“There is nothing new

under the sun”

Slavery in Ancient Rome, the Americas,

and the present day

Student:
Module: Introduction to World Business History
Teacher: Alan Godsave
Marius Westring World Business History – IA Slavery

Introduction.................................................................................................................................
3

What is slavery? ..........................................................................................................................

3

Slavery in ancient Rome ............................................................................................................

4

Slavery in America......................................................................................................................
6

Modern-day slavery: Human behavior unchanged .................................................................

8

Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................
9

Bibliography ................................................................................................................................
11

Appendix......................................................................................................................................
13
Appendix.1 ............................................................................................................................................
13
Appendix.2 ............................................................................................................................................
14
Appendix.3 ............................................................................................................................................
14
Appendix.4 ............................................................................................................................................
16
Appendix.5 ............................................................................................................................................
17
Appendix.6 ............................................................................................................................................
17
Appendix.7 ............................................................................................................................................
17
Appendix.8 ............................................................................................................................................
18

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Introduction
“There is nothing new under the sun” said King Solomon of Israel over 3000 years
ago. There are surely different ways to interpret what he said and the meaning behind it, but in
the context of this essay, we will conclude with that it is linked to how human behavior
remains the same, from thousands of years ago and till the present day. No matter how much
innovation exists, and no matter how much we would like to say that man has changed and
the world is evolving, history still repeats itself. The topic chosen to resemble as an example
of this is slavery. Most people today think of slavery as something primitive, and that it exists
and belongs in the past. However, slavery is alive and well in the world today, and is not only
the problem of a few countries, but remains a global issue. Slavery can be traced back until
before recorded human history, but this essay will primarily focus on three different periods in
time, that being Ancient Rome, slavery in America, and modern-day slavery. Firstly, slavery
will be briefly defined, followed by an introduction of the different time-periods in
chronological order. At last, modern slavery will be linked to the previous time periods,
similarities will be highlighted and a conclusion will be drawn.

What is slavery?
First of all, in order to clarify exactly why history has repeated itself with an emphasis on
this subject, it is important to define what slavery really is. According to the Anti-Slavery
Organization (2017), someone is in slavery if they are:

• “Forced to work – through coercion, or mental or physical threat.

• Owned or controlled by an “employer”, through mental or physical abuse, or the threat
of abuse.
• Dehumanized, treated as a commodity or bought and sold as property.
• Physically constrained or have restriction placed on their freedom of movement.”

These four criteria can be used as basic benchmark to define slavery, and if even only one of
these requirements are met, that person/those people affected can be defined as a slave/slaves.
Nowadays slavery operates under the radar, and is strictly forbidden and illegal world-wide.
However, this has not always been the case. Previously, slavery was actually socially

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accepted, and was a fundamental part of society, which brings us to the first time-period in
focus, Ancient Rome.

Slavery in ancient Rome

Slaves were an essential part of the Roman empire, one of the greatest empires to ever
rise in the history of mankind. In the last years of Trajans reign, 115 C.E, the Romans
controlled the lands around the Mediterranean Sea, Central and Western Europe and parts of
the Middle East, as shown by Appendix 1. Tasked with ruling an estimated population of
60-70 million, this made them a considerable global power, accompanied by the Han-Dynasty
of China (Adelman et al., 2008). As a result of their vast geographical area and gigantic
population – compared to other populations at the time of course – the demand for slaves was
not small. However, the supply of slaves met the demand, as the Romans had many ways of
acquiring additional servants for their Empire. The most efficient way was to take war
captives after a successful battle, and by examining the size of their Empire, one could say
warfare was something the Romans were exceptional at. Depending on the size of the battle,
and also the volume of the remaining part of their opposition, the number of war captives
would sometimes be on a scale in the tens of thousands. For example, the Romans brought
back 75,000 war captives as slaves after the First Punic War alone, which lasted from 264 to
241 BCE (Cartwright, 2013). This was only one of the few battles their Empire endured in the
conquest for expansion, so one can easily imagine that the supply of war captives turned
slaves was big, and in big volumes per battle. There were of course other ways of acquisition,
like slave markets, piracy and trade. Also, newborn babies born to slave mothers were
immediately named slaves. If the father was a slave or not didn’t matter, as long as the mother
was (Scheidel, 2014). In this situation, humans could be compared to cattle, as two Cows can
produce more cows, and in Ancient Rome two slaves could produce more slaves, so the
masters enjoyed their reproduction-benefits as well as their labor.

