ISSN: 1301-0522 / Cilt: 53 ‡6D\Õ1 ‡<ÕO12

$QNDUDhQLYHUVLWHVLøODKL\DW)DNOWHVL'HUJLVL 53:1 (2012), ss.137-148

DOI: 10.1501/Ilhfak_0000001099

øOkKv.HPkOvHg]JUON0HVHOHVL

WILLIAM ROWE

7HUFPHRAVZA AYDIN
6$.$5<$h1øV. ø/$+ø<$7)$.h/7(6ø
ravzaaydin@gmail.com

7DQUÕHQPNHPPHOúHNLOGH|]JUbir fkil olsa da

GDLPDEWQ\OHHQL\LYHHQELOJHRODQÕ
JHUoHNOHúWLUPHN]RUXQGDGÕU

Samuel Clarke

7HLVW JHOHQHNWHNL oR÷X GúQU kudret (omnipotence) ve ilim

(omniscience) VÕIDWODUÕQÕQ \DQÕQGD 7DQUÕ¶QÕQ VÕIDWODUÕQÕQ PNHPPHO iyilik
(perfect goodness) YH |]JUO÷ GH LoHUPHVL JHUHNWL÷LQL GúQPHNWHGLU
dQN7DQUÕPXWODNKDPGVHQDYHNXOOX÷XKDNHGHU$QFDNPNHPPHO iyi
olmayan ELU YDUOÕN PXWODN |YJ YH NXOOX÷D GH÷HU ROPD] $\QÕ úH\ LOkKv
|]JUON LoLQ GH JHoHUOLGLU O Kklde, úD\HW 7DQUÕ ELUWDNÕP |QHPOL
H\OHPOHULQGH |]JU ROPDVD\GÕ ELOILLO PH\GDQD JHWLUGLNOHULQL \DSPDPD
nRNWDVÕQGD her zaman |]JU ROPDVD\GÕ JHUoHNOHúWLUGL÷L úH\OHUGHQ |WU
NHQGLVLQH úNUDQ YH\D |YJGH EXOXQPD]GÕN g]JUFH ROPD\ÕS ]RUXQOXOXN
JHUH÷L\DSWÕ÷Õ H\OHPOHUGHQ|WUKDPGYH|YJP]KDNHGL\RUROPD]GÕ%X
nedenle, kudret ve iliP VÕIDWODUÕQÕQ \DQÕQGD PNHPPHO L\LOLN YH |QHPOL
derecede |]JUONGH7DQUÕ¶QÕQDVOv VÕIDWODUÕGÕU.
%D]Õ VÕIDWODU ELU QHVQH LoLQ ]kWvdir (essential). Yani bu VÕIDWODUD sahip
ROPDVD\GÕ, V|] NRQXVX QHVQH YDU RODPD]GÕ 'L÷HU VÕIDWODU LVH V|] Nonusu
nesne onlara sahip olmasa bile, yine nesnenin var olaELOHFH÷L WDU]GDki
VÕIDWODUGÕU. Bu durumda úD\HWteizmin 7DQUÕVÕ varsa, kudret, ilim, PNHPPHO
L\LOLN YH |]JUON VÕIDWODUÕ KDQJL JUXED GkKLOGLU" %X VÕIDWODU V|] NRQXVX
YDUOÕN LoLQ ]kWv midir" 7DQUÕ PHYFXW ROGX÷X KHU PPNQ GQ\DGD EX

: 5RZH ³7KH 3UREOHP RI 'LYLQH 3HUIHFWLRQ DQG )UHHGRP,´ Elenore Stump (ed.), Reasoned Faith
(Ithaca & London: Cornell University Press, 1993) LoLQGH, ss. 223-233. Used by permission of the
publisher, Cornell University Press.
138 William Rowe

VÕIDWODUD sahip midir? Yoksa bunlar |]VHO]kWv GH÷LOPLGLU"7HLVWJHOHQHNWHNL

oR÷X GúQU EX VÕIDWODUÕQ 7DQUÕ¶QÕQ PkhiyetinL ROXúWXUGX÷XQX
GúQPHNWHGLU Yani V|] NRQXVX VÕIDWODU RQODUD VDKLS RODQ YDUOÕ÷ÕQ ]kWv
VÕIDWODUÕGÕU%XGúQFHGHQKDUHNHWOHEHQLPEX\D]ÕGDNLDPDFÕP 7DQUÕ¶QÕQ
PNHPPHO L\LOL÷LQLQ |]HOOLNOH GHDKOkNvNHPkOLQLQ (moral perfection) oR÷X
|QHPOL H\OHPLQGH 7DQUÕ¶QÕQ |]JU ROXúX\OD X\XPOX ROXS ROPDGÕ÷ÕQÕ
GH÷HUOHQGLUPHNWLU %X \D]Õ ER\XQFD úD\HW 7DQUÕ YDUVD oR÷X H\OHPLQGH
2¶QXQ |] LWLEDUL\OH NDGvU DOvP PNHPPHO L\L YH |]JU ROGX÷XQX
IDU]HGHFH÷L] 6DSWDPDN LVWHGL÷LP úH\ 7DQUÕ¶QÕQ ]kWv L\LOL÷L YH DKOkNv
NHPkOLQL, |QHPOL GHUHFHGHLOkKL|]JUONOH ED÷GDúWÕUPD oDEDVÕQGD FLGGL ELU
]RUOX÷XQROXSROPDGÕ÷ÕGÕU1
øQFHOHPH\H7DQUÕ¶QÕQN|WDKOkNHQ\DQOÕúELUH\OHP JHUoHNOHúWLUPHGH
|]JU ROXS ROPDGÕ÷ÕQÕ VRUJXODPDNOD EDúOÕ\RUXP øQDQÕ\RUXP NL \DQÕW
KD\ÕUGÕU(OEHWWHDKOkNHQPNHPPHONDGvr ve alvPRODQ7DQUÕDVODN|WELU
H\OHPGH EXOXQPD\DFDNWÕU Nitekim ELOHUHN YH LVWH\HUHN N|WON \DSDQ ELU
kiPVH DKOkNHQ PNHPPHO GH÷LOGLU AmD úX GD YDU NL N|W ELU H\OHPGH
EXOXQPDGD|]JUROPDN N|WELU eylemi JHUoHNWHDVOD yapmamakla uyumlu
ROGX÷X LoLQ EDúODQJÕoWD 7DQUÕ¶QÕQ E|\OH ELU H\OHP VHUJLOHPHGH |]JU
olDELOHFH÷LGúQOHELOLU$QFDN7DQUÕN|WELUH\OHPVHUJLOHPHGH|]JUVH
R ]DPDQ V|] NRQXVX H\OHPL JHUoHNOHúWLUPH JFQH VDKLSWLU YH H÷HU 7DQUÕ
N|WON \DSPD JFQH VDKLSVHR ]DPDQ NHQGLVLQL zktv VÕIDWODUÕQÕQ Eirinden
DKOkNv NHPkOLQGHQ VR\XWODPD JFQH VDKLSWLU $QFDN KLoELU YDUOÕN
kendisini zktv VÕIDWODUÕQÕQ ELULQGHQ VR\XWODPD JFQH VDKLS GH÷LOGLU2 ùX
halde, 7DQUÕN|WELUH\OHPyapma JFQHVDKLSGH÷LOGLU
%XDUJPDQGDNLPXKDNHPHúXúHNLOGHGLU
1. 7DQUÕ, N|W ELU H\OHPGH EXOXQGX÷X ELU GXUXP PH\GDQD JHWLUPH
JFQHVDKLSWLUdUWOHFHNYDUVD\ÕP
2. 7DQUÕ¶QÕQ N|W ELU H\OHPGH EXOXQPDVÕQGDQ 2¶QXQ DKOkNHQ
PNHPPHOROPDGÕ÷ÕRUWD\DoÕNDU
3. ùD\HW;, p¶\LPH\GDQDJHWLUPHJFQe sahipse, p¶GHQq oÕNDUVDYHT
JHUoHNOHúmiyorsa, X q¶\XPH\GDQDJHWLUPHJFQe sahiptir.
4. 7DQUÕ, DKOkNHQ PNHPPHO ROPDGÕ÷Õ bir durum meydana getirme
JFQe sahiptir. (1 den 3 e kadar)
5. $KOkNHQNkPLOROPDN7DQUÕ¶QÕQ]kWvELUVÕIDWÕGÕU
1
7DQUÕ¶QÕQPNHPPHO L\LOL÷LQLQRQXQDKOkNvNHPkOLQLPDQWÕNVDORODUDNWD]DPPXQHWWL÷LQLGúQ\RUXP
2
%XUDGD ELU YDUOÕ÷ÕQ ELU |]HOOL÷LQL ND\EHWWL÷L KDOGH var olmaya devam etmesi úDUWÕ\OD V|z konusu
|]HOOL÷LQGHQNHQGLVLQLVR\XWODPDJFQHVDKLSROGX÷XNDEXOHGLOPHNWHGLU
$hø)' øOkKv.HPkOYHg]JUON 139

