]m[m\yap−m
bncp¶p. Gsd¡psd \mamhtijambn amdn¡gnª Cu Iemcq]¯nsâ
{]m[m\yw s]mXpkaqls¯ t_m[ys¸Sp¯p¶Xn apJy]¦phln¨
IemImc\mbncp¶p sImt−m«nkztZinbmb henbI¯v Ip«ymen. ae
_mdnse hnhn[tI{µ§fnse t\À¨bpÕh§fn A¼XphÀj¯n
tesd No\nap«v AhXcn¸n¨ Ip«ymen¡v tambn³Ip«n sshZycpsS an¡
CiepIfpw lrZnØambncp¶p. No\nap«v Act§dpt¼mÄ No\nbneqsS
hmbn¡p¶Xv sshZycpsSbpw aäpw anIhpä am¸nf¸m«pIfmsW¶v At±
10
lw tcJs¸Sp¯nbn«p−v.

4. Ad_\ap«v
{]mNo\Imew apXte, Atd_y³\mSpIfn {]Nmc¯nencp¶
ZriyIemcq]amWv Ad_\ap«v. BßobNn´m{]Øm\§fmb XzcoJ
¯pIfpsS BhnÀ`mht¯msSbmWv tIcf¯n CXn\pXpS¡w Ipdn¡p
¶Xv. \mKqÀ t]mepÅ XoÀ°mS\tI{µ§fn \n¶pw tIcf¯nse¯n,

324
hoSptXmdpw Ibdnbnd§n Ad_\ ap«n¸mSp¶ Xangv \mtSmSnKmbIsc
Hcp Ime¯v tIcf¯nepS\ofw ImWmambncp¶p.
ssiJv Al½ZpÂI_oÀ cn^mC F¶ kq^oBNmcysâ A]Zm
\§fS§p¶ Ad_nss_¯pIÄ (Imhyw) Be]n¨psIm−v \S¯p¶
cn^mC dm¯o_n Ad_\ap«en\v apJyØm\ap−v. ]s¯m¼Xmw \qäm
−nepw, 20þmw \qäm−nsâ ]qÀhmÀ²¯nepw hkqcn, tImfd apXemb
]IÀ¨hym[nIÄ ]SÀ¶p]nSn¡pt¼mÄ ]pcpj·mcpsS kwLw, cm{Xn
t\cw ]pecpthmfw Ad_\ap«n {Kma§fn k©cn¡p¶ ]Xnhpap−m
bncp¶p.
C{]Imcw Hc\pjvTm\Iebmbn \ne\n¶pt]m¶ncp¶ Ad_\
ap«n\v Hcp P\Iobhnt\mZIebpsS kz`mhwIqSn e`yamIp¶Xv Ignª
iXm_vZ¯nsâ a[yt¯msSbmWv. Krl{]thiw, hnhmlw XpS§nb th
fIfnepw, t\À¨bpÕh§fnepw Act§dm³ XpS§nbtXmsS Ad_nbn
epÅ ss_¯pIÄ¡p ]pdsa, {][m\ Ad_naebmfImhy§fnse `mK
§fpw ]mSmsa¶mbn. A\pjvTm\{][m\amb Ad_\ap«n\v ‘dm¯o_v
ap«v’ F¶pw, hnt\mZ{][m\amb cq]¯n\v ‘Ifnap«v’ F¶pw kwÚIÄ
{]Nmc¯n h¶p. c−nsâbpw AhXcW{Ia¯nepw hyXymk§Ä
ImWmw.
1955þapXepÅ \nc´c{ia§fpsS `mKambn Cu Iemcq]¯n\v
]pXpPoh³ ]IÀ¶ IemImc\mWv _¡À FS¡gnbqÀ. Ifnap«n ]mSp
¶ ]m«pIfn sshZyÀ¡rXnIÄ¡p apJyØm\w ssIhcp¶Xnepw At±
l¯n\v ]¦p−v. ‘Ad_\ap«v Nn«IÄ,]m«pIfpw’ F¶ t]cn kmwkvIm
cnIhIp¸nsâ [\klmbt¯msS At±lw X¿mdm¡nb amÀK\nÀt±i
{KÙ¯n Ad_\ap«nse AjvT[z\nIÄ hniZam¡p¶Xv sshZyÀ¡r
XnIfnse DZmlcW§Ä klnXamWv.
_ZÀ ]S¸m«n \n¶pw sXcsªSp¯ CiepIÄ am{Xw {Iam\pK
Xambn tImÀ¯nW¡n, ZoÀLt\cw AhXcn¸n¡mhp¶ hn[w Cu Iem
cq]w At±lw Nn«s¸Sp¯nbn«p−v. sImt−m«nbnse sshZyÀkvamcI
aµnc¯nsâ inemØm]\¨S§n 1994 Unkw_À 24þ\mbncp¶p CXnsâ
BZy AhXcWw. Ad_\ F¶ hmtZym]IcW¯nsâ klmbt¯msS
Hcp sshZyÀ¡rXn¡v cwK`mjyw \ÂIm\pÅ BZykwcw`ambncp¶p
AXv.

325
5. Nhn«pIfn
ae_mdnse sNdpaÀ, IW¡À, ]pebÀ F¶o hn`mK§Ä¡nSbn
se hnt\mZIebmWv Nhn«pIfn. ae¸pdw, ]me¡mSv, XriqÀ PnÃIfn
emWv {][m\ambpw CXv \nehnepÅXv. t£{X§fnepw ImhpIfnepw \S
¡p¶ DÕh§fnepw HmWw, hnjp apXemb BtLmjthfIfnepw CXp
\S¯mdp−v. ]pcpj³amcpsStbm, kv{XoIfpsStbm kwLw h«¯nÂ
AWn\nc¶mWv Ifn XpS§pI. ]m«p]mSn AXnsâ Xmf¯ns\m¯p ssI
sIm«nbpw, Nhn«nbpw NphSphbv¡p¶p. \Sphn \nehnf¡psXfnbn¨p
hbv¡p¶ ]Xnhpap−v. \mS³]m«pIÄ, tZhXIsf kvXpXn¡p¶ ]m«p
IÄ, am¸nf¸m«pIÄ F¶nhsbÃmw ]mSmdp−v. Nne kµÀ`§fn c−p
kwL§fmbn Xncnªpw Nhn«pIfn AhXcn¸n¡pw.
sImt−m«nt\À¨tbmS\p_Ôn¨v sNdpaÀ, IW¡À XpS§nb
hn`mK§fnse IemImc³amÀ \S¯p¶ Nhn«pIfn¡v Nne {]tXyIXI
fp−v. sImt−m«n X§fpsS al¯zhpw, Jnem^¯v kacIYIfpsaÃmw
{]tabambn hcp¶ AXnse ]m«pIÄ, IeIfn Zriyamhp¶ kulmÀZ
¯n\pw sFIyt_m[¯n\pw anI¨ ZrjvSm´§fmWv. aäp {]tZi§fnse
Nhn«pIfnbn \n¶p hyXykvXambn sImt−m«n, Acot¡mSv, ]pfn¡Â
{]tZi§fnse Nhn«pIfn¡mÀ ]mSp¶ ]m«pIfn tambn³Ip«n sshZy
cpsS _ZÀ ]S¸m«v, _ZvdpÂap\oÀ XpS§nb cN\Ifnse `mK§Ä X\na
tbmsS ]mSn NphSphbv¡p¶Xp ImWmw. sNdpacpsS tIm¡fn apXemb
aäp Iemcq]§fnepw C¯cw ]m«pIÄ kpe`amWv.

6. NcSp Ip¯n¡fn
Ihc¯n, ISa¯v Zzo]pIfn {]Nmc¯nepÅ NcSpIp¯n¡fn
e£Zzo]v \nhmknIÄ¡nSbn tambn³Ip«n sshZycpsS IrXnIÄ¡v
e`n¨ {]Nmcs¯ kqNn¸n¡p¶p. ]Xn\mdpt]cmWv Cu Iem{]IS\
¯n ]s¦Sp¡pI. Hcp apf\m«n, AXn\papIfn \n¶pw ]Xn\mdpIbdp
IÄ Xq¡nbnSp¶p. Hmtcm Ibdnsâbpw Aäw Hmtcmcp¯À ]nSn¨v kwL
ambn ]m«p]mSn NphSphbv¡p¶p. ]mSp¶Xn\nSbn Xs¶ ]Xn\mdpIb
dpIfpw H¶mbn ]ncn¡pIbpw ho−pw ]gbXpt]mse Cg ]ncns¨Sp¡p
Ibpw sN¿pw. CXn\v ‘IbÀ Ip¯n¡fn’ F¶pw t]cp−v. tIcf¯nse
sImÃw, Xncph\´]pcw, ae¸pdw, I®qÀ apXemb PnÃIfn {]Nmc¯n
ep−mbncp¶ NcSp]n¶n¡fntbmSv CXn\p kmZriyap−v.

