ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND WAVES

UNIT 2 - STEP 3 WAVES IN OPEN AND ENCLOSURE MEDIUMS

PRESENTED BY:

Aldair Edilberto Meneses

CC. 1061783713
Eduar Marcelo Marin Agredo
CC. 1063815313
Rodrigo Nelson Vallejo
CC. 1085258381
Andres Fernando Gomez
C.C
Jose Luis Rodriguez
C.C

Group: 203058_22

PRESENTED TO:

WILMER HERNAN GUTIERREZ

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA- UNAD

BASIC SCIENCE SCHOOL TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

APRIL 2018
 INTRODUCCION

Continuing with the tasks established in the activity guide of the course
of Electromagnetic Theory and Waves, for this phase IV, we will enter
the electromagnetic waves in guided media and radiation. we are asked
in a first part of individual character, to answer six questions clearly
detailed in the guide and as a second step, we must solve five proposed
problems. the need to answer the questions, as well as the resolution of
the exercises, leads us to resort to the bibliographic data available in the
knowledge environment, as well as the queries in other media and the
searches on the internet. The realization of this work, aims that the
members of the course, acquire the knowledge and conceptual bases
and skills to identify the classification and characterization of
electromagnetic waves in different media, which for this wedding
focuses on defining the electrical parameters of the guides wave and
transmission lines.
 Activities to develop

Each student in the group has to answer the following questions using
academic references to support the research:

1. What are the practical implications associated with a line with

only reactive components or only resistive components?

The reactive components such as inductances and capacitance create

magnetic and electric conservative fields that when released, can destroy
some components associated with the circuit, some of these phenomena
are the peaks that originate when the inductances are disconnected. If
the terminals of an ideal inductance carrying an initial current are short-
circuited, the current will continue to circulate unchanged until the circuit
is modified. Most of the loads are Inductive, the process usually involves
the process of incorporating elements with capacitive terminal
characteristics, whose sole purpose is to improve the power factor.

While the resistive components if between two points of a circuit are

several resistive components, the opposition that occurs to the passage
of the current, said set of components at a certain frequency, is an
impedance (Z). It is said that a resistive element of a line is ohmic if its
resistance does not depend on the voltage, nor on the direction or
intensity of the current. For these elements, the electrical resistance is
the constant relationship between the potential difference between the
terminals of the conductor and the intensity of the current passing
through it.

2. In a practical transmission system. What is a good value for the

reflection coefficient and the VSWR? Explain.

The reflection coefficient is defined as the quotient between the signal

intensity of the reflected wave and that of the incident wave, hence its
maximum value is 1, which coincides with the open circuit transmission
line; the minimum is -1, which occurs with the short-circuit transmission
line; All delivered power is transmitted.

The VSWR When an incident wave and a reflected wave produce a

constructive interference. For example the 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑉𝑖 (incident voltage)
 + Vr (reflected voltage) therefore, the amplitude of the resulting wave is
maximum. When the incident wave and the reflected wave cancel each
other (destructive interference).

𝑉𝑀𝐴𝑋 𝑉𝑖 + 𝑉𝑟 1 + |Γ|
𝑅𝑂𝐸 = = =
𝑉𝑀𝐼𝑁 𝑉𝑖 − 𝑉𝑟 1 − |Γ|

In short, it is recommended that the SWR or the standing wave ratio be

less than 1.8, the smallest measurement is 1.0 where there is a minimum
standing wave ratio, that is, there is the optimal coupling between
antenna and transceiver, this is read as a 1 to 1 ratio, or in other words,
you have a standing wave in the antenna.

3. What happens to the voltage and current in a line with the

following conditions: line terminated in its characteristic
impedance, line terminated in a short circuit and line terminated
in an open?

line terminated in its characteristic impedance: The resistance of

dispersion in derivation is the same. the characteristic impedance in a
transmission line approaches a constant, is independent of frequency and
length, and is determined only by inductance and capacitance

line terminated in a short circuit: A transmission line shorted can

behave as if it were a resistor, an inductor or a capacitor, depending on
its electrical length. The standing waves are repeated every half
wavelength, and consequently the input impedance is also repeated.

line terminated in an open: There is no load that absorbs the incident

voltage, so it is reflected with the same amplitude and polarity and adds
to the new incident, producing a maximum effective voltage

4. What is the voltage reflection coefficient and what is an ideal

value for a transmission system?

