Batch Settling of Solid Slurries 17 September 2018

FM302
Batch Settling of Solid Slurries

17 September 2018
1 Aim
• Vertical Cylinders: Obtain the batch settling data for the given calcium carbonate
slurry (i.e. the settling rate versus concentration of slurry), and demarcate the different
settling regimes. (free settling and hindered settling)
• Tilted Cylinders: Obtain the batch settling data in the free settling regime for
different angles. Observe the flow patterns during the settling.
1
2 Vertical Cylinder
2.1 Formulas Used
• For a Vertical Cylinder:
! 12
4g(ρp − ρ)Dp
ut =
3CD ρ
Where:
– ρp is the density of particle

– ρ is the density of suspending medium
– Dp is the diameter of particle
– CD is the drag coefficient
• As the velocities associated are low and hence low Reynold’s numbers, we can use the
Stokes Law to find CD given by:
24
CD =
Re
• The terminal velocity ut is given by:
dh
ut = −
dt
• The settling velocity (u0 ) for hindered settling may be estimated by:
us = ut n
• The concentration is given by:

C0 h0
C=
h
2
2.2 Data Used
• Density of Calcium Carbonate particle is given by:
ρp = 2.71 ∗ 103 kg/m3
• Density of fluid is:

ρ = 1000kg/m3
• Viscosity of the fluid (water) is:
µ = 8.9 ∗ 10−4 N/m2 s
3
2.3 Calculations and Tables
2.3.1 For Co =25 g/L
• For the vertical cylinder we have taken only one reading for the height, so need to
calculate the height which is given by,
h1 + h2
havg =
2
So in this case,
havg = h
For t=0 min, havg = h = 420 mm
• We know for free settling,
dh
ut = −
dt
For t=0, we calculate the ut using the forward difference method,
dh h(1) − h(0)
− =−
dt t(1) − t(0)
Thus,
dh h(0) − h(1)
− =
dt 1
So,
dh 420 − 415
ut = − = = 5mm/min
dt 1
For t=1 to t=45 min, we calculate the ut using the central difference method,
dh h(2) − h(0)
− =−
dt t(2) − t(0)
Thus,
dh h(0) − h(2)
− =
dt 2
So,
dh 420 − 406
ut = − = = 7mm/min
dt 2
• To calculate the concentration, we use:
Co h0
C(h, t) =
h(t)
We have Co = 25 g/L and ho = 420 mm for this case:
25 ∗ 420
C(h, t = 1) = = 25.30g/L
415
Similarly calculated for other values.
4
Observation Table for Co = 25 g/L
Time (minutes) h (mm) dh C(h,t) (g/L)

ut = − (mm/min)
dt
0 420 5 25.00
1 415 7 25.30
2 406 15.5 25.86
3 384 19 27.34
4 368 13.5 28.53
5 357 15 29.41
6 338 16.5 31.07
7 324 20 32.41
8 298 24 35.23
9 276 21 38.04
5
10 256 16 41.02
11 244 16 43.03
12 224 16 46.88
13 212 13 49.53
14 198 18 53.03
15 176 22 59.66
16 154 19 68.18
17 138 15 76.09
18 124 15 84.68
19 108 16 97.22
20 92 15.5 114.13
6
21 77 17 136.36
22 58 14.5 181.03
23 48 7 218.75
24 44 2.5 238.64
25 43 1.5 244.19
26 41 1.5 256.10
27 40 1.5 262.50
28 38 1.5 276.32
29 37 1 283.78
30 36 1 291.67
31 35 1 300.00
7
32 34 1 308.82
33 33 1 318.18
34 32 1.5 328.13
35 30 1 350.00
36 30 0.5 350.00
37 29 1 362.07
38 28 1 375.00
39 27 1 388.89
40 26 1 403.85
41 25 0.5 420.00
42 25 0.5 420.00
8
43 24 0.5 437.50
44 24 0 437.50
45 24 0 437.50
46 24 0 437.50
9
10
• Now we calculate the equivalent diameter of the particle using the free settling data:
! 12
4g(ρp − ρ)Dp
ut =
3CD ρ
The ut is calculated as:

dh
ut = − = 5mm/min
dt
t=0
24
Now by Stokes’ Law we know CD =
Re
ρut Dp
Re= Thus we get:
µ
! 12
4g(ρp − ρ)Dp
ut =
24µ
3 ρ
ρut Dp
11
Solving this for Dp gives:
!1/2
18µut
Dp =
g(ρp − ρ)
Here:
– Viscosity of fluid (water here) µ = 8.9 ∗ 10−4 N/m2 s

mm 5
– ut = 5 = 3 m/s = 8.33 ∗ 10−5 m/s
min 10 ∗ 60
– g = 9.8m/s2
– Density of particles ρp = 2.71 ∗ 103 kg/m3
– Density of fluid ρ = 103 kg/m3
!1/2
18 ∗ 0.00086 ∗ 0.0000833
Dp =
9.8 ∗ 1000 ∗ (2.71 − 1)
Dp = 8.92 ∗ 10−6 m
Dp = 8.92micron
• For hindered settling, a plot of settling velocity vs. volume fraction of particles () is
made and thereby the exponent n is calculated. We are given:
us = ut n
We take log on both sides and do a regression plot and find it’s slope which gives us
the value of n
The value of is given by:
C
=1−
ρp
From graph we assume hindered settling starts from t = 26 min.