326
 Zzo]nse NcSpIp¯n¡fnbn Be]n¡p¶ ]m«pIfn sshZycp
sS CiepIfpw [mcmfambn IS¶phcmdp−v. _ZvdpÂap\odnse ‘DSs\
Ppssae¯v’, ‘XSIn aWs¯ kab¯nÂ’ apXemb CiepIÄ X\na
tbmsS ]mSn AhXcn¸n¨phcp¶p.
a±ft¯mSp kmayapÅ ‘tZmen’ F¶ hmtZym]IcW¯nsâ klm
bt¯msS AhXcn¸n¡mdpÅ Zzo]nse tZmen¸m«pIfnepw sshZycpsS
hnhn[ ]S¸m«pIfnse ioepIÄ D]tbmKs¸Sp¯mdp−v. ]pcpj·mcmWv
CXhXcn¸n¡p¶Xv.

7. H¸\bpw h«¸m«pw
am¸nfIeIfn Gähpw P\{]oXn ssIhcn¨ Iemcq]amWv H¸\.
kmapZmbnIamb AXnÀhc¼pIÄ t`Zn¨v s]mXpkaql¯n {]Nmcw
t\Snb H¸\bv¡v {]mtZinIt`ZanÃmsX FÃmbnS¯pw BkzmZIcp−v.
]pXnb cq]`mh§Ä kzoIcn¨v hfÀ¶Xn\mÂ, ]e \mS³Iemcq]§Ä
¡pw kw`hn¨ XfÀ¨ CXn\p−mhnÃ.
Htckabw Zriyþ{ihym\p`h§fpsS kt½f\amWv Cu Iemcq]
s¯ BËmZIcamb A\p`ham¡n amäp¶Xv. aWhm«nsb a[y¯nencp
¯n lrZblmcnbmb CiepIfnepÅ Km\§fme]n¨v, Npänepw tXmgn
amÀ NphSph¨p ssIsIm«n¡fn¡pIbmWv CXnsâ coXn. hnhml¯nsâ
XteZnhkw cm{Xn, ssIIfn ssaem©n NmÀ¯p¶Xn\mbn ]pXphkv{X
§fpw B`cW§fpw AWnsª¯p¶ aWhm«nsb hoSnsâ \SphI
t¯m, IeymW¸´entem Ccp¯p¶p. X\Xpthjw [cn¨ s]¬Ip«n
IÄ Npänepw AWn\nc¶pIfn XpS§p¶p. In®mcw (Ce¯mfw) ap«n ap³
]m«pImcn ]mSp¶ Km\§Ä aäpÅhÀ Gäp]mSpw. tIcfobkv{XoIfpsS
]c¼cmKX Iemcq]§fn {][m\amb XncphmXnc¡fn, H¸\bpsS
hnImk]cnWma§fn kzm[o\w sNep¯nbn«p−v.
‘H¸\’ F¶Xv am¸nf¸m«nse Hcp CiÂ\maamWv. CXn\v H¸\
¨mbÂ, apdp¡w, Nmb apdp¡w, apdp¡¯n Nm«v, apdp¡¯n Npcp«v
Nm«v, apdp¡¯n Xp−w F¶n§s\ hIt`Z§fp−v. H¸\ F¶ ]Zw
c−pssIIfpw \o«n¸nSn¨v ssI¸S§Ä tNÀ¯phbv¡pI F¶À°w hcp
¶ ‘l^v\’ F¶ Ad_n]Z¯n \n¶p−mbXmsW¶p IcpXp¶hcp
−v. CsXmcp Xangv]ZamsW¶pw ]£ap−v.

327
 H¸\bn AhXcn¸n¡p¶ ]m«pItfsdbpw AtX t]cnepÅ Ci
ensâ hIt`Z§fmWtÃm. sshZyÀ¡rXnIfnepÄs¸sS CiÂ\maambn
AXp tNÀ¯p ImWp¶pap−v. kzm`mhnIambpw kwKoX{][m\amb Cu
Iemcq]w AXnsâ CiÂ\ma¯nÂXs¶ ]n¡me¯v Adnbs¸Sm³
XpS§nbXmbn A\pam\n¡mw.
H¸\ F¶ kwÚ BZyIme¯v {]Nmc¯nep−mbncp¶nÃ. ‘F
t«m]t¯m a[yhbkvIcmb kv{XoIÄ h«¯n \n¶v, \Sp¡v Hcp tImfm
¼n h¨v NmªpwNcnªpw CuWsam¸n¨v ssIap«n ]m«p]mSn AhXcn¸n
¨ncp¶ CXn\v ‘Ifn¡mc¯nIfpsS Ifn’sb¶mWp ]dªncp¶Xv.’
ssaem©nbnSpt¼mÄ AhXcn¸n¡p¶ IfnbnsemgnsI, A¶v a[y
¯n aWhm«nbpsS km¶n²yhpap−mbncp¶nÃ. ‘C¶p {]Nmc¯nepÅ
coXnbn BZyambn s]mXpthZnbn H¸\ Act§dp¶Xv 1964 Pq¬ 24
\v FdWmIpfw hn.sP.än. lmfnemWt{X. tImgnt¡mSv ]c¸n {]tZi
11
s¯ F«ps]¬Ip«nIfpsS kwLamWv AXv AhXcn¸n¨Xv.’
H¸\bnse Zriymwi§Ä 20þmw \qäm−nsâ BZy]IpXnbn cq]
s¸«XmhWw. kv{XoIsft¸mse Xs¶ ]pcpj·mcpw Cu Iemcq]w Ah
Xcn¸n¨ncp¶p. hoSpIfpsS ]pd¯ft¯m, hnhml¸´entem, ]mb hncn
¨v hr¯mIrXnbnencp¶v ssIap«n¸mSpIbmbncp¶p ]pcpj·mcpsS h«¸m
«nsâ kz`mhw. Nnet¸mÄ H¶ntesd kwL§Ä X½nepÅ aÕcambpw
CXp ]cnWan¨ncp¶p. kam\ambcoXnbn Xs¶bmWv kv{XoIfpw h«¸m
«hXcn¸n¨ncp¶Xv. Ccphn`mKhpw ]mSp¶ ]m«pIÄ am{XamWv hyXykvX
ambncp¶Xv. ]m«nsâ kz`mha\pkcn¨v NmªpwNcnªpw NphSph¨p ap
t¶dp¶ C¶s¯ H¸\bv¡v GtgmFt«m ]Xnäm−nsâ ]g¡tabpffq.
hnhmlhoSpIfnepw aäp BtLmj§fnepw ]pcpj·mÀ AhXcn
¸n¡p¶ IebmWv h«¸m«v. hoSpIfpsS ]pd¯ft¯m, hnhml¸´entem
]mb hncn¨v hr¯mIrXnbnencp¶v ]mSpIbmWv CXnsâ kz`mhw. ssI
ap«nbpw, ap«msXbpw ]mSp¶ c−v ssienIfp−mbncp¶p. ssIap«p¶Xn
s\¡pdn¨v A`n{]mbhyXymk§Ä DSseSp¯tXmsSbmWv AXpt]£n
¨p]mSp¶ ssienbpw kam´cambn \nehn h¶Xv.

328
sshZycpsS kw`mh\bpw kzm[o\hpw
H¸\bpsSbpw h«¸m«nsâbpw hnImk]cnWma§fn sshZycpsS
bpw At±l¯nsâ cN\IfpsSbpw kzm[o\w {]ISamWv. hnhml§fn
epw, aäp BtLmj§fnepw ]m«pIÄ¡v henb {]m[m\yw Iev]n¨ncp¶
hcmbncp¶p ae_mÀapkvenwIÄ. hnhml§tfsdbpw cm{XnbnemWv \S
¶ncp¶Xv. hc\pw kwLhpw dm´Â hnf¡pta´n, ssIsIm«n ]m«p]mSn
bmWv h[qKrl¯nte¡p t]mhpI. hoSpIfnse¯nbm ]ns¶ h«¯n
encp¶p ]m«p]mSpw. Nnet¸mÄ CcpkwL§fmbn aÕcn¨pw ]mSp¶ ]Xn
hp−mbncp¶p.
C¯cw thfIfn ]mSp¶Xn\mbn XangvKmbIkwL§fmb ]pe
h³amsc £Wn¨p hcp¯mdp−mbncp¶p. kz´ambn Hcp KmbIkwLap
−m¡n, kz´wcN\IÄ Be]n¨psIm−v Cu ]Xnhv tambn³Ip«n
sshZyÀ Xncp¯n¡pdn¨p. aqe¸pcmWw, Inf¯name, shäne¸m«v XpS§n
bcN\IÄ AtXmsS kv{XoIÄ¡pw ]pcpj·mÀ¡pw Hcpt]mse kzoIm
cyambn amdn. _ZvdpÂap\odnse \mbnIbpsS hnhmlcwKw hÀWn¡p¶
Xpw, H¸\bpsS CiepIfn cNn¨Xpamb hcnIfpw ]m«pImÀ¡v {]nb¦c
ambn.
kz´w cN\Ifp]tbmKn¨v, Hcp Iemcq]s¯ k¼pjvSam¡m\pw,
AXn\p {]mtbmKnIamXrI krjvSn¡m\pw sshZyÀ¡p Ignªp. kµÀ`
hpambn _ÔanÃm¯Xpw asämcp kmwkvImcnI]cnkc¯p cNn¡s¸«
Xpamb Ad_n¯angnse kodm(Ncn{Xw) Imhy§Ä Be]n¡p¶Xn\p]
Icw hnhml¨S§pIfn D]tbmKn¨ncp¶ ssaem©ntbbpw, shänetb
bpw hÀWn¨v sshZyÀ Imhy§Ä cNn¨p. kµÀ`¯n\\pkcn¨pÅ XÕ
abcN\Ifpw (]m«psI«n¸mSÂ) {]Nmc¯n hcp¯nbXv IhnbpsS Kmb
IkwLw Xs¶bmbncp¶p. H¸\bpsSbpw h«¸m«nsâbpw ]m«pIfnÂ
C¶pw sshZyÀ¡rXnIÄ¡v apJyØm\ap−v. BtLmj§fn \n¶pw,
aÕcthZnIfn \n¶pw amän \nÀ¯m\mhm¯hn[w AXnsâ kzm[o\w
{]ISamWv.