If the line is ideal (no losses), the incident signal will reach the end of the
line without attenuation and identically, the reflected signal will return to
the beginning of the line without attenuation. The coefficient of reflection
is obtained based on the conservation of voltage and current and the
 Ohm's law in a phasor form, replacing the Voltage and Current equations
in Ohm's Law.

Solving for the reflection coefficient

The voltage incident on a transmission line has a relationship with the

value of the reflection voltage which is known as the voltage reflection
coefficient

Where Z0 is the characteristic impedance and ZL is the load impedance.

For a plane wave, which normally falls on a flat separation surface,

between two dielectric media, it is usually a complex quantity with
magnitude, Γ𝐿 ≤ 1.

5. What is the effect of Lossy line on voltage and current waves?

Since the air is not a perfect insulator and due to the high concentration
of electric field around the cables, for important values of voltage (high
potential gradient), when said gradient exceeds a certain critical value,
the ionization of the air occurs with a weak glow surrounding the cable,
this is what is called.

It is, therefore, a discharge, sometimes luminous, due to the ionization of

the gas surrounding a conductor in which there is a potential gradient
greater than a certain value.

It appears at high voltages: approximately 30 kV / cm in the air. In

airlines, it may appear in conductors, fittings, shock absorbers, insulators,
and in general at any point where the minimum potential gradient is
exceeded.

This effect depends on the size and condition of the surface of the cables,
the separation between them and the atmospheric conditions (basically
the humidity and the degree of environmental pollution by sea breezes,
industrial pollution, etc.).
 The corona effect is one of the causes of losses in the transmission lines
of energy.

6. In the Smith Chart identify a 𝑍𝐿=∝, a 𝑍𝐿=0, two resistive loads and two
complex loads. You have to assume the characteristic impedance.

𝑍𝐿 = 0

𝑍𝐿 =∝

Data
Resistive loads real =145 – Imaginary=0
Frequency 150
Characteristic impedance 70
Reflection coefficient 0,342/0.000°
 Data
Resistive loads real =145 – Imaginary=40
Frequency 150
Characteristic impedance 70
Reflection coefficient 0,498/38,660°

𝑍 = 𝑍0 (1 + 𝛤) / (1 − 𝛤)
Activities to develop

Choose one of the following problems, solve it and share the solution in
the forum. Perform a critical analysis on the group members’
contributions and reply this in the forum.

EXERCISE 1 – ALDAIR EDILBERTO MENESES

1. A lossless transmission line has a characteristic impedance of 𝑍0 =

60𝛺 and the load at the end of the line has an impedance of 𝑍𝐿 = 45 +
𝑗95𝛺. Using the Smith Chart, find:

a. Reflection coefficient 𝛤 (magnitude and phase), and the VSWR.

b. The input impedance if the line is 0.75𝜆 long.
c. The length of the line, necessary to make the input impedance real
and the value of the impedance in this point.

Solution
Data:

𝑍0 = 60𝛺
𝑍𝐿 = 45 + 𝑗95𝛺
ℓ = 0.75𝜆

a. Reflection coefficient 𝛤 (magnitude and phase), and the VSWR.

𝑍 −𝑍
We have that the coefficient 𝛤 is equal to:𝛤 = 𝑍𝐿+𝑍0
𝐿 0

(45 + 𝑗95)𝛺 − 60𝛺

𝛤= = 0,679; 56,5°
(45 + 𝑗95)𝛺 + 60𝛺

We have that the VSWR is equal to:

1 + |𝛤|
𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅 =
1 − |𝛤|

1 + |0,679|
𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅 = = 5,23
1 − |0,679|
b. The input impedance if the line is 0.75𝜆 long.

𝑍𝐿 + 𝑗𝑍0 𝑇𝑎𝑛(2𝜋ℓ)
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 𝑍0
𝑍0 + 𝑗𝑍𝐿 𝑇𝑎𝑛(2𝜋ℓ)

45 + 𝑗95𝛺 + 𝑗60𝛺𝑇𝑎𝑛(2𝜋 ∗ 0,75)

𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 60𝛺 = 13,86 − 𝐽26,88
60𝛺 + 𝑗45 + 𝑗95𝛺𝑇𝑎𝑛(2𝜋 ∗ 0,75)

c. The length of the line, necessary to make the input impedance real
and the value of the impedance in this point.
The length of the line, necessary to make the input impedance real is:

= 0.0789𝜆

The value of the impedance at this point is:

= (307.41 + 𝑗0.00)Ω

EXERCISE 2 – ANDRES FERNANDO GOMEZ

2𝑚𝐻
2. A transmission line has the following parameters:𝐿 = ,
𝑘𝑚
𝐶 = 45 𝑛𝐹/𝑘𝑚, 𝐺 = 1.2𝜇𝑆/𝑘𝑚 and𝑅 = 4Ω/𝑘𝑚. It has a generator supplying
200𝑉 𝑟𝑚𝑠 at 𝜔 = 5 𝑥 103 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠 and in series with a resistance of200Ω. The
load has an impedance of 300Ω. Find the input voltage and current.