Thus for t=26 min, us is 1.5 mm/min and is given by:
256.10
=1− = 0.9055
2710
12
Time (minutes) us (mm/min)
26 1.5 0.9055
27 1.5 0.9031
28 1.5 0.8980
29 1 0.8953
30 1 0.8924
31 1 0.8893
32 1 0.8860
33 1 0.8826
34 1.5 0.8789
35 1 0.8708
36 0.5 0.8708
37 1 0.8664
38 1 0.8616
39 1 0.8565
40 1 0.8510
41 0.5 0.8450
42 0.5 0.8450
43 0.5 0.8386
44 0 0.8386
45 0 0.8386
46 0 0.8386
13
• Value of n = 14
• Now that we have the particle diameter Dp , we calculate the particle Reynolds number
for all the cases and check whether the Stokes’ Law is valid for these experimental
conditions:
Consider t=0 min when ut is 5 mm/min. The Reynold’s Number is then calculated as:
ρut Dp
Re =
µ
Putting in the values we get:
1000 ∗ 8.33 ∗ 10−5 ∗ 8.92 ∗ 10−6

Re = = 0.000835
8.9 ∗ 10−4
As the value in less than 1, Stokes Law is valid in this case. Doing such calculations
for all the other times:
14
Time (minutes) ut (mm/min) Reynolds Number
0 5 0.0008352
1 7 0.00116
2 15.5 0.002589
3 19 0.003173
4 13.5 0.00225
5 15 0.002505
6 16.5 0.002756
7 20 0.00334
8 24 0.004008
9 21 0.0035078
10 16 0.0026726
11 16 0.0026726
12 16 0.0026726
13 13 0.0021715
14 18 0.0030067
15 22 0.0036749
16 19 0.0031737
17 15 0.0025056
18 15 0.0025056
19 16 0.0026726
20 15.5 0.0025891
21 17 0.0028397
22 14.5 0.0024220
23 7 0.001169
24 2.5 0.00041760
25 1.5 0.00025056
26 1.5 0.00025056
27 1.5 0.00025056
28 1.5 0.00025056
29 1 0.00016704
30 1 0.00016704
31 1 0.00016704
32 1 0.00016704
33 1 0.00016704
34 1.5 0.00025056
35 1 0.00016704
36 0.5 0.00008352
37 1 0.0001670
38 1 0.0001670
15
39 1 0.0001670
40 1 0.0001670
41 0.5 0.00008352
42 0.5 0.00008352
43 0.5 0.00008352
44 0 0
45 0 0
46 0 0
Thus we see all values of Re are less than 1 and hence satisfy the Stokes’ Law.
16
2.3.2 For Co =37.5 g/L
• For the vertical cylinder we have taken only one reading for the height, so need to
calculate the height which is given by,
h1 + h2
havg =
2
So in this case,
havg = h
For t=0 min, havg = h = 416 mm
• We know for free settling,
dh
ut = −
dt
dh h(1) − h(0)
− =−
dt t(1) − t(0)
Thus,
dh h(0) − h(1)
− =
dt 1
So,
dh 416 − 404
ut = − = = 12mm/min
dt 1
For t=1 to t=87 min, we calculate the ut using the central difference method,
dh h(2) − h(0)
− =−
dt t(2) − t(0)
Thus,
dh h(0) − h(2)
− =
dt 2
So,
dh 416 − 394
ut = − = = 11mm/min
dt 2
• To calculate the concentration, we use:
Co h0
C(h, t) =
h(t)
We have Co = 20 g/L and ho = 420 mm for this case:
37.5 ∗ 416
C(h, t = 1) = = 38.61g/L
404
Similarly calculated for other values.
17
Observation Table for Co = 37.5 g/L
Time (minutes) h (mm) dh C(h,t) (g/L)

