Professional Documents
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Book of Abstracts ECAART10
Book of Abstracts ECAART10
Book of Abstracts
Edited by
M. Kokkoris and P. Misaelides
FO
OREWOR
RD
This boooklet includees the Scientiific Program and Abstraccts of all inviited, oral andd poster pressentations
of the 100th Europeann Conference on Acceleraators in Appllied Researchh and Technnology (ECA AART10),
th th
which will
w take placee in Athens during
d the peeriod 13 to 17 of Septeember 2010.
Committees
Local Committees
Organizing Team
Exhibitors
Sponsors
The Organizers would like thankfully acknowledge the support of
- the Faculty of Natural Sciences of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
- the Municipality of Glyfada
- High Voltage Engineering Europa B.V.
- the International Atomic Energy Agency
- the Mesytec G.m.b.H.
- the N.C.S.R. Demokritos
- the National Electrostatics Corporation
- the National Technical University of Athens
- the Oxford Microbeams Ltd
4 Book of Abstracts
Social Program
Monday, September 13 (7 – ca. 9 pm)
Welcome Reception
A welcome reception with drinks and light snacks will be organized in the garden of the conference
venue after the end of the poster session.
Afternoon guided sightseeing tour, through some of the famous sites of ancient and modern Athens.
The tour will end with a pleasant walk around the well-known areas of Acropolis and Plaka.
We will visit MYCENAE, home to the kingdom of legendary Agamemnon, leading figure in the
Trojan war. In the second millennium BC Mycenae was one of the major centers of Greek civilization,
a military stronghold which dominated much of southern Greece.
NAFPLIO, with its venetian fortress of PALAMIDI, is a seaport town in Peloponnese that has
expanded up the hillsides near the north end of the Argolic Gulf. The town was the first capital of
modern Greece, from 1829 to 1834.
PALAMIDI is a military fortress nestled on the crest of a high hill. The fortress was built by the
Venetians during their second occupation of the area (1686-1715).
Finally, we will observe the fortified islet of BOURTZI . The castle of Bourtzi is located in the middle
of the harbour of Nafplio. The Venetians completed its fortification in 1473 to protect the city from
pirates and invaders from the sea. The Greeks regained it from the Turks on June 18, 1822, from
where they assisted in the siege of Nafplio. Until 1865 it served as a fortress. Now, it is mainly a
tourist attraction hosting occasionally parts of the Summer Music Festival. Light lunch (boxes) will be
offered during the trip and a traditional small feast with ouzo and 'mezedes' (light snacks) will be held
in Nafplio.
Thursday, September 16
The conference dinner will be held at 8 pm at the 'Blue Water' resort, not far from the conference
venue.
Details about the social program will be provided during the conference.
10th European Conference on Accelerators in Applied Research and Technology, Athens, September 2010 5
Companions' Program
The companions can participate in all activities of the ECAART10 Social Program and additionally to:
1. Morning guided tour in the brand new ‘Acropolis Museum’ (ride to Athens centre by tram).
The participants will also have the chance to see the National Garden, the Parliament, the
National Academy and the main University building. Shopping and free time for a coffee in
Ermou st., near Syntagma Square (Tuesday, September 14).
2. Morning guided tour in ‘Benakis Museum’ (ride to Athens centre by tram), followed by a
funicular railway ride to the top of Lycabettus hill for coffee and a breathtaking view of the
whole city. Shopping in Kolonaki area, near Syntagma square (Thursday, September 16).
6 Book of Abstracts
10th European Conference on Accelerators in Applied Research and Technology, Athens, September 2010 7
Scientific Program
8 Book of Abstracts
10th European Conference on Accelerators in Applied Research and Technology, Athens, September 2010 9
CONFERENCE PROGRAM
12.09.10 13.09.10 14.09.10 15.09.10 16.09.10 17.09.10
8:00 – 9:00
REGISTRATION
9:00 – 9:20 9:00 – 9:45 9:00 – 9:30 9:00 – 9:45 9:00 – 9:30
WELCOME M. Altarelli Ph. Moretto M. Lindroos M. Suter
REMARKS
9:20 – 9:40 9:45 – 10:15 9:30 – 9:50 9:45 – 10:15 9:30 – 9:50
S. Harissopulos B. Beckhoff K. Yamamoto O. Meusel P. Steier
9:40 -10:10 10:15 – 10:35 9:50 – 10:10 10:15 – 10:45 9:50 – 10:10
S. Leray A. Karydas U. Weinrich N. Colonna K. von Reden
10:10 – 10:40 10:35 – 10:55 10:10 – 10:30 10:45 – 11:15 10:10 – 10:30
D. Abriola T. Dupuis S. Hanna COFFEE BREAK M. Fedi
10:40 – 11:10 10:55 – 11:00 10:30 – 11:00 11:15 – 11:45 10:30 – 10:50
COFFEE BREAK Announcements COFFEE BREAK I. Bogdanovic-Radovic E. Chanizo
11:10 – 11:40 11:00 – 11:30 11:00 – 11:30 11:45 – 12:05 10:50 – 11:20
A. Gurbich COFFEE BREAK U. Wahl C. Jeynes COFFEE BREAK
11:40 – 12:00 11:30 – 12:00 11:30 – 11:50 12:05 – 12:25 11:20 – 11:40
A. Lagoyannis L. Beck J. Matsuo J. Vacik F. Marzaioli
12:00 -12:30 12:00 – 12:20 11:50 – 12:10 12:25 – 12:45 11:40 – 12:00
M. Mayer G. Chêne A.-C. Wera A. Climent-Font V. Palonen
12:30 – 13:00 12:20 – 12:40 12:30 – ca. 22:00 12:45 – 13:05 12:00 – 12:20
V. Vlachoudis F. P. Romano EXCURSION TO D. Ila M. Quarta
MYCENAE AND
NAFPLION
17:00 –21:00 13:00 – 14:30 12:40 – 13:00 13:05 – 14:30 12:20 – 12:40
LUNCH BREAK M. Rodrigues LUNCH BREAK M. Klein
Registration 14:30 – 15:00 13:00 – 14:30 14:30 – 15:00 12:40 – 13:00
R. Webb LUNCH BREAK W. Assmann K. Bethge
Final remarks -
Summary – End of
ECAART10
15:00 – 15:20 14:30 – 15:00 15:00 – 15:20
R. Hippler M. Chiari S. Pellegrino
15:20 – 15:40 15:00 – 15:20 15:20 – 15:50
T. Kobayashi M. A. Rizzuto W. Kleeven
15:40 - 16:10 15:20 – 15:40 15:50 – 16:10
COFFEE BREAK B. Nsouli R. von Hahn
16:10 – 16:30 15 :40 – 17:10 16:10 – 16:40
P. Grande COFFEE BREAK COFFEE BREAK
AND Poster
Session II (PII-x)
16:30 – 16:50 17:15 – 22:00 16:40 – 17:10
M. Laitinen EVENING DRIVE T. Zhang
TO ATHENS
CITY CENTRE
16:50 – 17:10 17:10 – 17:30
C. Solis Sh. Akhmadaliev
References
[1] http://www.nupecc.org/index.php?display=lrp2010/main
10th European Conference on Accelerators in Applied Research and Technology, Athens, September 2010 17
References
[1] A. Gurbich et al., Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B 266 (2008) 1198 .
[2] D. Abriola, I. Vickridge, Report INDC(NDS)-0555, IAEA, Vienna, Austria, 2009.
18 Book of Abstracts
References
[1] A.F. Gurbich, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B 261 (2007) 401.
[2] A.F. Gurbich, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B, doi:10.1016/j.nimb.2010.02.011.
10th European Conference on Accelerators in Applied Research and Technology, Athens, September 2010 19
References
[1] http://www-nds.iaea.org/reports/indc-nds-0481-summary.pdf
[2] Y.F. Lu, L.Q. Shi, Z.J. He, L. Zhang, B. Zhang and R. Hutton, NIMB 267 (2009), 760.
[3] P. Pusa, E. Rauhala, A. Gurbich, A. Nurmela, NIMB 222 (2004), 686.
[4] A.Nurmela, E.Rauhala, J.Raisanen, J.Appl.Phys. 82 (1997), 1983.
[5] B. Maurel, G. Amsel and D. Dieumegard, NIM 191 (1981), 349.
