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Automation of Electrical Power Distribution System: September 2015
Automation of Electrical Power Distribution System: September 2015
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Srinath M S
Malnad College of Engineering, Hassan
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ABSTRACT
Today energy is the most important basis for development of any country. Generation, transmission, distribution, and
usage of energy are to be optimized for the proper conservation of energy. Electrical energy is generated from different
founts like hydraulic power plants, thermal power plants, nuclear power plants etc. India has ample water sources to
produce electrical energy. Presently the long time outage and fault detection during distribution will be a very serious
problem. Also accidents are not uncommon in electrical transmission systems. It is too late to implement advanced
systems for power distribution systems if not implemented now. The main focus of the present work is to modernize the
present systems with powerful tools like PLC and SCADA for automatic control of distribution systems. The automatic tap
changer maintains the voltage of whole system normally. Thus much manpower could be reduced and avoid major
outages with maximum safety to the system.
Keywords: Power Distribution System, Programmable Logic Controller (PLC), Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA).
Step Description
1 Check Input Status-First the PLC takes a look at each input to
determine if it is on or off. In other words, it checks
whether the sensor connected to the input on.
2 Execute Program-Next the PLC executes the program one instruction
at a time. Maybe the program said that if the first input was on
then it should turn on the first output. Since it already knows
which inputs are on/off from the previous step it will be
able to decide whether the first output should be
turned on based on the state of the first input.
It will store the execution results for use
later during the next step.
3 Update Output Status-Finally the PLC updates the status of the
outputs. It updates the outputs based on which inputs were
on during the first step and the results of executing
your program during the second step.
Figure 1. Comparison between Relay Logic System and PLC Table 1. Scan Cycle of PLC Operation
distribution system. It means that the supervisory control Distribution system is to automate the electrical power
system is at the top of the real time control system. The distribution system using PLC and SCADA and enhance
process has been controlled and monitored by the the detection of variations in the voltage and
supervisory control system and that is external to the temperature. In addition the enhancement of fault and
control system. A separate or integrated real-time outage detection in the system and notification. The
automated control system can respond quickly as automation of the feeder switching also can achieve by
countervail ample for process changes. The processes the system.
are of 3 types: industrial based, infrastructure based and 2. Design Methodology
facility based. They are described below:
The design methodology (Figure 3) adapted to the system
·Industrial processes: manufacturing, production, as follows: The present work of automated electrical
power generation, fabrication, and refining. This may power distribution system is done using PLC. The PLC being
run in continuous, batch, repetitive, or discrete a mini-controller uses ladder based logic to control the
modes. distribution of power. Since the automated power supply is
·Infrastructure processes: public or private electrical of large scale magnitude and importance will be utilizing
power transmission and distribution, and large the help of a model-simulation to show the working. The
communication systems, include water treatment work consists of one main station and four sub stations.
and distribution, wastewater collection and Each of the substations consists of the feeders.
treatment, oil and gas pipelines, The system basically consists of 3 modes of operations
·Facility processes: occur both in public facilities and shown in the Table 2.
private ones, including buildings, airports, ships, and Sl.No Modes
space stations. They monitor and control HVAC, 1 Manual mode
2 Auto mode
access, and energy consumption. 3 Time bound mode
The main objective of the Automation of Electrical Power Table 2. Modes of Operations Carried out by the System
The manual mode is where the main station is ON and simple contacts that simulated the opening and closing
switched OFF through two different push buttons. This of relays, Ladder logic programming has been expanded
mode is the archaic conventional mode where the to include such functions as counters, timers, shift registers
substations can be switched ON only if the main station is and math operations. The first two rungs of the ladder logic
switched ON. The feeders can be switched ON only if the utilized in the system as shown in the Figure 4.
corresponding Substation is switched on. The whole SCADA is the supervisory control of the system. The
substations and the sub feeders have their own ON and operator can accomplish the task very easily by applying
OFF push buttons. SCADA to the system. PLC programming and SCADA are
The second mode is the automatic mode, which in combined together for the automation of electrical
normal conditions acts like manual mode. But when the power distribution system. The SCADA system consists of
'auto' switch (toggle) is switched ON the logic acts in a one main window. The main window of the SCADA exhibits
different way. If any of the sub feeders are switched OFF in the selection of the other controlling windows. There are
the automatic mode, it gets OFF first but after a minor four windows in the system, which take part in the operator
delay will restart again itself automatically using the PLC to accomplish the task more easily as shown in the Figure
logic. 5.
