Seim2016 Session 12 Ei GHG

Greenhouse Gases Inventories
(Session 12)
Gustavo Zárate T.
Fundamental Studies Head
Universidad Privada Boliviana
Sustainable Energy Information Management
Program
Quito, Ecuador
September 28, 2016
Outline
1. Introduction to the Greenhouse effect
2. Climate change
3. Greenhouse Gases Inventories
4. GHG Inventory: Reference Method
5. GHG Inventory: Method by Technologies
6. GHG Inventories in Latin America & Caribbean

The Greenhouse effect
2) Radiation
reflected by the
atmosphere and
the earth’s
4) The direct effect is the
surface
warming of the earth’s
surface and the
troposphere
1) Sun radiation 3) Part of the radiation

absorbed into is absorbed and re-
the emitted to earth by the
atmosphere greenhouse gases
Atmosphere
Greenhouse gases
The Greenhouse gases (GHG)
Amount of particles and gas emissions resulting from human activities that raise the
concentration of atmospheric gases and particles to levels higher than would occur
naturally.
• Water Vapor (H2O)

Natural • Ozone (O3)
gases • Carbon dioxide (CO2) Accounts for
• Methane (CH4) the largest % of
Total GHG (=) • Nitrous Oxide (N2O) greenhouse
represent effect
less than 1% +
of the
atmosphere
Man-made • Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
gases • Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
• Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)
(+) • Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)
The Greenhouse gases (GHG): Human activity causes
CO2 emissions: Methane emissions:

• Burning fossil fuels • Fossil fuel use
• Deforestation • Livestock farming
• Landfills and waste
The Greenhouse gases (GHG): Human activity causes
N2O emissions: CFC, HFC, SF6 emissions:

• Fertilizers in agricultural • Aerosols
activities • Insulation materials
• Refrigeration & AC
The Greenhouse gases (GHG)
Human CO2 emissions vs. atmospheric concentrations
Source: AIE and Mauna Loa Observatory

Climate Change
Effect of GHG on climate change
The
adjustment
Climate leads to a The current GHG
adjusts to the global emissions trend
increase of warming of will rise the global
Increase in
GHG to keep the earth’s temperature by 1.4
global energy surface and
GHG to 5.8 ºC by 2100
balance atmosphere
emissions
Climate Change: Changes in Temperature
Line plot of global mean land-ocean temperature index, 1880 to present
With the base

period 1951-1980.
The dotted black
line is the annual
mean and the
solid red line is
the five-year
mean. The green
bars show
uncertainty
estimates
Source: http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/graphs_v3/
Climate Change: Who is affected
Consequences:
• Sea level rise

• Melting ice sheets
• Natural disasters
• Increased rainfall
• Impacts on
ecosystems
• Increased frequency
of adverse weather
events
http://www.cgdev.org/blog/climate-change-and-development-three-charts
Climate Change: Yesterday causes
79% of emissions between 1850 and 2011 were caused by developed countries
Source: Bush, Jonah. Center for Global Development, available in

Climate Change: Today’s Causes
Currently 63% of emissions come from developing countries
Source: Bush, Jonah. Center for Global Development, available in

Climate Change
Climate change impact on human-related activities
• Changes in water supply • Air quality, respiratory diseases

• Changes in water quality • Mortality due to weather
• Major conflicts over water Human • Infectious diseases
Water
Resources Health
• Changes in composition
of forests • Change in crop's yields
• Changes in geographical Agriculture • Increased irrigation
Climate
forest areas demand
Forests Change • Changes in productivity
• Changes in health and
productivity
Energy and
Coast Industry
• Flooding of coastal lands Areas • Changes into hydraulic energy
• Changes in mangrove • Changes in energy demand
• Erosion • Changes in product's demand
Climate Change
CO2 emissions/Per capita in the Caribbean
Emissions /Per capita (ton/hab) - CO2
20,00
18,00
16,00
14,00
12,00
10,00
8,00
6,00
4,00
2,00
0,00
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Haiti Caribean Suriname Jamaica Barbados Trinidad & Tobago
Source: SIEE OLADE