20 Book of Abstracts
References
[1] E. Rauhala et al., Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B 244 (2006) 436
[2] N.P. Barradas et al., Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B 262 (2007) 281
10th European Conference on Accelerators in Applied Research and Technology, Athens, September 2010 21
Energy dependence of silver cluster ions sputtered by 150 keV Ar+ ions
R. Krupinski and R. Hippler
Institut für Physik, Universität Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
Hippler@Physik.Uni-Greifswald.De
The energy distribution of small silver cluster ions Agn+ (n=1-4) sputtered by 150 keV Ar+ ions was
investigated. The experiment was performed at the 400 kV ion accelerator at the University of
Greifswald. 150 keV Ar+ were directed onto a polycrystalline silver foil (thickness 0.1 mm) mounted
inside a high vacuum chamber (base pressure 10-8 mbar). Ions sputtered from the silver foil were
detected by a HIDEN EQS electrostatic quadrupole SIMS mass spectrometer with an energy range of
100 eV per charge unit and mass range up to 510 amu.
A typical energy spectrum of positively charged Ag+ and Ag3+ ions is shown in Fig. 1. Both
distribution peak around 3.5 eV. Towards larger energies Ag3+ falls off more quickly while Ag+ ions
display a pronounced high-energy tail presumably produced by direct recoil ions.
References
[1] S. Shimoda, T. Kobayashi, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B 219-220 (2004) 573.
[2] K. Kuroki, N. Okabayashi, H. Torri, K. Komaki, Y. Yamazaki, Appl. Phys. Lett. 81(2002)3561.
10th European Conference on Accelerators in Applied Research and Technology, Athens, September 2010 25
(a) (b)
Figure 1: (a) TEM micrograph, size distribution obtained by MEIS analysis and shape modeled of Pb
NIs (b) 2D MEIS Pb nanoislands, analyzed with a beam of He+ with energy of 100 keV (simulation
and experimental data).
References
[1] I. Konomi, S. Hyodo, and T. Motohiro, Journal of Catalysis 192, 11 (2000).
[2] T. Okazawa, M. Kohyama, and Y. Kido, Surface Science 600,4430 (2006).
[3] P.D. Quinn et al., Applied Physics Letters 87, 153110 (2005)
[4] H. Matsumoto, K. Mitsuhara, A. Visikovskiy, T. Akita, N. Toshima, and Y. Kido, NIMB (2010)
[5] M. A. Sortica, P. L. Grande, G. Machado, L. Miotti, Journal of Applied Physics 106, 11432 (2009) 0.
26 Book of Abstracts
Figure 1: Left: TEM image of a Al2O3+TiO2 nanolaminate on Si. Center: Raw TOF-E histogram and
(right) depth profiles that were obtained from the elemental energy spectra. The sample was atomic
layer deposited 10×(22×Al2O3 + 44×TiO2 ) nanolaminate and a density of 3.5 g cm-3 was used in
converting areal densities to nanometers.
10th European Conference on Accelerators in Applied Research and Technology, Athens, September 2010 27
Information on the elemental composition and binding states of advanced materials can be effectively
revealed by X-Ray Spectrometry (XRS) which is a wide spread non-destructive analytical technique.
Reference-free quantification in X-ray spectrometry is based on the knowledge of both the
instrumental and fundamental atomic parameters [1,2]. In different configurations, both matrix and
trace constituents of a sample or layer thicknesses can be determined, providing lateral or even depth-
profiling elemental information. With respect to very flat samples, such as semiconductor wafers, the
photon energy and the angle of incidence of the exciting radiation determines the probing depth of
XRS analysis. In total-reflection geometry, i.e. having an angle of incidence smaller than the critical
angle of total external reflection, only surface contamination and the surface-near layer of a few nm
contributes to the fluorescence spectra. Allowing the angle of incidence to be varied, the probing depth
ranges from a few up to several hundreds of nm.
The development of XRS at PTB is dedicated to high-end investigations in the R&D of semiconductor
samples requiring reference-free methods, in particular for advanced materials where not enough
appropriate reference materials are available. Grazing incidence investigations demonstrated the
capability for elemental depth profiling in nanolayers. Reference-free XRS has the potential to
contribute to the thickness and composition analysis of novel materials such as high k nanolayers (fig.
1) and nearly vertical sidewalls of semiconductor test structures [3]. This technique is also able to
contribute to the elemental depth-profiling of ultra-shallow junctions (USJ) [4], i.e. near-surface
implantation profiles in different semiconductor wafers (fig. 2), or of matrix element gradients in
CIGS based photovoltaics [5]. XRS can be combined with X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (XAFS)
spectroscopy [6], revealing information on the depth profile of the chemical structure (fig. 3) in deeply
buried nanolayers with varying chemical state [7].
Figure 1: Deconvolved Figure 2: Low energy boron Figure 3: Absorption fine structure
fluorescence spectrum implantation depth profiles in of differently oxidized, buried Ti
of a HfO2 nanolayer Si by grazing incidence XRS nanolayers in grazing incidence
References
[1] B.Beckhoff et al., Anal. Chem. 79 (2007) 7873.
[2] B.Beckhoff, J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 23, 845 (2008)
[3] P.Hönicke et al., Spectrochim. Acta B 63, 1359 (2008)
[4] P.Hönicke et al., Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 396, 2825 (2010)
[5] C.Streeck et al., Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 268, 277 (2010)
[6] F.Reinhardt et al., Anal. Chem. 81, 1770 (2009)
[7] B.Pollakowski et al., Phys. Rev. B 77, 235408 (2008)
10th European Conference on Accelerators in Applied Research and Technology, Athens, September 2010 33
References
[1] D. Sokaras, M. Müller, M. Kolbe, B. Beckhoff, Ch. Zarkadas, and A.G. Karydas, Phys. Rev. A, 81,
012703 (2010).
34 Book of Abstracts
The « IPNAS » laboratory, in collaboration with the « Centre Européen d’Archéométrie » is partly
focused on material analysis by means of IBA techniques: PIXE, PIGE and RBS. A new transport
beam line has been constructed at our CGR-520 MeV cyclotron to analyse Cultural Heritage objects
with these techniques. This facility allows us to produce higher energy beams up to 20 MeV for both
proton and alpha particles [1].
Our team has recently developed a vacuum chamber dedicated to X-ray production and Non-
Rutherford cross-section measurements. In the first place, we have characterised the chamber’s
geometry for X-ray detection using thin foils of several elements (11 ≤ Z ≤ 82) with 3 MeV proton
beam.
Then, we have begun measuring the X-ray production cross-sections in the 6-12 MeV energy range
with alpha particle beams on light element targets. These experiments contribute to fill in the serious
lack of experimental values in the databases for this particular energy range with alpha particles. We
have decided to focus, for now, on alpha particle interaction with light elements because of the high
interest that the analysis of low Z elements generates in the field of archaeometry [2].
This work will show the first results obtained and the comparison of these new X-ray production
cross-sections to fitted empirical reference and theoretical one.
References
[1] G. Chêne, H.-P. Garnir, A. Marchal, F. Mathis, D. Strivay, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B 266, 10, May 2008, pp.
2110-2112
[2] T. Dupuis, G. Chêne, F. Mathis, A. Marchal, M. Philippe, H.-P. Garnir, D. Strivay, Nucl. Instr. and Meth.
B, Accepted Manuscript 2010.
10th European Conference on Accelerators in Applied Research and Technology, Athens, September 2010 35
References
[1] J. Salomon, J.-C. Dran, T. Guillou, B. Moignard, L. Pichon, P. Walter, F. Mathis, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B
266 (2008) 2273 - This presentation is the direct continuation of the talk given by our regretted colleague
Joseph Salomon at the last ECAART conference in Florence.
[2] L. Pichon, L. Beck, Ph. Walter, B. Moignard, T. Guillou, Nucl. Instrum. Meth, in press
36 Book of Abstracts
References
[1] G. Chêne, H.-P. Garnir, A. Marchal, F. Mathis, D. Strivay,Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B 266 Issue 10 (May
2008) p.2110-2112.
[2] S. Röhrs, T. Calligaro, F. Mathis, I. Ortega-Feliu, J. Salomon, P. Walter Nucl. Instr. and Meth B 249,
Issues 1-2, August 2006, Pages 604-607
[3] Šmit, Ž., Pelicon, P., Simcic, J., Istenic, J., Nucl. Instr. and Meth B 239, Issues 1-2, September 2005, pp.
