A

PROJECT REPORT ON
SMART BLIND STICK
Submitted in fulfilment for the requirement of Bachelor of Engineering
IN
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Institute Of Technology, Korba

CHHATTISGARH SWAMI VIVEKANAND TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
BHILAI (C.G.)

Session 2018-19
Guided By
Mr. Pranay Kumar Rahi
Assistant Professor

Approved By Principal
Mr. Pranay Kumar Rahi Dr. M.L. Agarwal
Head Of Department Institute Of Technology, Korba
Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Submitted By
Ajay Kumar Sahu (3302515001)
Bharat Lal Sahu (3302515003)
Dhananjay Kumar Das (3302515006)
Pritesh Kumar Patel (3302515021)

Department Of Electrical & Electronics Engg., Institute Of Technology Korba, (C.G.)

 DECLARATION

I, the undersigned, solemnly declared that the report of the project work
entitled, “SMART BLIND STICK” is based on our carried out during the
course of our study under the supervision Mr. Pranay Kumar Rahi
(H.O.D. Of EEE).

I assert that the statement made conclusions made drawn are an outcome of
our own research work. We further declared that to the best of our
knowledge and belief this report does not contain any part of the work which
has submitted for the B.E. degree or any other degree certificate in the
university.

(Signature of the students)

Department Of Electrical & Electronics Engg., Institute Of Technology Korba, (C.G.)

 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that project work entitled:

SMART BLIND STICK

SUBMITTED BY:

AJAY KUMAR SAHU (3302515001) AQ7766

BHARAT LAL SAHU (3302515003) AQ7771
DHANANJAY KUMAR DAS (3302515006) AQ7781
PRITESH KUMAR PATEL (3302515021) AQ7882

Is carried out my guidance and supervision for the award and degree of
engineering in “EEE branch” of Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical
University (C.G.), India to the best of my the report.

4. Embodies the work candidate him/herself.

5. Has duly been completed.
6. Full fills the requirement of the ordinance relating to B.E. degree of the
university and is upto the desired standard for the purpose of which is
submitted.

…………………… ……….………….
Assistant Prof. Pranay Kumar Rahi Mr. Pranay Kumar Rahi
Electrical & Electronics Engineering H.O.D. Electrical &
Electronics
I.T. Korba (C.G.) I.T. Korba (C.G.)

The project work as mentioned above is here by recommended and

forwarded for examination and evaluation.
Forwarded to Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand University, Bhilai

(Signature of head of the department with seal)

Department Of Electrical & Electronics Engg., Institute Of Technology Korba, (C.G.)

 CERTIFICATE BY THE EXAMINERS
This is to certify that project work entitled:

SMART BLIND STICK

SUBMITTED BY:

AJAY KUMAR SAHU (3302515001) AQ7766

BHARAT LAL SAHU (3302515003) AQ7771
DHANANJAY KUMAR DAS (3302515005) AQ7781
PRITESH KUMAR PATEL (3302515021) AQ7882

Have been examined by the undersigned as a part of examination for the

award of Bachelor Of Engineering degree in Electrical & Electronics Of
Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University, Bhilai.

Internal Examiner External Examiner

Date:- Date:-

Department Of Electrical & Electronics Engg., Institute Of Technology Korba, (C.G.)

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The completion of any inter-disciplinary projects depends upon Co-
operation, co-ordination and combined effort of several sources knowledge,
energy and time. Hence we approach the matter of acknowledgement
through these lines trying our best to give full credit wherever it is due. It is
our proud privilege to express our heartfelt gratitude and venerable regard to
Mr. Pranay Kumar Rahi (H.O.D. of Dept. EEE). Institute of Technology
Korba for this abounding and able guidance, inspiration and contractive
criticism during the tenure of the project work.
We are equally grateful to our Head of the Department of EEE. Mr.
Pranay Kumar Rahi for his even willingness to give us valuable advice
and direction whenever we approached him with a problem. We also thank
him for providing necessary facilities, and encouragement for the
completion of this project. We are highly delighted to extend our sincere
thanks to Dr. M.L. Agarwal (PRINCIPAL) Institute of Technology, Korba
for his kind co-operation and keen interest, since we embarked upon this
project work.

NAME

Department Of Electrical & Electronics Engg., Institute Of Technology Korba, (C.G.)