ut = − (mm/min)
dt
0 416 12 37.50
1 404 11 38.61
2 394 12 29.59
3 380 14.5 41.05
4 365 18.5 42.74
5 343 17.5 45.48
6 330 12.5 47.27
7 318 13.5 49.06
8 303 14 51.49
9 290 11.5 53.79
18
10 280 12.5 55.71
11 265 12.5 58.87
12 255 13.5 61.18
13 238 12.5 65.55
14 230 10 67.83
15 218 10.5 71.56
16 209 10 74.64
17 198 11 78.79
18 187 7.5 83.42
19 183 6 85.25
20 175 6 89.14
19
21 171 5 91.23
22 165 4.5 94.55
23 162 3.5 96.30
24 158 3.5 98.73
25 155 3 100.65
26 152 3 102.63
27 149 2.5 104.70
28 147 2.5 106.12
29 144 3.5 108.33
30 140 3 111.43
31 138 2 113.04
20
32 136 2 114.71
33 134 2.5 116.42
34 131 3 119.08
35 128 2 121.88
36 127 1.5 122.83
37 125 2 124.80
38 123 2 126.83
39 121 2 128.93
40 119 2 131.09
41 117 2 133.33
42 115 2 135.65
21
43 113 2 138.05
44 111 2 140.54
45 109 2 143.12
46 107 2 145.79
47 105 2 148.57
48 103 2 151.46
49 101 2 154.46
50 99 2 157.58
51 97 2 160.82
52 95 2 164.21
53 93 2 167.74
22
54 91 2 171.43
55 89 2 175.28
56 87 2 179.31
57 85 1.5 183.53
58 84 1.5 185.71
59 82 2 190.24
60 80 1.5 195.00
61 79 1 197.47
62 78 1.5 200.00
63 76 1.5 205.26
64 75 1.5 208.00
23
65 73 1.5 213.70
66 72 1.5 216.67
67 70 2 222.86
68 68 1.5 229.41
69 67 1 232.84
70 66 1 236.36
71 65 1 240.00
72 64 0.5 243.75
73 64 0.5 243.75
74 63 0.5 247.62
75 63 0.5 247.62
24
76 62 0.5 251.61
77 62 0.5 251.61
78 61 0.5 255.74
79 61 0.5 255.74
80 60 0.5 260.00
81 60 0.5 260.00
82 59 0.5 264.41
83 59 0.5 264.41
84 58 0.5 268.97
85 58 0.5 268.97
86 57 0.5 273.68
25
87 57 0 273.68
88 57 0 273.68
26
27
• Now we calculate the equivalent diameter of the particle using the free settling data:
! 12
4g(ρp − ρ)Dp
ut =
3CD ρ
The ut is calculated as:

dh
ut = − = 12mm/min
dt
t=0
24
• Now by Stokes’ Law we know CD =
Re
ρut Dp
Re= Thus we get:
µ
! 12
4g(ρp − ρ)Dp
ut =
24µ
3 ρ
ρut Dp
Solving this for Dp gives:
!1/2
18µut
Dp =
g(ρp − ρ)
Here:
– Viscosity of fluid (water here) µ = 8.9 ∗ 10−4 N/m2 s

mm 5
– ut = 12 = 3 m/s = 2 ∗ 10−4 m/s
min 10 ∗ 60
– g = 9.8m/s2
– Density of particles ρp = 2.71 ∗ 103 kg/m3
– Density of fluid ρ = 103 kg/m3
!1/2
18 ∗ 0.00089 ∗ 0.0002
Dp =
9.8 ∗ 1000 ∗ (2.71 − 1)
Dp = 1.383 ∗ 10−5 m
Dp = 13.83micron
• For hindered settling, a plot of settling velocity vs. volume fraction of particles () is
made and thereby the exponent n is calculated. We are given:
us = ut n
28
We take log on both sides and do a regression plot and find it’s slope which gives us
the value of n
The value of is given by:
C
=1−
ρp
From graph we assume hindered settling starts from t = 26 min.

Thus for t=26 min, us is 1.5 mm/min and is given by:
124.80
=1− = 0.9539
2710
Time (minutes) us (mm/min)
37 2 0.9539
38 2 0.9532
39 2 0.9524
40 2 0.9516
41 2 0.9508
42 2 0.9499
43 2 0.9491
44 2 0.9481
45 2 0.9472
46 2 0.9462
47 2 0.9452
48 2 0.9441
49 2 0.9430
50 2 0.9419
51 2 0.9407
52 2 0.9394
53 2 0.9381
54 2 0.9367
55 2 0.9353
56 2 0.9338
57 1.5 0.9323
58 1.5 0.9315
59 2 0.9298
60 1.5 0.9280
61 1 0.9271
62 1.5 0.9262
63 1.5 0.9243
64 1.5 0.9232
65 1.5 0.9211
29
66 1.5 0.9200
67 2 0.9178
68 1.5 0.9153
69 1 0.9141
70 1 0.9128
71 1 0.9114
72 0.5 0.9101
73 0.5 0.9101
74 0.5 0.9086
75 0.5 0.9086
76 0.5 0.9072
77 0.5 0.9072
78 0.5 0.9056
79 0.5 0.9056
80 0.5 0.9041
81 0.5 0.9041
82 0.5 0.9024
83 0.5 0.9024
84 0.5 0.9008
85 0.5 0.9008
86 0.5 0.8990
87 0 0.8990
88 0 0.8990
30
• Value of n = 27
• Now that we have the particle diameter Dp , we calculate the particle Reynolds number
for all the cases and check whether the Stokes’ Law is valid for these experimental
conditions:
Consider t=0 min when ut is 5 mm/min. The Reynold’s Number is then calculated as:
ρut Dp
Re =
µ
Putting in the values we get:
1000 ∗ 2 ∗ 10−4 ∗ 13.83 ∗ 10−6