The next mode is the 'time bound' mode. This mode is
controlled through SCADA. The time bound mode is where
the operator can decide the hours in which the power can
be distributed and hold. That is if the operator sets a time
between 5pm to 9pm; the sub feeder gets OFF from 5pm
to 9pm and switches ON automatically after the time is
over. The time delay and the range of operation can be
set though SCADA. There are some problems related to
the accuracy time during load shedding. This mode is
useful for load shedding.
The present work focused a perfect conglomeration of
PLC and SCADA and power supply control, which reduces
human effort and throws light on a new dimension in
automated.
2. Results and Discussion
The automation of electrical power distribution system is Figure 4. Ladder Diagram used in the System
achieved by using PLC and SCADA. The earlier methods
used for automation were replaced by Programmable
Logic Controller (PLC), which controls the whole system.
Simplicity, flexibility, quick and more sophisticated control
are the essential features of PLC.
The software part of the system consists of two
components: PLC and SCADA. Ladder logic is the most
commonly used PLC programming language. Ladder
Diagram (LD) Traditional ladder logic is graphical
programming language. Initially programmed with
Figure 5. Menu Selection Window
The control window, which shows the status of the main Time synchronising is applied for the load shedding of
station (Figure 6), substations and feeders and controlling feeders. The whole system should be in manual mode.
of all the stations and feeders. The selection of manual The time synchronising window shows the status of the
and auto mode also from the control window. In auto feeders during the time of load shedding. The time in
mode during the time of outage, time taken to restore the which the feeder should off and the time in which it should
power in the substation also shown in the Figure 7. on are indicated in the window as shown in the Figure 8.
The alarming system, which produces alarm in various
fiasco conditions of voltage and temperature as shown in
the Figure 9. The primary side voltage of the main station
Encyclopedia of life support systems (EOLSS), Vol.3. automation and SCADA systems and selecting a control
[10]. Ljubomir A. Kojovic, Timothy R. Day, (2003). system indicator.” Western electric power Institute.
“Advanced Distribution System Automation”, IEEE. [13]. A White Paper from InduSoft, (2014). SCADA Systems
[11]. Anil Pahwa, (2005). “Planning and Analysis Tools to Automate Electrical Distribution, PC-based supervisory
Evaluate Distribution Automation Implementation and control and data acquisition systems increase uptime, cut
Benefits”, IEEE. costs and improve utilization. Retrieved from indusoft
website: http://www.indusoft.com
[12]. Tom Wilson, (1999). “PLC based substation
Roshny Mathew is currently is doing her M.Tech in Industrial Automation and Robotics(IAR), Department of Mechanical
Engineering, Malnad College of Engineering, Hassan. She has completed her graduation from The Institution of Engineers
(India) in Electrical Engineering. She has nearly 1.5 years of industrial experience. She has worked as substation operator in
Kerala State Electricity Board.
Dr. M S Srinath is presently working as a Professor [PG-IAR] in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Malnad College of
Engineering, India. He has nearly 18 years of teaching, industry, and research experience. He has worked as Principal
Coordinator for VGST sponsored project “Development of Cavitation Erosion Resistant Cladding through Microwave Energy”. He
is presently the Principal Investigator of AICTE sponsored project “Melting of Materials using Microwave Energy”. He has also
published 14 Journals and 25 Conference papers. His areas of interests include Advance Manufacturing, Microwave Material
Processing and Modeling and Simulation of Manufacturing Systems.
Dr. N. S. Jyothi is presently working as an Associate Professor in the Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering at Malnad
College of Engineering, Hassan, Karnataka, India. He has received his B. Tech. Degree from Government Engineering College,
Thrissur, University of Calicut, M. Tech. from Regional Engineering College (National Institute of Technology), Calicut and Ph.D.
from Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. He is having an academic experience of 27 years. He is involved in various
academic activities like curriculum developments, syllabus revisions etc. at Visvesvaraya Technological University and
autonomous body of Malnad College of Engineering. He has taken part in the e-Learning program of Visvesvaraya
Technological University and gave lectures on Modern Control Theory. He has published about 10 research papers in National,
International Conferences and Journals. He has attended more than 30 National and International Conferences, Workshops,
Seminars, Faculty and Development Programs. He is a member of Indian Society for Technical Education (ISTE), The Institution of
Engineers (India) and Senior Member of IEEE. His technical interests are in the area of Dielectrics and Insulations, Control systems,
and Electrical machines etc.