When mentioning slavery, one might often assume that these people were only used
for hard labor, which required a minimum amount of skill and knowledge, or sometimes none
at all. Although it is true that slaves in the Roman Empire were more commonly used for
“dirty-work” – such as agriculture, mining, construction – they were also applied in areas that

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required more finesse, like public baths, house workers, chefs, education, and even
accounting. Among the war captives turned slaves were often soldiers with exceptional
fighting skills and physical strength, and these were often used as gladiators and fought in
great arenas for public entertainment (Cartwright, 2013). Different people from different areas
held different attributes, which would play a role in what kind of work they would be
assigned. A great example of this was the Greeks, a rather educated collection of people. They
would often be assigned as tutors, doctors, artists and musicians, while Roman businessmen
would use them – not hire them, as they were slaves with no human rights – as craftsmen or
assistants (Duiker and Spielvogel, 2014). For all slaves in common, neither of them had
anything in the likes of social status. However, some people held more value than others. For
example, the Greek tutor of the son of an emperor had a significantly higher value than a
group of farm-working slaves, combined. The value which a slave held, combined with what
area of work the slave was assigned to, reflected directly on their living conditions and quality
of life. In most cases, the people with the poorest living conditions were the slaves used for
hard and basic labor, such as in farming and construction. They were often compressed into
inhumanely small barracks, as shown by Appendix 2, which more likely resembled a prison
cell rather than a home, but again, these people held less value and were easily replaced,
which made their masters less caring if they would live or die (Cartwright, 2013). On the
other side were slaves who held more significant value, like the Greeks who were often used
for more complex purposes. Replacing an experienced and highly skilled tutor for example
was much harder, as they were differentiated from the crowd, and often hard to acquire as
well. This resembled directly on their living conditions and quality of life compared to others,
and they would often be granted more privileges than a simple slave. These valuable assets
could be given their own bedrooms, and be accommodated inside the residence of their
masters, in contrast to the more common slave barrack. Slaves used as household workers
could also be accommodated differently, but it is important to acknowledge that there was no
common solution to this, and the living conditions and quality of life of slaves primarily relied
on their Masters. This brings us to another important question – accommodation etc. set aside
– how where the slaves treated by their Masters? According to Duiker and Spielvogel (2014,
p.124), this varied from master to master, and from slave to slave. For people of power to treat
their property with care was not uncommon, and there have been reported instances of slaves

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defending their owners in dangerous situations, when they could easily stand by and watch as
their masters perished. So, to treat slaves with compassion and empathy would mostly favor
the owners, as a badly treated person would rather not protect them in the end. However,
Duiker and Spielvogel (2014, p.124) also emphasize that this scenario was rather rare
compared to the abuse of slaves, with brutal punishments, torture, and hard work being much
more common. It was not unusual for slaves to run away as a result of this, and some even
murdered their own masters. According to the Roman law at the time, if a slave murdered
their master, the whole house of slaves was to be executed (Bradley, 2011). A mixture of these
scenarios could sometimes cause an increase in aggressive behavior among the slaves, and
would occasionally boil up towards a tipping point – causing a slave rebellion. The success of
these rebellions varied, and mostly they resulted in the death of everyone involved. However,
a slave rebellion in Capua – a city south of Rome – in 73BCE led by a gladiator named
Spartacus has marked itself in the history books, and his story can be found in Appendix.3
(Wasson, 2014).