Re = = 0.0031078
8.9 ∗ 10−4
As the value in less than 1, Stokes Law is valid in this case. Doing such calculations
for all the other times:
31
Time (minutes) ut (mm/min) Reynolds Number
0 12 0.0031079
1 11 0.0028489
2 12 0.0031079
3 14.5 0.0037553
4 18.5 0.0047913
5 17.5 0.0045323
6 12.5 0.0032374
7 13.5 0.0034963
8 14 0.0036258
9 11.5 0.0029784
10 12.5 0.0032374
11 12.5 0.0032374
12 13.5 0.0034963
13 12.5 0.0032374
14 10 0.0025899
15 10.5 0.0027194
16 10 0.0025899
17 11 0.0028489
18 7.5 0.0019424
19 6 0.0015539
20 6 0.0015539
21 5 0.0012949
22 4.5 0.0011654
23 3.5 0.0009065
24 3.5 0.0009065
25 3 0.0007770
26 3 0.0007770
27 2.5 0.0006475
28 2.5 0.0006475
29 3.5 0.0009065
30 3 0.0007770
31 2 0.0005180
32 2 0.0005180
33 2.5 0.0006475
34 3 0.0007770
35 2 0.0005180
36 1.5 0.0003885
37 2 0.0005180
38 2 0.0005180
32
39 2 0.0005180
40 2 0.0005180
41 2 0.0005180
42 2 0.0005180
43 2 0.0005180
44 2 0.0005180
45 2 0.0005180
46 2 0.0005180
47 2 0.0005180
48 2 0.0005180
49 2 0.0005180
50 2 0.0005180
51 2 0.0005180
52 2 0.0005180
54 2 0.0005180
55 2 0.0005180
57 1.5 0.0003885
58 1.5 0.0003885
59 2 0.0005180
60 1.5 0.0003885
61 1 0.0002590
62 1.5 0.0003885
63 1.5 0.0003885
64 1.5 0.0003885
65 1.5 0.0003885
66 1.5 0.0003885
67 2 0.0005180
68 1.5 0.0003885
69 1 0.0002590
70 1 0.0002590
71 1 0.0002590
72 0.5 0.0001295
73 0.5 0.0001295
74 0.5 0.0001295
75 0.5 0.0001295
76 0.5 0.0001295
77 0.5 0.0001295
78 0.5 0.0001295
79 0.5 0.0001295
80 0.5 0.0001295
81 0.5 0.0001295
82 0.5 0.0001295
33
83 0.5 0.0001295
84 0.5 0.0001295
85 0.5 0.0001295
86 0.5 0.0001295
87 0 0
88 0 0
Thus we see all values of Re are less than 1 and hence satisfy the Stokes’ Law.
34
3 Tilted Cylinder
3.1 Formulas Used
• The rate of change of height with time is given by:
!
dH H
= −ut 1 + sinθ
dt b
Where:
– θ is the angle of the inclined tube with vertical axis

– H is the vertical height calculated as h.cosθ
– ut is the settling velocity of particle
– b is the tube width
• Integrating the above equation:

Z Z
dH
=− ut dt
H
1+ b
sinθ
This gives: !
1 H
ln 1 + sinθ = −ut t + c
sinθ/b b
!
H ut sinθ
ln 1 + sinθ = − t+c
b b
Further, at t=0, H=Ho , the initial height: Putting it in the equation:
!
Ho
ln 1 + sinθ = c
b
Finally the equation becomes:

!
b + Ho sinθ ut sinθ
ln = t
b + Hsinθ b
35
3.2 Data Used
• Density of Calcium Carbonate particle is given by:
ρp = 2.71 ∗ 103 kg/m3
• Density of fluid is:

ρ = 1000kg/m3
• Viscosity of the fluid (water) is:
µ = 8.9 ∗ 10−4 N/m2 s
• The width of the tilted tube b is:
b = 100mm
36
3.3 Calculations and Tables
3.3.1 For Co =25 g/L and θ = 10◦
• For the tilted cylinder we have taken only 2 readings for the height, so the average
height is given by,
h1 + h2
havg =
2
For t=0 min,
h1 + h2 170 + 170
havg = = = 170mm
2 2
dh
• We calculate value of − to get an estimate of free and hindered settling regimes.
dt
We can note that for free settling it decreases rapidly and for hindered settling it varies
much slower.
dh h(1) − h(0)
− =−
dt t(1) − t(0)
dh h(0) − h(1)
− =
dt 1
dh 170 − 167.5
− = = 2.5mm/min
dt 1
For t=1 to t=n-1, we calculate the ut using the central difference method,