8. IYm{]kwKw
{KmaoW{KÙimeIÄ, ¢ºpIÄ XpS§nb kmwkvImcnItI{µ§
fpsS hmÀjnI§fnepw, t£t{XmÕh§fnepw Hcp Ime¯v AhiyLS
Iambn IcpXnt¸m¶ncp¶ Iemcq]amWv IYm{]kwKw. AbÂkwØm\

329
§fmb IÀWmSIbnepw, Xangv\m«nepw {]Nmc¯nep−mbncp¶ ‘lcnI
YmImet£]w’ CXnsâ BhnÀ`mh¯n\v hgnsXfnbn¨n«p−v. 1924þÂ sX
¡³]dhqÀ kztZinbmb kXy{hX\mWv IYm{]kwKw BZyambn Ah
12
Xcn¸n¨Xs{X.
]pcmWIYIÄ¡p ]n¶mse Bim³, hÅt¯mÄ, N§¼pg, hb
emÀ, sshtem¸nÅn apXembhcpsS Imhy§fpw, tjIvkv]nbÀ, tSmÄ
tÌmbv XpS§nb ]mÝmXyFgp¯pImcpsS IrXnIfpw IYm{]kwKcq]
¯n AhXcn¸n¨ncp¶p. HcmÄ Xs¶ ]mSpIbpw ]dbpIbpw `mhX·b
Xzt¯msS A`n\bn¨p ^en¸n¡pIbpw sNbvXncp¶ IYm{]kwKw Hcp
P\IobþatXXc Iemcq]ambn hfÀ¶Xv thK¯nembncp¶p.
tIcf¯nse apkvenwtI{µ§fnepw IYm{]kwK¯n\p henb tXm
Xn BkzmZIcp−v. t£t{XmÕh§fn AhXcn¸n¨ncp¶Xv ]pcmtW
Xnlmk§fn \n¶pÅ IYIfmsW¦nÂ, ]Ånb¦W§fnse¯pt¼mÄ
AXv CkvemwNcn{XIY\§fmbn amdp¶p F¶pam{Xw. IYm{]kwKIe
bv¡v tIcf¯n XpS¡wIpdn¡p¶Xnsâ \mep]Xnäm−pap¼v(1883) Chn
sSbmcw`n¨ ]mSn¸dbensâ XpSÀ¨bmbmWv CkvemanIIYm{]kwKw F
¶t]cn Cu Iemcq]w {]Nmc¯n hcp¶Xv. 1960þIfpsS XpS¡¯nem
bncp¶p AXv. Jnʸm«pcwK¯v kPohambncp¶ ]ecpw 20þmw\qäm−nsâ
Ahkm\]mZ§fn IYm{]kwKcwKt¯¡v NphSpamäpIbpw sNbvXp.
Jnʸm«pt]mse At\Iw Znhk§fn XpSÀ¨bmbn AhXcn¸n
t¡−Xnà F¶Xmbncp¶p CXnsâ AhXcW¯nepÅ {][m\kuIcyw.
ct−maqt¶m aWn¡qÀ sIm−v Hcp IY AhXcn¸n¡mw. aäp]m«pIfpw
kn\namþ\mSIKm\§fpsaÃmw kµÀ`m\pkcWw {]tbmP\s¸Sp¯p¶
Xn\v IemImc\v IqSpXÂ kzmX{´yhpap−v. hmtZym]IcW§fpsS AI
¼SnbnÃmsXbmWv s]mXpsh Jnʸm«pIÄ AhXcn¸n¨ncp¶Xv. IYm{]
kwK¯nemhs« AXnsâ km[yXIÄ {]tbmP\s¸Sp¯mw. ]pcpj·mÀ
am{Xambncp¶ Jnʸm«pIÄ AhXcn¸n¨ncp¶Xv. IYm{]kwKthZnIfn
emhs« dwem_oKw, Abnjm_oKw XpS§nb ImYnIamÀ Bcw`Imew
apXte Ac§n km¶n[yadnbn¨n«p−v.

IYm{]kwK¯nsâ kzm[o\hpw sshZyÀ¡rXnIfpw

IYm{]kwKIebv¡v aäp kapZmb§fn e`n¨Xn\p kam\amb
CSw apkvenwkmaqlnI]cnkc¯pw e`yamIm³ ImcWambXv, ]mSn¸d

330
bensâ XpSÀ¨bmbpÅ AXnsâ cwK{]thiamWv. ]S¸m«pIÄ¡pw aäp
Jnʸm«pIÄ¡pw IYm{]kwKcq]w \ÂIm³ Ffp¸ambncp¶p. Jnʸm«n
sâ ]mc¼cyw \ne\n¡p¶Xn\m AXnthKw {]Nmcwt\Sm\pw Zriy
am[ya§fpsS apt¶ä¯n\nSbnepw ]nSn¨p\n¡m\pw AXn\pkm[n¨p.
]Ånb¦W§Ä¡p ]pdsabpÅ thZnIfntebv¡p hym]n¨Xpw,
]Xnäm−pItfmfw t{imXm¡Ä am{Xambncp¶ kv{XoIÄ¡p Ac§nÂ
Øm\w e`n¨Xpw henb ]cnhÀ¯\¯n\p hgnsXfnbn¨p. A[nIw ssh
ImsX hym]Iambnamdnb {Kmat^m¬ sdt¡mÀUpIfpw, HmUntbmImk
äpIfpw krjvSn¨XcwKhpw sNdpXmbncp¶nÃ. hnhmlhoSpIfn D¨`m
jnWn D]tbmKn¡p¶ ]Xnhv sXmÅmbnc¯nFgp]XpIfpsS Bcw`w
apX c−p]Xnäm−ntesd¡mew ae_mdn \ne\n¶ncp¶p. hnhml
¯nsâ XteZnhkw apXÂ Xs¶ am¸nf¸m«pIfpw IYm{]kwK§fpw Hcp
tZiw apgph³ apg§ntIÄ¡mw. sXmgnÂtXSn sNdp¸¡mÀ KÄ^v taJe
Ifnte¡p IpSntbdnbtXmsS hoSpIfn kÀÆkm[mcWambn¯oÀ¶
tS¸v sdt¡mÀUpIfpw, am¸nf¸m«pIfptSbpw IYm{]kwK§fptSbpw h³
tXmXnepÅ P\IobhXv¡cW¯n\v klmbIambn amdn. hn.Fw. Ip«n,
sI.Pn. k¯mÀ, F.hn. apl½Zv, Fctªmfn aqk, hnfbn ^koe,
dwem_oKw XpS§nb KmbIscÃmw P\a\ÊpIfnenSw t\SnbXv Cu
kwhn[m\w hgnbmWv.
tambn³Ip«n sshZycpsS ]S¸m«pIfpw, _ZvdpÂap\oÀ lpkv\pÂ
Pamepw IYm{]kwK¯nsâ Ac§pIfn ]pXpa \jvSs¸Sm¯ {]tab
§fmbncp¶p. ]S¸m«pIfn _Zdn\p Xs¶bmbncp¶p Gsd {]nbw. {]W
bImhyamb _ZvdpÂap\odmhs«, N§¼pgbpsS caWsâ IYm{]kwK
`mjywt]mse s]mXpthZnIfn BtLmjn¡s¸«p. 1963þ64 ImebfhnÂ
IYm{]kwKthZnIfn _ZvdpÂap\oÀImhyw AhXcn¸n¨ncp¶ dwem_o
K¯nsâ A\p`h§Ä s]mXpkaql¯n AXpsNep¯nbncp¶ kzm[o
\¯n\pZmlcWamWv. Hcp A`napJ¯n Cu hkvXpX AhÀ hyàam
¡p¶Xn§s\bmWv: ‘Rm³ AhXcn¸n¨ c−mas¯ IY _ZvdpÂap\oÀ
lpkv\pÂPamemWv. 1963þtem, 64þtem BWXv. tIÄ¡m³ \nch[n lnµp
¡Ä hcpambncp¶p. t£{X§fn t]mbm NneÀ ]dbpw. _ZvdpÂ
ap\oÀ lpkv\pÂPam AhXcn¸n¡m³. ImcWw A{Xbv¡pw anI¨
13
{]WbImhyambncp¶p AXv.’