Slavery in America
As this essay is focused on slavery, mentioning the Transatlantic Slave Trade between
Africa, Europe and the New World – today known as the USA – is inevitable, as this is a well-
recognized part of human history. The very first instance of African slaves in America is
uncertain, as various sources tell a different story. According to the History Channel (History,
2009a), it occurred in 1619 in Jamestown, Virginia, when a group of Africans were taken
from their homes, and transported across the Atlantic to the North American colony. Their
purpose was to assist in the agricultural industry, primarily with crops such tobacco. However,
National Geographic states that African slaves were brought to the New World as early as
1500-1505, but in the context of this essay, it is not so important (National Geographic, 2017)
It didn’t take long until the slave trade started to blossom, and during the 18th century
alone, 6-7 million slaves were imported from Africa, although this number is merely an
estimation and an accurate number is impossible to prove (History, 2009a). According to
Adelman et al. (2008, p.566), by 1800, for every European crossing the Atlantic there were
two Africans, and this was foundational for Europe’s American colonies and their prosperity.
The Africans were transported from their homes to the Americas via sea passage, or in other
words, ships. These voyages could last for two months, depending on which region of Africa

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the ship set sail from, and slaves were transported in in-humane conditions. However, there
were also other non-black slaves on board, which could be seen by the difference in
transportation accommodation (Slave Voyages, 2007). In the early stages of the Trans-Atlantic
slave trade, a small number of slaves were transported to America on ships that carried lots of
other commodities as well, however in 1619 the vessel “Desire” was built and launched in
Massachusetts, which was the first ship designed to primarily transport slaves in huge
numbers (National Geographic, 2017). Slaves were stacked below deck, separated by gender,
stripped naked, and many died along the journey from disease and deadly pathogens from the
filthy conditions on-board (Slave Voyages, 2007). An illustration showing the severity of the
conditions during these voyages can be found in Appendix.4. After entering the Americas, the
slaves were sold at auctions, primarily to the highest bidder. The slaves were displayed on
podiums for big crowds to see, covered in grease or tar to look healthier. This was also the
point when – if not already – families of slaves were split up, as many buyers often wanted
only the strongest and fittest of the family, and had little interest in the children and women
(History, 2009a). An illustration of such an auction can be found in Appendix.5.
Furthermore, exactly why did the Europeans single out Africans as a primary source
for slaves? There is not one correct answer, however assumptions can be made. During
European exploration, the new cultures that were discovered did not differ that much from the
culture of the exploring European nations. In contrast, the cultural and technological
differences that were found in Africa made their population easy to exploit, as the Europeans
saw them as very primitive people (Richardson, 2009). However, it is important to recognize
that the main tool used by the Europeans – as well as the Romans of Ancient Rome – was
violence, and without this slavery would not have been possible at all, and would not be
possible in the present day either. With massive advancements in weaponry compared to that
of the Africans, the Europeans had a superior advantage, and driven by fear, many Africans
did not oppose them. However, the ones who did suffered a gruesome fate, and many were
influenced by what happened to them, as they were living examples of what would happen if
one did not do as one was told (Richardson, 2009). To conclude, fear and violence are tools
and instruments that are the foundational blocks on which slavery is built, and the whole topic
revolves around these. In order to emphasize this, the next time-period to be discussed is

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modern-day slavery, which will underline the role of fear, and link the present forms of
slavery to the ones of the past.

Modern-day slavery: Human behavior unchanged

As earlier mentioned, slavery is believed to be a thing of the past, however it is alive and well
today, operating under the radar (Skinner, 2008). An important difference to acknowledge,
compared to Ancient Rome and early-America, is that today slavery is illegal, and also not a
socially accepted part of the society which we now live in, compared to the past. However,
like many other things, just that it’s illegal doesn’t stop it from happening. Slavery today
exists in various forms, and among others is forced labor and forced marriage. Within the
category of forced labor, there is child labor, forced prostitution, exploitation within the
private sector – such as construction – and forced labor imposed by governments (ILO, 2017).
Among other statistics according to the International Labor Organization (2017),
approximately 40.3 million people were in modern slavery, and 24.9 million of them were
subject to forced labor, as of 2016. In addition, 4.8 million women are exploited sexually, and
other similar statistics of modern slavery can be found in Appendix.6. Furthermore, many
might believe that this issue only remains and exists in third-world or undeveloped countries.
Unfortunately, slavery is everywhere, and exists in the US, Europe, Latin America, and also in
your own country, among many more. To emphasize that it is in fact a global issue, read
Grace’s story on her experience in the UK in Appendix.7, published by the Anti-Slavery
Organization. However, it is difficult to accurately measure to what extent slavery exists in
the modern world, as it is primarily hidden and practiced through organized crime (Issa,
2017).