dh h(2) − h(0)
− =−
dt t(2) − t(0)
t=1
Thus,
dh h(0) − h(2)
− =
dt 2
So,
dh 170 − 147.5
− = = 11.25mm/min
dt 2
• Now havg is the inclined height and we need the vertical height H:
H = havg cosθ
In this case θ = 10◦ :
H = 170 ∗ cos10◦ = 166.6mm
!
H
• Now we calculate the value of ln 1 + sinθ for t=0 min:
b
! !
H 166.6
ln 1 + sinθ = ln 1 + sin(10◦ ) = 0.249
b 100
37
Observation Table for Co = 25 g/L and θ =10◦
dh
!
Time h1 (mm) h2 (mm) havg − H (mm) H
dt ln 1 + sinθ
(minutes) (mm) b
(mm/min)
0 170 170 170 2.5 166.6 0.2494
1 170 165 167.5 11.25 164.15 0.2461
2 150 145 147.5 19.25 144.55 0.2197
3 130 128 129 20 126.42 0.1947
4 110 105 107.5 25.75 105.35 0.1647
5 80 75 77.5 23.75 75.95 0.1214
6 60 60 60 18.75 58.8 0.0953
7 40 40 40 15 39.5 0.0645
8 30 30 30 6 29.4 0.0488
9 28 28 28 2 27.44 0.0456
38
10 26 26 26 1.5 25.48 0.0424
11 25 25 25 2.5 24.5 0.0408
12 21 21 21 2.5 20.58 0.0344
13 20 20 20 1.5 19.6 0.0328
14 18 18 18 1.5 17.64 0.0295
15 17 17 17 1.5 16.66 0.0279
16 15 15 15 1 14.7 0.0247
17 15 15 15 0 14.7 0.0247
18 15 15 15 0 14.7 0.0247
!
H
We need the values of ln 1 + sinθ only for the free settling regime which can be
b
dh
estimated from the − vs. dt graph:
dt
39
We clearly see that free settling
! is till t=7 min.
H
Now we plot ln 1 + sinθ vs. t:
b
40
usinθ
The slope is given by − :
b
usinθ
− = −0.028251
b
u = 16.5882mm/min
dh
• Calculation of average :
dt
dh
We take the arithmetic mean of all only for free settling regime. So we take the
dt
mean only upto t = 7 min as we have considered free settling upto that point.Thus:
P7 dh
dh i=0
dt
=
dt 8

avg

dh
= 17.03125mm/min
dt

avg
41
3.3.2 For Co =25 g/L and θ = 20◦
height is given by,
h1 + h2
havg =
2
For t=0 min,
h1 + h2 150 + 150
havg = = = 150mm
2 2
dh
dt
much slower.
dh h(1) − h(0)
− =−
dt t(1) − t(0)
Thus,
dh h(0) − h(1)
− =
dt 1
So,
dh 150 − 147.5
− = = 2.5mm/min
dt 1

dh h(2) − h(0)
− =−
dt t(2) − t(0)
t=1
Thus,
dh h(0) − h(2)
− =
dt 2
So,
dh 150 − 120
− = = 15mm/min
dt 2
H = havg cosθ
H = 150 ∗ cos10◦ = 139.5mm
!
H
b
! !
H 139.5
ln 1 + sinθ = ln 1 + sin(20◦ ) = 0.388
b 100
42
Observation Table for Co = 25 g/L and θ =20◦
dh
!
dt ln 1 + sinθ
(minutes) (mm) b
(mm/min)
0 150 150 150 2.5 139.5 0.3882
1 150 145 147.5 15 137.175 0.3828
2 120 120 120 23.75 111.6 0.3217
3 100 100 100 26.25 93 0.2747
4 70 65 67.5 23.75 62.775 0.1935
5 55 50 52.5 18.75 48.825 0.1536
6 30 30 30 13.75 27.9 0.0906
7 25 25 25 5 23.25 0.0761
8 20 20 20 4.25 18.6 0.0613
9 17 16 16.5 3 15.345 0.0509
43
10 14 14 14 2.25 13.02 0.0433
11 12 12 12 2 11.16 0.0372
12 10 10 10 2 9.3 0.0311
13 8 8 8 1 7.44 0.0250
14 8 8 8 0 7.44 0.0250
15 8 8 8 0 7.44 0.0250
!
H
b
dh
estimated from the values of − in the table and where it changes drastically and
dt
stays low, free settling ends.
! is till t=6 min.
H
b
44
usinθ
b
usinθ
− = −0.052834
b
u = 15.5294mm/min
dh
dt
dh
dt
P6 dh
dh i=0
dt
=
dt 7

avg

dh
= 17.6786mm/min
dt

avg
45
3.3.3 For Co =37.5 g/L and θ = 10◦
height is given by,
h1 + h2
havg =
2
For t=0 min,
h1 + h2 188 + 183
havg = = = 185.5mm
2 2
dh
dt
much slower.
dh h(1) − h(0)
− =−
dt t(1) − t(0)
Thus,
dh h(0) − h(1)
− =
dt 1
So,
dh 185.5 − 172.5
− = = 13mm/min
dt 1

