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COMPREHENSIVE METHOD FOR TRANSIENT MODELING

OF SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS INCLUDING THE
SPACE HARMONICS
a b
HAMID A. TOLIYAT & NADER SARGOLZAEI
a
Department of Electrical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX,
77843-3128, USA
b
Department of Electrical Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad,
91775-1111, Iran
Version of record first published: 07 May 2007.

To cite this article: HAMID A. TOLIYAT & NADER SARGOLZAEI (1998): COMPREHENSIVE METHOD FOR TRANSIENT MODELING OF
SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS INCLUDING THE SPACE HARMONICS, Electric Machines & Power Systems, 26:3, 221-234

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 COMPREHENSIVE METHOD FOR TRANSIENT MODELING OF
SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS INCLUDING THE
SPACE HARMONICS

HAMID A. TOLlYAT
Department of Electrical Engineering
Texas A&M University
College Station, TX 77843-3128, USA

NADER SARGOLZAEI
Downloaded by [Central U Library of Bucharest] at 14:01 17 November 2012

Department of Electrical Engineering

Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
Mashhad 91775-1111, Iran

ABSTRACT
In this paper a method which enables the simulation of single phase induction machines
during transient as well as steady state is presented. The approach, based on the winding
functions, makes no assumption as to the necessity for sinusoidal MMF and therefore
include all space harmonics in the machine. The parameters of the model are directly
calculated from the geometry and winding layout of the machine. The results are shown to
be in good agreement with the solution obtained by a conventional d-q model for
symmetric conditions. However, the developed method is then extended to include the
effect of skewing of the rotor bars. Furthermore, the effect of stator and rotor slot
numbers on the single phase induction motor start-up is explored.

Keywords: Winding Functions, Single Phase Induction Machines, Simulation, Space

Harmonics, Skewing

I. INTRODUCTION
In the analysis of electric machinery, two fundamental approaches usually are used.
These are: field calculations, and equivalent circuits with lumped parameters. Finite
element analysis, finite difference and magnetic equivalent circuits are among the field
calculation methods [1-2]. These methods specially are useful in analyzing the iron
portion of machine, and therefore are helpful in the design process. The equivalent circuit
analysis generally are used to predict the performance of the machine under ideal
conditions such as: sinusoidal variation of the air-gap flux, linear magnetization path, etc.
The study of harmonic effects in induction machines began very early in the history
of electric machine theory. Of special interests were means of accounting for the
irregularities in the low speed portion of the torque-speed characteristic, which resulted in
the development of equivalent circuits to represent the harmonic effects by Kron [3] and
others [4-5]. Most of these studies were restricted to balanced polyphase conditions, and
have not included unbalanced or single-phase operation. Moreover, only odd harmonics
were included.
Request reprints from Hamid A. Toliyat. Manuscript received in final form September 18, 1996.

Electric Machines and Power Systems, 26:221-234, 1998 221

Copyright Cl 1998 Taylor & Francis
0731 ·356X/98 $ 12.00 + .00
 222 H. A. TOLlYAT AND N. SARGOLZAEI

An equivalent circuit for the single-phase squirrel-cage induction machine with both
odd and even MMF harmonics based on coupled magnetic circuits was given in [6]. The
model became complicated when the order of space harmonics increased. Also, the effect
of skewing was not incorporated in the modeling.
The existence of space harmonics is well known to have a significant detrimental
effect on the steady state and transient characteristics of the machine, such as significant
torque pulsations which may cause cogging and crawling. The existing approaches lack
the ability to predict the derating of the machine required due to the adverse effects of the
space harmonics. Therefore, in this paper Winding Function Approach (WFA) is used
which accounts for all the space harmonics in the machine [7]. The proposed method is
then extended to include the effect of skewing of the rotor bars. The developed model is
adequate to describe the transient as well as the steady-state behavior of the machine.
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II. MODELING SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION MACIDNES