Moving back to the task at hand explained in the introduction of this assignment, what
similarities can be recognized when comparing slavery in Ancient Rome, America, and the
present day?
Firstly, the human motive to exploit people and use them as commodities in exchange
for some type of profit, remains unchanged. In the past, this could be defined as slave-trade,
however in the world today it is known as human trafficking. In other words, people are
purchased for money without their own consent, stripped of their freedom, and somehow

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exploited and abused. As a present-day example, the slave-auctions in Libya must be

mentioned. As exclusively reported by Elbagir et al. (2017), migrants are currently being
abducted and sold in Libya at slave-auctions, for as little as 400USD a piece, and this proves
that slave-auctions still exist. An illustrative map showing the locations of these slave-
auctions can be found in Appendix.8.
Secondly, people are being sexually exploited everywhere, and forced into prostitution
(ILO, 2017). It is even happening right at this moment, while you’re reading this sentence.
Again, history repeats itself, as sexual slavery was very much alive during the Roman times
and in the Americas. The romans purchased slaves for their brothels as well as for their own
pleasure, and so did the new settlers of America. Furthermore, the human motive to exploit
people sexually for economic and personal profit still remains, no matter how much human-
kind has evolved over the centuries.
Finally, child labor was, and still remains an important issue. According to the
International Labor Organization (2017), 1 in 4 of all people currently subject to modern
slavery are children. Enslaved in foundational America, it didn’t matter how old you were,
and if a child was fit enough to perform basic tasks, like picking cotton, then of course that
child would be put to work, and exploited for labor. In addition, during this period of time, all
children born to enslaved mothers were defined as slaves themselves, so they really didn’t
have a choice (History, 2009a). Another historical example of child labor can be found in the
Industrial Revolution during the 18th century, where children were excessively used for labor,
receiving little pay or none at all (History, 2009b). However, in the context of this assignment,
this time-period will not be further discussed.

Conclusion
Since the dawn of time, human-kind has evolved significantly. Among thousands of other
things, we have explored our own world, developed hundreds of languages, evolved from a
primitive to a digital age, discovered how to control and manipulate electricity to our own
needs, and we have even sent people to outer space, exploring our own galaxy. However,
regardless of all the technological advancements and discoveries that has been made, human
mentality and motives remains the same as in the past in many areas. This assignment has
explained that in the context of slavery, and how people have and still are exploiting others

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for their own benefit, both in the past and in the present. Furthermore, how will human-kind
evolve in such a way that slavery is completely removed from the face of the planet? To
conclude, it seems like the exploitation of others is a part of human nature, and as long as
there are big social and economic differences in the world, exploitation will continue to occur.
Many are aware of our past, and still history repeats itself. In other words, there is nothing
new under the sun.

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Bibliography
Adelman, J., Aron, S., Brown, P., Elman, B., Kotkin, S., Liu, X., Marchand, S., Pittman, H.,
Prakash, G., Shaw, B., Tignor, R., Tsin, M. (2008). Worlds Together Worlds Apart: From the
Beginning of Humankind to the Present. 2nd ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.

Anti-Slavery (2017). What is Modern Slavery? Available at: https://www.antislavery.org/

slavery-today/modern-slavery/ (Accessed: 13 November 2017)

Bradley, K. (2011). Resisting Slavery in Ancient Rome. BBC, 17 February [Online]. Available
at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/romans/slavery_01.shtml (Accessed: 13 November
2017)

Cartwright, M. (2013). Slavery in the Roman World. Available at: https://www.ancient.eu/

article/629/slavery-in-the-roman-world/ (Accessed: 13 November 2017)

Duiker, W., Spielvogel, J. (2014). The Essential World History. 7th ed. s.l.: Wadsworth.

