Combinational Circuit

Design
Exclusive OR (XOR) gate
• XOR is also called modulo-2 addition
• A B = 1 only when there are an odd number of
1’s in (A,B). The same is true for A B C
HalfAdder
A combinational circuit that performs the addition of two bits
Full Adder
Full Adder
Full Adder
Full Adder
Full Adder
Full Adder
Carry Propagation
As in any combinational circuit, the
signal must propagate through the gates before
the correct output sum is available in the
output terminals.
The total propagation time is equal to the
propagation delay of a typical gate, times the
number of gate levels in the circuit.
The longest propagation delay time in an
adder is the time it takes the carry to
propagate through the full adders
Subtractor
Subtractor is the one which used to subtract two
binary number(digit) and provides Difference and
Borrow as output. In digital electronics we have
two types of subtractor.

• Half Subtractor
• Full Subtractor
Half Subtractor
is used for subtracting one single bit
binary digit from another single bit binary
digit.

Difference = A'B+AB'= A B
Borrow=A'B
Full Subtractor
is used for Subtracting Three Single bit
Binary digit

Difference=A'B'C+A'BB'+AB'C'+ABC
Reduce it like adder
Then We got
Difference=A B C
Borrow=A'B'C+A'BC'+A'BC+ABC
=A'B'C+A'BC'+A'BC+A'BC+A'BC+ABC
A'BC=A'BC+A'BC+A'BC
=A'C(B'+B)+A'B(C'+C)+BC(A'+A)
Borrow=A'C+A'B+BC
Full Subtractor
Subtractor
Subtracting A - B can be done by taking the
2’s complement of B and adding it to A.

The 2’s complement can be obtained by taking the

1’s complement and adding 1 to the least
significant pair of bits.

The 1’s complement can be implemented with

inverters, and a 1 can be added to the sum
through the input carry.
Adder-Subtractor
Four-bit adder–subtractor (M=0, adder and M=1,
subtractor)
Subtractor
The circuit for subtracting A - B consists
of an adder with inverters placed between each
data input B and the corresponding input of
the full adder.

The input carry Co must be equal to 1 when

subtraction is performed.

The operation thus performed becomes A,

plus the 1’s complement of B, plus 1.

This is equal to A plus the 2’s complement of B.

Combinational vs. Sequential Circuits
Combinational circuits.
The output depends only on the current
values of the inputs and not on the past values.
Examples are adders and subtractors, and all
other combinational circuits

Sequential circuits.
The output depends not only on the current
values of the inputs, but also on their past
values. These hold the secret of how to memorize
information.
Assignment
• Encoders
• Decoders
• Multiplexers
• Magnitude comparators
• Other combinational circuits