Climate Change
Actions regarding climate change
First United Nations

first conference on An Inc. on Climate Change
global climate climate change conference held by
change recognizing convention was UNFCCC in Berlin.
climate as a established. earth Conference of the
problem summit Parties (COP)
1979 1990 1995
1988 1992-1994
IPCC is established UNFCCC was adopted
and introduces first in 1992 by 150
assessment on climate countries and started
change operations in 1994
Climate Change
Actions regarding climate change
COP2 geneva
confirms human COP12, in Nairobi RIO+20: No advances
influence on the modifies the Kyoto in reducing GHG. Less
weather. protocol commitments
1996 2006 2012
1997 2009 2015

COP3 adoption of the COP15 copenhaguen COP21, 195
Kyoto protocol. 5-55-55 had to adopt a new countries adopted
protocol, which was the first-ever
postponed to COP16 universal, legally
Mexico 2010 binding global
climate deal
Climate Change
Framework Convention on Climate Change
The main objective of the UNFCCC is the stabilization of GHG concentrations.
The countries agree on the following joint commitments
• To present National Communications

• To promote the development and transfer of technologies and experiences
• To cooperate in the management and conservation of sinks
• Climate change in the social, economic and environmental policies
• To cooperate in scientific, technical and educational matters
• To promote education and information exchange on climate change
Climate Change
Differentiated commitments
• Annex I: To adopt policies and measures to reduce GHG levels to previous levels
• Annex II: To provide new and additional financial resources to developing
countries, so they can implement the convention and encourage and fund efficient
transfer of environmental technologies
• Not annex I: To provide communications and propose voluntary mitigation and
adaptation measures
Climate Change
Commitments between the parties signing the protocol
• Developing, periodically updating, publishing and making available to the

conference of the parties (COP) their national emissions inventory
• Using comparableinventory methodologies. The COP will approve the
development of guidelines for the preparation of the inventory, which is in
charge of the IPCC since 1991:
• Creating, improving and promoting the methodology and software.
• Establish an information management system for compiling, analysis and
presentation of GHG
Greenhouse gases: GHG
The inventory of greenhouse gas (GHG) is accounting for gaseous and
particulate emissions resulting from human activities increase the concentration
of gases in the atmosphere at levels above those which are produced naturally.
The gases are considered greenhouse CO2, CO, SOx, NOx and CH.
From the detailed inventories of greenhouse gas (GHG) identify the main causes
of these emissions, its historical evolution and its possible increase or behavior
towards the future and the selection of alternatives for control or mitigation is
facilitated.
Source: Manual de Estadística Energéticas. OLADE, 2011.

Methodologies for quantifying GHG emissions
Reference method Method for activities

or Top Down
It applies only to It also allows get other

estimate emissions of greenhouse gases
carbon dioxide, besides CO2
quantified at an emissions.
aggregate level
Source: Energy Statistics Manual. OLADE, 2016.

Reference method: CO2
It’s about counting the amount of carbon contained in fossil fuels are used and a
country assumes that CO2 emissions depend mainly on the characteristics of
fuels and technologies not its use, as is the case with other gases.
The calculation of CO2 emissions from combustion of fossil fuels is directly

related to two factors: the amount of fuel consumed and the carbon content of
each fuel.
Some additional factors must be considered:

Additional factors in the reference method
Common energy units
Variations of carbon
Carbon unoxidized by inefficient combustion process
Stored carbon should be deducted
Bunker: international shipping and aircraft
Biomass: not included

GHG Inventory: Reference Method
• Proposed by IPCC
• Used to calculate CO2 emissions associated to energy activities
• It is based on the carbon content of the fossil fuels used by a given country
• Assumes CO2 emissions depend on fossil fuels and not on the
characteristics of the technologies implemented
Carbon emitted as CO2

C(CO2) = C(Content) - (C not oxidized) - C(stored)
Molecular weight ratio
CO2 = (C(Content) - (C not oxidized) - C(stored)) * 44/12 between CO2 and C
This expression should be applied to volumes of fossil fuels consumed in the

country effectively, i.e. not considering quantities exported or stored.