331
 _ZÀ ]S¸m«pw, DlZp ]S¸m«pw Ct¸mgpw IYm{]kwKthZnIfnÂ
AhXcn¸n¨phcp¶p−v. Cu cwKs¯ BkzmZIcpsS a\Ên B IrXn
IÄ¡pÅ Øm\amWv AXp shfnhm¡p¶Xv.

***
Ipdn¸pIÄ
1. tNäphmbn A_vZpÂJmZÀ, almIhn tNäphmbn]co¡p«n, (]n. sI.
{_tZgvkv, tImgnt¡mSv, 1960)
2. kn.F³. Al½Zv auehn, sI.sI. apl½Zv A_vZpÂIcow, al
¯mb am¸nfkmlnXy]mc¼cyw, ]p. 396
3. sI.sI. apl½Zv A_vZpÂIcow, ‘I¸¸m«pw \qÂaZvlpw’, ]p. 29
4. tUm. sI.sI. apl½Zv A_vZpÂk¯mÀ, am¸nfIogmf]T\§Ä
5. sI.sI. apl½Zv A_vZpÂIcow, am¸nfIhnk{am«vtambn³Ip«n
sshZyÀ, ]p. 11
6. tXm¸n apl½Zv aocm³, ‘sshZyÀ{]`mhw XangI¯v’, almIhn
tambn³Ip«n sshZyÀ ]T\§Ä, FUn.sI.Fw.AlvaZv, 2006) ]p.167
7. hn.Fw. Ip«n, tZim`nam\n hmcnI, 2008, ]p. 9
8. Sn.]n. Ben¡p«n Kpcn¡Ä, FScnt¡mSv, ‘tIm¡fn’, am¸nfIem
ZÀi\w, FUn. F³. ImXncnt¡mb, (tIcfkmlnXyA¡mZan,
XriqÀ, 2009), ]p. 38þ40
9. hn.Fw. Ip«n, am¸nf¸m«nsâ Ncn{Xk©mc§Ä, (tIcfam¸nf
IemA¡mZan, tImgnt¡mSv, 2006) ]p.117þ118
10. henbI¯v Ip«ymen, sImt−m«n, ‘No\nap«v AYhm ap«pwhnfnbpw’,
am¸nfIemZÀ¸Ww, FUn. ]¡À ]¶qcv, (\mj\ _p¡vÌmÄ
tIm«bw 1998) ]p. 124.
11. ]n.]n. a½ZvtImb ]c¸nÂ, tImgnt¡ms« apkvenw§fpsS Ncn{Xw,
(t^m¡kv ]»nt¡j³kv, tImgnt¡mSvþ2012), ]p. 278
12. tUm. iin[c³ ¢mcn, tIcfobIem\nL−p, (Henhv ]»nt¡
j³kv, tImgnt¡mSv þ 2012) ]p. 67
13. dwem_oKw/DaÀ XdtaÂ, ‘i_vZhne¡nsâ ISpwsI«gn¨hÀ’ amXr
`pan hmcnI, 90, 3, (2012 G{]n 1)

332
Bava K.“Works of Moyinkutty Vaidyar: Language and discource ”
Thesis. Department of Malayalam and Kerala studies, University
of Calicut, 2015.
 D]kwlmcw

\nKa\§Ä

{]_Ô¯nse \nKa\§fpw Is−¯epIfpw t{ImUoIcn¡pI

bmWv Cu A[ymb¯n sN¿p¶Xv. aq¶p`mKambn hn`Pn¨ {]_Ô
¯nse BZy A[ymb¯n Ad_naebmfw cq]wsIm− kmaqlnIþ
cmjv{Sob]Ým¯ew ]cntim[n¨n«p−v.
tIcf¯nsâ {]mNo\Ncn{Xs¯ cq]s¸Sp¯nbXn hntZicmPy
§fpambn \ne\n¶ncp¶ hmWnPy_豈 {][m\ ]¦phln¨n«p−v.
bqtdm]y³amcpsS BKa\¯n\p ap¼phscbpÅ ImeL«¯n Cu _
Ô¯n Ad_nIÄ¡p \nÀWmbIØm\ap−mbncp¶p. AXv kmaqln
IþkmwkvImcnI taJeIfnte¡pw hym]n¨tXmsS CcptZi§fntebpw
`mjIÄ X½nepÅ k¼À¡hpw iàns¸«p. hnhn[cmPy§Ä¡nSbnep
Å hmWnPy¯n Ad_nIÄ a[yhÀ¯nIfmbtXmsS, HcmtKmf_Ô
`mjbmbn Ad_n hfÀ¶p. kmaqXncn¡p \ÂIp¶Xn\mbn t]mÀ¨pKen
se am\phÂcmPmhv hmkvtImUKma hiw sImSp¯b¨ I¯v (1498) Ad
_nbnembncp¶psh¶Xpw, U¨pKhÀWÀ sl³dn hm³doUnsâ \nÀt±i
{]Imcw X¿mdm¡nb tlmÀ¯qkv ae_mdn¡pkn aebmfw, emän³,
sIm§nWn F¶nhtbmsSm¸w Ad_nen]nbpw A¨Sn¨ncp¶psh¶Xpw
A¡me¯v Ad_n`mjbv¡p−mbncp¶ {]m[m\yw hyàam¡p¶p−v.
Hcp tIcfob³ cNn¨ BZytIcfNcn{X{KÙamb ‘Xplv^¯p apPmln
Zo\pw’ (ssiJv ssk\p±o³þa.1583) BZy tIcfNcn{XImhyamb "^Xv
lp ap_o\pw' (Jmkn apl½Zvþa. 1616) Ad_nbnembXn\memWv temI
{i² ]nSn¨p]änbXv.
{]mNo\Imew apXte, Atd_y³\mSpIfpambn \ne\n¶ncp¶
hmWnPyþkmwkvImcnI_Ô§fpsS ^eambn Atd_ybn Ckvemw B
hnÀ`hn¨ Ggmw\qäm−nÂXs¶ AXp tIcf¯nepw {]Ncn¨ncp¶p. AXn
sâ XpSÀ¨bmbmWv Ad_naebmfw BhnÀ`hn¡p¶Xv.

333
Ad_naebmfw
tIcf¯nse CkvemwhnizmknIÄ¡nSbn cq]s¸« teJ\k{¼
ZmbamWv Ad_naebmfw. Ad_nA£c§Ä D]tbmKn¨v aebmf i_vZ
§Ä tcJs¸Sp¯p¶ coXnbmWv. Ad_nbnÂ\n¶p hyXykvXambn, ae
bmf¯n ImWp¶ kz\na§Ä IqSn tcJs¸Sp¯mhp¶ hn[w Ad_n
en]namebn Nne ]cnjvImc§Ä hcp¯nbmWv AXp cq]s¸Sp¯nbXv.
Ad_n¯angv, Ad_n_wKmfn F¶n§s\ aäp`mjIfnepw Cu kwhn
[m\w hnIkn¨ncp¶p.
aX{]t_m[\mÀ°w tIcf¯nepw aäp tZi§fnepsa¯nb
CkvemwanjWdnamcpsS klmbt¯msS Xt±iobcmb hnizmknIfmWv
Ch cq]s¸Sp¯nbsX¶p IcpXp¶p. aebmfen]n¡v kmÀÆ{XnIamb
{]Nmcw ssIh¶n«nÃm¯ Ime¯mbncp¶p AXv. aX]camb hnizmkm\p
jvTm\§fpsS `mKambn Ad_n`mjm]T\w A\nhmcyambXn\m \nÀ
_Ô_p²ntbmSpIqSn AXp ]Tn¡p¶Xn\pw ]Tn¸n¡p¶Xnepw hnizmkn
IÄ {i²n¨pt]m¶p. C§s\ kzmb¯am¡p¶ Ad_nen]n D]tbmKn¨v
amXr`mjmi_vZ§Ä IqSn tcJs¸Sp¯m\pÅ {ia¯nsâ ^eambncp¶p
AXv.
Ad_naebmfw DÛhn¨ Imew Dd¸n¡mhp¶ sXfnhpIÄ e`yaÃ.
kmlNcys¯fnhpIfpsS shfn¨¯n AXp {In.h. 12þ13 \qäm−pIfnem
sW¶v A\pam\n¡mhp¶XmWv.
Ad_naebmfw kz´amb ]Zmhenbpw hymIcWhpapÅ kzX{´
`mjbmsW¶ hmZw \nehneps−¦nepw AXp hkvXpXIfpambn tbmPn
¨pt]mIp¶nÃ. AXv aebmf¯nsâ Hcp en]y´cWw(transliteration) am{X
amWv. aebmf¯n \n¶p hyXykvXambn AXn ImWp¶ ]Z§Ä Ad
_n, t]Àjy³, Xangv, kwkvIrXw apXemb `mjIfnÂ\n¶v XÕaam
tbm, XÛhamtbm kzoIcn¨hbmWv. enwKhN\{]Xyb§fnepw hn`àn
bnepw ImWp¶ khntijXIÄ Xangnsâbpw, hmsamgnbpsSbpw
kzm[o\ ^eambp−mbXmWv.
Ad_naebmf¯nse BJym\sshhn[y§Ä F¶ c−ma[ymb
¯n Cu cwKs¯ hyXykvX kmlnXyimJIsfbpw {][m\ kw`mh\I
sfbpw ]cnNbs¸Sp¯p¶p. BZyImeIrXnIfmb ‘aplvbn±o³ame’,