Bu durumda,
6. 7DQUÕzatvVÕIDWODUÕQÕQELULQGHQPDKUXPROGX÷XELr durum meydana
getirme JFQHVDKLStir.
 DoÕNoD \DQOÕú ROGX÷XQGDQ 7DQUÕ¶QÕQ N|WON \DSPD JFQH VDKLS
ROGX÷X úHNOLQGHNL LON YDUVD\ÕPÕ UHGGHWPHOL\L] $QFDN úD\HW 7DQUÕ N|W ELU
H\OHPGHEXOXQPDJFQHVDKLSGH÷LOVHR]DPDQN|WON\DSPDN7DQUÕ¶QÕQ
geUoHNOHúWLUPHkte |]JUROGX÷XELUúH\GH÷LOGLU
7DQUÕ¶QÕQ N|W ELU H\OHP LID HWPHGH |]JU ROPDGÕ÷ÕQÕ J|VWHUen
DUJPDQÕPteistik 7DQUÕWDVDYYXUXQGD FLGGLELU]RUOXN\DUDWPÕúJ|UQHELOLU
dQN H÷HU 7DQUÕ N|WON \DSaPÕ\RUsa, o zaman mutlak kudret VÕIDWÕ QH
DQODPDJHOLU"+HUúH\GHQ|WHEL]LQVDQR÷OXGDKLJHUoHNWHQVÕQÕUODQGÕUÕOPÕú
JFP]OH N|W DPHOOHUGH EXOXQDELOL\RUX] ùD\HW 7DQUÕ EL]LP ELOH
\DSDELOGL÷LPL]L yapma JFQH VDKLS GH÷LOVH 2¶QXQ |] LWLEDUL\OH KHUúH\H
JF\HWHQROGX÷XQXPDNXOELUúHNLOGHQDVÕO V|\OH\HELOLUL]"
Mutlak kudret VÕIDWÕQÕQJHUoHNOHúWLULOPHVLPPNQROPD\DQúH\L\DSPD
JFDQODPÕQDJHOPHGL÷LQL GúQUVHN7DQUÕ¶QÕQJD\U-ÕDKOkNvELUH\OHPGH
EXOXQPD JFQH VDKLS ROPDPDVÕ EL]L 2¶QXQ NDGvUGHQ GDKD D] JoO
ROGX÷XVRQXFXQDJ|WUPHVLJHUHNPH]3 dQNJ|UG÷P]]HUHPDQWÕNHQ
DKOkNv DoÕGDQ PNHPPHO ROPDNWDQ EDúND ELU úH\ RODPD\DFDN ELU YDUOÕ÷ÕQ
N|WELUúH\\DSPDVÕ NHVLQOLNOHLPNkQVÕ]GÕU
Peki, 7DQUÕJD\U-ÕDKOkNvELUH\OHPGHEXOXQPDGD|]JUGH÷LOVHDKOkNHQ
GR÷UXRODQELUH\OHP\DSPDGD|]JURODELOLUPL"µ$KOkNHQGR÷UXH\OHP,¶\D
DKOkNHQ]RUXQOX\DGD\DSÕOPDVÕDKOkNHQFkL]J|UOHQELr harekettir. Belli bir
eylemi yapmaktan imtina etmeyi bir ³H\OHP´ sayarsak, o ]DPDQ 7DQUÕ¶QÕQ
JHUoHNOHúWLUPHVL NHQGLVL LoLQ DKOkNHQ ]RUXQOX RODQ KHU KDQJL bir eylemi
yapmada |]JU ROPDGÕ÷Õ EHOOLGLU dQN V|] NRQXVX eylemi
JHUoHNOHúWLUPHNWHQ NDoÕQPDN, DKOkNHQ \DQOÕú RODFDNWÕU YH, J|UG÷P]
]HUH 7DQUÕ \DSPDVÕ NHQGLVL LoLQ ahlkNHQ \DQOÕú RODQ ELU H\OHPL yapmada
|]JUGH÷LOGLU7DQUÕ¶QÕQKHUKDQJLELUH\OHPVHUJLOHPHGH|]JUROPDVÕLoLQ,
KHPV|]NRQXVXH\OHPL\DSPD JFQH hem de RH\OHPL\DSPDNWDQNDoÕQPD
JFne sahip ROPDOÕGÕU Fakat DKOkNen zorunlu olan eylemi yapmaktan
NDoÕQPDN DKOkNen \DQOÕú RODFD÷ÕQGDQ YH DKOkNHQ PNHPPHO ROPDN,
7DQUÕ¶QÕQ ]kWv |]HOOL÷L ROGX÷XQGDQ 7DQUÕ DKOkNv DoÕGDQ \DSÕOPDVÕ ]RUXQOX

3
Bu QRNWDKDNNÕQGDNL ELUWDUWÕúPDLoLQEN]-RVKXD+RIIPDQ³&DQ*RG'R(YLO?´Southern Journal of
Philosophy 17 (1979), ss.213-20.
140 William Rowe

olan bir eylemi yapmaktan NDoÕQPD JFQHVDKLSGH÷LOGLU.ÕVDFDVÕ7DQUÕ

ahlkken zorunlu olan eylemi, |]JUFHGH÷LO]RUXQOXOXNJHUH÷L\DSDU
7DQUÕ¶QÕQ \DSÕOPDVÕ NHQGLVL LoLQ ahlkken zorunlu RODQ úH\L \DSPDVÕ
KDNNÕQGDNLPHVHOH\LRUWD\DNR\XúWDU]ÕP WDPGR÷UXGH÷LOGLUdQNEXyol,
7DQUÕ¶QÕQ JHUoHNOHúWLUPH QRNWDVÕQGD DKOkNHQ \NPO ROGX÷X H\OHPL
|]JUFH JHUoHNOHúWLUPL\RU ROVD ELOH \LQH GH 7DQUÕ¶QÕQ, DKOkNHQ \DSPDVÕ
gerekeni (zorunOXOXN JHUH÷L \DSWÕ÷ÕQÕ LPD HWPHNWHGLU. $QFDN JHUoHN úXGXU
ki KLoELU H\lem 7DQUÕ LoLQ DKOkNHQ zorunlu olabilecek WUGHQ GH÷LOGLU Zira
ELU NLPVH |]JUFH JHUoHNOHúWLUHPH\HFH÷L ELU úH\L yapma QRNWDVÕQGD DKOkNv
ELU\NPOO÷H sahip olamaz. ùD\HWELUNLPVHELUH\OHPL|]JUFHyaparsa, o
zaman D\QÕ H\OHPL \DSPDPDN R NLúLQLQ JF GkKLOLQGHGLU4 7DQUÕ¶QÕQ
ahlkNHQ\NPOROGX÷XH\OHPL\DSPDPDVÕJD\U-ÕDKOkkv RODFD÷ÕQGDQ, daha
|QFHNLDUJPDQÕPJHUH÷LoÕNDFDNVRQXo, 7DQUÕ¶QÕQDKOkken \NPOROGX÷X
eylemi |]JUFH \DSDPD\DFD÷Õ úHNOLQGHGLU. Ancak bir kimse yapma
QRNWDVÕQGD |]JU ROPDGÕ÷Õ ELU úH\L JHUoHNOHúWLUPHGH ahlkNHQ \NPO
olamayacD÷ÕQGDQ 7DQUÕ¶QÕQ ahlkkv \NPOON JHUH÷L \DSDFD÷Õ ELU H\OHP
\RNWXU(QL\LLKWLPDOOHúXQX V|\OH\HEiliriz ki TanUÕJHUoHNOHúWLUPHGH|]JU
ROPDVÕ GXUXPXQGD JHUoHNOHúWLUPHGH DKOkNHQ \NPO RODFD÷Õ o eylemleri,
]RUXQOXOXNJHUH÷L\DSDU.
*|UGNNL|]LWLEDUL\OHDKOkNHQPNHPPHOELUYDUOÕNROGX÷XQGDQ7DQUÕ
QH DKOkNHQ \DQOÕú bir eylem yapmada |]JUGU QH GH DKOkNHQ ]RUXQOX bir
H\OHPL\DSPDGD|]JUGU<LQHJ|UGNNL 7DQUÕ¶QÕQ\DSPDYH\a yapmama)
QRNWDVÕQGD DKOkNHQ \NPO olDFD÷Õ KLoELU ILLO olamaz. O zaman, |\OH
J|]N\RU NL LON JLULúLPOHULP 7DQUÕ¶QÕQ PXWODN DKOkkv PNHPPHOOL÷LQLQ
ilkhv |]JUONVDKDVÕQD|QHPOLVÕQÕUODPDODUJHWLUGL÷LVRQXFXQXGR÷XUPXúWXU
Bununla birlikte, 7DQUÕQÕQ ne gayr-Õ DKOkNv eylem yapmada ne de DKOkNHQ
]RUXQOX RODQÕ ± úD\HW \DSPD YH\D \DSPDPD QRNWDVÕQGD |]JU ROVD\GÕ
DKOkNHQ ]RUXQOX RODFDN úH\L² \DSPDGD |]JU ROmDGÕ÷Õ JHUoH÷L yine de
7DQUÕ¶QÕQ |]JUO÷QQ LFUD HGLOHFH÷L ND\GD GH÷HU ELU DODQ EÕUDNDELOLU.5
dQN 7DQUÕ¶QÕQ ELUWDNÕP |QHPOL H\OHPOHUL DKOkken zorunlu GH÷LO DPD