There are two kinds of space harmonic flux waves in induction machines. The first
of these, the space harmonic, is a result of the harmonic content of the winding MMF
wave and to the permeance variations caused by the slot openings [8]. These space
harmonic waves rotate at speeds that are integrally subsynchronous to the speed of the
fundamental wave. The other type of space harmonic, the saturation harmonic [9], is the
result of magnetic saturation in the machine. These harmonic waves rotate at the same
speed, and in the same direction as the fundamental. In this paper, the former space
harmonics are of special interest.
In [7, 10] the differential equations predicting the performance of an m phase
induction machine with n rotor bars were derived. This model is based on coupled
magnetic approach by considering that the current in each bar is an independent variable.
The effects of non-sinusoidal air-gap MMF produced by both the stator and the rotor
currents have been incorporated into the model.
Figure I shows the winding connections of a single-phase capacitor-start induction
motor. This machine consists of two stator main windings, m, and ma. For high voltage
operation these two windings are connected in series, and for low voltage operation they
are connected in parallel. The starting coil, a, is connected in series with a capacitor for
starting purposes. There exist different types of capacitor motors namely: capacitor-start,
two-value-capacitor, and permanent-split-capacitor. The first two use a centrifugal switch
or relay to open the circuit or reduce the size of the starting capacitor when the motor
comes up to speed.
+
im.,
iA II

V. +
i rna im., im.z
'0 y.
m., m.a
y.

(a) (b)
FIGURE I Main and auxiliary windings connection of a capacitor-start single-phase
induction motor. a)High voltage connection, b) Low voltage connection.
 SPACE HARMONICS EFFECTS IN INDUCTION MOTORS 223

A two-value-capacitor motor, with one value for starting and one value for running,
can be designed for optimum starting and running performance; the starting capacitor is
disconnected after the motor starts.
This investigation assumes:
- negligible saturation
- a uniform (magnetically smooth) air-gap
- n uniformly distributed cage bars
- negligible eddy current, friction, and windage losses are neglected
- insulated rotor bars
The cage rotor can be viewed as n identical and equally spaced rotor loops. For example,
the first loop may consist of the kth and (k+ l)th rotor bars and the connecting portions of
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the end rings between them, where k is any arbitrarily chosen integer (I:S; k :s; n). For a
cage having n bars, there are 2n nodes and 3n branches. Therefore, the current
distribution can be specified in terms of (n+ 1) independent rotor currents. These currents
comprise of the n rotor loop currents (i k), plus a circulating current in one of the end
rings (ie). Obviously, in a motor with complete end rings, (ie) would be equal zero. In
case that one of the end rings is cracked, (ie) would exist. The n rotor loop currents are
coupled to each other and to the stator windings through the mutual inductances.
However, the end ring loop current does not couple with the stator windings, and couples
with the rotor loop currents only through the end ring leakage inductance, and the end
ring resistance.
The voltage equations for the stator windings in vector-matrix form can be written
as,

(I)

where the stator flux linkage is given by,

(2)

The stator current vector, rotor current vector, and stator voltages are:

Is =[i ml i m2 iar (3)

Ir=[ir i~ . . i~ ief (4)

Vs = [v ml Vmz va r (5)

Vcs=[O 0 ~liadJ (6)

where t represents the transpose of a vector. Vml and Vm2 are the voltages across the ml
and m2 stator windings, and Va is the voltage across the starting winding. V es is the
 224 H. A. TOLlYAT AND N. SARGOLZAEI

voltage across the capacitor. The matrix Rs is a 3 dimensional diagonal matrix consisting
of the stator mains and starting coil resistances.

(7)

The matrix L ss is the (3x3) matrix of the mutual inductances between the stator mains and
starting phases,

L m1m2
L em2 + L m2m2 (8)
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L am 2

where L em., is the main winding leakage inductance, L m,m., the rnam winding
magnetizing inductance, Lea the starting winding leakage inductance, and Lan the
starting winding magnetizing inductance. The mutual inductance matrix L sr is the
(3x(n+ I)) matrix comprised of the mutual inductances between the stator coils and the
rotor loops, and also between the stator coils and the end ring. However, as it was
pointed out previously the mutual inductance between the stator coils and the rotor
endring are zero.