Elbagir, N., Jones, B., Platt, A., Razek, R. (2017). People for sale: Where lives are auctioned
for $400 – report. CNN, 14 November (Online). Available at: http://edition.cnn.com/
2017/11/14/africa/libya-migrant-auctions/index.html (Accessed: 12 December 2017)

History (2009a). Slavery in America. Available at: http://www.history.com/topics/black-

history/slavery (Accessed: 13 November 2017)

History (2009b). Child Labor. Available at: http://www.history.com/topics/child-labor

(Accessed: 12 December 2017)

ILO - International Labor Organization (2017). Forced labour, modern slavery and human
trafficking. Available at: http://www.ilo.org/global/topics/forced-labour/lang--en/index.htm
(Accessed: 12 December 2017)

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Issa, D. (2017). Modern slavery and human trafficking in Latin America. Latin American
Perspectives 44 (217), pp. 4-15. doi: 10.1177/0094582X17725488
National Geographic (2017). A history of slavery in the United States. Available at: https://
www.nationalgeographic.org/interactive/slavery-united-states/ (Accessed: 11 December 2017)

Richardson, D. (2009). Cultures of exchange: Atlantic Africa in the era of the slave trade.
Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 9, pp. 151-179. doi: 10.1017/
S0080440109990089

Scheidel, W. (2013). Slavery and Forced Labor in Early China and the Roman World.
Princeton/Stanford Working Papers in Classics, pp. 1-12. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.
2242322

Skinner, B. (2008). A Crime So Monstrous: Face-to-Face with Modern-Day Slavery. New

York: Free Press.

Slave Voyages (2007). Voyages: The Transatlantic Slave Trade Database. Available at: http://
www.slavevoyages.org/assessment/essays# (Accessed: 11 December 2017)
Wasson, D. (2014). Spartacus. Available at: https://www.ancient.eu/spartacus/ (Accessed: 15
November 2017)

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Appendix
Appendix.1

!
Nacu, A. (2012). Map of Europe in 125 CE. Available at: https://www.ancient.eu/image/269/
(Accessed: 15 November 2017)

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Appendix.2

!
Fentress, E., Goodson, C., Maiuro, M. (2011). Wine, Slaves, and the Emperor at Villa Magna.
Penn Museum Expedition Magazine 53 (2). Available at: http://www.penn.museum/sites/
expedition/?p=13234 (Accessed: 15 November 2017)

Appendix.3

Spartacus, by Wasson, D. (2014)

Throughout history - both ancient and modern - those bound in chains have fought to free
themselves from their oppressors. As with most civilizations - Assyrian, Greek and even
American - slaves in ancient Rome were not considered citizens, but property, providing
labor, both skilled and unskilled, to the rest of society. Obviously, slave revolts, whether in
Rome or elsewhere, provided a danger to all citizens, and while most of these uprisings were
quickly suppressed, one revolt in the first century BCE caused enough concern for the Roman
Senate that they eventually called upon two of their greatest generals to crush it. Over a two-
year period, this “small” uprising, led by a one-time gladiator, initiated what would become
known as the Third Servile War. This man’s name was Spartacus.

While little of his early life is known, Spartacus was originally from Thrace, an area northeast
of Macedonia, and may have been a Roman soldier. Historian Plutarch described him as
cultured and intelligent, “more Greek than Thracian.” How he went from being a soldier to
being captured (along with his wife) and made a gladiator is unknown; however, because of
his unique physique and strength, he caught the eye of a trainer named Lentulus Batiatus and
was sent to a gladiatorial school in Capua, a city south of Rome. Life in a gladiatorial school

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was both cruel and harsh. So, in 73 BCE, using kitchen knives, he and 78 of his fellow slaves
revolted. Upon their escape, they came upon a small caravan of wagons carrying weapons and
seized it, fleeing to nearby Mt Vesuvius. Soon, local shepherds, herdsmen and slaves joined
him, swelling his small army to over 70,000. To survive they began pillaging throughout
central Italy. In his 'Life of Marcus Lucinius Crassus', Plutarch wrote of their escape,

“Two hundred of these formed a plan to escape, but their plot being discovered, those of them
who became aware of it in time to anticipate their master, being seventy-eight, got out of a
cook’s shop chopping knives and spits, and made their way through the city, and lighting by
the way on several wagons that were carrying gladiator’s arms to another city, they seized
upon them and armed themselves”.