4
Frankfurt-WDU]Õ NDUúÕt-|UQHNOHUGHQ VDNÕQPDN LoLQ, bir fail bir eylHPL |]JUFH JHUoHNOHúWLUGL÷LQGH R
eyleme sHEHSROGX÷XQXYHEXH\OHPHVHEHS ROPDPDJFQHVDKLSROGX÷XQXV|\OHmeliyiz<DSDELOHFH÷L
H\OHPLQHQHGHQROPDPDJF, H\OHPLQLHQJHOOHPHJF\OHD\QÕGH÷LOGLU<D]ÕGDEXNDUPDúÕNOÕ÷Õdikkate
DOPÕ\RUXP
5
$OYLQ3ODQWLQJD¶QÕQ\DSWÕ÷ÕJLEL|QHPOLGHUHFHGH|]JUO÷DKOkNvDoÕGDQzorunlu RODQúH\L\DSPD\D
da yapmaktan NDoÕQPDGD |]JUROPDNRODUDNDQODUVDNEXGXUXPGD7DQUÕ¶QÕQND\GDGH÷HUúHNLOGH|]JU
RODPD\DFD÷Õortaya konabilir. Bkz:HV0RUULVWRQ³,V*RGµ6LJQLILFDQWO\)UHH¶"´Faith and Philosophy
2 (1983), ss.257-263.
$hø)' øOkKv.HPkOYHg]JUON 141

ahlkken ckL] ROGX÷X VUHFH úX DQ LWLEDUL\OH 7DQUÕ¶QÕQ EX WUGHQ EWQ
H\OHPOHUL EDNÕPÕQGDQ |]JU ROGX÷XQX YH EX H\OHPOHUL JHUoHNOHúWLUme veya
JHUoHNOHúWLUPHPH JFQH VDKLS ROGX÷XQX reddetmemiz ioLQ KHUKDQJL ELU
nedenimiz yoktur. Mesela, GQ\D\Õ\DUDWPDNRQXVXQGD7DQUÕ¶QÕQH\OHPLQLQ
|]JU ELU H\OHP ROGX÷X 7DQUÕ¶QÕQ ELU GQ\a yaratma ya da yaratmama
NRQXVXQGD |]JU ROGX÷X X]XQ ELU VUHGLU kabul edilmektedir.6 'Q\D\Õ
\DUDWPDN GQ\DPÕ]Õ WHúNLO HGHQ úDUWOÕ olgusal GXUXPODUÕ (contingent states
of affairs) JHUoHNOHúWLUPHNOe ilgili oRN VD\ÕGD LOkhv fiili de LoHUHQ HOEHWWH
|QHPOL ELU H\OHPGLU ùD\HW 7DQUÕ, ELU GQ\D yaratma QRNWDVÕQGD |]JUse, o
zaman, EL]LPNLVLQGHQIDUNOÕRODUDN2¶nun |]JUO÷VÕQÕUODQGÕUÕOPÕúROVDGD,
PNHPPHOOL÷L YH |]JUO÷ ED÷GDúWÕUPDGD VWHVLQGHQ JHOLQHPH] herhangi
bir problem meydana gelmeyecektir.7 Bu sebeple, 7DQUÕ¶QÕQDKOkkv kemkli ve
|]JUO÷ DUDVÕQGDNL RODVÕ ELU LKWLODI QRNWDVÕQa dair DUDúWÕUPD\Õ VUGUPHN
LoLQ, dikkatimizi 7DQUÕ¶QÕQGQ\D\Õ\DUDWPDdaki eylemine G|QGUPHN \DUDUOÕ
RODFDNWÕUg]HOOLNOH7DQUÕ¶QÕQDKOkkv kemklinin, GQ\D\Õ\DUDWPDKXVXVXQGD
2¶QX |]JUEÕUDNÕSEÕUDNPDGÕ÷ÕQÕWHWNLNHWPHPL]gerekir.
%LU GQ\D \DUDWPD NRQXVXQGD, 7DQUÕ¶QÕQ |]JUO÷ LOH LOJLOL LNL VRUX\X
ELUELULQGHQ D\ÕUW HWPHN |QHPOLGLU øONL 7DQUÕ¶QÕQ \DUDWÕODELOHFHN GQ\DODU
DUDVÕQGDn yaratacD÷Õ GQ\D\Õ VHoPHGH |]JU ROXS ROPDGÕ÷ÕGÕU8 DL÷HUL LVH
7DQUÕ¶QÕQ KLo ELU GQ\D \DUDWPDPD QRNWDVÕQGD |]JU ROXS ROPDGÕ÷ÕGÕU
%XQODUÕQ JHUoHNWHQ IDUNOÕ VRUXODU ROGX÷X úX úHNLOGH DQODúÕODELOLU .DGvr bir
YDUOÕNWDUDIÕQGDQ\DUDWÕODELOHFHNGQ\DODUDUDVÕQGDELUWDQHVLQLQGL÷HUEWQ
GQ\DODUGDQ DKOkkv DoÕGDQ GDKD L\L ROGX÷XQX IDU]HGLQ. Bu YDUVD\ÕPa J|UH,
G|UW GXUXPGDQ herhangi biri OHKLQH DUJPDQODU WDKD\\O HGLOHELOLU Her ne
kadar biUGQ\D\DUDWPDGD |]JUROVDGD 7DQUÕ¶QÕQ\DUDWPD\ÕWHUFLKHWPHVL
durumunda, \DUDWDELOHFH÷L DKOkNHQ HQ L\L GQ\D\Õ \DUDWPDVÕQÕQ ]RUXQOX
ROGX÷XLOHULVUOHELOLU 'ROD\ÕVÕ\OD 7DQUÕDKOkkv DoÕGDQHQL\LRODQGQ\D\Õ
yaratmamakta |]JU ROVD GD, ondDQ EDúND ELU GQ\D\Õ yaratPDGD |]JU
GH÷LOGLU $lternatif olarak 7DQUÕ¶QÕQ DKOkkv kemklinin, 2¶QXQ L\L ELU GQ\D