 ABSTRACT

Independence is the building methodology in achieving dreams, goals and

objectives in life. Visually impaired persons find themselves challenging to
go out independently. There are millions of visually impaired or blind
people in this world who are always in need of helping hands. For many
years the white cane became a well-known attribute to blind person’s
navigation and later efforts have been made to improve the cane by adding
remote sensor. Blind people have big problem when they walk on the street
or stairs using white cane, but they have sharp haptic sensitivity. The
electronic walking stick will help the blind person by providing more
convenient means of life. The main aim of this paper is to contribute our
knowledge and services to the people of blind and disable society.

Department Of Electrical & Electronics Engg., Institute Of Technology Korba, (C.G.)

 CHAPTER − 1
KEYWORDS

Department Of Electrical & Electronics Engg., Institute Of Technology Korba, (C.G.)

 KEYWORDS

 Microcontroller (ATmega328P)
 Arduino Nano
 Arduino software
 Ultrasonic Sensor
 Light Dependent Resistor
 Vibration motor
 RF Module
 Voltage regulator (LM7805)
 Stick
 C language
 Crystal oscillator
 Battery

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 CHAPTER − 2
INTRODUCTION
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Objective
2.3 Literature survey
2.4 Block Diagram

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 2.1 INTRODUCTION

According to the World Health Organization (WHO)

statistics, around 30 billion people are blind on the earth. This project
proposes to design and develop a portable unit (stick) for them for easy
usage. The blind stick is integrated with ultrasonic sensor along with light
Sensor. Our proposed project first uses ultrasonic sensors to detect obstacles
ahead using ultrasonic waves. On sensing obstacles the sensor passes this
data to the microcontroller. The microcontroller then processes this data and
calculates if the obstacle is close enough. If the obstacle is not that close the
circuit does nothing. If the obstacle is close the microcontroller sends a
signal to sound a buzzer. It also detects and sounds a different buzzer if it
detects water and alerts the blind. One more feature is that it allows the blind
to detect if there is light or darkness in the room. The system has one more
advanced feature integrated to help the blind find their stick if they forget
where they kept it. A wireless RF based remote is used for this purpose.
Pressing the remote button sounds a buzzer on the stick which helps the
blind person to find their stick. Thus this system allows for obstacle
detection as well as finding stick if misplaced by visually disabled person.
Ultrasonic Sensor works on a principle similar to radar or
sonar which evaluates attributes of a target by interpreting the echoes from
radio waves respectively. Ultrasonic Sensor generate high frequency sound
waves and evaluate the Echo which is received back by the sensor. Sensors
calculate the time interval between sending the signal and receiving the Echo
to determine the distance to an object. That signal is send to the embedded
systems. Battery present in the system is used to give power to all the units
present in the system.

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 2.2 OBJECTIVE

The main objective is to help visually challenged people to

navigate with ease using advance technology. In this technology controlled
world, where people strive to live independently, this project proposes an
Ultrasonic stick for blind people to help them gain personal independence.
Since this is economical and not bulky, one can make use of it easily.

Department Of Electrical & Electronics Engg., Institute Of Technology Korba, (C.G.)

 2.3 LITERATURE SURVEY

There are different methods that can be used to implement Ultrasonic Blind
Stick. By doing survey, different methods that were found out are as
follows:
 Voice operated outdoor navigation system for visually impaired
persons done by Osama Bader AL-Barrm International Journal of
Latest Trends in Engineering and Technology [1]. Uses a stick
equipped with ultra-sonic sensors, GPS and audio output system. The
stick contains GPS along with a SD memory card which used to store
different locations .The user can use voice commands to input the
desired location. This system will also provide the speed and the
remaining distance to reach the distention.
 S.Gangwar (2011) designed a smart stick for blind which can give
early warning of an obstacle using Infrared (IR) sensors. After
identifying the obstacles, the stick alerts the visually impaired people
using vibration signals. However the smart stick focused only
for obstacle detection but it is not assisting for emergency purposes
needed by the blind. And also the IR sensors are not really efficient
enough because it can detect only the nearest obstacle in short
distance.
 S.Chew (2012) proposed the smart white cane, called Blind spot that
combines GPS technology, social networking and ultrasonic sensors
to help visually impaired people to navigate public spaces. The
GPS detects the location of the obstacle and alerts the blind to avoid
them hitting the obstacle using ultra-sonic sensors. But GPS did not
show the efficiency in tracing the location of the obstacles since ultra-
sonic tells the distance of the obstacle.
 Central Michigan University (2009) developed an electronic cane for
blind people that would provide contextual information on the
environment around the user. They used RFID chips which are
implanted into street signs, store fronts, similar locations, and the cane
reads those and feeds the information back to the user. The device
also features an ultrasound sensor to help to detect objects ahead of