dh h(2) − h(0)
− =−
dt t(2) − t(0)
t=1
Thus,
dh h(0) − h(2)
− =
dt 2
So,
dh 185.5 − 160
− = = 12.75mm/min
dt 2
H = havg cosθ
H = 185.5 ∗ cos10◦ = 181.79mm
!
H
b
! !
H 181.79
ln 1 + sinθ = ln 1 + sin(10◦ ) = 0.269
b 100
46
Observation Table for Co = 37.5 g/L and θ =10◦
dh
!
dt ln 1 + sinθ
(minutes) (mm) b
(mm/min)
0 188 183 185.5 13 181.79 0.2693
1 175 170 172.5 12.75 169.05 0.2526
2 161 159 160 12 156.8 0.2363
3 149 148 148.5 10 145.53 0.2211
4 140 140 140 9.25 137.2 0.2096
5 130 130 130 12.5 127.4 0.1960
6 115 115 115 12.5 112.7 0.1753
7 105 105 105 10.5 102.9 0.1612
8 95 93 94 11.25 92.12 0.1455
9 83 82 82.5 9.75 80.85 0.1288
47
10 75 74 74.5 7.25 73.01 0.1170
11 68 68 68 5.75 66.64 0.1073
12 63 63 63 5 61.74 0.0998
13 58 58 58 4.5 56.84 0.0922
14 54 54 54 3 52.92 0.0861
15 52 52 52 2 50.96 0.0831
16 50 50 50 2.5 49 0.0800
17 47 47 47 2.5 46.06 0.0754
18 45 45 45 2 44.1 0.0723
19 43 43 43 2 42.14 0.0692
20 41 41 41 2 40.18 0.0661
48
21 39 39 39 2 38.22 0.0630
22 37 37 37 1.5 36.26 0.0598
23 36 36 36 1.5 35.28 0.0582
24 34 34 34 1.5 33.32 0.0551
25 33 33 33 1.5 32.34 0.0535
26 31 31 31 2 30.38 0.0504
27 29 29 29 1.5 28.42 0.0472
28 28 28 28 1.5 27.44 0.0456
29 26 26 26 1.5 25.48 0.0424
30 25 25 25 0.5 24.5 0.0408
31 25 25 25 0 24.5 0.0408
49
32 25 25 25 0 24.5 0.0408
!
H
b
dh
dt
! is till t=6 min.
H
b
usinθ
b
usinθ
− = −0.014619
b
50
u = 8.5882mm/min
dh
dt
dh
dt
P12 dh
dh i=0
dt
=
dt 13

avg

dh
= 10.115mm/min
dt

avg
51
3.3.4 For Co =37.5 g/L and θ = 20◦
height is given by,
h1 + h2
havg =
2
For t=0 min,
h1 + h2 175 + 175
havg = = = 175mm
2 2
dh
dt
much slower.
dh h(1) − h(0)
− =−
dt t(1) − t(0)
Thus,
dh h(0) − h(1)
− =
dt 1
So,
dh 175 − 172.5
− = = 2.5mm/min
dt 1

dh h(2) − h(0)
− =−
dt t(2) − t(0)
t=1
Thus,
dh h(0) − h(2)
− =
dt 2
So,
dh 175 − 162.5
− = = 6.25mm/min
dt 2
H = havg cosθ
H = 175 ∗ cos20◦ = 162.75mm
!
H
b
! !
H 162.75
ln 1 + sinθ = ln 1 + sin(20◦ ) = 0.4404
b 100
52
Observation Table for Co = 37.5 g/L and θ =20◦
dh
!
dt ln 1 + sinθ
(minutes) (mm) b
(mm/min)
0 175 175 175 2.5 162.75 0.4404
1 175 170 172.5 6.25 160.425 0.4353
2 165 160 162.5 15 151.125 0.4146
3 145 140 142.5 14.5 132.525 0.3720
4 135 132 133.5 12.5 124.155 0.3522
5 120 115 117.5 14.75 109.275 0.3159
6 105 103 104 13 96.72 0.2843
7 93 90 91.5 13.5 85.095 0.2541
8 79 75 77 12.5 71.61 0.2179
9 68 65 67.5 9 61.845 0.1908
53
10 60 58 59 5.75 54.87 0.1711
11 56 54 55 4.75 51.15 0.1603
12 50 49 49.5 4.25 46.035 0.1454
13 47 46 46.5 3.25 43.245 0.1372
14 43 43 43 3.25 39.99 0.1275
15 40 40 40 2.5 37.2 0.1191
16 38 38 38 2 35.34 0.1135
17 36 36 36 2 33.48 0.1078
18 34 34 34 2 31.62 0.1021
19 32 32 32 2 29.76 0.0964
20 30 30 30 2 27.9 0.0906
54
21 28 28 28 2 26.04 0.0848
22 26 26 26 1.5 24.18 0.0790
23 25 25 25 1 23.25 0.0761
24 24 24 24 1 22.32 0.0731
25 23 23 23 1 21.39 0.0702
26 22 22 22 1.5 20.46 0.0673
27 20 20 20 1.5 18.6 0.0613
28 19 19 19 1 17.67 0.0583
29 18 18 18 1 16.74 0.0554
30 17 17 17 0.5 15.81 0.0524
31 17 17 17 0 15.81 0.0524
55
32 17 17 17 0 15.81 0.0524
!
H
b
dh
dt
! is till t=10 min.
H
b
usinθ
b
usinθ
− = −0.029258
b
56
u = 8.5882mm/min
dh
dt
dh
dt
P10 dh
dh i=0
dt
=
dt 11

avg

dh
= 10.841mm/min
dt

avg
57
4 Error Calculations
The errors for all the observations, for tilted as well as vertical cylinder are the same in the
experiment. We do the error calculations for the case of vertical cylinder with c = 25 g/L.
The sources or errors in this experiment could be:
• Least count error of cylinder = 1 mm
∆h = 1mm
• Least count of stopwatch is 1 ms.