27-34
10th European Conference on Accelerators in Applied Research and Technology, Athens, September 2010 37
References
[1] L. Pappalardo, F.P. Romano, S. Garraffo, J. de Sanoit, C. Marchetta, G. Pappalardo. Archaeometry, 45: 333
(2003)
[2] G. Pappalardo G., A. Esposito, G.A. Cirrone, G. Cuttone, S. Garraffo, L. Pappalardo, F. Rizzo, F.P.
Romano, S. Russo. NIM B 6: 2286 (2008)
38 Book of Abstracts
References
[1] EU-Project COPRA, Project No. SMT4-CT98-2237
[2] S. Pamuk, A Monetary History of the Ottoman Empire, Cambridge University Press (2000)
10th European Conference on Accelerators in Applied Research and Technology, Athens, September 2010 39
The role of PIGE technique for the analysis of atmospheric aerosols: Just
the sidekick of PIXE?
M. Chiari, G. Calzolai, F. Lucarelli, S. Nava
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence and INFN Florence, Sesto Fiorentino,
Italy, chiari@fi.infn.it
Particle Induced Gamma-ray Emission (PIGE) technique is an invaluable tool, complementary to
Particle Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE), to quantify low-Z elements (F, Na, Mg, Al, Si, ...) in
atmospheric aerosols samples. At the LABEC laboratory of INFN in Florence, PIGE is routinely
performed simultaneously to PIXE, using a proton beam extracted in atmosphere from the accelerator
beam line, thus reducing the risk of selective loss of some more volatile aerosol components.
In the study of airborne particulate matter, PIGE measurements can be used to correct the
underestimation of PIXE in quantifying the concentration of the lighter elements, like Na, Mg, Al and
Si, due to X-ray self-absorption inside each individual aerosol particle (dimensions up to several
micrometers). An accurate measurement of the concentration of crustal elements, namely Na, Mg, Al,
Si, K, Ca, Ti, and Fe, is mandatory for the study of airborne mineral dust. Quantitative analysis of dust
aerosols is needed since, on a global scale, mineral dust is one of the major components of
atmospheric aerosols and has an important effects on the radiative budget of the atmosphere and thus
on climate forcing. Examples considering the use of PIGE to analyse Al – the lightest major element in
the composition of mineral dust - in dust aerosols collected in-flight over the Sahel desert (for climate
change study) and in mineral dust particles archived in Antarctic ice cores (for paleoclimate research
studies) will be described.
As concerns even lighter elements, not detectable by PIXE, the analysis of F as a tracer of specific
industrial emissions and the feasibility of PIGE measurements of N (a major component of aerosols, in
the form of ammonium, nitrate and n-containing organic compounds) using proton beams will be
discussed.
40 Book of Abstracts
b)
a)
c)
Figuree 1: Image off radiographyy (a) and the PIXE measuurement in a pre Hispanic ceramics from
fr the
Chim
mu Culture (bb) front view
w and (c) overrview
10th European Conference on Accelerators in Applied Research and Technology, Athens, September 2010 41
Figure 1: Detail of the end-station on the new single ion micro-irradiation beamline
10th Europpean Conferencce on Acceleratoors in Applied Research
R and Technology,
T Athhens, Septemberr 2010 45
Exp
perimentaal verificaation of an
n APF lin
nac for a proton
p theerapy faccility
K. Yamamoto, H. Tanak ka, S. Haradaa,
K. Sugaharra, H. Inoue, S. Kawasakii, T. Nagayam
ma, S. Ueda
Mitsubishhi Electric Corporation,
Co Yamamoto.KKazuo@bc.M MitsubishiElectric.co.jp
Alternatiing-Phase-Foocusing (AP PF) known as a beam focusing method m have been applieed to an
Interdigiital H-mode (IH) structurre and high current proto on beams weere successfuully acceleraated up to
the desirred energy foor a medical synchrotron injector.
Longituddinal and traansverse focuusing strengthhs were geneerated just with
w the rf acceleration fieeld in the
cavity with
w an optimized arrayy of synchrronous phasses. Thus, no n focusing element orr cooling
equipmeents had to be installed in the caviity. This allo owed us to employ a rrather high operating
o
frequenccy, and hencce to design a compact and a cost-effective cavity. A further aadvantage off the APF
linac cann be found inn its operatioon: beam tunning can be carried out with
w ease sinnce the levell of the rf
input poower is the onnly parameteer to be adjuusted. APF linac has neveer been practtically used in proton
therapy facilities
f duee to a weak focusing
fo fieldd which can not
n overcom me the strong space chargee effects.
A High--Current-APF F linac was accomplisheed by the speecial optimal design of tthe cavity, drift
d tubes
themselvves, as welll as the displacement of o the drift tubes basedd on a co-aanalysis of a precise
Electrommagnetic fieldd and the spaace charge beeam dynamics.
A protonn injector foor a medical accelerator complex waas fabricatedd with the newly-developed APF
linac. The
T injector consists off an Electroon-Cyclotron n-Resonance Ion-Source (ECRIS), a Radio-
Frequenccy-Quadrupoole linac andd the APF liinac. Experim mental resultts approved that 11.5 mA proton
beams were
w acceleraated up to 7 MeV.M
In this paaper, the dessign methodoology and thee results of th
he measuremments will be described.
Table 1: Presentattion of recen
nt experimenttal data
Title
T Designed Measured
Beam inttensity mA 10 or more 11.5
Extracted energy MeV
V 7.35 +/-
+ 0.05 7.39
Figure 1:
1 Presentatiion of a recen
nt experimenntal setup
Referen
nces
[1] Y. Iwata et. al., Nucl. Instr. annd Meth. A 5772 (2007) 100
07.
46 Book of Abstracts
One of the recent trends in treating cancer by radiation therapy (RT) is to combine imaging with
treatment in the same session. This approach of image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT) places new
requirements on the design and performance of the linear accelerator (linac) used in the radiation
therapy machine. In this paper, we will review new approaches for incorporating imaging in the RT
machine. One of the IGRT techniques is to use the same linac to provide x-rays for both imaging and
treatment phases. This linac should be able to operate at two different energies. In the imaging mode,
the linac should produce x-rays at energies significantly lower than energies needed for the treatment
mode. Different techniques are implemented to make the same accelerator operate at different energies
efficiently [1]. We will present some of these techniques.
References
[1] S.M. Hanna “Review of Energy Variation Approaches in Medical Accelerators”, Proceeding of the 11th
European Particle Accelerator Conference, Genoa, Italy, June 2008
48 Book of Abstracts
References
[1] http://isolde.web.cern.ch/ISOLDE/
[2] M. Lindroos, Nucl. Instr. Meth. B 204 (2003) 730.
[3] https://espace.cern.ch/ISOLDE-SSP/default.aspx
[4] M. Lindroos, P.A. Butler, M. Huyse, and K. Riisager, Nucl. Instr. Meth. B 266 (2008) 468
10th Europpean Conferencce on Acceleratoors in Applied Research
R and Technology,
T Athhens, Septemberr 2010 49
Referen
nces
[1] Y. Nakata, Y. Honda,
H S. Ninoomiya, T. Sekki, T. Aoki an nd J. Matsuo, "Matrix-free
" hhigh-resolution imaging
maass spectromeetry with high--energy ion prrojectiles", Jou
urnal of Mass Spectrometryy, 44 (2009) 128.
50 Book of Abstracts
The European Spallation Source (ESS): Current status and the way ahead
M. Lindroos, Ch. Vettier, C. J. Carlile, P. Carlsson
European Spallation Source, Lund, Sweden
The European Spallation Source (ESS) will be the most powerful neutron source in the world. To
achieve such a goal, it must provide facilities that will fulfil the imaginative wishes of the many
researchers in Europe that exploit neutron beams for their own research. These facilities comprise the
experimental installations (neutron instruments, interface laboratories), the neutron source itself
(proton target and neutron moderators) and the proton linear accelerator.
The ESS project is now in a Design Update phase during which the whole Linac/target/moderators
assembly is iteratively optimised. Starting from the ESFRI Roadmap specification, the performance
parameters for ESS are the peak neutron flux which should be at least 30 times higher than the today’s
most powerful neutron source in the world, the Institut Laue Langevin (ILL), and the time-averaged
flux which should be equal to ILL’s. The accelerator key parameters include the proton energy, the
pulse width and frequency, but also the proton beam reliability and beam losses. Several options
(mercury or lead alloys, with a solid rotating target as fall-back option) are still open for the target
materials. The ESS design should be completed by 2012. The construction will immediately start in
order to produce the first neutron beams in 2019; it is expected that ESS will reach full specifications
in 2025.