First, let's look at the distribution of the circuit:

To find the input voltage and current, we find 𝑍0 the characteristic
impedance of the line:

Using the formula:

𝑅 + 𝑗𝑤𝐿
𝑍0 = √
𝐺 + 𝑗𝑤𝐶

Replacing data we obtain:

Where:

𝑍0 , is the characteristic impedance in ohms,

𝑅, is the resistance of the line in ohms per unit length,

𝐶, is the capacitance of the line in farads per unit length,

𝐿, is the inductance of the line in henries per unit length,

𝐺, is the conductance of the dielectric in siemens per unit of length,

𝜔, is the angular frequency = 2πf, where f is the frequency in hertz,

𝑗, it's an imaginary factor

(4𝛺 / 𝑘𝑚) + 𝑗(5𝑥103 𝑟𝑎𝑑/ 𝑠)(2𝑚𝐻 / 𝑘𝑚)

𝑍0 = √
(1.2𝜇𝑆 / 𝑘𝑚) + 𝑗(5𝑥103 𝑟𝑎𝑑/ 𝑠)(45 𝑛𝐹 / 𝑘𝑚)
 𝑍0 = 0.2108

Now we calculate the input impedance, for this we assume that there is
a short circuit in Z_L and therefore there will be no impedance, as we do
not have the value of the electrical length then

𝑍𝐿 = 𝑍0

From there we developed the voltage divider:

𝑍0
𝑉𝑖𝑛 = 𝑉𝑔
𝑍𝑔 + 𝑍0

Replacing we have:

0.2108
𝑉𝑖𝑛 = (200𝑉 𝑟𝑚𝑠) = 0.1404
300 + 0.2108

With this we calculate the current that circulates through the line by the
law of ohm:

𝑉𝑖𝑛 0.1404
𝐼= = = 0.6661
𝑍0 0.2108

EXERCISE 3 – EDUAR MARCELO MARIN

3. A 45Ω lossless transmission line has a 𝑍𝐿=45−𝑗60Ω. If it is 200𝑚 long

and the wavelength is 23𝑚. Find and probe with the smith chart:

Dates

Impedance characteristic Z0= 45Ω

Load impedance ZL = 45−𝑗60Ω

Longitude line L= 200m

Wavelength 𝜆 = 23m
 a. Input impedance.

We have that the input impedance equation is

2𝜋
𝑍𝐿 + 𝑗𝑍0 tan( 𝐿)
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 𝑍0 𝜆
2𝜋
𝑍0 + 𝑗𝑍𝐿 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( 𝐿)
𝜆

Replacing

2𝜋
(45 − j60) + 𝑗45 ∗ tan ( 23 200)
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 45
2𝜋
45 + 𝑗(45 − j60) ∗ tan ( 23 200)

(45 − j60) + 𝑗45 ∗ tan(54.636)

𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 45
45 + 𝑗(45 − j60) ∗ tan(54.636)

𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 13.157 + 6.212𝑗

b. Reflection coefficient.

We have that the coefficient of reflection is given by.

𝑍𝐿 − 𝑍0
Γ=
𝑍𝐿 + 𝑍0

Replacing

(45 − j60) − 45
Γ=
(45 − j60) + 45

Γ = 0.246 – 0.431j
 c. VSWR

The VSWR or the ROE is given by the equation

𝑉𝑀𝐴𝑋 𝑉𝑖 + 𝑉𝑟 1 + |Γ|
𝑅𝑂𝐸 = = =
𝑉𝑀𝐼𝑁 𝑉𝑖 − 𝑉𝑟 1 − |Γ|

Replacing

1 + 0.246 – 0.431j
𝑅𝑂𝐸 =
1 − 0.246 – 0.431j

𝑅𝑂𝐸 = 0.999 – 1.143j

EXERCISE 4 – RODRIGO NELSON VALLEJO.

4. A transmission line of length 𝑙 = 0.35𝜆 has an input impedance 𝑍𝑖 =

25 + 𝑗45Ω. Using the Smith Chart, find the load impedance if 𝑍0 =
75Ω.