6
7DQUÕ¶QÕQ \DUDWPD NRQXVXQGDNL |]JUO÷ LOH LOJLOL NODVLN <DKXGL-+ÕULVWL\DQ J|UúOHULQ KDULND ELU
WDUWÕúPDVÕYHFLGGLELUGH÷HUOHQGLUPHVLLoLQEN]1RUPDQ.UHW]PDnn, ³$*HQHUDO3UREOHPRI&UHDWLRQ´
ve ³$3DUWLFXODU3UREOHPRI&UHDWLRQ,´Scott McDonald (ed.), Being and Goodness (Ithaca ve London:
Cornell University Press, 1990) LoLQGH.
7
+HUKDQJLELUDKOkNv\NPOO÷HVDKLSRODPD\DFD÷ÕJ|]|QQGHWXWXOXUVD7DQUÕ¶QÕQDKOkNvNHPkOLQLQ
QH DQODPD JHOGL÷Lni anlama QRNWDVÕQGD ELU SUREOHP YDUGÕU $QFDN EX PHVHOHQLQ o|]OPHVL LPNkQVÕ]
olamayabilir. Bkz. Thomas Morris, Anselmian Explorations (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame
Press, 1987), ss.31-41.
8
.DGvU ELU YDUOÕ÷ÕQ \DUDWDPD\DFD÷Õ PPNQ GQ\DODU RODELOHFH÷LQGHQ WDUWÕúPDPÕ]Õ 7DQUÕ WDUDIÕQGDQ
\DUDWÕODELOHFHNGQ\DODUDODQÕLOHVÕQÕUODQGÕUPDPÕ]JHUHNir.
142 William Rowe

\DUDWPDVÕQÕ mutlak anlamda JHUHNWLUGL÷L LOHUL VUOHbilir. 7DQUÕ ELU GQ\D

yaratmamada |]JU GH÷LOGLU $PD 7DQUÕ¶QÕQ PNHPPHOOL÷L \DUDWDELOHFH÷L
HQL\LGQ\D\Õ\DUDWPDVÕQÕJHUHNWLUPH]2\DUDWÕODELOHFHNL\LGQ\DODUJUXEX
LoHULVLQGHQ birini yaraWPDGD|]JUGUhoQFRODUDN7DQUÕ¶QÕQ|]JUO÷Q
her iki WUQHde sahip olGX÷XLOHULVUOebilir. 7DQUÕKLoELUúH\yaratmama
NRQXVXQGD|]JUGU$\UÕFD7DQUÕ\DUDWDELOHFH÷LHQL\LGQ\DGDQEDúND iyi
ELU GQ\D \DUDWPDGD GD |]JUGU 6RQ RODUDN 7DQUÕ¶QÕQ |] LWLEDUL\OH
PNHPPHO ROPDVÕQÕQ GL÷HUOHULQden VWQ ELU GQ\D yaratmasÕQÕ ]RUXQOX
NÕOGÕ÷ÕLOHULVUOHELOLU%XJ|UúHJ|UH 7DQUÕHQL\LRODQGDQEDúND ELUGQ\D
yaratmada |]JUGH÷LOGLUYH2KLoELU GQ\D\DUDWPDPa hususunda da |]JU
GH÷LOGLU $úD÷ÕGD |QFHOLNOL RODUDN EHQLP LON VRUXPD RGDNODQÕ\RUXP 7DQUÕ
\DUDWÕODELOHFHNGQ\DODUDUDVÕQGDVHoLP\DSPDGD|]JUPGH÷LOPL"
gQHPOLELUPDNDOHGH5REHUW$GDPV7DQUÕ¶QÕQ, \DUDWDELOHFH÷LEDúND bir
GQ\D kadar iyi olmayan ELU GQ\D \DUDWPDVÕQGD \DQOÕú ELU úH\ ROPDGÕ÷ÕQÕ
LOHUL VUPúWU9 $GDPV 7DQUÕ¶QÕQ \DUDWWÕ÷Õ GQ\DQÕQ LoLQGH var ROGXNODUÕ
herhangi bir PPNQ GQ\DGDNL NDGDU PXWOX RODQ YDUOÕNODUÕ LoHUGL÷LQL
IDU]HGHU$\UÕFD >RQDJ|UH@ bu GQ\DGDNLKLoELUYDUOÕN, YDUROPDVD\GÕGDKD
iyi olurdu denecek kadar sefil bir durumda GH÷LOGLU )DUNOÕ\DUDWÕNODUDVDKLS
olan, mutluluk derecesi \|QQGHQEXGQ\D\ÕDúDQ7DQUÕ¶QÕQ\DUDWDELOHFH÷L
EDúND PPNQ ELU GQ\D IDU]HGelim. Bu duUXPGD 7DQUÕ \DUDWDELOHFH÷L
GQ\DGDQ GDKD D] PXWOXOX÷D VDKLS ELU GQ\D \DUDWPÕúWÕU. Peki 7DQUÕ EX
GQ\D\Õ \DUDWPDkla, herhangi bir kimseye KDNVÕ]OÕN PÕ HWPLúWLU" Adams,
7DQUÕ¶QÕQGL÷HUPPNQ GQ\DGDNLYDUOÕkODUDKDNVÕ]OÕNHWPLúROPD\DFD÷ÕQÕ,
]LUD VÕUI PPNQ YDUOÕNODUÕQ herhangi bir hakkD VDKLS ROPDGÕ÷ÕQÕ LOHUL
VUPHNWHGLU7DQUÕ\DUDWWÕ÷ÕGQ\DGDNLYDUOÕkODUDGDKDNVÕ]OÕNHWPLúolamaz,
oQN RQODUÕQ \DúDPODUÕ GDKD PXWOX NÕOÕQDPD]GÕ $GDPV úD\HW ³%LU
kimsenin, bilerek, YDU HGHELOHFH÷LQGHQ GDKD D] PNHPPHO ELU YDUOÕN
PH\GDQD JHWLUPHVL \DQOÕúWÕU´10 LONHVL GR÷UX ROVD\GÕ o zaman, 7DQUÕ¶QÕQ bu
GQ\D\Õ \DUDWPDNOD ELU KDNVÕ]OÕN \DSPÕú RODFD÷ÕQÕ ND\GHWPHNWHGLU Ancak
AGDPV EX LONHQLQ NDUúÕt-|UQHNOHULnin EXOXQGX÷XQX iOHUL VUPHNWHGLU
[Mesela] aileler, ]HNk ve mutluluk beklentisi DoÕVÕQGDQLQVDQVWoRFXNODUÕQ
YDUOÕ÷Õ\OD VRQXoODQDFDN ROVD ELOH oRFXNODUÕQÕQ DQRUPDO ELU JHQ \DSÕVÕQD
VDKLS ROPDODUÕQD VHEHS RODELOHcek LODoODUÕ DOPDNWDQ VDNÕQGÕNODUÕQGD KDWD
\DSPÕúROPD]ODU

9
5REHUW$GDPV³0XVW*RG&UHDWH7KH%HVW"´Philosophical Review 81 (1972), ss.317-32.
10
Adams, s.329.
$hø)' øOkKv.HPkOYHg]JUON 143