The ESS neutron instruments will focus on the use of cold and cold/thermal neutrons that are perfectly
suited to today’s priorities in materials science: chemistry, bio-materials, soft condensed matter, solid
state physics. The gain in cold neutron flux achieved at ESS will allow the wide ranges in time and
space domains that neutron methods can cover to be even further extended. ESS will convene a first
ESS User Meeting in early 2011 to review the top priorities in neutron methods to be developed at
ESS in order to fulfil its scientific goals.
54 Book of Abstracts
Climatic problems associated to the greenhouse effect have recently stimulated a renewed interest in
nuclear energy production. One of the problems associated with current nuclear reactors is the
production of nuclear waste. At present, the only safe and stable solution is the disposal of the high-
level radioactive waste in geological repositories. However, a more appealing and efficient solution
would consist in the transmutation of the long-lived radionuclides in dedicated systems, such as
Accelerator Driven Systems. Another possibility being investigated is the recycling of actinides in the
fuel cycle of the so-called Generation IV fast nuclear reactors. Together with the nuclear waste
incineration, a closed fuel cycle would allow a more efficient use of U resources and minimize safety
concerns and proliferation issues.
The design and operation of new nuclear systems require accurate neutron cross section data on a large
number of isotopes, in particular plutonium, minor actinides, long-lived fission fragments and
structural materials. An important contribution in this respect is being provided since a few years by
the CERN neutron time-of-flight facility n_TOF, based on the spallation of a pulsed 20 GeV/c proton
beam on a lead target. The wide energy range, high instantaneous neutron flux and excellent energy
resolution are the main features that make n_TOF well suited for measurements in fundamental and
applied Nuclear Physics. Several results relevant for nuclear waste transmutation, for the development
of new generation reactors, as well as for Nuclear Astrophysics, have been obtained in the first
measurement campaign. In particular, capture and fission cross sections have been accurately
determined for various actinides related to the development of new fuel cycles, and to the design of
ADS and Gen IV systems.
Recently, a new spallation target and cooling systems have been installed at n_TOF and the measuring
station has been upgraded in order to allow handling of high-activity samples. Following the
refurbishing of the facility, a new measurement campaign has started in 2009.
In this talk, a review of the main results obtained at n_TOF will be presented, together with the status
of the facility, its instrumentation and the upcoming experimental program.
56 Book of Abstracts
References
[1] I.B. Radović, Z. Siketić, N. Skukan, M. Jakšić, J. Appl. Phys. 105 (2009) 074901
[2] P. Reichart, G. Datzman, A. Hauptner, R. Hertenberger, C. Wild, G. Dollinger, Science 306 (2004) 1537
[3] K. A. Sjöland, P. Kristiansson, M. Elfman, K. G. Malmqvist, J. Pallon, R. J. Utui, C. Yang, Nucl. Instr.
and Meth. B124 (1997) 639
[4] P. Berger, J.-P. Gallien, H. Khodja, L. Daudin, M.-H. Berger, A. Sayir, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B249
(2006) 527
10th European Conference on Accelerators in Applied Research and Technology, Athens, September 2010 57
References
[1] J. Vacik, H. Naramoto, S. Yamamoto, K. Narumi, K. Miyashita, J. Chem. Phys. 114 (2001) 9115.
[2] S. Sakai, H. Naramoto, P.V. Avramov, T. Yaita, V. Lavrentiev, K. Narumi, Y. Baba, Y. Maeda, Thin
Solid Films, Volume 515 (2007) 7758.
[3] J. Vacik, V. Lavrentiev, V. Hnatowicz, V. Vorlicek, S. Yamamoto, H. Stadler, Journal of Alloys and
Compounds 483 (2009) 374.
10th European Conference on Accelerators in Applied Research and Technology, Athens, September 2010 59
It is known that irradiation of silicon with H and He ion beams in the MeV energy range modifies the
electrochemical properties of the material, as is evidenced by the inhibition of porous silicon growth in
the irradiated areas [1]. MeV ion beams of heavier elements with higher stopping force will be more
effective in the modification of the physical and chemical properties of the material under irradiation.
In this work we study this alteration effect of the electrochemical properties of crystalline silicon
substrates using MeV Si ion beams with the electrostatic accelerator of CMAM facility. Thus, besides
irradiating the material with an ion heavier than H or He, the ion is of the same elementary nature as
the irradiated material, ruling out the possibility of ascribing any contribution of the observed effects
to the implanted species. A drastic resistivity increase of the irradiated silicon substrate is observed for
growing implantation fluence, which can be pointed out as the mechanism responsible for the
inhibition of pore formation.
Patterns of localized porous silicon have been obtained using TEM copper grids as a mask. Porous
silicon growth is precisely confined to non-implanted areas (Figure 1), producing abrupt porous
silicon/silicon lateral interfaces.
Figure 1: The mask pattern, 40 µm spacing copper grid, is transferred to the substrate as porous
silicon
References
[1] M. B. H. Breese, F. J. T. Champeaux, E. J. Teo, A. A. Bettiol, and D. Blackwood, Phys. Rev. B 73 035428
(2006) 1
60 Book of Abstracts
Materials science and engineering research and training at the Center for
Irradiation of Materials of Alabama A&M University
D. Ila (ila@cim.aamu.edu), R. L. Zimmerman (rlzimm@cim.aamu.edu), C. Muntele
(Claudiu@cim.aamu.edu), L. R. Holland (hollandl@bellsouth.net), B. Chhay (Bopha@cim.aamu.edu),
S. Budak (Sbudak@cim.aamu.edu), and Z. Xiao (Xiao@cim.aamu.edu)
Center for Irradiation of Materials, Alabama A&M University
Normal, AL 35762-1447 USA
The Center for Irradiation of Materials @ AAMU (http://cim.aamu.edu) established in 1990 to serve
the University in its research, education and services the need of the local community and Industry.
CIM irradiation capabilities oriented around two tandem type ion accelerators with seven beam lines
providing high resolution Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS), MeV focus ion beam, high
energy ion implantation and irradiation damage studies, particle induced x-ray emission (PIXE),
particle induced gamma emission (PIGE), and ion induced nuclear reaction analysis in addition to
fully automated ion channeling. One of the two tandem ion accelerators designed to produce high flux
ion beam for high fluence MeV ion implantation and high fluence ion irradiation damage study. The
CIM facility is well equipped with variety of surface analysis systems, such as SEM, ESCA, as well as
scanning micro-Raman analysis, UV-VIS Spectrometry, luminescence spectroscopy, nanoscale
thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, IV/CV systems, mechanical test systems, AFM, FTIR,
Voltmetry analysis as well as low energy implanters, Ion Beam Assisted Deposition and MBE
systems. In this presentation we will demonstrate how the facility provides education and training
services to schools, industries and how highlight few of the recent inventions at CIM. Example of
research, services and training by CIM are: A) pure & fundamental research, B)applied research in
materials modification (ion Implantation, Radiation effects, …), forensics, materials characterization
(RBS, NRA, PIXE, PIGE, micro-beam, ion channeling, device prototyping (such as sensors, detectors,
thermoelectric, filters, HT carbon-composites, bio-materials, and nano-pores devices), C) education
through special topics courses (3-6 Credit hours), summer training, REU, IGART, exchange students,
and visiting scientists/scholar programs, D) services such as small business innovative research, small
business tech transfer, ion beam analysis, ion beam modification and innovative forensics projects. As
a result of this program at CIM, as of 2009 we have had 17 Ph. D. dissertations, 13 Masters degree
theses, over 75 Undergraduate funded research, 4 high school research scholars and over 100
Summer/Visiting Scholars.
Sponsors: Supported in part by AAMU Research Institute, NSF (MRSEC, EPSCoR, GRSP, REU,
MSP), DOE, DOD, NASA (Propulsion, EPSCoR), and NRC
10th European Conference on Accelerators in Applied Research and Technology, Athens, September 2010 61
References
[1] M. Toulemonde, W. Assmann, C. Trautmann, F. Grüner, Phys. Rev. Lett. 88 (2002) 057602.
[2] H.D. Mieskes, W. Assmann, F. Grüner, H. Kucal, Z.G. Wang, M. Toulemonde, Phys. Rev. B 67 (2003)
155404.