Reference method: Apparent consumption
This concept refers to the balance of the primary energy produced in a country, the
imports of primary and secondary energy, minus exports, minus bunkers and
changes in inventories. Thus, coal is "transferred" to the country through the
production and energy imports (adjusted with changes in inventories), and
transferred outside the country through exports and international bunkers.
Calculating the apparent consumption is defined by the following expression:
CA = PP + IM-EX - VI + BK, where:
PP = Production of primary energy

IM = Import of primary and secondary energies
EX = Export of primary and secondary energies
NA = Not tapped
VI = Change in inventories (positive or negative)

Emission Factors
Carbon content of each fossil fuel when it is used for energy purposes
(produce energy)

Oxidation of Carbon
All the carbon is not oxidized into CO2 in the fuel combustion process. Part
of the carbon does not combust or is released in other gases (e.g. methane)
Energy Fraction of
Source carbon oxidized

Stored Carbon
Energy fuels that are not used for energy purposes (e.g. lubricants,
fertilizers). A fraction of the carbon content of these products is stored in
them (table) and the remaining fraction is oxidized (as CO2)
Fraction of carbon stored

Reference method: CO2
The formula for calculating the total CO2 emissions for each fuel is as follows:
CO2 = FE * (CA * FO - * FA *CNE) * (44/12) / 1000
Where:
CO2 = amount of CO2 emitted into the atmosphere in Gg (Gigagrams)

FE = carbon emission factor (tC / TJ)
CA = apparent fuel consumption (TJ)
FO = Fraction of carbon oxidised CNE = non-energy fuel consumption
FA = fraction of carbon stored

Example Reference Method: IPCC Methodology for
Apparent Consumption Calculation
A B C D E Apparent
kboe Production Imports Exports Stocks Unused Consumption
F= A+B-
Fuels
C+D-E
Liquid Primary
Crude Oil A1 B1 C1 D1 E1
Fuels Energy
Secondary
Secondary energy LPG B12 C12 D12 E12
Energy
production is not accounted Gasoline B13 C13 D13 E13
because the carbon Kerosene/Tur
B14 C14 D14 E14
contained in them was bo
already accounted in the Diesel B15 C15 D15 E15
Fuel Oil B16 C16 D16 E16
primary energy sources
Non Energy B21 C21 D21 E21
they were obtained from Gases and
B19 + B20 C19 + C20 D19 + D20 E19 + E20
Othe.
Total Liquid fuels
Primary
Coal A3 B3 C3 D3 E3
Solid Fuels Energy
Secondary
Coke
Energy
Total solid
A3 B17 C17 D17 E17
fuels
Gaseous
Natural gas A2 B2 C2 D2 E2
fuels
Total
Total A7+A8+A D7+D8+D
B7+B8+B9 C7+C8+C9 E7+E8+E9
Biomass 9 9
Reference Method example: carbon content. Jamaica
Apparent Non energy C02 emissions Emission Fraction of
Consumption consumption (Gg CO2) Factor (tC/TJ) Carbon
(TJ) (TJ) Storage (%)
Coal 2,764.50 266.23 26.80 0.75

Coke 0.00 0.00 29.50 0.75
Crude Oil 40,149.29 2,914.84 20.00 1.00
Diesel oil 18,838.20 1,381.33 20.20 0.50
Firewood 14,351.74 1,068.25 29.00 1.00
Fuel oil 28,199.63 2,159.89 21.10 0.50
Gases 0.00 0.00 15.30 0.50
Gasoline/Alcohol 14,735.07 1,010.93 18.90 0.80
Kerosene/Jet fuel -3,493.52 -247.29 19.50 0.80
LPG 2,859.62 178.54 17.20 0.80
Natural gas 0.00 0.00 15.30 0.33
Non energy 98.44 7.15 20.00 0.63
Others prim 690.81 51.42 29.00 1.00
Sugarcane and products 3,931.52 292.64 29.00 1.00
CO2 = FE * (CA * FO - * FA CNE) * (44/12) / 1000
CO2 = amount of CO2 emitted into the atmosphere in Gg (Gigagrams)