%X NRQXODUGD $GDPV¶D NDWÕOGÕ÷ÕPÕ]Õ YDUVD\DOÕP <DQL 7DQUÕ¶QÕQHQ L\L

GQ\D\Õ \DUDWPDN JLEL ELU DKODNv \NPOO÷ ROPDGÕ÷ÕQÕ 7DQUÕ¶QÕQ
\DUDWDELOHFH÷L HQ L\L GQ\D\Õ \DUDWPDVÕQÕQ da ahlkken ckiz olabLOHFH÷L
D\UÕFD $GDPV¶ÕQ WDVYLU HWWL÷L ELUWDNÕP EDúND L\L GQ\DODU DUDVÕQGDQ ELULQL
yaratmaVÕQÕQ da 7DQUÕ LoLQ DKOkken ckL] RODELOHFH÷L ILNULQL NDEXO HWWL÷LPL]L
YDUVD\DOÕP'XUXPE|\OHROXUVD7DQUÕ¶QÕQ|]LWLEDUL\OHDKOkkHQPNHPPHO
ROPDVÕ LOH |QHPOL GHUecede JHUoHN |]JUO÷H VDKLS ROPDVÕ DUDVÕQGa
o|]OHPH] ELU LKWLODIÕQ ROPDGÕ÷Õ VRQXFXQD YDUDPD] PÕ\Õ]" dQN bu
GXUXPGD 7DQUÕ¶QÕQ DKOkkv kemkOLQLQ 2¶QXn, en L\L GQ\D\Õ \DUDWPDVÕQÕ
JHUHNWLUPHGL÷L RUWD\D oÕNPDNWDGÕU .ÕVDFDVÕ 7DQUÕ ELUWDNÕP L\L GQ\DODU
DUDVÕQGDQELULQL\DUDWPDYH\D\DUDWPDPDNRQXVXQGD|]JUGU
$GDPV¶ÕQ DUJPDQODUÕ ne kadar etkili ve ikna edici olursa olsun, bu
DUJPDQODUÕQ7DQUÕ¶QÕQPNHPPHO L\LOL÷LQLQ\DUDWDELOHFH÷LHQL\LGQ\D\Õ
YDU HWPH NRQXVXQGD 2¶QD bir zorunluluk \NOHmeGL÷L sonucunu
GR÷XUGX÷XQX GúQP\RUXP $GDPV¶ÕQ DUJPDQODUÕQÕQ J|VWHUGL÷L úH\ HQ
iyi ihtimalle, ahlkkv kemkOLQLQ 7DQUÕ¶\Õ \DUDWDELOHFH÷L HQ L\L GQ\D\Õ
\DUDWPD QRNWDVÕQGD KLo bir ahlkkv \NPOON DOWÕQD VRNPDPDVÕGÕU Onun
DUJPDQODUÕ en iyi ihtimalle, 7DQUÕ¶QÕQ HQ L\L RODQ GQ\DGDQ EDúND ELU
GQ\D \DUDWPDVÕQÕQ 2¶QXQ ahlkNHQ \DQOÕú ELU úH\ \DSPÕú ROPDVÕQÕ
gHUHNWLUPH\HFH÷LQL J|VWHULU $QFDN EX GXUXP 7DQUÕ¶QÕQ PNHPPHO
L\LOL÷LQLQ 2¶QXQ \DUDWDELOHFH÷L HQ L\L GQ\D\Õ \DUDWPDVÕQÕ zorunlu
NÕOPDGÕ÷ÕQÕ J|VWHrPHNOH D\QÕ úH\ GH÷LOGLU dQN $GDPV¶ÕQ J|VWHUPH\H
oDOÕúWÕ÷ÕQRNWDODUÕNDEXOHWVHNELOHDKOkNHQNkPLOELUYDUOÕ÷ÕQ, \DUDWDELOHFH÷L
en iyi GQ\DGDQEDúNDELUGQ\D\DUDWPDVÕQGD KkOkELUWXWDUVÕ]OÕNV|]konusu
olabilir. Burada GHPHN LVWHGL÷LP úXGXr. Bir kimVH EDúND ELU NLPVHGHQ R
kimsenin JHUoHNOHúWLUPHNWH EDúDUÕVÕ] ROGX÷X bir \NPOO÷ ifa etmesi
DoÕVÕQGDQGDKDL\LROPDVDGD o kimseden ahlkken daha iyi olabilir. øONLGL÷HU
NLPVHQLQ JHUoHNOHúWLUHELOHFH÷L DPD JHUoHNOHúWLUPHGL÷L fazladan bir eylemi
\DSPDNWDQ |WU ahlkNHQ GDKD L\L RODELOLU %HQ]HU úHNLOGH DKOkNv DoÕGDQ
GDKDGúNVHYL\HGHRODQELUGQ\D\DUDWDQYDUOÕNEXVXUHWOH\DQOÕúELUúH\
\DSPÕú ROPDVD GD NHQGLVLQGHQ GDKD L\L ELU GQ\D \DUDWDQ ELU YDUOÕN RQGDQ
daha iyi olabilir. PhLOOLS 4XLQQ¶H takip ederek, EHQ úXQX GúQPH
H÷LOLPLQGH\LP úD\HW NDGvU ELU YDUOÕN \DUDWDELOHFH÷L HQ L\L GQ\DGDQ EDúND
ELU GQ\D \DUDWÕUVD R ]DPDQ R YDUOÕNWDQ ahlkken daha iyi biU YDUOÕ÷ÕQ YDU
ROPDVÕ PPNQGU11 dQN bu durumda, LON YDUOÕ÷ÕQ \DUDWDELOHFH÷L DPD
11
3KLOOLS/4XLQQ³*RG0RUDO3HUIHFWLRQDQG3RVVLEOH:RUOGV,´Frederick Strong ve M. Darrol Bryant
(ed.), God: The Contemprory Discussion (New York: The Rose of Sharon Press, Inc., 1982) LoLQGH,
144 William Rowe

\DUDWPDGÕ÷Õ HQ L\L GQ\D\Õ \DUDWDQ NDGvU bir YDUOÕ÷ÕQ ROPDVÕ PPNQ
RODFDNWÕU 2 KDOGH |] LWLEDUL\OH NDGvr, PNHPPHO L\L RODQ ELU YDUOÕ÷ÕQ bir
úHNLOGH KHUKDQJL ELU GQ\D \DUDWPaVÕ GXUXPXQGD \DUDWDELOHFH÷L HQ L\L
GQ\D\Õ \DUDWPDVÕ JHUHNWL÷L VRQXFXQD YDUÕ\RUXP dQN ELU YDUOÕN
\DUDWDELOHFH÷L HQ L\L GQ\DGDQ GDKD GúN VHYL\HGH ELU GQ\D \DUDWPDNOD
KDWDOÕ GDYUDQPDPÕú ROabilirse de GR÷DVÕ JHUH÷L PNHPPHOHQ iyi olan bir
YDUOÕNWDQ ahlkNHQ GDKD L\L RODQ ELU YDUOÕ÷ÕQ ROPDVÕ PPNQ GH÷LOGLU
Bununla birlikte, H÷HU ELU YDUOÕk \DUDWDELOHFH÷LQGHQ DKOkken daha iyi bir
GQ\D YDUNHQ EDúND ELU GQ\D \DUDWÕUVD, o zaman ahlkken ondan daha iyi
olan bir YDUOÕ÷ÕQEXOXQPDVÕPPNQRODFDNWÕU.
Ahlkken kkmil olan ve bir GQ\D \DUDWDQELUYDUOÕ÷ÕQ, yaratabilHFH÷LHQ
iyLGQ\D\Õ\DUDWPDVÕJHUHNWL÷LQLJ|UPúROGXN. Ancak, úD\HW\DUDWDELOHFH÷L
GQ\DODU DUDVÕQGD HQ L\L GQ\D GL\H ELU úH\ yoksa ne olacak? Bu, iki
durumdaQELULQGHV|]NRQXVXRODELOLUøONLúXRODELOLU \DUDWWÕ÷ÕKHUKDQJLELU
GQ\D\D NDUúÕOÕN \DUDWDELOHFH÷L DKOkkv DoÕGDQ GDKD L\L ELU GQ\D YDUGÕU
øNLQFLGXUXPLVHúXRODELOLU \HJkQH HQL\LGQ\a yoktur. Belki, bunun yerine,
7DQUÕ¶QÕQ \DUDWDELOHFH÷L GQ\DODU DUDVÕQGD DKOkkv DoÕGDQ DúÕODPD] RODQ oRN
VD\ÕGDGQ\D YDUGÕU%L]EXLNLGXUXPXVÕUDVÕ\ODPWDODDHGHOLP
7DQUÕKDQJLGQ\D\Õ\DUDWÕUVD\DUDWVÕQ\DUDWWÕ÷ÕGQ\DGDQDKOkNHQGDKD
L\LRODQÕ\DUDWDELOLUúHNOLQGHNLYDUVD\ÕPDJ|UH7DQUÕ¶QÕQ\DpDELOHFH÷LQLQHQ
L\LVLQL \DSPDVÕQÕQ LPNkQVÕ] ROGX÷X DoÕNWÕU. [<DQL@ 7DQUÕ KHU QH \DSDUVD
\DSVÕQ GDKD LyiVLQL \DSDELOPHVL KHS PPNQGU g\OH\VH 7DQUÕ¶QÕQ
ROGXNoD L\L ELU GQ\D \DUDWPDVÕ GXUXPXQGD ahlkkv kemkliniQ JHUH÷LQLQ
WDPÕ WDPÕQD VD÷ODQPDVÕ PDNXO RODFDNWÕU $\UÕFD 7DQUÕ¶QÕQ \DUDWDELOHFH÷L
oRN VD\ÕGD EX WDU] GQ\DODUÕQ ROGX÷XQX JYHQOH varsayabiliriz. 7DQUÕ Eu
GQ\DODUGDQELULQL\DUDWWÕ÷ÕVUHFH, ahlkkv DoÕGDQPNHPPHORODQGR÷DVÕQÕQ
JHUH÷LQL \HULQH JHWLUPLú RODFDNWÕU dQN \DUDWDELOHFH÷L HQ L\L GQ\D\Õ
\DUDWPDVÕ JHUHNWL÷L ILNUL, PDQWÕNv DoÕGDQ JHUoHNOHúWLULOHPH\HFHN ELU
GúQFHGLUBu QHGHQOH7DQUÕ¶QÕQ\DUDWDELOHFH÷LGQ\DODUDraVÕQGD ahlkken
DúÕODPD]ELU GQ\DQÕQROPDGÕ÷ÕQÕYDUVD\ÕPÕQDJ|UH7DQUÕ¶QÕQPXWODNDKOkkv
kemkliQLQ2¶QXQ\DUDWPDJFGkKLOLQGHNL ELUWDNÕPL\LGQ\DODUDUDVÕQGDQ
ELULQL |]JUFH \DUDWPDVÕ LOH WDPDPHQ ED÷GDúWÕ÷Õ V|\OHQHELOLU. Daha iyi bir