𝑍𝐿 + 𝑗𝑍0 𝑇𝑎𝑛(2𝜋ℓ)
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 𝑍0
𝑍0 + 𝑗𝑍𝐿 𝑇𝑎𝑛(2𝜋ℓ)

𝑍𝐿 + 75𝑗(0,0351)
25 + 45𝑗 = 75
75 + 𝑗𝑍𝐿 (0,0351)

𝑍𝐿 + 2,6325𝑗
25 + 45𝑗 = 75
75 + 𝑗𝑍𝐿 (0,0351)

25 + 45𝑗(75 + 𝑗𝑍𝐿 (0,0351)) = 75(𝑍𝐿 + 2,6325𝑗)

1875 + 0,8775𝑗𝑍𝐿 + 3375𝑗 + 1,5795𝑗 2 𝑍𝐿 = 75𝑍𝐿 + 197,4375𝑗

1875 + 0,8775𝑗𝑍𝐿 + 3375𝑗 + (−1,5795𝑍𝐿 ) = 75𝑍𝐿 + 197,4375𝑗

1875 + 0,8775𝑗𝑍𝐿 + 3375𝑗 − 1,5795𝑍𝐿 = 75𝑍𝐿 + 197,4375𝑗

1875 + 3375𝑗 + 𝑍𝐿 (0,8775𝑗 − 1,5795) = 75𝑍𝐿 + 197,4375𝑗

𝑍𝐿 (0,8775 − 1,5795) = 75𝑍𝐿 + 197,4375𝑗 − 1875 − 3375𝑗

𝑍𝐿 (0,8775𝑗 − 1,5795) = 75𝑍𝐿 + 3177,5625𝑗 − 1875

3177,5625𝑗 − 1875
𝑍𝐿 − 75𝑍𝐿 =
0,8775𝑗 − 1,5795

3177,5625𝑗 − 1875 0,8775𝑗 + 1,5795

−74𝑍𝐿 = ∗
0,8775𝑗 − 1,5795 0,8775𝑗 + 1,5795

(3177,5625𝑗 − 1875)(0,8775𝑗 + 1,5795)

−74𝑍𝐿 =
(0,8775𝑗 − 1,5795)(0,8775𝑗 + 1,5795)

2788,311𝑗 2 + 5018,960𝑗 − 1645,312𝑗 − 2961,562

−74𝑍𝐿 =
(0,8775𝑗)2 − (1,5795)2

−2788,311 + 3373,648𝑗 − 2961,562

−74𝑍𝐿 =
0,770𝑗 2 − 2,495
 −5749,873 + 3373,648𝑗
−74𝑍𝐿 =
−3,265
−5749,873 3373,648
−74𝑍𝐿 = + 𝑗
−3,265 −3,265

−74𝑍𝐿 = 1761,064 − 1033,277𝑗

1761,064 − 1033,277𝑗
𝑍𝐿 =
−74
1761,064 1033,277𝑗
𝑍𝐿 = − +
74 74
𝑍𝐿 = 23,798 + 13963𝑗
 In group solve the following practical exercise

Using the software Smith V4.0, found in the practice learning

environment, solve the next exercises and explain each step of the
simulation.

PRACTICAL EXERCISE – ALDAIR EDILBERTO MENESES

1. For the following input impedance and load impedance, find the
wavelength necessary to get a real input impedance.

a. 𝑍𝐿 = 45 − 𝑗60𝛺 𝑍0 = 75𝛺.
b. 𝑍𝐿 = 25 − 𝑗36𝛺 𝑍0 = 45𝛺.
c. 𝑍𝐿 = 98 − 𝑗46𝛺 𝑍0 = 35𝛺.
d. 𝑍𝐿 = 56 − 𝑗29𝛺 𝑍0 = 58𝛺.

Solution

a. 𝑍𝐿 = 45 − 𝑗60𝛺 𝑍0 = 75𝛺.

The length of the line, necessary to make the input impedance real is:

= 0.1250𝜆

The value of the impedance at this point is:

= (225.00 + 𝑗0.00)Ω
 b. 𝑍𝐿 = 25 − 𝑗36𝛺 𝑍0 = 45𝛺.