334
‘henb \kol¯vame’, ‘I¸¸m«v’, ‘\qÂaZvlv’ F¶nhbpsS khntij
XIÄ {]tXyIw hniZoIcn¨n«p−v.
tImgnt¡mSvkztZinbmb Jmknapl½Znsâ IrXnbmWv ‘aplvbn
±o³ame’(1607). Ime\nÀWbw km[yamb BZyIrXn F¶\nebnepw,
IoÀ¯\ ImhyimJbmb ame¸m«p{]Øm\¯n\v XpS¡wIpdn¨ IrXn
F¶ \nebnepw AXv Ncn{X¯nenSw t\Snbn«p−v.
‘aplvbn±o³ame’ F¶ ioÀjI¯nse ‘ame’ F¶ i_vZw Ad_n
bnse ‘auenZv’ F¶ i_vZ¯nsâ XÛhamsW¶ hmZw icnbÃ. Xangn
se ‘amsse’ i_vZ¯nÂ\n¶mWv AXnsâ \ncpàn. aplvbn±o³amebv¡p
ap¼pXs¶ Ad_n¯angn IoÀ¯\Imhy§fmb ‘amsse’IÄ \nehn
ep−mbncp¶p.
`mjm]chpw kmaqlnIhpambn {][m\yapÅ cN\bmWnXv. ip²
aebmf]Z§Ä, Xangvi_vZ§Ä, {]mNo\]Z§Ä, hmsamgncq]§Ä
F¶nh CXnep−v. kmaqlnIamb D¨\oNXz§Äs¡Xncmb IhnbpsS
\ne]mSpw IrXnbn {]Xn^en¡p¶p.
aplvbn±o³ amebv¡p tijw 130 hÀjw Ignªp cNn¡s¸« ‘\qÂ
aZvlv’(Ipªmbn³apkveymÀ) BWv Ad_naebmf¯nse c−mas¯Ir
Xnsb¶ KthjIaXw icnbÃ. ae¸pdwPnÃbnse Xncqcn\Sp¯ Iq«mbn
kztZinbmbncp¶ a\m¡mâI¯v Ipªnt¡mb¯§Ä cNn¨ ‘henb
\kol¯v ame’bpsS Imew ‘ln.1052 k^À 9 (1642)’ BsW¶v IrXnbnÂ
]cmaÀin¨n«p−v. aplvbn±o³ amebpw Cu IrXnbpw X½n 35 hÀjs¯
AIetabpÅp. AXn\m Cu cwKs¯ c−mas¯ IrXn ‘\kol¯p
ame’bmsW¶ \nKa\¯n G¯mhp¶XmWv.
hyXykvX hyhlmccq]§fnembn A¿mbnct¯mfw ]ZyþKZy Ir
XnIÄ Ad_naebmfkmlnXy¯nepÅXmbn IW¡m¡p¶p. kÀKmß
IcN\ItfmsSm¸w Ncn{Xw, B[ymßnIw, sshZyimkv{Xw F¶o taJe
IfnepÅ cN\Ifpw C¡q«¯nep−v. anj\dnKZy¯n\p kam´cambn
hfÀ¶p hnIkn¨ Ad_naebmfKZyw khntij]T\w AÀln¡p¶p−v.

335
 sshZycpsS `uXnIPohnXhpw kÀKmßIPohnXhpw ]cnNbs¸Sp
¯p¶XmWv aq¶mwA[ymbw. {In.h. 1852þ\pw, 1892þ\panSbn C¶s¯
ae¸pdwPnÃbnse sImt−m«nbnemWv Ihn Pohn¨ncp¶Xv.
sshZycpsS ]qÀhnIÀ Xriqcn \n¶pw sImt−m«nbnte¡p IpSn
tbdnbhcmsW¶v A\pam\n¡mhp¶XmWv. IhnbpsS t]cns\m¸w Hm«p
]md¡pgn Bep§ÂI−n F¶p tNÀ¯pImWp¶p−v. XriqÀ hS¡mt©
cnbnemWv ‘Hm«p]md’ F¶ ØeapÅXv. sImt−m«nbnse¯nb Ihnbp
sS ]nXmal³ BZyambn Xmakn¨ Øew ‘Hm«p]md¡pgn ]d¼v’ F¶
t]cnemWv 1936-þse dokÀshtcJIfn tNÀ¯ncn¡p¶Xv. CXv Cu \nK
a\¯n\v ]n³_etaIp¶p.
aebmft¯msSm¸w Xangv, Ad_n, t]Àjy³, kwkvIrXw, DÀZp,
Cw¥ojv, I¶U`mjIfnse ]Z§Ä sshZyÀ¡rXnIfn {]tbmKn¨n
«p−v. AhsbÃmw tIheamb ]mÞnXy{]IS\¯nt\m, sshhn[y¯n
t\m th−n {]tbmKn¨hbÃ. B `mjIfpambn \ne\nÀ¯nt¸m¶ kPo
h_Ô¯nsâ `mKamWXv. BbpÀthZNnInÕbpsS `mKambn kwkvIr
Xhpw, aX]T\¯n\mbn Ad_nbpw _mey¯n¯s¶ sshZyÀ kzmb
¯am¡nbncp¶p. Xangv\m«nse tX§m¸«Ww, ImbÂ]«Ww, ImkÀ
tKms« sam{KmÂ, IÀWmSIbnse awKem]pcw F¶o {]tZi§fnse Ihn
IfpambpÅ kulrZhpw, B \mSpIfnte¡pÅ k©mchpw, Xangv, I¶
U`mjIfn {]mhoWyw t\Sp¶Xn\p klmbIambn. t]Àjy³]ÞnX
cmb \nkmap±o³ anbm, CjvXnbmJv jm F¶nhcpambpÅ ASp¯_Ôw
B `mjbpsS ]T\¯n\pw hgnsXfnbn¨p. `mjmi_vZ§tfmsSm¸w Xangv,
Ad_ni_vZ§Ä CSIeÀ¯n {]tbmKn¡p¶ ]qÀÆnIcpsS amXrIsb
A\pIcn¨v aäp `mjm]Z§fpw btYjvSw {]tbmP\s¸Sp¯n. C{]Imcw
cq]s¸Sp¯nb Imhy`mjbmWv sshZyÀ¡rXnIfpsS apJykhntijX.
cN\bpsS {]mcw`L«¯nepÅ I¯p]m«pIÄ apX A´yIrXn
bmb lnPvd hscbpÅ Imhy§sf aq¶ma[ymb¯n ]cnNbs¸Sp¯n
bn«p−v. sshZyÀ¡rXnIfpsS `mjm]camb A]{KY\amWv c−mw`mK¯v
\nÀÆln¨ncn¡p¶Xv. Cu `mKs¯ Is−¯epIÄ NphsS tNÀ¡p¶p.
1. hn`àn{]Xyb§Ä : hn`àn{]Xyb§fpsS taJebn aebmf
¯n \n¶pw hyXykvXamb AÀ°IÂ]\Ifpw, {]tbmKcoXnI
fpw ImWmw. aebmfi_vZ§fnse¶t]mse, A\y`mjmi_vZ§

336
fnepw `mjbnse {]Xyb§Ä tNÀ¡pI, {]mNo\IrXnIfnÂam{Xw
ImWp¶tXm, ep]vX{]Nmc§tfm Bb cq]§Ä {]tbmKn¡pI
apXembhpw AXnsâ khntijXIfmWv.
{]Xn{KmlnIm{]Xybambn ‘F’ F¶Xn\p]pdsa, ‘s\, A, B’
F¶o cq]§Ä {]tbmKn¨n«p−v. AXpt]mse kwtbmPnIm{]Xyb
ambn ‘HSv, HmSv’ F¶nhtbmsSm¸w ‘CÂ’ F¶ B[mcnIbpsS
{]Xybhpw D]tbmKn¨n«p−v.
Dt±inIm{]Xyb§fmbn ‘¡v, Dv(\v)’ F¶nhbpw, NnekµÀ`§
fn ‘¡p, ¶v, ¶p’ F¶nhbpw {]tbmKn¨n«p−v.