Lsr
m12 rnjn
Lsr
sr ]
L IDle
sr sr
L m22 ...... Lsr
m20 L m2e (9)
L Sa2 L S':;' Ls:e

The cage rotor can be replaced by a set of mutually coupled loops. From Figure 2, the
voltage equations for the rotor loops are

dAr
V r = RrI r +-- (10)
dt

where,

Vr=[v[ v~ ..... v~ ve]l (II)

In case of a cage rotor the rotor end ring voltage, ve=O, and rotor loop voltages,
v k = 0 ; k = I, 2 ... n. The rotor flux linkages Ar can be written as,

(12)

where the matrix 1-" is the mutual inductance matrix between rotor circuits and stator
phases. If rotor eccentricity is neglected then, L,., will be equal to the transpose of the
 SPACE HARMONICS EFFECTS IN INDUCTION MOTORS 225

matrix LSI" The matrix Lrr is (n+l)x(n+I). The matrix R, is (n+l)x(n+l) symmetric
where, Re is the end ring segment resistance, and Rb is the rotor bar resistance, as
follows:

2(R b + R.) -R b 0 0 -R b -R.

-R b 2(R b + R.) -R b .. 0 0 -R.

R, = (13)
0 0 0 .. 2(R b + R.l -R b -R.
-R b 0 0 -R b 2(R b + R.) -R.
-R. -R. -R. -R. -R. nRc
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"

In equation (14), Lmr is the magnetizing inductance of each rotor loop, Lb is the
rotor bar leakage inductance, Le is the rotor end ring leakage inductance, and L r., r.J is the
mutual inductance between two rotor loops "i" and "j".

L rr-
- (14)

L mr +2(L b +L e ) L'l12 -L b
L 12'l -L b L mr+2(L b+L e ) · ..

... L mr +2(L b +L e ) Lrn_lrn -L e

Lrnrn_l L mr +2(L b +L e ) -L e
-L e -L e nL e

- - - - - - - -,--'Vvv-~~.....,...-JVVo.-J'~---r- - - - - - -

_______ ...L...-'VVV-~~---'---JVVo.-J'~--l. _

FIGURE 2 Equivalent circuit of squirrel cage rotor showing rotor loop currents and
circulating end ring current.

The mechanical equation of motion depends upon the characteristics of the load
which may differ widely from one application to the next. It is assumed here, for
simplicity, that the torque which opposes that produced by the machine consists only of
an inertial torque and an external load torque which are known explicitly. In this case, the
mechanical equation of motion is simply,
d2e
J--!!!!-+Te=Te (15)
dt 2
 226 H. A. TOLlYAT AND N. SARGOLZAEI

where Tt is the load torque, and Te is the electromagnetic torque produced by the
machine. The electrical torque can be found from the magnetic coenergy Wco as,

r, =[:eo ] (16)
nn (I"lreon'lant)
In a linear magnetic system the coenergy is equal to the stored magnetic energy Weo as,
I tIt Itt I I
Weo =-1, L" I, +-1, L,r r, +-I r L sr Is +-I r i.; r, (17)
2 2 2 2
It is obvious that Lss and Lrr contain only constant elements and Te is a scalar quantity.
Therefore, after some matrix algebra, the torque equation reduces to the final form
T =~IlaLsrI
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(18)
e 2 ' aS r r

where P denotes the number of motor poles and Sr is the rotor displacement in electrical
radians.

III. CALCULAnON OF INDUCTANCES FOR THE SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION MACIDNE

The specific machine studied in this paper is a single-phase, I hp, 60 Hz, 4 pole,
230/460 V induction machine whose parameters are given in the appendix. The machine
has 32 stator slots and 40 rotor bars. Figure 3 shows the winding functions or the MMF
distribution of the stator main-l and starting windings. The two windings are displaced
45 degrees from each other for a four-pole machine.
The inductances of the single-phase induction machine can be calculated using the
winding function method presented in [7].

7N'j O<. )
N Nml(~)

A
'N.
B
)N.
C

A=NI+N2+N3 , B=N1+N2 , C=Nt

(~ ~
FIGURE 3 Winding functions of stator windings. a)Starting winding b)Main winding I.
 SPACE HARMONICS EFFECTS IN INDUCTION MOTORS 227

From winding function theory it is also known that the MMF at any e r of the air-gap
produced by current iAflowing in coil A is:

(19)

where $ is a particular position along the stator inner surface, and NA(e,,$) is called the
winding function and represents in effect the MMF distribution along the air-gap for a
unit current flowing in winding A. Consider now a second coil B having Jlg turns (where
nB(e) is the winding distribution of coil B) as shown in Figure 4. It is desired to calculate
the flux linking this coil due to current flowing in coil A. For this purpose, the flux in the
gap is related to the MMF by
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(20)

where P, is the permeance of the air-gap of cross-section A and air-gap length g, and F is
the MMF drop across the length g. Referring to Figure 4 the differential flux across the
air-gap from rotor to stator through cross section (r.d$).£ is
d<I>(e,,$)=lLor£FA(e,,$).g-l(er,$) d$ (21)

where g-I(e,,$) is termed the inverse gap function, t is the length of the stack and r is the
average radius of the air-gap. Consider now the flux linking coil B. The differential flux
linkage of coil B now is:

(22)

The gross flux linkage in winding B is:

(23)

FIGURE 4 Spatial position of coil A and Coil B.

 228 H. A. TOLlYAT AND N. SARGOLZAEI

Therefore the inductance between coil A and coil B is:

(24)

Similarly, the inductance between coil B and coil A is:

(25)
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In case that the air gap is uniform, and the effect of rotor eccentricity is neglected,
g"(9,,$) becomes IIg. Figure 5 illustrates the variation of the mutual inductance of the
main winding I with rotor loop I, Lm,rl (9 r)' with respect to the rotor position. The
derivative of the mutual inductance with respect to the rotor position is also given. The
derivative is needed for the calculation of the electromagnetic torque as is shown in
equation (18).
The mutual inductance between the main winding 2 and rotor bar I is exactly the
same as presented in Figure 5. However, the mutual inductance between the starting
winding and the rotor loop I is shifted to the left by 4y where y is the angle between two
stator slots in radians. Mutual inductance between the main winding I and rotor loop 2 is
the same as given in Figure 5, but shifted to the left by a where a is the angle between
two rotor slots.

(a)

(b)

6.0
9, (rad)
FIGURE 5 (a) Mutual inductance between the main winding I and the rotor loop I in
Henry. (b) The derivative of (a) with respect to the rotor position in (Hlrad).

IV. CALCULAnON OF INDUCTANCES FOR THE SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION MACIDNE

INCLUDING THE EFFECT OF SKEWING
With certain combination of stator and rotor slots. the motor suffers from cogging
torque which impairs its starting ability. The nature of cogging torque considering slot
harmonics and method of assessment need more investigation. The ambiguity of this
 SPACE HARMONICS EFFECTS IN INDUCTION MOTORS 229

subject owes to the lack of a harmonic equivalent circuit when the motor is starting. If the
slots of either rotor or stator are skewed, the variations in flux density, magnetic pull, and
torque due to the slot openings will be displaced in time phase over the core length,
resulting in more uniform torque, less noise, and better voltage waveform. Skewing is
thus equivalent to an infinite number of infinitesimally short lengths displaced by
infinitesimally small angles.
Skewing has no effect on the main inductance of the winding which is placed into
skewed slots. It does, however, decrease the mutual inductances between the windings
placed in skewed slots on one side of the air-gap, and the windings in unskewed slots on
the other side of the air-gap. Therefore, it is irrelevant on which side of the air-gap the
slots are skewed. If the slots in an induction machine have to be skewed, this is done on
the rotor side because of the simpler manufacturing procedure. The slot leakage
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inductance of the winding placed into skewed slots increases with skewing, because
skewed conductors are longer than unskewed, keeping the machine's length constant.
In the absence of skew, a point on an arbitrary bar finds the same flux variation
during rotation. However, in the presence of skew, the successive points of one bar will
find a gradual change in flux. The mutual inductance is obtained by integrating the
product of the stator and rotor winding functions in two dimensions: along the peripheral
coordinate, and along the axial coordinate [11]. Figure 6 shows the variation of skewed
rotor loops with respect to the stator main winding. Figure 7 illustrates the effect of
skewing of the rotor bars by one slot on the mutual inductance between the stator main
winding 1 and the rotor loop I. Its derivative with respect to the rotor position is also
presented. A smoother variation of inductance and its derivative with respect to the rotor
position is obvious.
Nml(4)l

A
,,
&+0., '9+2«
I I
, I

B ,,
I I

,,
, I

C I I
.!L r'
16 I I

-B

-A
A=NI+N2+N3 , B=Nl+N2 , C=NI

FIGURE 6 Variation of skewed rotor loop with respect to the stator main winding.