[3] W. Assmann, M. Toulemonde, C. Trautmann, in R. Behrisch, W. Eckstein (Eds.)‘Sputtering by Particle
Bombardment’, Topics in Appl. Physics 110 (2007) 401, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2007.
62 Book of Abstracts
Room 66 Room 65
Japet 2 MV
Room 64
Room 61 Room 63
Yvette 2.5 MV
Room 62
Épiméthée 3 MV
Figure 1: Schematic of the CSR with the connection to the cryocooler and with in-ring experiments.
The inner cryogenic chambers and outer cryostat chambers are visible.
References
[1] M. Lange et. al., Rev. Sci. Instr., Accepted for publication (2010).
10th European Conference on Accelerators in Applied Research and Technology, Athens, September 2010 65
A new
w universsal 6 MV Tandetroon for ion
n beam an
nalysis, ion
n implanttation
a accelerator maass spectrrometry in
and n Dresden n
Sh. Akhmadalieev, R. Hellerr, S. Merchel, A. Kolitschh, and W. Mööller
Forscchungszentruum Dresden--Rossendorf, Institute of Ion
I Beam Phhysics and M Materials Reseearch,
Bautzner Landstr.
L 400,, D-01328 Dresden,
D Germmany, E-maiil: akhmadalliev@fzd.de
A new 6 MV electroostatic tandeem accelerattor is put intto operation at Forschunngszentrum Dresden-
Rossenddorf (FZD). It I will be useed for ion beeam analysiss (IBA) suchh as RBS, ER RD, PIXE/PIGE, and
NRA ass well as foor material modification
m n via high-en nergy ion im mplantation. The system m is also
equippedd for accelerrator mass sppectrometry (AMS)
( and opens
o this neew research field at the FZD.
F The
Dresden AMS facilitty (DREAM MS) will especcially be useed for measuurements of 10Be, 26Al, 366Cl, 41Ca,
and 129I.
The system is baased on a 6 MV-Tandettron with tw wo separate ion injectorss (Fig. 1). TheT AMS
injector consists off two Cs-spuutter ion soources with wheels for up to 200 samples eaach. The
multipurrpose ion injector containning a Cs-spputter ion sou urce and a He-duoplasm
H matron will be applied
for ion beam
b analysiis and high-eenergy ion im
mplantation in
i the autom matic wafer-haandler operaating with
8-inch wafers.
w Two high-energy 90° analyziing magnets deflect the ions i in eitherr the AMS section
s or
the implantation beeamline. Thee interconneecting beamlline will connect the nnew system with the
existing experimentaal IBA equippment allowinng to replacee the old 5 MV-Tandem
M accelerator. The new
accelerattor allows too increase thhe depth rangge, improvess resolution and detectioon limits of ion
i beam
analysis..
References
[1] L.K. Fifield, Quaternary Geochronology 3 (2008) 276–290.
[2] P. Steier, F. Dellinger, O. Forstner, R. Golser, K. Knie, W. Kutschera, A. Priller, F. Quinto, M. Srncik, F.
Terrasi, C. Vockenhuber, A. Wallner, G. Wallner, E.M. Wild. Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys. Res. B 268
(2010) 1045–1049.
[3] E. Chamizo, S.M. Enamorado, M. García-León, M. Suter, L. Wacker. Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys. Res.
B 266 (2008) 4948–4954.
[4] J. Lachner, M. Christl, T. Bisinger, R. Michel, H.-A. Synal, Applied Radiation and Isotopes 68 (2010)
979–983.
72 Book of Abstracts
References
[1] B. Han, K. von Reden, M. Roberts, R. Schneider, J. Hayes, “Electromagnet Field Modeling and Ion
Optics Calculations for a Continuous-Flow AMS System”, Nucl. Inst. & Meth. in Physics Research B
259, 2007, p.111.
[2] M. Roberts, K. von Reden, C. McIntyre, J. Burton, “Progress with a gas-accepting ion source for
Accelerator Mass Spectrometry”, these proceedings.
10th European Conference on Accelerators in Applied Research and Technology, Athens, September 2010 73
Presence of
o plutoniu pes, 239Pu and 240Pu
um isotop u, in soils from Chiile
1
E. Chamizo
C , M. García-Leónn2, J.I. Perucchena1, F. Ceereceda3, V. Vidal
V 3
, E.C. Pinilla4, C. Miró
M 5
1
Cenntro Nacional de Aceleraddores (CNA)), Avda. Thom mas Alba Eddison, 7, 410992, Sevilla, Spain.
S
ecchamizo@us.es.
2
Departamennto de Física Atómica, Molecular
M y Nuclear,
N Univversidad de SSevilla, Spain n.
3
Centrro de Tecnoloogías Ambienntales (CETA AM), Universsidad Técnicca Federico SSanta María, Chile.
4
Deparrtamento de Química Anaalítica, Univversidad de Extremadura,
E , Spain.
5
Depaartamento dee Física Apliicada, Universidad de Exxtremadura, SSpain.
To date, plutonium is i present inn every envirronmental co ompartment, due to a wiide variety of o nuclear
activitiess. The Southhern Hemisphhere has receeived about 20% 2 of the global
g enviroonmental inv ventory of
both 239PuP (T1/2=241110 y) and 2440Pu (T1/2=24110 y), witth an importtant contribuution of the so-called
troposphheric fallout from both thhe atmospherric nuclear teests perform med by France in the Paciific atolls
of Muruuroa and Fanngataufa and by United KingdomK in Maralinga,
M A
Australia. Hoowever, the data
d base
on the loong-range ennvironmentall impact of the t former nu uclear activiities is very sscarce. This is due to
the very low 239+240PuP activities involved,
i whhich makes necessary
n thee use of ultrra-sensible teechniques
t work wee present for the first timee 239,240Pu ressults (239+240Pu
to affordd their quantiification. In this P massic
activitiess and 240Pu/239
2
o Northern, Central and Southern
Pu atomic ratio) in soiils from diffeerent areas of
Chile obbtained by Accelerator
A M
Mass Spectroometry on thhe 1 MV faacility at the Centro Naccional de
Aceleraddores (CNA,, Seville, Spaain). Preliminary results,, correspondiing to the Puuchuncaví vaalley, 110
km awayy from Santtiago de Chiile, point ouut to the preesence of deebris from thhe French teests, with
240
Pu/239Pu
P atomic ratios
r quite heterogeneou
h us and ranging from 100 to 20%. T They are sign nificantly
differentt from the expected
e onee for the gloobal fallout in
i the Southhern Hemispphere for thee 30-53ºS
latitude range (18.5 ± 0.5)%, [11]), but in agreement wiith the reporrted values ffor other po oints with
similar latitudes
l [1] (Figure 1). The 239+240PuP activity in nventories arre in agreem ment as well with the
obtainedd results in [11]. However,, there is nott a systematic study of 239,240Pu in diffferent areas of Chile,
which will
w be providded in this woork.
Referen
nces
[1] J.M. Kelley, L.A.. Bond, T.M. Beasley,
B Sciennce of the Tota
al Environment (1999) 2377/238, 483.
10th European Conference on Accelerators in Applied Research and Technology, Athens, September 2010 75
References
[1] F. Terrasi, N. De Cesare, A. D'Onofrio, C. Lubritto, F. Marzaioli, I. Passariello, D. Rogalla, C. Sabbarese,
G. Borriello, G. Casa, A. Palmieri,. High precision 14C AMS at CIRCE. Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys.
Res. B266 (2008) 2221
76 Book of Abstracts
Im
mproved AMS
A dataa analysis with the CAR model
V. Palonen1, P.
V P Tikkanen2, J. Keinoneen2
1
Depaartment of Phhysics, Univeersity of Helssinki, vesa.paalonen@helssinki.fi
2
Deppartment of Physics,
P Univversity of Heelsinki
The CAR R model is the
t best avaiilable methood of data-an nalysis for Accelerator
A M
Mass Spectro ometry. It
delivers Gaussian unncertainties with small random scattter and biass and providdes good con ntrol and
detectionn of instrumeental error [11, 2]. Furtherrmore, the CAR
C model is general enough to be applied
a in
other simmilar fields, e.g.
e mass speectrometry.