ss.197± 4XLQQ úXQX EHOLUWLU ³+HU úH\H JF \HWHQ DKOkNOÕ ELU IkLO \DUDWÕODELOLU KHUKDQJL ELU GQ\D
\DUDWDELOLU$KOkNHQGDKDL\LRODQELUGQ\DYDUNHQKHUKDQJLELUGQ\D\DUDWÕUVDDKOkNvDoÕGDQNRQXúDFDN
ROXUVDN \DUDWDELOHFH÷LQLQ HQ L\LVLQL \DSPDPÕú ROXU YH EXQGDQ |WU DKOkNHQ NHQGLVLQGHQ GDKD L\L bir
IkLOLQROPDVÕ\DQLDKOkNvDoÕGDQGDKDL\LRODQGQ\DODUGDQELULQLYDUHGHQKHUúH\HJF\HWHQDKOkNOÕEir
IkLOLQROPDVÕPPNQGU´V213).
$hø)' øOkKv.HPkOYHg]JUON 145

GQ\D \DUDWDELOLUGL GúQFHVLQGHQ KDUHNHWOH 7DQUÕ¶QÕQ bu durumda

PNHPPHO RODPD\DFD÷ÕQGDQ \DNÕQPDN 7DQUÕ¶QÕQ \DSWÕ÷Õ KLoELU \DUDWÕFÕ
eylemin VDYXúWXUPDVÕQD LPNDQ YHUPH\HFH÷L bir úLND\HW RODFDNWÕU :LOOLDP
:DLQULJKW¶ÕQGDLIDGHHWWL÷LJLEL
0XKDOLIELUNLPVH7DQUÕGDKDL\LELUVLVWHP\DUDWPÕúRODELOLUGLúHNOLQGH
úLNk\HWWH EXOXQXU$QFDN7DQUÕGDKDL\LELUG]HQ\DUDWPÕúROVD\GÕELOH\LQH
EHQ]HUELU\DNÕQPDLKWLPDOLQHPDUX]NDOÕUGÕ. Nitekim bizimkisinden daha iyi
olan KLoELU \DUDWÕOPÕú VLVWHP 7DQUÕ¶QÕQ EX WUGHQ bir úLNk\HW ihtimaline
maruz kalma\DFD÷Õ WDU]GDGH÷LOGLU%XQHGHQOHV|]NRQXVXúLNk\HW yersizdir.
Bizimkisinden daha iyi olan \DUDWÕOPÕú VRQVX] VD\ÕGD VLVWHPOHU ROVD GDKL
7DQUÕ \DUDWPÕú RODELOHFH÷L GL÷HU VLVWHPOHUH QD]DUDQ RQODUÕQ \HULQH GDKD
GúND\DUGDELUVLVWHP\DUDWWÕ÷ÕQGDQ|WUNXVXUOXJ|UOHPH].12
%XGúQFHGHHWNLOL YHGR÷UXRODQELUúH\YDUGÕU KadvUELUYDUOÕN QDVÕO
bir GQ\D \DUDWÕUVD\DUDWVÕQúD\HW EXYDUOÕ÷ÕQ\DUDWDELOHFH÷LDKOkken daha iyi
biUGQ\DYDUVD, o zaman kadvUYDUOÕN |QHPOL|OoGHL\LELUGQ\D\DUDWPDVÕ
úDUWÕ\OD DKOkNHQ GDKD L\L ELU GQ\D \DUDWPDPÕú ROPDVÕQGDQ |WU DKOkkv
DoÕGDQNDEDKDWOLRODPD]$QFDNVRUXPX]EXGXUXPGDNLELUYDUOÕ÷ÕQmutlak
olarak NkPLO ELU YDUOÕN ROXS ROPD\DFD÷ÕGÕU 2UWD\D NR\GX÷XP nedenlere
J|UH FHYDEÕQ KD\ÕU ROGX÷XQX GúQ\RUXP %LU YDUOÕN ancak DKOkNHQ
NHQGLVLQGHQ GDKDL\L RODQELU YDUOÕ÷ÕQ YDU ROPDVÕ PPNQ GH÷LOVH zorunlu
olarak mutlak anlamda PNHPPHO ahlkkv bLU YDUOÕNWÕU ùD\HW yaratabiOHFH÷L
ahlkkv DoÕGDQ GDKD L\L ELU GQ\D YDUNHQ V|] NRQXVX YDUOÕN KHUKDQJL ELU
GQ\D \DUDWÕUVD R ]DPDQ DKOkNHQ RQGDQ GDKD L\L RODQ ELU YDUOÕ÷ÕQ ROPDVÕ
PPNQGU 9DUVD\ÕPÕPÕ], kadvU ELU YDUOÕ÷ÕQ \DUDWWÕ÷Õ KHU ELU GQ\D LoLQ
onun \DUDWDELOHFH÷L ahlaken daha iyi bLU GQ\D ROGX÷XQX LPD HWWL÷LQGHQ,
buradan, oRN da L\L ELU GQ\D yaratDQ E|\OH ELU YDUOÕ÷ÕQ, mutlak anlamda
NHPkO VDKLEL ahlkkv ELU YDUOÕN RODPD\DFD÷Õ VRQXFXQD YDUÕUÕ] 0HY]XEDKLV
olan kadvUYDUOÕNoRNL\LELUDKOkkv fkil RODELOPHVLQHYHELUWDNÕPL\LGQ\DODU
DUDVÕQGDQ ELULQL \DUDWPDGD ND\GD GH÷HU ELU |]JUON PHUWHEHVLQH VDKLS
RODELOPHVLQH UD÷PHQ WDPDPÕ\OD PNHPPHO ahlkkv ELU YDUOÕN ROPD\DFDNWÕU
%LUGQ\D\DUDWDQ teistik 7DQUÕ¶QÕQYDUOÕ÷Õ\DUDWDELOHFH÷L GQ\DODUDUDVÕQda
DKOkNHQ DúÕODPD]ELUGQ\DQÕQROPDmasÕYDUVD\ÕPÕ\ODX\XPOXGH÷LOGLU.
ùLPGL GHLNLQFLGXUXPDEDNDOÕP%XQDJ|UH KLoELU\DUDWÕODELOLUGQ\DQÕQ
GL÷HUOHULQGHQ GDKD L\L ROPDGÕ÷Õ GR÷UX RODELOLU. 7DQUÕ¶QÕQ \DUDWDELOHFH÷L

12
William Wainright, Philosophy of Religion (Belmont, Calif: Eadsworth Publishing Company, 1988),
s.90.
146 William Rowe