FE = carbon emission factor (tC / TJ), CA = apparent fuel consumption (TJ)
FO = Fraction of carbon oxidized, CNE = non-energy fuel consumption
FA = fraction of carbon stored
Source: SIEE. OLADE.
Method for activities and technologies
This method involves estimating emissions of CO2 and other gases (carbon
monoxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, sulfur oxides and particulate matter)
depending on the activity and technology under which energy is harnessed. The
aim is to quantify the emissions that occur along the energy chain, from the use
of primary energy, through transformation processes, losses from transport and
distribution to final use of energy.
`
Gas emissions are calculated from the expression:
Emissions = Σ(FEijk * Actividadijk).
Where:
EF = emission factor
Activity = consumption or energy production
i = fuel
j = sector or activity
k = type of technology
Source: Energy Statistics Manual. OLADE, 2016
GHG Inventory: Method by Technologies (Bottom Up)
Selection of Emission Factors
• Production of Primary Sources

• Inputs for Secondary Energy
Sources Production
• Production of Secondary
Energy Sources
• Final consumption Possible information sources:
• Losses, stock change, unused •WHO
• Activities resulting in emissions •IIASA CO2 Data Bank
•EDB (Leap) SEI-B
• Emission factors of
•EM (Oeko Inst. - gtz - WB)
technologies •IPCC
Method and technology activities. Information sources
Rapid Assessment of Sources of Air, Water, and Land Pollution”; World Health
Organization, 1982.
Environmental Database - EDB; Stockholm Environment Institute, Boston

Center- SEI-B. Esta base de datos esta integrada al modelo de planificación
energética LEAP, desarrollado por el SEI-B.
The IIASA CO2 Technology Data Bank – CO2DB; International Institute for
Applied Systems Analysis; Laxenburg, Austria.
The Environmental Manual – EM; Oeko Institute – GTZ – The World Bank;
Berlin, RFA.
Greenhouse Gas Inventory, The Reference Manual; Intergovernmental Panel on

Climate Change – IPCC.
Source: Energy Statistics Manual. OLADE, 2016

Energy Production: Emission Factors
Emission Factors (Kg / TJ of energy input)

Source Technology CO2 CO NOx CH4 SOx Particles
Petroleum - production 612 0.5 17 1 1 3
Natural Gas - production 3084 2 78 1 1320 2
Coal - production 6 0 3 2 2 2
Charcoal - production 5885 415 6681 7512
EDB Coque - production
90629 195 488 1
(per consumed ton.)
Ethanol - production 26930 116 287 151 43
Natural Gas - losses 18530
Petroleum - losses 1658
Petroleum - production 756 7
EM Natural Gas - production 83
Coal - production 106
Coal - production 2
Petroleum - production 0.29 - 4.67
IPCC Natural Gas - production 39,6 - 104
Petroleum - refinery
0.1 - 1.66
(per refined barrel)
Source: SIEE. OLADE

Caribbean - CARBON DIOXIDE - 2014
Gg Transport Industrial/ Residential Commercial, Agriculture, Construction

/Others Others /Others services, fishing and and
Transport Industrial Residential public/Others mining/Others others/Others
Commercial Farming Fishing
Services Public Mining
Crude Oil 8,446.16 0.00 0.00
Natural gas 77.21 10,330.67 77.30 39.50 24.90 59.88
Firewood 0.00 270.01 7,126.51 1.94 150.35 62.72
Sugarcane and 5,102.09
products
LPG 1,075.85 84.61 1,662.36 218.04 0.72 122.64
Gasoline/Alcohol 7,300.15 81.25 150.14 150.49 52.49 108.20
Diesel oil 6,369.29 2,870.00 50.80 326.30 1,367.11 1,256.49
Total Energy 19,755.59 28,461.12 2,472.31 1,884.90 2,867.41 2,071.70
Source: SIEE. OLADE, 2016.