CAR4AM MS is a freeely-availablle implemenntation of th he CAR moddel for AM MS data-analy ysis. The
usabilityy of the proggram has beeen improved and a built--in MCMC convergence
c diagnostics has been
added. The
T developm ment of a well-defined ouutlier detectioon option is in progress. Here we desscribe the
model, detail
d the novvel improvem
ments, and inntroduce the usage
u of the program.
Figuree 1: Scatter of
o the AMS results
r with the
t CAR mo odel (black) and
a with a coonventional method
m
(gray).
Referen
nces
[1] V. Palonen, P. Tikkanen, J. J Keinonen, ‘A Bayesian measuremennt model; reliiable uncertaiinties and
control over instrumental driff’,. Journal off Physics D 41
1 (2008) 2120001.
[2] V. Palonen, P. Tikkanen,
T J. Keinonen,‘Imp
K proving AMS uncertainties
u and detectionn of instrumen
ntal error’,
Nuuclear Instrum
ments and Methhods in Physics Research B 268 (2010) 972-975.
9
10th European Conference on Accelerators in Applied Research and Technology, Athens, September 2010 77
Cologne AMS is the new Centre for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) at the University of
Cologne. It will operate a dedicated AMS system designed to measure all standard cosmogenic
nuclides (10Be,14C,26Al,36Cl, 41Ca,129I) and which uses a 6 MV TANDETRON accelerator equipped
with an all solid-state power supply, foil and gas stripper. The system also enables a sensitive
detection of heavy ions up to 239U and 244Pu. The high-energy mass-spectrometer consists of a 90°
magnet with a radius of 2 m and a mass-energy product of 351 amu MeV to allow the detection of
244
Pu5+ up to the maximum terminal voltage of 6 MV. This magnet is followed by an electrostatic
energy analyzer and a switching magnet that can transport the rare isotope beam into various beam
lines. The switching magnet forms a third analyzing element which is needed especially for the
sensitive detection of heavy elements. So far two beam lines are equipped with their own detection
system. One of these lines is used for suppression of isobaric background in the case of the analysis of
e.g. 36Cl. This is accomplished by an absorber foil which generates a Z-dependent energy loss in
combination with a momentum/charge-state selection via a 120 degree magnet that features up to 30
mrad acceptance for efficient beam transport.
In this contribution we will introduce the new Centre, the layout and specific characteristics of the
AMS system as well as the main topics of the future scientific work to be performed at Cologne AMS.
10th European Conference on Accelerators in Applied Research and Technology, Athens, September 2010 79
POSTER SESSION I
PI-17 C. Jeynes , M.J. Bailey, M. Zier, N.P. Barradas, E. Alves, Z. Qiang, B. Brijs,
K.Temst , W. Vandervorst, A. Vantomme, G. Terwagne, A. Simon, E. Szilágyi, R.
Elliman
Round-robin for the RBS measurement of implantation fluence in several
European laboratories
PI-18 L. Carraresi, L. Bardelli, P. Bonanni, N. Grassi, A. Migliori, P. A. Mandò
Scanning and acquisition system for PIXE-PIGE mapping of large areas with
sub-millimeter beams
PI-19 J. Chacha, S. Budak, C. Smith, M. Pugh, K. Ogbara, R. Tilley, K. Heidary, R. B.
Johnson, C. Muntele, D.Ila
Effects of MeV Si ions bombardment on the thermoelectric generator from
SiO2/SiO2+Cu nanolayered multilayer films
PI-20 L. Bonanni, G. Calzolai, M. Chiari, F. Lucarelli, S. Nava, S. Becagli, R. Udisti
Determination of organic and elemental carbon in aerosol samples collected on
Teflon filters by proton elastic scattering techniques
PI-21 I.C. Cho, H. Niu, C.H. Hsu
DNA double-strand breaks induced along the particle trajectory
PI-22 F. Ditrói, S. Takács, F. Tárkányi, E. Corniani, R.W.Smith, M. Jech, T. Wopelka
Thin layer activation for wear measurement under the micrometer range
PI-23 M. Fonseca, H. Luís, J. Cruz, D. Galaviz, J.P. Ribeiro, A.P. Jesus
Golden glazes analysis by PIGE and PIXE techniques
PI-24 M. Fonseca, K. Loren, R. Melo, M.L. Botelho, H. Luís, N. P Barradas, A.P. Jesus
Calibration of a TOC setup with elastic backscattering spectrometry
PI-25 Y. Furuyama, A. Taniike, A. Kitamura
Accelerator analyses of particulate matter in the exhaust Gas of a ship diesel
engine
PI-26 A. Godelitsas, N. Stamatelos, M. Kokkoris and E. Chatzitheodoridis
Lead patination in the atmosphere of Athens, Greece
PI-27 P. C. Gutiérrez-Neira, A. Climent-Font, I. Montero, A. Zucchiatti
Application of PIXE and PIGE techniques to the study of Roman glasses: The
case of the archaeological site of Duratón (Spain)
PI-28 C. Gutiérrez, A. Zucchiatti, A. Climent Font, C. Escudero, M. Barrera
Ion beam analysis of a laser cleaned archaeological metal object: The San
Estebam de Gormaz cross (Soria-Spain)
PI-29 R. T. Huang, J.Y. Hsu, J. W. Huang, Y.C. Yu
Microstructural study of silicon-on-insulator structures by using nitrogen-
implantation
PI-30 E. Markina, M. Mayer, H.T. Lee
Measurement of He and H depth profiles in tungsten using ERDA with
medium heavy ion beams
PI-31 J.A. Mars, D. Gihwala
Ion beam analysis of human finger nails
PI-32 F. Mathis, J. Dewalque, O. Dubreuil, C. Toussaint, R. Delhalle, G. Spronck, P.
Colson, R. Cloots, D. Strivay, C. Henrist
Analysis of thin layers for photovoltaic application: comparison between RBS
and ellipsometry on the determination of roughness and porosity
PI-33 A. I. Moreno-Suárez, B. Gómez-Tubío, M. A. Respaldiza, F. Chaves, I. Ortega-
Feliu, M. Á. Ontalba-Salamanca and F. J. Ager.
Combining non-destructive nuclear techniques to study Roman leaded copper
coins from Ilipa (II-I b.C.)
PI-34 A.M. Müller, M. Döbeli, M. Mallepell, M. Suter, H.-A. Synal
Surface erosion during heavy ion backscattering analysis
PI-35 M. Nakamura, K. Imai, M. Hirose, H. Matsumoto, M. Tosaki, D. Ohsawa, S.
Makino, O. Niwa, K. Komatsu, H. Utsumi
Heavy-ion microbeam system for cell irradiation at Kyoto University
10th European Conference on Accelerators in Applied Research and Technology, Athens, September 2010 83
References
[1] IBANDL, Ion Beam Analysis Nuclear Data Library, http://www-nds.iaea.org/ibandl/
[2] M. Chiari, P. Del Carmine, F. Lucarelli, G. Marcazzan, S. Nava, L. Paperetti, P. Prati, G. Valli, R. Vecchi,
A. Zucchiatti, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B 219-220 (2004) 166
10th European Conference on Accelerators in Applied Research and Technology, Athens, September 2010 87
4
4x10
400
F(d,p0)20F
F(d,a3) O
F(d,a2)17O
F(d,a0)17O
17
6
4
F(d,a1)17O
F(d,a4) O
3x10
17
200
Counts
19
19
19
19
19
19
4
2x10
0
19 19
F(d,d) F
12 13
4
C(d,p0) C
1x10
0
1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
Energy (keV)
.
Figure 1: Experimental spectrum taken at 160o and Ed=1600 keV.
References
References
[1] M. Mayer, A. Annen, W. Jacob, S. Grigull, Nucl. Instr. & Methods in Phys. Res. B 143 (1998) 244-252.
10th European Conference on Accelerators in Applied Research and Technology, Athens, September 2010 89
Gap theoretical analysis from adjacent electron beams measured with the
Fricke xylenol gel
F. G. A. Sampaio1, L. S. del Lama1, P. C. D. Petchevist1,2
and A. de Almeida1
1
FFCLRP, Universidade de SãoPaulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil, francisampaio@pg.ffclrp.usp.br
2
Instituto de Radioterapia e Megavoltagem, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
Fricke Xylenol Gel (FXG) is a very effective chemical dosimeter used also for radiation doses spatial
distribution measurements for a wide range for absorbed doses, specially in radiotherapy. Dosimetry
accomplished with the FXG is based on the oxidation of ions (Fe+2) into ions (Fe+3), due to the
radiation energy absorbed. The latter ions form colored complexes with the xylenol orange indicator
ions, [XO-Fe+3], which characterize the absorbance spectrum of the dosimeter, centered at 585 nm.