1
∆t = min = 1.67 ∗ 10−4 min
6000
We do the sample calculations here for the case of t = 4 min.
1. Error in h:
h = h + ∆h
h = (368 + 0.1)
dh
2. Error in − :
dt !
h (∆h)t + (∆t)h
−∆ =
t t2
!
h (2)1 + (1.67 ∗ 10−4 )384.357
−∆ =
t 12
!
h
−∆ = 1.9955mm/min
t
3. Error in Concentration C:
Co h0
C=
h
−Co ho ∆h
∆C = −
h2
25 ∗ 420 ∗ 0.1
∆C = − = 0.0077
3682
4. Error in :
C
=1−
ρp
∆C
∆ = −
ρp
0.01
∆ = − = 3.69 ∗ 10− 6
2710
58
5. Error in Re:
ρut Dp
Re =
µ
Diameter of the particle Dp is assumed constant for simplification in calculation.
ρDp ∆ut
∆Re =
µ
1000 ∗ 8.9 ∗ 10−6 ∗ 1.9955

∆Re =
6000 ∗ 8.9 ∗ 10−4
∆Re = 0.00333
Errors for Co = 25 g/L in Vertical Cylinder
Time ∆t ∆h dh ∆C ∆ ∆Re
∆
(min) dt
0 0.0001667 1 1.9900 0.01 0.0000 0.00332

1 0.0001667 1 1.9977 0.01 0.0000 0.00334
2 0.0001667 1 1.9948 0.01 0.0000 0.00333
3 0.0001667 1 1.9937 0.01 0.0000 0.00333
4 0.0001667 1 1.9955 0.01 0.0000 0.00333
5 0.0001667 1 1.9950 0.01 0.0000 0.00333
6 0.0001667 1 1.9945 0.01 0.0000 0.00333
7 0.0001667 1 1.9933 0.01 0.0000 0.00333
8 0.0001667 1 1.9920 0.01 0.0000 0.00333
9 0.0001667 1 1.9930 0.01 0.0000 0.00333
10 0.0001667 1 1.9947 0.02 0.0000 0.00333
11 0.0001667 1 1.9947 0.02 0.0000 0.00333
12 0.0001667 1 1.9947 0.02 0.0000 0.00333
13 0.0001667 1 1.9957 0.02 0.0000 0.00333
14 0.0001667 1 1.9940 0.03 0.0000 0.00333
15 0.0001667 1 1.9927 0.03 0.0000 0.00333
16 0.0001667 1 1.9937 0.04 0.0000 0.00333
17 0.0001667 1 1.9950 0.06 0.0000 0.00333
18 0.0001667 1 1.9950 0.07 0.0000 0.00333
19 0.0001667 1 1.9947 0.09 0.0000 0.00333
20 0.0001667 1 1.9948 0.12 0.0000 0.00333
21 0.0001667 1 1.9943 0.18 0.0000 0.00333
22 0.0001667 1 1.9952 0.31 0.0000 0.00333
23 0.0001667 1 1.9977 0.46 0.0000 0.00334
24 0.0001667 1 1.9992 0.54 0.0000 0.00334
25 0.0001667 1 1.9995 0.57 0.0000 0.00334
59
26 0.0001667 1 1.9995 0.62 0.0000 0.00334
27 0.0001667 1 1.9995 0.66 0.0000 0.00334
28 0.0001667 1 1.9995 0.73 0.0000 0.00334
29 0.0001667 1 1.9997 0.77 0.0000 0.00334
30 0.0001667 1 1.9997 0.81 0.0000 0.00334
31 0.0001667 1 1.9997 0.86 0.0000 0.00334
32 0.0001667 1 1.9997 0.91 0.0000 0.00334
33 0.0001667 1 1.9997 0.96 0.0000 0.00334
34 0.0001667 1 1.9995 1.03 0.0000 0.00334
35 0.0001667 1 1.9997 1.17 0.0000 0.00334
36 0.0001667 1 1.9998 1.17 0.0000 0.00334
37 0.0001667 1 1.9997 1.25 0.0000 0.00334
38 0.0001667 1 1.9997 1.34 0.0000 0.00334
39 0.0001667 1 1.9997 1.44 0.0000 0.00334
40 0.0001667 1 1.9997 1.55 0.0000 0.00334
41 0.0001667 1 1.9998 1.68 0.0000 0.00334
42 0.0001667 1 1.9998 1.68 0.0000 0.00334
43 0.0001667 1 1.9998 1.82 0.0000 0.00334
44 0.0001667 1 2.0000 1.82 0.0000 0.00334
45 0.0001667 1 2.0000 1.82 0.0000 0.00334
46 0.0001667 1 2.0000 1.82 0.0000 0.00334
5 Hypothesis Testing
1. Comparison of finite difference method with PNK theory for tilted cylin-
der.
H0 : Ux − Uy = 0
H1 : Ux − Uy 6= 0
For both data sets, population variance is not know but is assumed to be equal for
both.
2
P 2
2 n xi − nx
S1 = = 1.829
n−1
y − ny 2
P 2
S2 = n i
2
= 79.21
n−1
S12 + S22
Sp2 = = 40.51
2
(x − y) − (Ux − Uy )
t= q
Sp n1 + m1
60
According to Hypothesis
H0 : Ux − Uy = 0
for samples x and y
x = 1.51, y = 8.05
t = −0.45
t36,0.025 = 2.04
Conclusion : Hypothesis Accepted.
2. For the give equation