Caribbean - CARBON MONOXIDE - 2014

Crude Oil 1.66 0.00 0.00
Natural gas 0.17 13.09 0.41 0.21 0.03 0.13
Firewood 0.00 0.50 615.96 0.02 2.43 0.12
Sugarcane and 6.88
products
LPG 24.21 0.02 1.84 0.03 0.00 2.76
Gasoline/Alcohol 742.40 25.04 38.46 46.39 16.18 11.00
Diesel oil 43.54 2.75 0.01 1.47 10.90 8.59
Total Energy 825.20 46.94 42.34 52.95 28.41 24.90

Caribbean - HYDROCARBONS - 2014

Crude Oil 0.33 0.00 0.00
Natural gas 0.41 1.04 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.32
Firewood 0.00 0.10 19.87 0.00 0.02 0.02
Sugarcane and 6.88
products
LPG 0.54 0.00 0.34 0.01 0.00 0.06
Diesel oil 0.50 0.12 0.00 0.46 0.20 0.10
Total Energy 5.40 3.39 2.77 3.74 0.87 0.68

Caribbean - NITROGEN OXIDE - 2014

Crude Oil 18.36 0.00 0.00
Natural gas 0.29 26.18 0.02 0.01 0.06 0.22
Firewood 0.00 0.30 4.07 0.00 0.19 0.07
Sugarcane and 4.15
products
LPG 6.34 0.08 2.35 0.15 0.00 0.72
Diesel oil 85.67 7.71 0.04 6.76 27.23 16.90
Total Energy 168.98 69.58 3.22 30.21 31.38 24.65

Caribbean - PARTICLES - 2014

Natural gas 0.01 0.00 0.00
Firewood 58.00
Sugarcane and 55.16
products
LPG 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01
Gasoline/Alcohol 0.04 0.07 0.08 0.03
Diesel oil 0.01 0.48
Total Energy 0.01 2.46 0.67 0.58 0.03 0.01

Industry Emission Factors (Kg / TJ of Energy input)
Source Technology CO2 CO NOx CH4 SOx Particulates
Coal - boilers 93 329 2.4
Fuel oil - boilers 15 161 2.9
Natural Gas - boilers 17 67 1.4
Final Energy IPCC

Firewood - boilers
Bagasse - boilers
1504
1706
115
88
15
Natural Gas - cement 83 1111 1.1

Consumption (Industry): Fuel oil - cement 79 527 1
Coal - cement 79 527 1
Emission Factors Coke - iron & steel
Petroleum 71537
211 1
Natural Gas 73451 7 83 1 23 8

Coal 92640 34 256 17 130 555
Firewood 86270 66 332 66 33 1241
SIEE Bagasse 86270 131 656 131 66 2454
LPG 73451 8 59 2 0 9
Kerosene 71537 14 176 10 47 50
Diesel oil 71537 10 180 10 48 51
Residue 71537 13 187 9 47 72
Coal - anthracite - boiler 101689 1536 51 171 665 171
Coal - bitumen - boiler 92476 92 328 2
Coal - oven - standard 92476 79 526 1
Coal - dryer - standard 92476 178 226 1
Bagasse - boiler - standard 97123 131 79 131 1050
Biomass (wastes) - boiler 46408 628 32 5
Firewood - boiler 53063 819 62 8
Coke - boiler 108544 11 246 1 685 123
LPG - boiler 67269 17 66 1 433 1
LPG - motor 66366 646 695 415 2 25
EDB Diesel - boilers - standard 75497 17 66 0 476 7
Diesel - motor - generic 75016 337 1553 106 103 111
Diesel - turbine 75497 51 225 16 464 17
Natural Gas - boiler 53314 17 68 1
Natural Gas - dryer 53314 11 59 1
Natural Gas - motor -
53314 197 1568 38 0 5
generic
Fuel oil - boiler 76385 15 166 3
Fuel oil - dryer 76385 17 178 1
Fuel oil - motor 75886 322 1478 101 487 106
Kerosene - turbine 69229 51 224 16 21 17
Fuel oil - boiler 74134 68 191 3 929
Natural Gas - boiler 49721 63 126 5 0
EM Diesel - boiler 69965 67 188 3 221
Source: SIEE. OLADE Coal - boiler 94425 86 274 259 692
Firewood - boiler 173 104 35 19
Final Energy Consumption (Residential): Emission Factors
Residential Emission Factors (Kg / TJ of energy input)
Natural Gas 49250 9 36 4 23 8
Firewood 86270 66 332 66 33 1241
SIEE
LPG 49250 10 41 4 0 9
Kerosene 73213 6 54 9 40 70
Firewood - stove 6002 116
Firewood - kitchen 18533 200 74
Coal - kitchen 3580 179
IPCC Coal - oven 484 232
Coal - hot water 18 158
Gas - heaters 10 47 1
LPG - oven 10 47 1
Natural Gas - kitchen 49721 63 49 11
Kerosene - kitchen 69975 134 3 13 221
EM
LPG - kitchen 58795 65 83 12
Firewood - stove 269 32 32 21
Charcoal - kitchen 96240 9139 24 83
Coal - kitchen 87186 3583 178 1
Diesel - heater 75497 18 65 3 483 9
Gasoline - motor 50307 12887 255 783 20 23
EDB Kerosene - kitchen 69774 1569 117
LPG - kitchen 67269 9 44 4 1327
Natural Gas - kitchen 53314 281 11 6 1
Vegetable Residues 80949 7299 2322
Firewood - stove 92893 8029 53 259 27 756
Source: SIEE. OLADE
Final Energy Consumption (Agriculture/Fishing): Emission Factors
Agriculture / fishing Emission Factors (Kg / TJ of energy input)