Once the optical absorbance is linearly related with absorbed dose, it is possible to determine the
spatial absorbed doses values in the system. The FXG allied with the CCD system are able to provide
a bidimensional matrix data, with a depth dose distribution when adjacent fields are applied [3]. Since
FXG is suitable to evaluate the absorbed dose distribution at the interface of two or more adjacent
fields, the main objective of this work was to determine the gap equation from adjacent electron beams
incident on FXG samples.
The International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements, ICRU [4], presents a gap study
between adjacent electron beams fields of 5, 10 and 15 mm to avoid sub or overdose at the interface of
two fields. In this work, we investigated the depth absorbed dose distribution, without gap (0 mm), for
two electron adjacent beams of 10x10, 15x15 and 20x20 cm2, for 5, 8 and 10 MeV and source skin
distance (SSD) of 100 cm. The results obtained without gap shown hot regions with an increase
around 40% on prescribed dose, at the target volume. As the FXG has an effective atomic number and
density near to those of the soft tissue (7.75 and 1.05 g/cm3, respectively), it was shown that the FXG
is an alternative dosimeter to evaluate the absorbed dose distribution in the interface between adjacent
electron beams.
References
[1] M.A. Bero, W.B. Gilboy, P.M. Glover, D. El-Masri, Nucl. Instr. Meth. B 166-167 (2000) 820.
[2] G. Gambarini, G. Gomarasca, R. Marchesini, A. Pecci, L. Pirolo, S. Tomatis, Nucl. Instr. Meth. A 422 (1-
3) (1999) 643.
[3] R. Sato, A. de Almeida and M.V. Moreira, Nucl. Instr. Meth. B, 267 (5) (2009) 842.
[4] The International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements - ICRU 71 – Prescribing,
Recording and Reporting Electron Beam Therapy, 4 (2004).
10th European Conference on Accelerators in Applied Research and Technology, Athens, September 2010 91
References
[1] J. F. Ziegler, M. D. Ziegler, J. P. Biersack Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section
B (2010), doi:10.1016/j.nimb.2010.02.091
92 Book of Abstracts
References
[1] J. R. Tesmer, M. Nastasi (Eds.), Handbook of Modern Ion Beam Materials Analysis, Materials Research
Society, Pittsburgh, PA, 1995.
[2] G. Amsel, G. Battistig, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B 240 (2005) 1.
[3] J. M. Calvert, D. J. Derry, D. G. Lees, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 7 (1974) 940.
[4] J. A. R. Pacheco de Carvalho, Ph. D. Thesis, University of Manchester, England, 1984.
[5] J. A. R. Pacheco de Carvalho, A. D. Reis, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B 266, 10 (2008) 2263.
[6] J. A. R. Pacheco de Carvalho, A. D. Reis, Bol. Soc. Esp. Ceram. V. 47, 4 (2008) 252.
[7] N.P. Barradas, K. Arstila, G. Battistig, M. Bianconi, N. Dytlewski, C. Jeynes, E. Kótai, G. Lulli, M. Mayer,
E. Rauhala, E. Szilágyi, M. Thompson, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B 262 (2007) 282.
Project funded by FCT (Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia) / POCI2010 (Programa Operacional Ciência e
Inovação).
96 Book of Abstracts
Figure 1 (a): Schematic design of accelerator head assembly of 15 MV medical LINAC at field size
of 0 X 0 cm2 (not to scale), (b)The neutron dose equivalent to central axis photon absorbed dose
estimated at patient plane at various field sizes.
References
[1] K.W. Price, et al., Med. Phys. 5(4) (1978) 285-289.
[2] N. Golnik, et al., Rad. Prot. Dosim. 126(1-4) (2007) 619-622.
[3] International Electrotechnical Commission. International Standard IEC 60601-2-1 (1998).
10th European Conference on Accelerators in Applied Research and Technology, Athens, September 2010 97
Metal contact
Figure 1: Example (Design of NL/NC
(QW/QD) Device using Ion Beam)
Si1-xGex/Si (nm)
100 period
Metal contact
SiO2
Substrate ‐ Si
Sponsors: Supported in part by the Center for Irradiation of Materials, Alabama A&M University and by the
AAMURI Center for Advanced Propulsion Materials under the contract number NAG8-1933 from NASA, and by
National Science Foundation under Grant No. EPS-0814103.
* Patent by AAMURI
98 Book of Abstracts
Ion beam
m modificcation of polymers
p for self-aaligned ad
dhesion off
mesen
nchymal stem
s cellss and conttrol of nuuclei orien
ntation
H. Tsuji 1, P. Sommani 2, T. Yamada 1, H. Kojimaa 1, H. Sato 1, Y. Gotoh 1, J. Ishikawa 1
1
Deppartment of Electronic
E Sccience and Engineering,
E Kyoto Univeersity
2
Phootonics and Electronics
E S
Science and Engineering
E g Center, Kyooto University
ty, Kyotodaiggaku-
Katssura, Nishikyyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
J
3
Department of Eleectronics andd Informatioon Engineerin ng, Chubu University,
U M
Matsumoto-ch ho 1200,
Kasuga, Aichi,
A 487-85501, Japan
Surface modificationn of polymerric materials for stem cell adhesion, especially,
e seelf-alignmentt of cell
in a line and control of cell nucleeus orientation, is one off the challengging issues ffor cell enginneering.
We alreeady reported the pattterning of rat mesencchymal stem m cells (MSC) and in nducing
differenttiation into neurons
n [1, 2]].
In this study,
s we haave investigaated the the minim
m modiified
line-widdth on siliconne rubber byy using carbbon negative-ion
implantaation in ordder to obtainn fine adheesion pattern n of
single MSC
M cell and control of ceell nuclei.
Carbon negative ionns were impplanted into silicone rub bber
sheet wiith a thickneess of 0.5 mm m at 10 keV V with 3 x 1015
ions/cm2 in a ridge pattern
p with about 1.1 deegrees in thee top
angle. We
W used twoo pattern maasks dislocateed with a sllight
angle to produce the ridge patternn. Each mask has many slits
with 50 µm in width and 70 µm spacing.
s In thhe ridge patttern,
the increease in the line width wasw 1 µm forr each 50 µm m in
line lenggth. The sampple of p-C/SR was placedd in the PS dish.
d
MSC Ceells were culttured on the p-C/SR sampple for 2 day ys in Fig. 1 Phase contrrast image of self-
o
an incubbator at 37 C with 5%-C CO2 flow affter sterilizattion. alignedd MSC cellss on line-moodified
siliconne rubber surfface with 50 µm in
After immmobilizatioon with form malin, the MSC
M cells were
w
width by using carbon implantatioon.
stained by
b DAPI for nuclei. The adhered cellls extended their t
bodies loong along thhe implantattion line as shown in Fiig.1.
We evalluated the poosition of MSC adhesionn by the nucleus
position,, i.e. the adhhesion widthh in the impllantation patttern
at the nucleus
n locattion. The toop MSC celll in each riidge DAPI
patterns adhered on the area from m 3 µm to 12 µm. The most m
probablee value of adhesion
a widdth was 8 µm.
µ At a width
w
more thaan 20 µm shhown in Fig.3, plural ceells adhered in a
lateral direction
d of the
t line. As nucleus direection, all MSCM
cells hadd the same direction of thheir nuclei inn the region of 3
– 12 µm. This meeans that we w can conttrol of nucleus Fig. 2. 2 Fluorescennt image of MSC
orientation by the linne-width in thhe ion implanntation. nuclei stained with DAPI at thee very
narrow
w modified region of wedge
w
patternn.
Referen
nces
[1] H. Tsuji,
T et al, Nucl.
N Instr. Meth.,
M B266((2008)3067.
[2] H. T
Tsuji, et al, Surf.
S Coat. Tech.,
T 203(20009)2562.
50 µm
µ
Fig. 3.
3 Fluorecentt image of MSC
M
nuclei atained wiht DAPI adhereed on
20 µm m-width moodifed region n of
Siliconne rubber.