!
B + Ho sin(θ) usin(θ)t
ln =
B + Hsin(θ) b
data falls close to y = x line.
Conclusion : Hypothesis Accepted.
61
6 Results and Conclusions
• Velocity for Co = 25 g/L is:
u = 5mm/min
• Diameter of particle for Co = 25 g/L is:
DP = 8.92micron
• Velocity for Co = 37.5 g/L is:

u = 12mm/min
• Diameter of particle for Co = 37.5 g/L is:
DP = 13.83micron
• Velocity for Co = 25 g/L and θ = 10◦ is:
u = 16.5882mm/min

dh
• for Co = 25 g/L and θ = 10◦ is:
dt

avg

dh
= 17.03125mm/min
dt

avg
• Velocity for Co = 25 g/L and θ = 20◦ is:
u = 15.5294mm/min

dh
• f orCo = 25 g/L and θ = 10◦ is:
dt

avg

dh
= 17.6786mm/min
dt

avg
• Velocity for Co = 37.5 g/L and θ = 10◦ is:
u = 8.5882mm/min

dh
• for Co = 25 g/L and θ = 10◦ is:
dt

avg

dh
= 10.115mm/min
dt

avg
62
• Velocity for Co = 37.5 g/L and θ = 20◦ is:
u = 8.5882mm/min

dh
• for Co = 25 g/L and θ = 10◦ is:
dt

avg

dh
= 10.841mm/min
dt

avg
• For calculation of n in case of hindered settling for vertical cylinder we are getting
absurd values of n because the settling velocity is almost constant in that region and
plot of ln(Us )vsln(eps) turns out to be a step function.
– For C=25 g/L

n = 14
– For C=37.5 g/L
n = 27
dh
• Comparing the average value of − for tilted tube with vertical tube for the free
dt
settling region, we can say that the settling velocity is higher for tilted tube compared
to the vertical tube.
• As the angle θ is increased for the tilted tube, we note that the settling velocity has
also increased, but this increase is very small compared to the increase we see when
tube is tilted from the case it being vertical.
63

Batch Settling of Solid Slurries 17 September 2018

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FM302

Batch Settling of Solid Slurries

– ρp is the density of particle

• The concentration is given by:

ρp = 2.71 ∗ 103 kg/m3

• Density of fluid is:

• Viscosity of the fluid (water) is:

µ = 8.9 ∗ 10−4 N/m2 s

Time (minutes) h (mm) dh C(h,t) (g/L)

2 406 15.5 25.86

4 368 13.5 28.53

6 338 16.5 31.07

The ut is calculated as:

– Viscosity of fluid (water here) µ = 8.9 ∗ 10−4 N/m2 s

From graph we assume hindered settling starts from t = 26 min.

1000 ∗ 8.33 ∗ 10−5 ∗ 8.92 ∗ 10−6

Time (minutes) h (mm) dh C(h,t) (g/L)

3 380 14.5 41.05

4 365 18.5 42.74

5 343 17.5 45.48

6 330 12.5 47.27

7 318 13.5 49.06

9 290 11.5 53.79

11 265 12.5 58.87

12 255 13.5 61.18

13 238 12.5 65.55

15 218 10.5 71.56

18 187 7.5 83.42

22 165 4.5 94.55

23 162 3.5 96.30

24 158 3.5 98.73

27 149 2.5 104.70

28 147 2.5 106.12

29 144 3.5 108.33

33 134 2.5 116.42

36 127 1.5 122.83

The ut is calculated as:

– Viscosity of fluid (water here) µ = 8.9 ∗ 10−4 N/m2 s

From graph we assume hindered settling starts from t = 26 min.

Time (minutes) us (mm/min) 

1000 ∗ 2 ∗ 10−4 ∗ 13.83 ∗ 10−6

– θ is the angle of the inclined tube with vertical axis

• Integrating the above equation:

Finally the equation becomes:

ρp = 2.71 ∗ 103 kg/m3

• Density of fluid is:

• Viscosity of the fluid (water) is:

µ = 8.9 ∗ 10−4 N/m2 s

• The width of the tilted tube b is:

0 170 170 170 2.5 166.6 0.2494

1 170 165 167.5 11.25 164.15 0.2461

2 150 145 147.5 19.25 144.55 0.2197

3 130 128 129 20 126.42 0.1947

4 110 105 107.5 25.75 105.35 0.1647

5 80 75 77.5 23.75 75.95 0.1214

6 60 60 60 18.75 58.8 0.0953

11 25 25 25 2.5 24.5 0.0408

12 21 21 21 2.5 20.58 0.0344

13 20 20 20 1.5 19.6 0.0328

14 18 18 18 1.5 17.64 0.0295

15 17 17 17 1.5 16.66 0.0279

0 150 150 150 2.5 139.5 0.3882

Time (minutes) us (mm/min)