Diesel - tractors 74775 394 1111 201 103 0
EDB Diesel - motors 74775 462 1017 189 103 0
Diesel - fishing 75016 264 842 65 188 50
Petroleum 71537 15 205 11 109 82
Natural Gas 73451 7 83 1 23 8
Coal 92640 34 256 17 130 555
Firewood 86270 66 332 66 33 1241
Bagasse 86270 131 656 131 66 2454
SIEE
LPG 73451 8 59 2 0 9
Gasoline 73477 866 237 333 12 46
Kerosene 71537 14 176 10 47 50
Diesel 73477 1046 264 63 46 58
Fuel oil 73477 13 71 12 2 9
Bagasse - boilers 1706 88
Firewood - boilers 1504 115 15
IPCC Coal - boilers 93 329 2
Diesel - Agr. Machinery 76651 611 1527 11
Diesel - fishing 76651 512 1623 5
Source: SIEE. OLADE

Final Energy Consumption (Commercial/Public): Emission Factors
Commercial / Public Emission Factors (Kg / TJ of energy input)
LPG - various uses 67269 9 45 4 1
Diesel - motor 75016 337 1553 106 103 111
Gasoline - motor 47550 14656 379 554 20 24
EDB
Fuel oil - motor 75886 322 1478 101
Firewood - boilers 53063 819 62 8
Biomass - boilers 46408 628 32 5
Petroleum 71537 15 205 11 109 82
Natural Gas 73451 7 83 1 23 8
Coal 92640 34 256 17 130 555
Firewood 86270 66 332 66 33 1241
SIEE Bagasse 86270 131 656 131 66 2454
LPG 73451 8 59 2 0 9
Kerosene 71537 14 176 10 47 50
Diesel 71537 14 180 10 48 51
Fuel oil 71537 13 187 9 47 72
Firewood - boilers 199 33 15
Natural Gas - boilers 10 48 1
IPCC Fuel oil - boilers 17 155 2
Diesel - boilers 16 64 1
Coal - boilers 195 236 10
Source: SIEE. OLADE