Although he had considerable early success, even defeating the armies of two praetors and the
governor of Cisalpine Gaul and seizing their weaponry, Spartacus realized that Rome would
eventually win and therefore he intended to travel northward to the Alps and home. In 72
BCE he split his forces into two parts. Half of them - the Gauls and Germans - went with
fellow gladiator Crixus while the remainder - mostly Thracians - went with Spartacus.
Although his intent was to return to Thrace, many of his followers refused to leave Italy,
turning southward instead into southern Italy. Plutarch wrote,

“…he marched his army towards the Alps, intending, when he had passed them, that every
man should go to his own home, some to Thrace, some to Gaul. But they, grown confident in
their numbers, and puffed by with their success, would give no obedience to him, but went
about and ravaged Italy; so that now the senate was not only moved at the indignity and
baseness, both of the enemy and of the insurrection, but, looking upon it as a matter of alarm
and dangerous consequence”.

While he had quickly abandoned any thought of attacking Rome, Sparatcus’ success against
the armies of two consuls alarmed the Senate enough that they called upon a one-time
follower of Sulla, Marcus Licinius Crassus, to lead an army against him. Hoping to add to his
forces, the beleaguered Spartacus hired Cilicium pirates to take him to Sicily. Unfortunately,
he did not make it to the island, but his money did. Crassus trapped the rebellious slaves at
Bruttium where 6,000 of the rebels were killed, but Spartacus was eventually able to break
through (albeit with one-third of his force) and once again escape, moving southward,
defeating two of Crassus’ lieutenants in the process.

Ultimately, however, he was cornered and defeated at Lucania and killed (although his body
was never found). Plutarch remarked on Spartacus’ last moments,

“…pushing his way towards Crassus himself through many flying weapons and wounded
men, he did not indeed reach him, but slew two centurions who fell upon him together.
Finally, after his companions had taken to flight, he stood alone, surrounded by his foes, and
was still defending himself when he was cut down”.

Over 6,000 captured rebels were crucified; their bodies were displayed along the Appian Way
from Capua to Rome. Crassus had hoped to defeat Spartacus before the return of Pompey

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from Spain. Unfortunately, Pompey returned in time to defeat 5,000 of Spartacus’ followers
and so stole most of the glory for himself. While they were both elected to a consulship in 70
BCE, a deep conflict resulted. Plutarch wrote,

“Crassus had good fortune, and not only did the part of a good general, but gallantly exposed
his person, yet Pompey had much of the credit of the action. For he met with many of the
fugitives, and slew them, and wrote to the senate that Crassus indeed had vanquished the
slaves in a pitched battle, but that he had put an end to the war.”

The war and Spartacus’ role in it had a lasting effect. Julius Caesar, upon becoming dictator
for life, remembered the rebellion and became determined to prevent another. Through a
series of laws, he hoped to reduce the dependency on slaves by encouraging the hiring of free
laborers. History has differing opinions of Spartacus - to some he is a hero and a spokesman
for the downtrodden, while others see him as a cruel and heartless rebel. However, he is
viewed, he is remembered for leading the most celebrated slave revolt in the history of ancient
Rome.

Reference:
Wasson, D. (2014). Spartacus. Available at: https://www.ancient.eu/spartacus/ (Accessed: 15
November 2017)

Appendix.4

!
Literary Hub (2015). Desire lines: From slave ships to the 9th ward. Available at: http://
lithub.com/desire-lines-from-slave-ships-to-the-9th-ward/ (Accessed: 11 December 2017)

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Appendix.5

!
History (2017). Photo Galleries: Slave Trade. Available at: http://www.history.com/topics/
black-history/slavery/pictures/slave-trade/illustration (Accessed: 11 December 2017)
Appendix.6

International Labor Organization (2017). Forced labour, modern slavery and human
trafficking: Facts and figures. Available at: http://www.ilo.org/global/topics/forced-labour/
lang--en/index.htm (Accessed: 12 December 2017)

Appendix.7

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Anti-Slavery (2017). Slavery in the UK: Grace’s story. Available at: https://
www.antislavery.org/slavery-today/slavery-uk/ (Accessed: 12 December 2017)
Appendix.8

CNN (2017). Slave auctions in Libya. Available at: http://edition.cnn.com/2017/11/14/africa/

libya-migrant-auctions/index.html (Accessed: 12 December 2017)

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