{]tbmPnIm{]Xybambn ‘BÂ, Bse, Bte’ F¶o cq]§Ä

ImWmw. ‘Bte’ F¶ {]Xybw B[mcnImÀ°¯nepw ‘AtXmSp
IqSn’ F¶ AÀ°¯nepw hcp¶ kµÀ`§fp−v. {]tbmPnImÀ°
¯n Xs¶, ‘sIm−v’ F¶ {]tbmKhpap−v.
kw_ÔnImÀ°¯nepw {]Xn{KmlnIm{]Xybw D]tbmKn¨n«p−v.
A\pkzmc¯nehkm\n¡p¶ i_vZ§fn ‘C³’ tNcpt¼mÄ CS
\nebmbn htc− ‘¯v’ tNÀ¶Xpw, Dt]£n¨Xpamb cq]§fp−v.
‘If¯n\nÂ’, ‘kzÀK¯n\nÂ’ F¶n§s\ ‘¯v’ F¶Xn\ptijw
‘C³’ IqSn hcp¶ {]tbmKcoXnbpw ImWmw.

Ad_ni_vZ§tfmSv B[mcnI{]Xybw tNÀ¡p¶Xn\p ap¼v ‘C³’

CS\ne tNÀ¡pI, hnhn[ `mjmi_vZ§fn ‘CÂ’ {]Xyb¯n\p
tijw tZymXIamb ‘\n¶v’ tNcpt¼mÄ ‘CÂ’ Dt]£n¡pI XpS
§nb coXnIfpw Ahew_n¨ncn¡p¶p.
`mjbntebpw A\y`mjIfntebpw ]Z§fn aebmfenwKhN\
{]Xyb§Ä tNÀ¯v kwt_m[\mcq]§Ä krjvSn¡p¶p. Ad_n
bnse kwt_m[\m{]Xybamb ‘bm’ tNÀ¶ cq]§fpw, aebmf
¯nsebpw, Ad_nbnsebpw {]Xyb§Ä H¶n¨phcp¶ cq]§fpw
{]Xy£s¸Sp¶p−v.

337
 Ad_n]Z§tfmsSm¸w, B `mjbnse hn`àn{]Xyb§fmb ‘^o,
a³, Cem, Ae, _n’ F¶nh tNÀ¡p¶ ]Xnhpap−v.

2. kap¨b\n]mX§Ä: kap¨bi_vZ§fmb ‘Dw, Hm’ F¶nh `mj

bnsebpw, A\y`mjIfnsebpw ]Z§fn Hcpt]mse tNÀ¯p{]
tbmKn¡p¶p. A\y`mjm]Z§Ä XÕaþXÛhcq]§fn `mj
bn {]Nmc¯nepÅXmhWsa¶nÃ.
LSI]Z§fn H¶nt\mSpam{Xw {]Xybw tNÀ¡Â, Ad_nkap¨
bi_vZamb ‘h’ tNÀ¯p{]tbmKn¡Â XpS§nbhbpw ImWmw.
kakvX]Z§fnse LSI]Z§Ä Hcp `mjbntetXm, hyXykvX
`mjIfntetXm Bhmw.
3. `mjm]cnWma¯nse Bdp\b§Ä
A\p\mknImXn{]kcw: A\p\mknImXn{]kcw kw`hn¡m¯
Xangva«nepÅ ]Z§fpw A\p\mknImXn{]kc¯n\p hnt[bamb
cq]§fpw ImWp¶p. Nnet¸mÄ Htc ]mZ¯n Xs¶, ASp¯Sp
¯mbn c−pcq]¯nepapÅ {]tbmK§fpw ImWmw. A\p\mknIm
Xn{]kcw kw`hn¡m¯ cq]§Ä¡mWv ap³Xq¡w.
XmehymtZiw : XmehymtZiw h¶ cq]§fps−¦nepw AXn\p
hnt[bamIm¯ i_vZ§fmWv IqSpXÂ.
kzckwhcWw : {]IrXn{]Xyb§fpsS HSphn ‘sF’Imcw tNÀ
¶phcp¶ Xangvcq]§fpw, AXpt]£n¨ (kzckwhcW¯n\v
hnt[bamb) aebmfcq]§fpap−v. BZyhn`mK¯nepÅ i_vZ
§Ä kpe`amWv.
Ad_nt]Àjy³ apXemb A\y`mjmi_vZ§fnepw, Øe\ma§
fnepw ‘sF’ Imcw tNÀ¯v Xangvcq]¯nem¡p¶ coXnbpap−v.
]pcpjt`Z\ncmkw : {Inbm]Z§fn ]pcpj{]XybklnX§tfm,
clnX§tfm Bb cq]§Ä ImWmw. ]pcpj{]Xybw tNÀ¶ cq]
§fmWv A[nIhpw.
4. kÀÆ\ma§fpw, _ÔhmNoi_vZ§fpw : aebmf¯n\p]pdsa,
aäp `mjIfn \n¶pÅ kÀÆ\mai_vZ§Ä [mcmfambn ImWmw.

338
 Xangvi_vZ§fmWv IqSpXepw. ]ckv]c_Ôs¯ kqNn¸n¡p¶
i_vZ§fnepw Cu A\y`mj{`aw {]ISamWv.
5. kwJymi_vZ§Ä: aebmfw, Xangv, I¶U, DÀZp, Ad_n, kwkv
IrXw, Cw¥ojv`mjIfnse kwJymi_vZ§Ä IrXnIfn {]tbm
Kn¨n«p−v. BhÀ¯\w Hgnhm¡p¶Xn\pw, {]mkw ]men¡p¶Xn
\pamWv {][m\ambpw CXhew_n¡p¶Xv.
A_vPZv, A¡s¡«v XpS§nb kwJymkt¦X§fpsS {]tbmKw:
A£c§Ä¡p kwJymaqeyw I¸n¨v, kwJyIfpsS Øm\¯v
\nÝnX A£c§tfm, Ah tNÀ¶p krjvSn¡p¶ i_vZ§tfm {]
tbmKn¡p¶ coXnbmWv ‘A_vPZv’. adn¨v ]Z§fpsSbpw hmIy§
fpsSbpw Øm\¯v kwJymi_vZ§Ä {]tbmKn¡p¶ ]Xnhpap−v.
Cu k{¼Zmbhpw CXn\p kam\ambn aebmf¯nep−mbncp¶
‘A¡s¡«pw’ Ihn {]tbmP\s¸Sp¯nbn«p−v.
6. enwKhN\{]Xyb§Ä: enwKhN\Ime {]Xyb§tfmSp IqSnb
Ad_n{Inbmi_vZ§Ä {]tbmKn¨n«p−v. Ad_nbntebpw, aäp`m
jIfntebpw i_vZ§fn aebmf¯nse enwKhN\{]Xyb§fpw,
Ime{]Xyb§fpw tNÀ¯v ]pXnb]Z§Ä krjvSn¡p¶p−v.
Ad_n]Z§tfmsSm¸w ‘Bbn’ F¶ tZymXIcq]w tNÀ¯v `qX
Imecq]§Ä krjvSn¨n«p−v.
aebmf¯nse ‘AÀ’ F¶ _lphN\{]Xyb¯n\v ]Icambn aplv
bn±o³ame apXepÅ Ad_naebmfIrXnIfn hcp¶ ‘HmÀ’ {]Xy
bw sshZycpw D]tbmKn¡p¶p−v. _me½mÀ, Aaod½mÀ F¶n
§s\, `mjbnse kenwK_lphN\¯nse ]pÃnwKcq]§fnÂ
hcp¶ ‘A³’ {]Xybw Dt]£n¨pÅ {]tbmK§fpap−v.

aebmf¯nsebpw CXc`mjIfnsebpw i_vZ§fn ‘AÀ’,‘BÀ’,

‘IÄ’ F¶o {]Xyb§Ä tNÀ¶phcp¶ ]qPI_lphN\cq]§Ä
{]tbmKn¨n«p−v. AtXmsSm¸w {]mNo\aebmf¯nepw Xangnepw
ImWp¶hn[apÅ Cc«_lphN\{]Xyb§fpw ImWmhp¶XmWv.
‘B, AÂ, CÂ’ F¶o Jne[mXp¡Ä A\p{]tbmKambn tNÀ¯v
\ntj[{Inbmcq]§Ä krjvSn¡p¶ `mjbnse ]Xnhnt\msSm¸w,

339
 Ad_nbnse \ntj[{Inbmi_vZamb ‘em’ tNÀ¶phcp¶ i_vZ
§Ä D]tbmKn¨n«p−v.
7. kam\mÀ°{]Xyb§fpw {]tbmK§fpw : Ad_nþaebmf`mj
Ifn kam\mÀ°¯n hcp¶ {]Xyb§fpw, ]Z§fpw Hcpan¨p
{]tbmKn¡p¶ coXn NnekµÀ`§fn Ahew_n¨n«p−v. F¦nepw
AhbpsS [z\nXe¯n hyXymkw ImWmw.