Department Of Electrical & Electronics Engg., Institute Of Technology Korba, (C.G.)

 the cane tip.
 Joao José, Miguel Farrajota, Joao M.F. Rodrigues (2011) designed a
smart stick prototype. It was small in size, cheap and easily wearable
navigation aid. This blind stick functions by addressing the global
navigation for guiding the user to some destiny and local navigation
for negotiating paths, sidewalks and corridors, even with avoidance of
static as well as moving obstacles.
 Mohd Helmyabd Wahab and Amirul A. Talibetal (2011) developed a
cane could communicate with users through voice alert and vibration
signal). Ultrasonic sensors are used to detect obstacle in front, since
ultrasonic sensors are good in detecting obstacle in few meters range
and this information will be sent in the form of voice signal. This
voice signal is send via speaker to the user. Here blind people might
find it difficult in travelling without any emergency alert rather than
having only ultrasonic sensors.

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 2.4 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig. Block Diagram

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 CHAPTER – 3
COMPONENTS

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 3.1 ULTRASONIC SENSOR

Ultrasonic Sensor is used to detect the object in front of the person. HC-
SRC04 ultrasonic Sensor has 4 pins-ground, Vcc, GND, Trigger and Echo. It
ranging from 2cm to 400cm. Mainly it has two opening one is transmitter
which is used to Transmit the signal and another one is receiver which is
used to receive the signal. It sends ultrasound waves at high frequency and
receive back the signal (Echo). The distance of the obstacle is determined
based on the delay between the emission of sound and the arrival of Echo.
The distance of the obstacle can be measured as,

𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 ∗ 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑

Distance =
2

Department Of Electrical & Electronics Engg., Institute Of Technology Korba, (C.G.)

 3.2 ARDUINO NANO

Arduino is an open-source electronics prototyping platform

based on ATmega328P, flexible, easy-to-use hardware and software. It's
intended for artists, designers, hobbyists, and anyone interested in creating
interactive objects or environments.

Arduino can sense the environment by receiving input from a

variety of sensors and can affect its surroundings by controlling lights,
motors, and other actuators. The microcontroller on the board is
programmed using the Arduino programming language (based on Wiring)
and the Arduino development environment (based on Processing). Arduino
projects can be stand-alone or they can communicate with software on
running on a computer (e.g. Flash, Processing, MaxMSP).

Features:
• Automatic reset during program download.
• Power OK blue LED.
• Green (TX), red (RX) and orange (L) LED.
• Auto sensing/switching power input.
• Small mini-B USB for programming and serial monitor.
• ICSP header for direct program download.
• Standard 0.1” spacing DIP (breadboard friendly).
• Manual reset switch.

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 3.3 VOLTAGE REGULATOR

A voltage Regulator is a stabilizer that is designed to

automatically stabilize a constant level. The Circuit is made up of linear
voltage regulator 7805 along with the capacitors and resistors with bridge
rectifier made up of diodes. Voltage sources in a circuit may have
fluctuations resulting in not providing fixed voltage outputs. A voltage
regulator IC maintains the output voltage at a constant value. It is used to
stabilize the voltage level according to the circuit. LM7805 IC provides
+5Volts regulated power supply with provisions to add a heat sink.

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 3.4 RF MODULE

An RF module (radio frequency module) is a small

electronic device used to transmit and/or receive radio signals between two
devices. In an embedded system it is often desirable to communicate with
another device wirelessly. This wireless communication may be
accomplished through optical communication or through radio frequency
(RF) communication. For many applications the medium of choice is RF
since it does not require line of sight. RF communications incorporate a
transmitter and/or receiver.

Department Of Electrical & Electronics Engg., Institute Of Technology Korba, (C.G.)