GQ\DODUDUDVÕQGDDKOkNHQDúÕODPD]ELUWDNÕPGQ\DODUROGX÷XQXYDUVD\DOÕP
+DOLKD]ÕUGDHOHDOPÕúROGX÷XPX]QHGHQOHUGHQGROD\ÕúD\HW7DQUÕELUGQ\D
\DUDWÕUVD \DUDWDELOHFH÷L ELU GQ\D\D QLVSHWHQ DKOkNHQ GDKD GúN VHYL\HGH
RODQ ELU GQ\D \DUDWDPD] %u nedenle úD\HW 7DQUÕ¶QÕQ \DUDWDELOHFH÷L
GQ\DODUDUDVÕQGDDKOkkv DoÕGDQDúÕODPD]ELUWDNÕPGQ\DODUYDUVDR]DPDQ
7DQUÕKHUKDOXNkUGD\DUDWDFDNVD, bu GQ\DODUGDQELULQL\DUDWPDN]RUXQGDGÕU
Ancak 7DQUÕ¶QÕQ \DUDWDELOHFH÷L GQ\DODU DUDVÕQGD JHUoHNWHQ DKOkken
DúÕODPD] WHN ELU GQ\D ROPDVÕ durumunun aksine, burada, belli ELU LOkKv
|]JUOk derecesinin 7DQUÕ¶QÕQmutlak ahlkkv kemkOLLOHX\XPLoHULVLQGHYDU
ROPDVÕ LoLQ \HU DoPDPÕ]D imkkn veren bir DoÕNOÕN EXOPXú J|UQ\RUX]
dQN [burada] 7DQUÕ ahlaken DúÕODPD] GQ\DODUGDQ KHUKDQJL ELULQL
yarDWPDGD |]JU J|zkecektiU +HU KkONkUGD 7DQUÕ¶QÕQ PXWODN DKODNv
kemkli, 2¶QX, ahlkNHQ DúÕODPD]ELUWDNÕPGQ\DODUDUaVÕQGDQbirini \DUDWPDVÕ
konusunda KLoELUúDUWHPSR]HHWPH]
KadvUELUYDUOÕNWDUDIÕQGDQ\DUDWÕODELOHFHNGQ\DODUDUDVÕQGDya (1) ahlkkv
DoÕGDQ DúÕODPD] olan kesinlikle ELU GQ\D YDUGÕU \D GD  \RNWXU ùD\HW
yoksa, o zaman ya (2a) ahlkkv DoÕGDQ DúÕODPD] KLo ELU GQ\D \RNWXU \D GD
(2b) ahlkNHQDúÕODPD]ELUWDNÕPGQ\DODUYDUGÕUùD\HW) V|]NRQXVX\VDR
]DPDQ7DQUÕ\DUDWÕODELOLUGQ\DODUDUDVÕQGDVHoLP \DSPDGD |]JUGH÷LOGLU
ùD\HW D V|] NRQXVX\VD 7DQUÕ¶QÕQ |] LWLEDUL\OH DKOkNHQ PNHPPHO
ROPDVÕ ELU GQ\D \DUDWPDVÕ eylemiyle uyumsuzdur. ùD\HW E V|]
NRQXVX\VD 7DQUÕ¶QÕQ DKOkkv kemkli, ahlkNHQ DúÕODPD] GQ\DODU DUDVÕQGDQ
\DUDWDFD÷Õ GQ\D\ÕVHoPHGH2¶QX|]JUNÕODU
'DKD HYYHO 7DQUÕ¶QÕQ ELU GQ\D \DUDWPD NRQXVXQGDNL |]JUO÷QH
LOLúNLQ LNL soruyu WHIULN HWPLúWLP Buraya kadar, 7DQUÕ¶QÕQ \DUDWÕODELOLU
GQ\DODU DUDVÕQGDn 2¶QXQ \DUDWDFD÷Õ GQ\D\Õ VHoPH QRNWDVÕQGDNL
|]JUO÷QWDUWÕúWÕPùLPGL7DQUÕ¶QÕQKLoELUGQ\D\DUDWPDPDNRQXVXQGD
|]JU ROXS ROPDGÕ÷ÕQÕ GH÷HUOHQGLUPH ]DPDQÕ JHOGL %X QRNWDGD
DUDúWÕUPDPÕ]Õ NDGvU ELU YDUOÕN WDUDIÕQGDQ \DUDWÕODELOHFHN GQ\DODU DUDVÕQGD
JHUoHNWHQ DKOkNHQ DúÕODPD] WHN ELU GQ\DQÕQ ROGX÷X LKWLPaliyle
VÕQÕUODQGÕUDELOLUL]*|UG÷P]]HUHEXGXUXPGD7DQUÕEDúNDKHUKDQJLELU
GQ\D\Õ \DUDWPD\Õ VHoPHGH |]JU GH÷LOGLU ùD\HW 7DQUÕ \DUDWÕUVD DKOkkv
DoÕGDQ en iyi olan GQ\D\Õ \DUDWPDN ]RUXQGDGÕU ùLPGLNL VRUXPX] ise, bu
GXUXPGD 7DQUÕ¶QÕQ KLo bir úHy \DUDWPDPD |]JUO÷QH VDKLS ROXS
ROPDGÕ÷ÕGÕU
0PNQ GQ\DODUGDQ ELUL bilfiil ROPDN ]RUXQGDGÕU ùD\HW 7DQUÕ YDUVD,
DPD KLoELU úH\ yaratmazsa, hangi PPNQ GQ\D ELOILLO olabilir?
$hø)' øOkKv.HPkOYHg]JUON 147

0XKWHPHOHQ R PPNQ GQ\D, LoHULVLQGH KLoELU PVSHW positive) úDUWOÕ

(contingent) olgusal durumun JHUoHNOHúPHGL÷L ELUGQ\DolDFDNWÕUµ0VSHW
úDUWOÕ ELU olgusal durum¶ LIDGHVL\OH PHYFXW ROPDVÕ GXUXPXQGD H÷HU úDUWOÕ
RODFDNVD 7DQUÕ¶QÕQ GÕúÕQGD úDUWOÕ ELU YDUOÕ÷ÕQ YDU ROPDVÕQÕ JHUHNWLUHQ ELU
olgusal durumu kastediyorum. 7DQUÕ¶QÕQ \DúDGÕ÷Õ DPD \DUDWPDGÕ÷Õ ELU
GQ\DGD 7DQUÕ ve zorunlu olarak var olan YDUOÕNODUÕQ GÕúÕQGD, baúND KLoELU
YDUOÕNPHYFXWROPD\DFDNWÕU7DQUÕ¶QÕQKLoELUGQ\D\DUDWPDPDGD|]JUROXS
ROPDGÕ÷ÕVRUXVXQXFHYDSODPDNLoLQ, 7DQUÕ¶QÕQ\DUDWDELOHFH÷LHQLyi GQ\D\Õ
sakinleri sadece 7DQUÕYH]RUXQOXRODUDNYDURODQ YDUOÕklardan olXúan GQ\D
ile mukayese etmeliyiz. %|\OH ELU GQ\DQÕQ 7DQUÕ¶QÕQ \DUDWDELOHFH÷L
GQ\DODUDUDVÕQGDNL ahlkNHQDúÕODPD]GQ\DLOHNÕ\DVODQDELOLUROGX÷XQX farz
edersek, 7DQUÕ¶QÕQ \DUDWÕS yaratmama hususunda KLoELU úHNLOGH |]JU
ROPDGÕ÷ÕQÕGúQPHNPPNQGUdQN\DúDGÕ÷ÕDPD\DUDWPDGÕ÷ÕGQ\D
\DUDWDELOHFH÷LHQL\LGQ\DGDQ ya GDKDL\LGLU\DGDGH÷LOGLUùD\HWGDKDL\L
LVH R ]DPDQ 7DQUÕ ELU GQ\D \DUDWPDPDGD KLoELU úHNLOGH |]JU GH÷LOdir;
yaratma eyleminden zorunlu olarak imtina eder ùD\HW >\DúDGÕ÷Õ ama
\DUDWPDGÕ÷Õ GQ\D@ GDKD N|W\VH R ]DPDQ 7DQUÕ ELU GQ\D \DUDWPDPDGD
|]JUGH÷LOGLU]RUXQOXRODUDNELUGQ\D\DUDWÕU13 <DúDGÕ÷ÕDPD\DUDWPDGÕ÷Õ
GQ\DNDGvUELUYDUOÕ÷ÕQ\DUatabileceNOHULDUDVÕQGDNL HQL\LGQ\DLOHDKOkken
Hú GH÷HU RODELOLU PL" (÷HU Hú GH÷HU LVH, o zaman, kadvU ELU YDUOÕ÷ÕQ
\DUDWDELOHFH÷L DKOkNHQ DúÕODPD] ELUWDNÕP GQ\DODUÕQ ROPDVÕ VHoHQH÷LQGH
ROGX÷X JLEL burada da belli bir derece ilkhv |]JUO÷H DODQ DoPDN LoLQ ELU
DoÕN QRNWD YDU GHPHNWLU Ancak, bu neredeyse KLo PPNQ olmayan
GXUXPGD 7DQUÕ¶QÕQ |]gUO÷ ya ahlkNHQ DúÕODPD] ELU GQ\D \DUDWPDk ya
GDKLoELUúHNLOGH\DUDWPDPDNVHoHQHNOHUL\OHVÕQÕUODQGÕUÕOPÕúRODFDNWÕU
ùLPGLilkhvkemkOYH|]JUONPHVHOHVLne dair incelememin VRQXoODUÕQÕ
bir araya getirebilirim6RQXoODUDúD÷ÕGDNLJLELsunulabilir:
1. 7DQUÕQHN|WELUH\OHP yapmakta |]JUGUQHGHDKOkken zorunlu
bir eylemi yapmakta |]JUGU
2. ùD\HW 7DQUÕ¶QÕQ \DúDGÕ÷Õ DPD \DUDWPDGÕ÷Õ KHUKDQJL ELU GQ\DGDQ
ahlkken daha L\LRODQ7DQUÕWDUDIÕQGDQ\DUDWÕODELOLUELUGQ\DYDUVD7DQUÕELU
GQ\D\DUDWPDPDGD|]JUGH÷LOGLU. ùD\HW7DQUÕYDUVD2]RUXQOXRODUDN bir
\DUDWÕFÕGÕU
13
%XQRNWDGDKD|QFHNLLONHPL]LQPDNXOELUX]DQWÕVÕGÕUùD\HW;\DUDWDELOHFH÷LGQ\DGDQ DKOkNHQGDKD
GúN VHYL\HGH ELU GQ\D \DUDWÕUVD R ]DPDQ ;¶WHQ DKOkN DoÕVÕQGDQ GDKD L\L RODQ ELU YDUOÕ÷ÕQ PHYFXW
ROPDVÕ PPNQGU%XLONH\LJHQLúOHWHFHNROXUVDNDKOkNvDoÕGDQ;¶LQ, \DúDGÕ÷ÕQGDQGDKDL\LRODn, ;¶LQ
\DUDWDELOHFH÷L DPD \DUDWPDGÕ÷Õ ELU GQ\DQÕQ RODELOHFH÷LQL GúQPHN PDNXOVH R ]DPDQ DKOkNHQ ;¶WHQ
GDKDL\LRODQELUYDUOÕ÷ÕQPHYFXWROPDVÕPPNQGU
148 William Rowe

