Tutorial Session 6

1) A jet engine with a subsonic inlet in an aircraft flying at M=0.9 ingests an airflow of 100
kg/s through an inlet area of 3.07 m2. Adiabatic efficiency of the diffuser is 0.9 and the Mach
number of the flow entering the compressor is 0.4. Ambient temperature and pressure are 222
K and 9.57 kPa respectively.

a) Determine the ratio of the inlet static pressure (at entrance to the engine intake) to the
ambient pressure.
b) Determine the static pressure ratio across the internal diffuser.
c) What fraction of the inlet dynamic pressure is converted to static pressure in the intake?
[1.373, 1.08, 0.37]

2) A 2D supersonic diffuser shown below produces no net turning of the flow. Calculate the
overall stagnation pressure ratio across the diffuser for a flight Mach number of 3.0. Neglect
all the losses except those due to oblique and normal shock.

M=3

10°

[0.82]

3) During a static test, fluid enters the afterburner at a temperature of 900 K, pressure of
0.235 MPa and mass flow rate of 75 kg/s. Without afterburning, stagnation pressure loss
between afterburner entrance and exit is 3% and specific heat ratio is 1.33. With afterburner
operating, the exit stagnation temperature rises to 1800 K, stagnation pressure loss increases
to 8% and specific heat ratio drops to 1.29. In both the cases, nozzle is convergent and
choked. Determine the nozzle exit area without and with afterburner.

[AnoAB = 0.249 m2, AAB = 0.375 m2]

4) A ramjet engine is to fly at a Mach number of 4 in an atmosphere whose static temperature

Ta = 223K. At the entrance to the burner, the Mach number of the flow is 0.3. Combustion in
the burner with constant cross-sectional area can be represented approximately as heating of a
perfect gas with constant specific heat ratio. At exit from the burner the stagnation
temperature of the exhaust is 2462 K. Neglecting fricitonal effects in the burner and
considering the flow to be one-dimensional throughout, estimate the Mach number of the gas
leaving the burner. Also, determine the stagnation pressure loss due to heating in the
combustion chamber.

[M = 0.705, P04/P03 = 0.869]

Solution 1

T0a = 257.96 K P0a = 16.18 kPa (In atmosphere)

T0a = T01 P0a = P01 (at inlet entry)

Mass flow rate equation

(𝛾+1)/2(𝛾−1)
𝑚 𝑃0 𝑀 𝛾 1
=
𝐴 𝑅 𝑇0 𝛾−1
1 + 2 𝑀2

Get M at inlet iteratively M1 = 0.5533

T1 = 243 K P1 = 13.14 kPa

Find T02s using diffuser efficiency T02s = 256.46 K

Find P02 using isentropic relation P02 = 15.86 kPa

Find P2 using above quantities P2 = 11.03 kPa

Ratios: P1/Pa = 1.373 P2/P1 = 1.08

fraction of the inlet dynamic pressure is converted to static pressure in the intake

(P1-P2)/(0.5ρ1u12) = 0.37

Solution 2

Use charts or tables (If asked in exam, chart will be provided in question paper)

Stagnation pressure ratio vs Inlet Mach

Exit Mach number vs Inlet Mach number (from Shapiro) number(from Shapiro)

Deflection angle is always 10 degrees (including the one for the reflected wave)
(Note that the flow close to the wall is parallel to the wall although the rest of it gets deflected
by wedge angle. Hence the shock reflection happens as if there were a wedge of 10 degrees)

Using this strategy, the exit Mach number at different stations is estimated using the above
charts

M=3 3 5
4 6
1 2
10°

Station 1 2 3 4 5 6

Mach number 3 2.5 2.15 1.75 1.37 0.75

P0out/P0in 0.96 0.98 0.95 0.95 0.96

Total ratio P06/P01 = 0.82

Solution 3:

1 2
3

Afterburner

Exit of Afterburner

P02 = 0.228 MPa without afterburner

P02 = 0.2162 MPa with afterburner

Choked nozzle M3 = 1

Without afterburner

T01 = T02 = T03

T3 = 772.5 K P3 = 0.123 MPa U3 = 543 m/s ρ3 = 0.556 kg/m3

A = m/(ρU) = 0.249 m2

With afterburner
T02 = T03 = 1800 K

T3 = 1572 K P3 = 0.1184 MPa U3 = 763 m/s ρ3 = 0.262 kg/m3

A = m/(ρU) = 0.375 m2

Solution 4:

a 2 3
Diffuser CC Flame holders Nozzle

Exhaust jet
Fuel

supersonic
compression
Subsonic Combustion Expansion
compression

Ma = 4, Ta = 223 K, M2 = 0.3

T0a = 936.6 K (ambient stagnation pressure)

No losses in the intake / Diffuser

T0a = T02 = 936.6 K (entry to combustor)

T2 = 920 K (Static temperature at entry to combustor)

T03 = 2462 K (Exit of combustor given)

(Set K = 0 in our derivation in Slide 53 - No V-gutters to cause drag)

𝑃2 1 + 𝛾𝑀23 𝑀3 𝑇2
= =
𝑃3 1 + 𝛾𝑀22 𝑀2 𝑇3
(1)

In above equation M2 and T2 are known.

T3 can be written as:

𝑇03
𝑇3 =
𝛾−1 2
1+ 𝑀3
2

Here, T03 is known and M3 is the only unknown. Solve for Mach number at the exit of the
combustion chamber iteratively

M3 = 0.705
Estimate P2/P3 from equation (1) as we know all the quantities on RHS

Stagnation pressure ratio can be estimated using:

𝛾/(𝛾 −1)
𝛾−1 2
𝑃03 𝑃3
=
1+ 2 𝑀3
𝑃02 𝑃2 𝛾−1 2
1+
2
𝑀2

P03/P02 = 0.869