 3.5 LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR

A photoresistor (or light dependent resistor, LDR or photocell) is

a light controlled variable resistor. The resistance of a photoresistor
decreases with increasing incident light intensity; in other words, it exhibits
photoconductivity. A photoresistor can be applied in light-sensitive detector
circuit, and light-activated and dark-activated switching circuits. It is made
of a high resistance semiconductor. In the dark, a photoresistor can have a
resistance as high as several megaohm (MΩ),while in the light, a
photoresistor can have resistance as low as a few hundred ohms.

Department Of Electrical & Electronics Engg., Institute Of Technology Korba, (C.G.)

 3.6 VIBRATOR

This is the type of DC vibration motors used in mobile phones.

It requires a voltage supply of 1.3v to 3v with current around 125mA. This
type of motors can be programed to control the speed of it by using the
PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) method. The speed of the motor is 13500
rpm and the diameters of the motor are 4mm to 10mm and the length is 2mm
to 15mm.

Department Of Electrical & Electronics Engg., Institute Of Technology Korba, (C.G.)

 CHAPTER – 4
METHODOLOGY

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 4.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Fig. Circuit Diagram

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 4.2 WORKING

We here propose an advanced blind stick that allows

visually challenged people to navigate with ease using advanced technology.
The blind stick is integrated with ultrasonic sensor along with light Sensor.
The working behind this blind stick is that it is used for special purpose as a
sensing device for blind people. The circuit provides 5V power supply for
the circuit and maintains its output of the power supply at constant level.
It is used widely to detect objects using Ultrasonic Sensor.
On sensing obstacles the Sensor passes this data to the Arduino Nano. The
Arduino Nano then processes this data and calculates if the obstacle is close
enough. If the obstacle is not that close the circuit does nothing. If the
obstacle is close the Arduino Nano sends a warning in the form of sound.
The stick also includes the vibrator. If the obstacle is close the Arduino
Nano sends a warning through vibration.
If the sensor detect any obstacles with in a range of 100 cm
the buzzer will be activated with 1000Hz and 2000 m/s delay. If the
obstacle within range of 100 cm and 50 cm the buzzer will activate with
1000Hz and 1000 m/s delay. Finally, if the detection is below 50 cm the
buzzer will activate with 1000Hz, 500 m/s delay and the vibration motor
will activate.
One more feature is that it allows the blind to detect if there
is light or darkness in the room.
The system has one more advanced feature integrated to
help the blind find their stick if they forget where they kept it. A wireless RF
based remote is used for this purpose. Pressing the remote button sounds a
buzzer on the stick which helps the blind person to find their Stick.

Department Of Electrical & Electronics Engg., Institute Of Technology Korba, (C.G.)

 CHAPTER – 5
FUTURE ASPECTS
5.1 Advantages
5.2 Disadvantages

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 FUTURE ASPECTS

A variety of future scope are available that can be used of with the stick such
as usage of Global positioning System can help the blind person to source to
destination route information. GPS can help to find the shortest and best path
as accordingly to Google ( Bing map based on real time co-ordinates). GSM
attachment can help in future for any immediate casualty help. It can be
further enhanced by using VLSI technology to design the PCB unit. It can
also contain special arrangement to connect the walking stick to aadhar card
of blinds, helping the government serve the physically disable even better.
Water sensor that sense any kind of water allowing the safe walk of the blind
people in order to avoid slipping.

5.1 ADVANTAGES

 The system can be used both indoor and outdoor.

 It can make blind person life better.
 Detects obstacle and alerts the blind person through vibration alert.
 It can be foldable.

5.2 DISADVANTAGES

 It does not have long battery life.

 It should not be protect from water or rain.

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 CHAPTER – 6
CONCLUSION

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 CONCLUSION

The Blind Walking Stick has been finally made into prototype which can be
used to guide the blind. Its aims to solve the problems faced by the blind
people in their daily life. The system also takes the measure to ensure their
safety. This project will operate to help all the blind people in the world to
make them easier to walk everywhere they want. It was done to help the
blind to move in front very well. It is used to help the people with
disabilities that are blind to facilitate the movement and increase safety.

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 CHAPTER – 7
REFERENCE

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 REFERENCE

Department Of Electrical & Electronics Engg., Institute Of Technology Korba, (C.G.)