V. SIMULATION REsULTS
The single-phase induction motor discussed in section III, was simulated using the
developed method. The machine is equipped with a 506~ starting capacitor and a 10 ~
running capacitor. The method described previously was used to calculate the
inductances. The resistances were calculated in the conventional manner. Figure 8 shows
the instantaneous electromagnetic torque, speed, stator main and starting currents, and the
voltage across the -capacitor. The switching from the starting capacitor to the running
capacitor occurs at 80% of the synchronous speed.
 230 H. A. TOLlYAT AND N. SARGOLZAEI

(a)

(b)
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e, (rod)
FIGURE 7 (a) Mutual inductance between the main winding I and the rotor loop I
including the skewing of the rotor bars by one rotor slot in Henry. (b) The derivative of
(a) with respect to the rotor position in (Hlrad).

In this computer simulation, it was assumed that the rotor bars were not skewed.
Notice the speed fluctuation at low speeds due to strong fifth and seventh harmonics.
Speed fluctuation at synchronous speed is also present due to the backward component of
the magnetic field which exists in the single phase induction motor.
In Figure 9, it is assumed that the rotor bars are skewed by one rotor slot. In this
case, the electromagnetic torque pulsations are substantially reduced. Notice that the
effects of harmonics caused by nonsinusoidal distribution of the windings are completely
represented by winding function theory. Figure 10 shows the average torque-speed curve
of the machine using the developed method with and without skewing the rotor bars.
According to [12] asynchronous torque dips arise in the vicinity of the rotor speed .
ro =± 60 f (26)
r Sl±~
where f is the supply frequency, SI is the number of stator slots, and p is the total number
of poles. Therefore, for this single phase induction machine the asynchronous torque will
be at (-120 rpm) and (105 rpm). The later dip in the torque speed curve is clearly
depicted in Figure 10.
In any single-phase motor, the torque produced by the electromagnetic forces
consists of two components: (a) an average torque, and (b) a pulsating torque, alternating
at twice line frequency. Since the power input to the motor, by the very nature of single-
phase power, varies over a wide range, the torque developed by the electromagnetic
forces must also vary over a wide range. A large dip in the torque speed curve due to the
presence of strong second harmonic at 900 rpm is obvious [13]. The reduction in average
developed torque due to skewing is also clearly shown in the figure.
In Figure II, the single phase machine was simulated using the conventional d-q
model under the very same conditions for comparison [14]. Comparison of the two
simulation traces shows a very good correlation between Figure 9 and II.
It was mentioned previously that the single phase induction machine is rich in space
harmonics, and one of the design parameter for a motor design engineer is to decide on
the number of stator and rotor slots. In conventional d-q modeling the stator and rotor are
presented with equivalent circuits, and therefore the effect of different number of rotor
bars, stator slots, and skewing are not explicitly included in the model. A major draw
 SPACE HARMONICS EFFECTS IN INDUCTION MOTORS 231

back of the conventional d-q modeling of single phase induction machines is its lack of
ability to predict the performance of the machine with different number of rotor bars, and
stator slots. Additionally, the effect of skewing rotor bars is not included in the model.
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0
0

I I
' 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3
TIME (SEC)
FIGURE 8 Electromagnetic torque (N m), speed (rpm), main winding current (amp.),
starting winding current (amp.), voltage across capacitor(V). (Top to bottom). Rotor bars
are not skewed.

However, the method proposed in this paper based on winding function theory is
capable of successful implementation of these effects [15]. The number of stator and
rotor slots will be represented in the stator and rotor winding functions and therefore in
the inductance calculations. For example, if the number of rotor slots is selected to be the
same as the number of stator slots, and. the rotor is not skewed, then it will be seen using
the developed method that the machine is not able to arrive at the synchronous speed even
under no-load. This locking at standstill when the number of stator and rotor slots are
selected to be equal is presented by other authors as well [16]. However, if the rotor is
 232 H. A. TOLlYAT AND N. SARGOLZAEI

~1--------:7-r==C:--:-:::-;;;:-=::::::::=:J:::=::::::::===::::::::::::::::I
00
tj~+----j----+---------t---------t
c,
(f)
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0.1 0.2 0.3

TIME (sec)
FIGURE 9 Electromagnetic torque (N m), and speed (rpm), (Top to bottom). Rotor
bars are skewed by one rotor slot.