Final Energy Consumption (Transport): Emission Factors
Transport Emission Factors (Kg / TJ of energy input)
Diesel - vehicles 75497 289 264 192 171 120
Gasoline - vehicles 61103 6041 744 884 9 11
Diesel - trucks - generic 74535 644 1289 9
Gasoline trucks 38591 774 64
Compressed Natural Gas 53314 4 157 135
EDB
Methanol 41937 6418 99 11
Kerosene - jet fuel 72116 127 307 2
Gasoline - motor (air) 31470 24809 85 64
Diesel - train 74535 611 1760 14
Fuel oil - marine 75886 349 901 22
Gasoline - lightweight 72864 7410 390 32
Gasoline - lightweight (cathalyst) 72864 894 149 11
Gasoline - trucks 72864 6966 411 27
Gasoline - trucks (cathalyst) 72864 1924 209 15
Diesel - passengers 76651 151 145 1
Diesel - lightweight 76651 191 172 2
Diesel - heavyweight 76651 524 1031 6
IPCC Natural Gas - passengers 63517 143 238 335
Natural Gas - trucks 63517 115 300 346
LPG - vehicles 67674 1523 399 34
Methanol - vehicles 56008 961 154 7
Diesel - marine 76651 512 1623 5
Diesel - train 76651 628 1786 5
Kerosene - jet 73731 122 293 2
Gasoline - motor (air) 72864 23752 81 61
Natural Gas 49250 9 83 3 23 8
Gasoline/alcohol 73477 866 237 333 12 46
SIEE
Kerosene 73477 173 117 44 0 5
Diesel 73477 1046 264 63 46 58
Source: SIEE. OLADE
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Greenhouse Gases Inventories

1. Introduction to the Greenhouse effect

3. Greenhouse Gases Inventories

4. GHG Inventory: Reference Method

5. GHG Inventory: Method by Technologies

6. GHG Inventories in Latin America & Caribbean

1) Sun radiation 3) Part of the radiation

• Water Vapor (H2O)

CO2 emissions: Methane emissions:

N2O emissions: CFC, HFC, SF6 emissions:

Source: AIE and Mauna Loa Observatory

With the base

• Sea level rise

Source: Bush, Jonah. Center for Global Development, available in

Source: Bush, Jonah. Center for Global Development, available in

Climate change impact on human-related activities

• Changes in water supply • Air quality, respiratory diseases

Emissions /Per capita (ton/hab) - CO2

Haiti Caribean Suriname Jamaica Barbados Trinidad & Tobago

Source: SIEE OLADE

Actions regarding climate change

First United Nations

1979 1990 1995

Actions regarding climate change

1997 2009 2015

Framework Convention on Climate Change

The main objective of the UNFCCC is the stabilization of GHG concentrations.

The countries agree on the following joint commitments

• To present National Communications

Framework Convention on Climate Change

Framework Convention on Climate Change

Commitments between the parties signing the protocol

• Developing, periodically updating, publishing and making available to the

Source: Manual de Estadística Energéticas. OLADE, 2011.

Reference method Method for activities

It applies only to It also allows get other

Source: Energy Statistics Manual. OLADE, 2016.

The calculation of CO2 emissions from combustion of fossil fuels is directly

Some additional factors must be considered:

Source: Energy Statistics Manual. OLADE, 2016.

Common energy units

Carbon unoxidized by inefficient combustion process

Stored carbon should be deducted

Bunker: international shipping and aircraft

Biomass: not included

Source: Energy Statistics Manual. OLADE, 2016.

Carbon emitted as CO2

This expression should be applied to volumes of fossil fuels consumed in the

Source: Energy Statistics Manual. OLADE, 2016.

Calculating the apparent consumption is defined by the following expression:

CA = PP + IM-EX - VI + BK, where:

PP = Production of primary energy

Source: Energy Statistics Manual. OLADE, 2016.

Source: Energy Statistics Manual. OLADE, 2016.

Source: Energy Statistics Manual. OLADE, 2016.

Fraction of carbon stored

Source: Energy Statistics Manual. OLADE, 2016.

CO2 = FE * (CA * FO - * FA *CNE) * (44/12) / 1000

CO2 = amount of CO2 emitted into the atmosphere in Gg (Gigagrams)

Source: Energy Statistics Manual. OLADE, 2016.

Coal 2,764.50 266.23 26.80 0.75

CO2 = FE * (CA * FO - * FA CNE) * (44/12) / 1000

CO2 = FE * (CA * FO - * FA CNE) (44/12) / 1000