3. KadvU ELU YDUOÕN WDUDIÕQGDQ \DUDWÕODELOHFHN KHUhangi ELU GQ\Ddan

ahlkken daha iyi olan, \DUDWÕODELOLU EDúND ELU GQ\D YDUVD teistik 7DQUÕ YDU
olamaz ve hLoELUúH\LQ\DUDWÕFÕVÕRODPD]
4. ùD\HW ahlkkv DoÕGDQ bir tek, \DUDWÕODELOLU HQ L\L GQ\D YDUVD 7DQUÕ
KLoELU|]JUONWUQHVDKLSGH÷LOGLU7DQUÕ \DUDWPDPDGD|]JUGH÷LOGLUYH
\DUDWÕODELOLUGQ\DODUDUDVÕQGDVHoLP\DSPDGD|]JUGH÷LOGLU14
5. ùD\HW DKOkkv DoÕGDQ DúÕODPD] olan \DUDWÕODELOLU ELUWDNÕP GQ\DODU
YDUVDR]DPDQ7DQUÕRQODUGDQELULQLYH\D|WHNLQL]RUXQOXRODUDN yaratsa da,
7DQUÕ ahlkkv DoÕGDQDúÕODPD]GQ\DODUDUDVÕQGDn yaratDFD÷Õ GQ\D\ÕVHoPHGH
7DQUÕ¶QÕQDKOkNvNHPkOLEDNÕPÕQGDQ|]JUGU15
7DQUÕ¶QÕQ |] LWLEDUL\OH NkPLO ve fakat libertaryan irade |]JUO÷QH
VDKLS ROGX÷XQX GúQHQ JHOHQHNVHO WHLVWOHU LQDQÕ\RUXP NL 7DQUÕ¶QÕQ
PNHPPHO L\LOL÷LQGHQ ND\QDNODQDQ ELUWDNÕP WD]DPPXQODUÕ ihmal ettiler.
0PNQ GQ\DODU KDNNÕQGD ELOGL÷LPL] úH\OHU DoÕVÕQGDQ, 7DQUÕ¶QÕQ
PNHPPHOL\LOL÷LQLQyaratÕS\DUDWPDPD\DGDQHWDU] ELUGQ\D\DUDWDFD÷Õ
QRNWDVÕQGDki LODKv |]JUONOH uygunluk arz etmemesi SHNkOk V|] NRQXVX
RODELOLU +HU KkONarda, 7DQUÕ¶QÕQ PNHPPHOOL÷L 2¶QXQ ELU GQ\D \DUDWPD
konusundaNL|]JUONDODQÕQD D÷ÕUVÕQÕUODQGÕUPDODUJHWLUPLúJ|UQ\RU
'H÷HUOHQGLUPHNWH ROGX÷XPX] VRUXQ, iki temel noktadan
ND\QDNODQPDNWDGÕU. [øONL,] 7DQUÕ¶QÕQ PNHPPHO L\LOL÷L DKOkkv DoÕGDQ GDKD
iyi ELUYDUOÕ÷ÕQROPDVÕ ihtimalini engelle\HFHNWUGHQGLU; [ikincisi,] 7DQUÕ¶QÕQ
|]JUO÷ |\OHGLUNL 7DQUÕDQFDNEHOOLELUH\OHPL\DSPDPDYHLUDGHHWPHPH
JFQHVDKLSVH|]JURODUDNH\OHP\DSDUYHLUDGHHGHU (÷HUEu noktalardan
KHUKDQJL ELULVL |QHPOL |OoGH VÕQÕUODQGÕUÕOÕU \D GD WHUN HGLOLUVH YDUGÕ÷ÕP
VRQXoODU DUWÕN JHoHUOL ROPD\DELOLU 0HVHOD úD\HW libertaryan |]JUON
GúQFHVLQGHQ YD]JHoHUVHN R ]DPDQ, -RQDWKDQ (GZDUGV¶ÕQ GúQFHVLQL
takip ederek, her ne kadar PNHPPHO i\LOL÷L WDUDIÕQGDQ ]RUXQOX NÕOÕQVD GD
7DQUÕ¶QÕQ H\OHPOHULQLQ |]JU ROGX÷XQX GúQHELOLUL]16 %LU EDúND DoÕGDQ
7DQUÕ¶QÕQ, ROGX÷XQGDQ GDKD L\L ROPDVÕna LPNkQ VD÷ODVÕQ GL\H 7DQUÕ¶QÕQ
PNHPPHO L\LOL÷LQL VÕQÕUODQGÕUPD\D oDOÕúDELOLUL]17 %X oDOÕúPDGD EX
VHoHQHNOHUin KLoELULQLHOHDOPDGÕN.

14
%XUDGDNL RODVÕ YDUVD\ÕP úD\HW bir tek ve DKOkNen yaraWÕODELOLU HQ L\L GQ\D YDUVD, EX GQ\DQÕQ
7DQUÕ¶QÕQ\DúDGÕ÷ÕDPD\DUDWPDGÕ÷ÕKHUKDQJLELUGQ\DGDQDKOkNHQGDKDL\LROGX÷XúHNOLQGHGLU
15
Bkz. dn.13.
16
Jonathan Edwards, Freedom of Will, ed. Paul Ramsey (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1957).
17
Mesela, :LOOLDP :DLQULJKW¶ÕQ &KDUOHV +DUWVKRUQH¶GHQ POKHP 7DQUÕ¶QÕQ PNHPPHOOL÷Lnin sadece,
2¶QXQELUEDúNDYDUOÕNWDUDIÕQGDQDúÕODPD]ROPDVÕQÕJHUHNWLUGL÷L úHNOLQGHNLILNULQHEDNÕQÕ]Philosophy of
Religion, p.9).