8. kZrikrjvSn (Anology): `mjbn henb{]NmcanÃm¯ Nne

cq]§sf hyXymks¸Sp¯n {]Nmc¯nepÅ cq]§tfmSnW¡n
]pXnb {]tbmK§Ä krjvSn¡p¶p−v.

9. sN¿pÄhnImc§Ä : ‘\¶qÂ’ hn[n{]ImcapÅ sN¿pÄ hnImc

§fmb hen¯Â, \o«Â, Ipdp¡Â, hncn¯Â, sXmIp¯Â F¶n
hb\pkcn¨v kwkvIcn¨]Z§fp−v. saen¯Â {]tbmKn¨pImWp
¶nÃ.
10. kz\naXe¯nse hyXnbm\§Ä: kwkvIrX¯nÂ\n¶pw ae
bmfw kzoIcn¨ AXnJctLmj§Ä tNÀ¯v Ad_naebmf en]n
]cnjvIcn¡p¶Xn\pap¼mWv sshZyÀ¡rXnIfpsS cN\. AXn
\m Xangntem, Ad_nbntem ImWp¶ A£c§Ä¡p kam\
amb kz\na§tf, sshZyÀ¡rXnIfnepÅp. C¡mcW¯m `mj
bnse i_vZ§Ä {]tbmKn¡pt¼mÄ kz\naXe¯n Nne amä
§Ä IS¶phcp¶p.
j > i, f i>N k > X, N b>i F > sb
G > tb h>_ X, [, Y > Z `>_ ]>^
J, K, L > I A>C C>D C>A £>¨
Cu amä§Ä kmÀÆ{XnIaÃ. ‘i, b , k, h, X’ F¶nhbvs¡Ãmw
Xpeyamb i_vZ§Ä Ad_nbneps−¦nepw Xangv, I¶U `mjI
fnse {]tbmK§fptSbpw, hmsamgnbptSbpw kzm[o\waqew amän
{]tbmKn¡p¶ cq]§fpap−v.
11. Imhy`mjbpsS khntijXIÄ
1) Ad_naebmfImhy§fnse {]mk§fmb I¼n, Igp¯v,
hmep½Â I¼n, hm¡¼n, Nnsägp¯v F¶nh an¡kµÀ`
§fnepw IrXyambn ]men¨n«p−v. I¼n, Igp¯v XpS§nb

340
 hsb Ae¦mc§fmbÃ, IhnXbpsS A\nhmcyLSI§fm
bmWv ]cnKWn¡p¶Xv.
2) AÀ°me¦mc§Ä¡v `mjmþkwkvIrXImhy§fnse Ae
¦mc{]tbmK§tfmSv kmayap−v. D]a, DÂt{]£, cq]Iw,
kktµlw, A{]kvXpX{]iwk, AÀ°m´c\ymkw, DZm¯w
apXemb Ae¦mc {]tbmK§Ä ImWmw.
3) D]am\§Ä, Imhy_nw_§Ä F¶nhbv¡pw, `mjmImhy§
fntebpw, Ad_nImhy§fntebpw IÂ]\ItfmSv kmayw
ImWmw. hntZi]Ým¯eapÅ Imhy§fnÂt]mepw tIcfo
b]cnkc¯pÅ IWns¡m¶, sN¼Iw apXembh D]am\§
fmbn hcp¶p.
4) hÀW\bnepw ckmhnjv¡mc¯nepw Ihnbv¡pÅ sshZKv[yw
Akm[mcWamWv. BhÀ¯\hnckXtbm, hrYmØqeXtbm
CÃmsX ZrIvkm£nhnhcW¯nsâ {]XoXnbpfhm¡p¶ hn[
amWv bp²hÀW\IÄ.
5) `àn, hocw, irwKmcw, timIw, lmkyw XpS§nb ck§Ä
kaRvPkambn Bhnjv¡cn¨ncn¡p¶p. kµÀ`¯n\\pkcn¨v
Imhy`mjbn hcp¶ amäw {it²bamWv.
6) Bbp[§fptSbpw kwKotXm]IcW§fptSbpw hnhcW¯n
epw hÀW\bnepw tIcfobX {]ISambn ImWmw.
12. Ci sshhn[yw
1) Ad_naebmfImhy§fpsS Bem]\coXnsb ‘CiÂ’F¶p
hnfn¡p¶p. Hmtcm ]m«nsâbpw XpS¡¯n GXpa«n Be
]n¡Wsa¶ CiÂkwÚ tNÀ¡mdp−v. sshZycpsS ZoÀL
Imhy§fn BsI 639 CiepIÄ ImWp¶p.
Ch aq¶phn`mK¯n hcp¶hbmWv.
F) ]qÀhIhnIfpsS ioepIÄ amXrIbm¡nbh, (_n)
kz´wcN\IsfXs¶ CiÂkwÚIfm¡nbh, (kn) {]Nm
¯nepÅ CiepIsf ]cnjvIcn¨p cq]s¸Sp¯nbh.
2) sshZycpsS CiepIÄ¡v Ad_nImhy§Ä, aebmfþXangv
Imhy§Ä, \mtSmSn¸m«pIÄ F¶nhbpsS sNmÂhSnhpI

341
 tfmSv kmayap−v. ]t£, Bem]\thfbn AhbnÂ\n¶pw
hyXykvXamb Hcp CuWhg¡w Ahbv¡p−v.

13. hyhlmcXew
IrXnIfpsS hyhlmcXew NÀ¨sN¿p¶ aq¶mw`mK¯n Imhy
`mjbnse hyhlmct¯msSm¸w Ah tIcfobkaql¯nepw
kmlnXy¯nepw sNep¯nb kzm[o\¯nsâ kz`mhhpw At\zjn
¡p¶p. Cu `mK¯pÅ {][m\\nKa\§Ä NphsS tNÀ¡p¶p.
1) sshZyÀ¡rXnIfn Hcp hn`mKw ]S¸m«pIfmWv. AhbpsS
cN\bv¡v {]tNmZ\ambn¯oÀ¶Xv 18, 19 \qäm−pIfnÂ
tIcf¯n \ne\n¶ncp¶ kmaqlnIþcmjv{Sob]Ým¯e
ambncp¶p. {_n«ojv A[nImcnIfptSbpw, P·namcptSbpw
]oU\§Ä¡pw NqjW§Ä¡psaXnsc DbÀ¶ph¶ P\
IobIem]§Ä¡v DuÀÖw ]IcpI F¶ e£yamWv Ah
bv¡p ]n¶nep−mbncp¶Xv.
2) ]S¸m«pIÄ C´y³Ad_nkmlnXy¯nepw, Ad_n¯angn
epw sshZyÀ¡pap¼pXs¶ cNn¡s¸«n«p−v. {]tabkzoIc
Ww, CiepIfpsS XncsªSp¸v F¶nhbn Ad_n¯angv
Imhy§fpsS kzm[o\w {]ISamWv.
3) ]S¸m«pIÄ ]mSn hymJym\n¡p¶ ‘]mSn¸dbÂ’ F¶ Iem
cq]¯nsâ D]ÚmXmhv tambn³Ip«n sshZycmWv. sshZyÀ
IrXnIfmWv Cu cwK¯v Gähpa[nIw D]tbmKn¡s¸«n«p
ÅXv.
4) `mjmkmlnXy¯nepw Ad_naebmf¯nepw Icp¯pw hy
ànXzhpapÅ BZy kv{XoIYm]m{X§sf krjvSn¨Xv ssh
ZycmWv. ]pcpjtI{µoIrXamb kmaqlnIhyhØtbbpw A
[nImcLS\tbbpw tNmZywsNbvXpsIm−v X§fpsS kzXzw
Øm]n¡p¶hcmWv IhnbpsS kv{XoIYm]m{X§Ä.
5) {]Wbt¯bpw, kzmX{´yt¯bpw kw_Ôn¨ `mh\IÄ
ImÂ]\nI k¦Â]§Ä¡\pkrXamWv. ImÂ]\nIXbpsS
ASnØm\ khntijXIfmb hnImc]cXbpw, BZÀi]c
Xbpw `qXImet¯mSpÅ A`n\nthihpw sshZyÀ¡rXnI
fnse {]IS`mh§fmWv. at\m\njvTamb {]Wbk¦Â]w