The length of the line, necessary to make the input impedance real is:

= 0.1276𝜆

The value of the impedance at this point is:

= (142.56 + 𝑗0.00)Ω

c. 𝑍𝐿 = 98 − 𝑗46𝛺 𝑍0 = 35𝛺.
The length of the line, necessary to make the input impedance real is:

= 0.0237𝜆

The value of the impedance at this point is:

= (121.40 + 𝑗0.00)Ω

d. 𝑍𝐿 = 56 − 𝑗29𝛺 𝑍0 = 58𝛺.

The length of the line, necessary to make the input impedance real is:

= 0.1107𝜆

The value of the impedance at this point is:

= (95.84 + 𝑗0.00)Ω
PRACTICAL EXERCISE – RODRIGO NELSON VALLEJO

a) 𝒁𝑳 = 𝟒𝟓 − 𝒋𝟔𝟎 𝒁𝟎 = 𝟕𝟓
1. To obtain a totally real input impedance, the line length must be
equal to 0,125λ.

𝒁𝒊𝒏 = 𝟐𝟐𝟓 + 𝒋𝟎
2. 1. To obtain a totally real input impedance, the line length
must be equal to 0,375 λ.
 𝒁𝒊𝒏 = 𝟐𝟓 + 𝒋𝟎

b) 𝒁𝑳 = 𝟐𝟓 − 𝒋𝟑𝟔 𝒁𝟎 = 𝟒𝟓
1. 1. To obtain a totally real input impedance, the line length must
be equal to 0,1224 λ.
 𝒁𝒊𝒏 = 𝟏𝟒, 𝟎𝟖𝟕 − 𝒋𝟎

2. To obtain a totally real input impedance, the line length must be

equal to 0,3724 λ.
 𝒁𝒊𝒏 = 𝟏𝟒𝟑, 𝟕𝟓𝟑 − 𝒋𝟎

c) 𝒁𝑳 = 𝟗𝟖 − 𝒋𝟒𝟔 𝒁𝟎 = 𝟑𝟓

1. To obtain a totally real input impedance, the line length must be

equal to 0,2263λ.
𝒁𝒊𝒏 = 𝟏𝟎, 𝟎𝟑𝟔 + 𝒋𝟎
2. To obtain a totally real input impedance, the line length must be
equal to 0.4763λ.

𝒁𝒊𝒏 = 𝟏𝟐𝟐, 𝟎𝟓𝟓 + 𝒋𝟎

d) 𝒁𝑳 = 𝟓𝟔 − 𝒋𝟐𝟗 𝒁𝟎 = 𝟓𝟖
1. To obtain a totally real input impedance, the line length must be
equal to 0.1393λ.

𝒁𝒊𝒏 = 𝟑𝟓, 𝟎𝟏𝟒 + 𝒋𝟎

2. To obtain a totally real input impedance, the line length must be

equal to 0.1393λ
 𝒁𝒊𝒏 = 𝟗𝟔, 𝟎𝟕𝟓 + 𝒋𝟎

PRACTICAL EXERCISE – EDUAR MARCELO MARIN

a. 𝑍𝐿 = 45 − 𝑗60𝛺 𝑍0 = 75𝛺.
The length of the line, necessary to make the input impedance real is:

= 0.3750𝜆

b. 𝑍𝐿 = 25 − 𝑗36𝛺 𝑍0 = 45𝛺.

The length of the line, necessary to make the input impedance real is:
 = 0.3776𝜆

c. 𝑍𝐿 = 98 − 𝑗46𝛺 𝑍0 = 35𝛺.

The length of the line, necessary to make the input impedance real is:

= 0.2737𝜆

d. 𝑍𝐿 = 56 − 𝑗29𝛺 𝑍0 = 58𝛺.
The length of the line, necessary to make the input impedance real is:

= 0.3607𝜆
 CONCLUSIONES

 The behavior of the waves in the different guided transmission

media used in communications is recognized.
 It can be determined that there are applications and online tools
that allow us to learn about this topic as it is the letter of smith,
being this tool of valuable help to develop the exercises typical of
the theme.
 The smith chart allows you to perform the impedance adaptation
in a very easy way without having to resort to complex equations.
(in addition to containing other functions such as finding the
attenuation coefficient, reflection angle, etc.
 BIBLIOGRAFIA

Chen, W. (2005). The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Boston: Academic

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Joines, W. T., Bernhard, J. T., & Palmer, W. D. (2012). Microwave
Transmission Line Circuits. Boston: Artech House, 23-68. Retrieved
from
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Hierauf, S. C. (2011). Understanding Signal Integrity. Boston: Artech
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Impedance Matching Networks. (2001). Radio-Frequency & Microwave
Communication Circuits, 146-188. Retrieved from
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