-
z
E
10

.......
<U 5
::J
~
0 s-:
I- ?'

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000
Rotor speed (rpm)
FIGURE 10 Average electromagnetic torque-speed characteristics for the (a) no skew,
and (b) skewed cage induction motor.

FIGURE 11
~:VI---+I-.
'0.0 0.1
TIME (sec)
0.2

Electromagnetic torque (N m), and speed (rpm), using conventional d-q

0.3

model (Top to bottom).

 SPACE HARMONICS EFFECTS IN INDUCTION MOTORS 233

However, if the rotor is skewed by one rotor slot, then the motor is able to
start. Figure 12-a shows the shaft speed during start-up for the unskewed rotor. It is quite
clear that the motor is not able to have a successful start-up. Figure 12-b depicts the same
start-up as in (a), however the rotor bars are skewed by one rotor slot. It is clear that in
this case the motor can achieve the rated speed.

§ ~----,-----------,--------

(a)
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0
0
0

0
0
2
~

(b)
00
WO
w'"
I
c,
tJ)

~
'D.D
V O. I
TIME t sec I
0.2
I,

FIGURE 12 (a) Rotor speed (rpm) with the same number of stator and rotor slots with no
skewed included. (b) Rotor speed (rpm) with the same number of stator and rotor slots
with rotor bars skewed by one rotor slot.

VI. CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, a method based on winding functions which enables the simulation of
single phase induction machines during transient as well as steady state has been
presented. The approach includes all the space harmonics in the machine. The
parameters of the model are calculated directly from the geometry and winding layout of
the machine. The developed equations are extended to include the effect of skewing of
the rotor bars. The results are shown to be in good agreement with the solution obtained
by a conventional d-q model under symmetrical conditions. However, the d-q model is
not able to predict the performance of the machine in the presence of the space
harmonics. Also, the effect of number of stator and rotor slots are not explicitly included
in the d-q model. Therefore, digital computer simulation based on d-q model is not able
to differentiate between various number of stator and rotor slots, and also predict the lock
out at starting. The presented method is capable of predicting the performance of the
machine under any combination of stator and rotor slots including the effect of skewing.

VII. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors wish to express their gratitude to Mr. William Dittman of Marathon
Electric, Wausau, Wisconsin, for the assistance provided.

ApPENDIX
Parameters for the 1 hp, 2301115 V. 4-pole. single phase cage machine:
e = 60.96 (mm) stack length
g = .37 (mm) air-gap
r = 46.8325 (rnm) average radius
 234 H. A. TOLlYAT AND N. SARGOLZAEI

N,=19, N,=17 ,N3=16 mainwindingnumber of turns

N,.•= 27 , N,.•= 18, N3.•= 18 start windingnumber of turns
rmt =f m2 =..98 (0) main-l and main-2 windings resistances
r.=2.13 (0) start windingresistance
1.<ml = L,m' = .003594 (H) main-I andmain-2 windingsleakage inductances
1.<. = .005497 (H) start winding leakage inductance
lb = 50e-6 (0) rotor bar resistance
4 = .06e-6 (H) rotor bar leakage inductance
r, = .7e·6 (0) rotor endring resistance
L., = .020·6 (H) rotor end ring leakge inductance
J = .0035 (kg m') rotor inertia

REFERENCES
I. Silvester, P., and Chari, M.V,K., .. Finite element solution of saturable magnetic field
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problems," IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, vol. PAS-89, Sep.lOct.
1970, pp. 1642-1650.
2. Ostovic, V., "A method for evaluation of transient and steady state performance in
saturated squirrel cage induction machines," IEEE Trans, on Energy Conversion, vol.
EC-I, no. 3, Sept. 1986, pp. 190-197.
3. Kron, G., Equivalent Circuits of Electric Machinery, New York: Wiley, 1951.
4. Alger, P.L., Ku, T.H., and Pan, C,H.T., "Speed-torque calculations for induction
motors with part windings," AIEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, vol. 73,
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