342
 Bim\pap¼pXs¶ sshZyÀ Bhnjv¡cn¨n«p−v. aebmf
¯nse BZy ImÂ]\nIIhnXsb kw_Ôn¨ \nehnepÅ
\nÀWb\s¯ sshZyÀ¡hnX ]p\x]cntim[n¡m³ t{]cn
¸n¡p¶p. ]mÝmXykzm[o\aÃ, t]Àjy³kzm[o\amWv Cu
ImÂ]\nIXsb cq]s¸Sp¯nbXv.
6) {ZmhnU Imhy]mc¼cyt¯mSpw, kuµcyimkv{Xt¯mSpapÅ
B`napJyw {]ISamWv.
{ZmhnUkuµcyimkv{X{]ImcapÅ AIwþ]pdw IhnXI
fnse {]tab§fpsS B[p\nIamXrIIÄ sshZyÀ¡rXnI
fn ImWmw. Cu \nebn lpkv\pÂPam ‘AI’¯n\pw,
_ZÀþae¸pdw ]S¸m«pIÄ ‘]pd’¯n\pw \nZm\§fmWv. F
¶m {]WbImhyamb lpkv\pÂPamen sshtZinIhpw
A`uahpamb ]Ým¯ew IS¶phcp¶Xn\m ‘sF´nW’I
fpambn AXns\ _Ôn¸n¡m\mhnÃ. a\pjysâ kmaqlnI
PohnX¯nsâbpw bp²§fptSbpw BhnjvImc§fmb ]pdw
IhnXIfpw ]S¸m«pIfpw X½n _Ôs¸Sp¯mhp¶XmWv.
Xangvþ{ZmhnU]mc¼cy¯n hcp¶ \nch[n {]tXyIXIÄ
IrXnIfn ImWp¶p. \¶qen ]cmaÀin¡p¶ {KÙe£
W§Ä, sN¿pÄ hnImc§Ä F¶nh ]n³]äp¶p. ]Z§Ä
{]tbmKhntij§Ä, CiepIfpsS (CbÂ) XncsªSp¸v
F¶nhbnepw Xangv B`napJyw {]ISambn ImWp¶p.
7) sImtfmWnb hncp²B[p\nIXbpsS BZykpN\IÄ
sshZyÀ¡rXnIfn ImWmw. ]Snªmd³ A[n\nthit¯m
Spw aqeyk¦Â¸§tfmSpw Ieln¡pt¼mgpw, B[p\nIPo
hnX ]cnIÂ]\IfpsS hchns\ kzmKXwsN¿p¶ ‘Xoh−n
¨nµv’ t]mepÅ cN\IÄ At±l¯nsâXmbp−v. kv{Xo]
£¡mgvN¸mSnepw ASnØm\hÀK§fpsS sNdp¯p\n¸n
t\mSpÅ sFIys¸Senepw B[p\nI ImgvN¸mSnsâ {]Xn^
e\ap−v.
8) IYm{]kwKw, tIm¡fn, ]cnNap«pIfn, No\nap«v, Ad_\
ap«v, Nhn«pIfn, NcSpIp¯nIfn, H¸\, h«¸m«v, tZmen¸m«v
F¶o Iemcq]§Ä sshZyÀ¡rXnIfpsS kzm[o\ap−v.

343
 9) 19þmw \qäm−nsâ D¯cmÀ²wapXepÅ Ad_naebmfkmln
Xy¯n Gähpa[nIw kzm[o\w sNep¯nb Fgp¯pImc³
sshZycmWv.
10) t\mhÂ, IhnX, \mSIw, am¸nf¸m«v apXemb hyXykvX
cq]§fn sshZyÀ¡rXnIÄ¡v aebmf¯nepw A\y`mj
Ifnepw ]p\cmJym\§Ä h¶n«p−v. B[p\nIIme¯pw,
AXp sNep¯p¶ kzm[o\¯n\pZmlcWamWXv.
11) Ne¨n{X§fnepw, aäp Zriyam[ya§fnepw sshZycpsS cN\
IÄ¡pe`n¡p¶ {]m[m\yw s]mXpaÞe¯n hÀ²n¨p h
cp¶ kzoImcyXbpsS `mKamWv. Gähpa[nIw aebmfkn\na
Ifn FSp¯ptNÀ¯n«pÅ ]gb]m«pIÄ sshZycptSXmWv.
12) tdUntbmKm\§Ä, Sn.hn. dnbmenän tjmIÄ, Km\tafIÄ,
kvIqÄþkÀÆIemimemItemÕh§Ä F¶nhbn {]Xy
£s¸Sp¶ am¸nf¸m«pIfpsS AhXcW¯nepw aÕc§fn
epw {]YaØm\¯pÅXv sshZyÀ¡rXnIfmWv.
Ad_naebmf¯n cN\ \S¯pt¼mgpw, tIcfobs]mXpkaql
¯nsâ {]iv\§Ä DÄs¡mÅpIbpw ]ptcmKa\]camb kmaqlnIho£
Ww ]peÀ¯pIbpwsNbvX IhnbmWv tambn³Ip«n sshZysc¶v CXp
hyàamIp¶p. aebmfkmlnXyNcn{X¯n tambn³Ip«n sshZycpsS cN
\IfpsS Ncn{X]camb CSw ]p\À\nÀWbn¡s¸tS−Xp−v F¶v Cu
{]_Ô¯nse Is−¯epIÄ t_m[ys¸Sp¯p¶p.
tIcf¯nse {]mNo\ImewapXepÅ Ncn{X¯nsâ hyXykvXL«
§fn \n¶pw cq]s¸«, Ad_naebmf¯nse hn]peamb kmlnXyk©
b¯n sshZyÀ¡rXnIÄ¡v khntijamb CSap−v. Xangv, Ad_n,
t]Àjy³, kwkvIrXw, DÀZp, Cw¥ojv, I¶U XpS§nb `mjIfnse ]Z
§Ä AXn hyXykvXamb AfhpIfn kzmwioIcn¡s¸«n«p−v. hn`
ànþkap¨b\n]mX§Ä enwKþhN\Ime{]Xyb§Ä, kÀh\ma§Ä,
_ÔhmNoi_vZ§Ä, `mjm]cnWma¯nse Bdp\b§Ä XpS§nb \nc
h[nLSI§fn Imhy`mj Bhiys¸Sp¶Xn\\pkcn¨v hymIcW]c
amb AXnÀ¯newL\§Ä \S¯m³ AXv ss[cyw ImWn¡p¶p. Ciep
IfpsS sshhn[y¯nepw, sshNn{Xy¯nepw, Ae¦mc§fpsSbpw, {]mk
§fpsSbpw hn\yk\§fnepw ck§fpsS Bhml\§fnepw sshZyÀ
¡hnXbpsS kar²n hnkvabn¸n¡p¶XmWv.

344
 {]tabXe¯nepw ssieoXe¯nepw Ah ]n¡mekwkvImc
¯nse _lpImecq]§fnte¡v k¶nthin¡s¸«ncn¡p¶p. B IrXnI
fpsS Bib]camb hyhlmcw B[p\nIXbpsS aÞe¯nte¡mWv
PmeI§Ä Xpd¶nSp¶Xv. ImÂ]\nIXbpsS e£Whpw e£yhpw ssh
ZyÀ¡rXnIfn hnkvabIcambn kt½fn¡pt¼mÄXs¶ ^yqUÂhncp²
hpw A[n\nthihncp²hpambn \nesImÅpIbpw {ZmhnUobkuµcyZÀ
i\t¯mSv khntijamb B`napJyw ]peÀ¯pIbpw sN¿p¶p.
Npcp¡¯n A[n\nthihncp²hpw Xt±iobhpamb Hcm[p\nI
Xsb {]Zm\wsN¿p¶, \hPohnXaqey§fpsS A\nhmcyXsb kz]v\w
ImWp¶ ImÂ]\nI`mh¯nsâ {]`bmWv sshZyÀ¡rXnIfpsS hyh
lmcw aebmf¯n\v k½m\n¡p¶sX¶v Is−¯mhp¶XmWv.

345
Bava K.“Works of Moyinkutty Vaidyar: Language and discource ”
Thesis. Department of Malayalam and Kerala studies, University
of Calicut, 2015.
 {KÙkqNn

ANypX\p®n, Nm¯\m¯v. KthjWw {]_ÔcN\bpsS X¯z§Ä.

4þmw ]. ipI]pcw: hÅt¯mÄ hnZym]oTw,2011.
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tIcf`mjmC³Ìnäyq«v, 2002.
A_vZpÂIcow, apl½Zv sI.sI. am¸nfIhn km{am«v tambn³Ip«n
sshZyÀ. G\mam¡Â: Ban\m_p¡v ÌmÄ, 1955.
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]n.sI. {_tZgvkv, 1960.
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AlvaZv, sI.Fw. FUn. almIhn tambn³Ip«nsshZyÀ ]T\§Ä.
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Al½Zvauehn, kn.F³., sI.sI. apl½Zv A_vZpÂIcow, al ¯mb
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DaÀ, a[phmbn. sImt−m«nbpsS thcpIÄ. Pn±:sImt−m«nskâÀ, 2011.

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______. almIhntambn³Ip«nsshZyÀ. XrÈqÀ:kmlnXyA¡mZan, 2007.

______. am¸nf¸m«nsâ XmbvthcpIÄ. XrÈqÀ:kmlnXyA¡mZan, 2007.

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______. `mjmkmlnXyw hnaÀiwþtUm. sI.Fw. {]`mIchmcnbcpsS

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