100 Book of Abstracts
Round-robin for the measurement of the Ti/N ratio in TiNx thin films in
several European laboratories
N.P. Barradas 1, C. Jeynes 2, M.J. Bailey 2, M. Zier 3, E. Alves 1, A. Bergmaier 4, I. Bogdanović-
Radović5, Z. Siketić 5, I. Vickridge 6, E. Briand 6, D. Benzeggouta 6, P. Pelicon 7, Z. Qiang 8, B. Brijs 9,
K. Temst 9, W. Vandervorst 8,9, A. Vantomme 8, G. Terwagne 10, A. Simon 11, E. Szilágyi 12, A. Winn 13
1
Instituto Tecnológico e Nuclear, Sacavém, Portugal*, nunoni@itn.pt
2
University of Surrey Ion Beam Centre, Guildford, England**
3
Forschungszentrum Dresden, Rossendorf, Saxony, Germany**
4
Institut für Angewandte Physik und Messtechnik, Universität der Bundeswehr München, Germany**
5
Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia*
6
Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, SAFIR, UPMC, Campus Jussieu, Paris, France*
7
Institute “Jožef Stefan”, Ljubljana, Slovenia**
8
University of Namur (FUNDP, LARN), Namur, Belgium
9
Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium*
10
IMEC Kapeldreef 75, Leuven, Belgium*
11
ATOMKI-HAS , Debrecen, Hungary***
12
KFKI Research Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Budapest, Hungary
13
International Rectifiers Ltd., Newport, Wales
Titanium nitride is an important material in a wide variety of modern technologies. It is a (gold
coloured) hard coating valuable for many tool and medical applications, although chemically a
ceramic it has relatively high conductivity and is classed as a “barrier” metal in semiconductor
applications (especially to inhibit copper diffusion), and it may become important in novel gate
dielectric designs for low dimensional transistor devices.
The control of the TiNx stoichiometry is very important in many applications, and ion beam analysis
(IBA) techniques to measure the Ti/N ratios should be valuable. However, it has become clear that
the Ti/N ratio measured by RBS (Rutherford backscattering) is much more uncertain than expected,
largely because of the large uncertainty introduced by the high background on the N signal. In this
Intercomparison we will measure the Ti/N ratio with high absolute accuracy using a variety of IBA
techniques, and establish a reliable protocol for the measurement of this ratio using RBS (the most
convenient of the techniques).
As an application of industrial relevance, and to promote valuable applications of ion beam analysis
techniques, this project has been organised in the context of the EU-funded SPIRIT**** project.
Acknowledgements
* SPIRIT (“Support of Public and Industrial Research Using Ion Beam Technology”) partner
** SPIRIT Partner providing Trans-National Access
*** ATOMKI (Institute of Nuclear Research of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences) provides an IBA Trans-
National Access service in the field of Cultural Heritage within the FP7 CHARISMA project
www.charismaproject.eu (project No. 228330)
**** SPIRIT is supported by the European Community as an Integrating Activity under EC contract no.
227012. SPIRIT integrates 11 leading ion beam facilities from 6 European Member States and 2
Associated States. 7 partners provide TransNational Access to their facilities, offering highly
complementary equipment and areas of specialization to European scientists. Ions are supplied in an
energy range from below 10 keV to more than 100 MeV for modification and analysis of solid surfaces,
interfaces, thin films, and soft matter. SPIRIT will increase the quality of research by sharing best
practice, harmonizing procedures and establishing rigorous quality control measures.
102 Book of Abstracts
To verify the implanted fluence for implantation services offered by SPIRIT**** partners we
have used RBS at a nominal absolute accuracy <1% [1,2]. The present work will demonstrate
the reproducibility of analysis at this accuracy.
All participating labs will measure the fluence of a 100 keV (nominally) 5.1015As/cm2 implant into Si,
using a 1.5 MeV 4He+ beam and determining the charge.solid-angle product from the yield of the a-Si
substrate signal (amorphised by the implantation). The electronic stopping power of a-Si given by
SRIM 2003 for this beam has been demonstrated to be accurate [3] by comparison with the Sb
implanted CRM (IRMM-302/BAM-L001, certified at 0.6% [4]). The accuracy with which the
electronic gain is known dominates the measurement, and the gain is determined to better than 0.2%
using single-sample multi-elemental standards with careful data handling which includes use of pulse-
height-defect-corrected spectra [5]. For internal self-validation of results from each laboratory, double
detector data acquisition is employed. The uncertainty budget [6] will be explicitly evaluated.
Acknowledgement
Research sponsored by the Center for Irradiation of Materials (CIM), National Science Foundation
under NSF-EPSCOR R-II-3 Grant No. EPS-0814103, DOD under Nanotechnology Infrastructure
Development for Education and Research through the Army Research Office # W911 NF-08-1-0425
References
[1] S. Budak, S. Guner, R. A. Minamisawa, and D. ILA, Surface and Coating Technology 203 (2009) 2479.
[2] S. Guner, S. Budak, C. I. Muntele, D. ILA, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys. Res. B, 267 (2009)1353.
10th European Conference on Accelerators in Applied Research and Technology, Athens, September 2010 105
References
[1] M. Chiari, F. Lucarelli, F. Mazzei, S. Nava, L. Paperetti, P.Prati, G. Valli, R. Vecchi, X-Ray Spectrometry
34 (2005) 323
106 Book of Abstracts
Figure 1: The Immunofluorescence images of γ-H2AX. Fig. 1a and 1b were the X-Y projection of
wild field and SIM image respectively, in which the white arrow indicates the four separate γ-H2AX
foci. Fig. 1c and 1d were the Z projection of wild field and SIM image.
References
[1] P.V. Bennett, O. Sidorkina, J. Laval, Biochemistry 39 (2000) 8026.
[2] T.T. Paull, E.P. Rogakou, V. Yamazaki, C.U. Kirchgessner, M. Gellert, W.M. Bonner, Current
Biology 10 (2000) 886.
10th Europpean Conferencce on Acceleratoors in Applied Research
R and Technology,
T Athhens, Septemberr 2010 107
Thin
n layer acttivation foor wear measurem
m ment under the micrometer range
r
F Ditrói1, S. Takács2, F. Tárkányi2, E.
F. E Corniani1,22, R.W. Smithh2, M. Jech2, T. Wopelkaa2
1
Insttitute of Nucllear Researcch, Debrecen
n, Hungary, ditroi@atom
d mki.hu
2
Ausstrian Compeetence Centeer for Triboloogy, Wiener Neustadt,
N Auustria
Thin Layyer Activatioon (TLA) wiith charged particle
p vation is exteensively used for wear, corrosion
activ c
and erossion measureements. The large groupp of construcction materiaals can be acctivated by proton p or
deuteronn activation in reasonabble time1. The T improved hard surffaces of now wadays requ uire wear
measurements underr the micrometer range. The T new tech hnique develooped makes it possible to o perform
wear meeasurements based on TL LA on very thin layers (nm ( – µm) even
e by using activities under
u the
Free Hanndling Limitts (FHL)2. The T main connstruction materials
m we can
c perform m nano-TLA with are:
Fe, Cu, Sn, Co ….. In the case of materiaals that cann not be activvated (or caannot be activated in
reasonabble time prooducing propper isotope with w proper activity) wew can also uuse secondaary recoil
implantaation3.
In the prresent work we emphasiize on devellopment of the t TLA meethod to be aable to meassure wear
under thhe micrometeer range. Thhe obvious possibility is to activate the t sample eelements at the t linear
region innstead of thee top of the cross section maximum m. The disadvvantage of thhe method iss that the
wear currve will be “linear”
“ near to the surfacce instead off “constant” byb the usual TLA. The advantage
a
is that thhe activity off the sample will be mucch lower and d it is concenntrated in thee surface thicckness in
questionn. The other obvious
o methhod is the irrradiation undder small anggle (15 to 300 degrees), which
w also
causes concentrationn of activity near
n to the suurface.
Referen
nces
[1] F. Ditrói, S. Takkács, F. Tárkáányi, M. Reichhel, M. Scherg
ge, A. Gervé, Wear 261 (2006) 1397.
[2] E. Corniani, M. Jech, F. Ditróói, T. Wopelkaa, F. Franek, Wear
W 267 (20009) 828
[3] F. Ditrói, I. Mahhunka, NIMB 113 (1996) 4115.
108 Book of Abstracts
References
[1] M.A. Reis, L. C. Alves, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B 68 (1992) 300.
[2] M.A. Reis, L. C. Alves, A. P. Jesus, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B 109/110 (1996) 134
[3] R. Mateus, A.P. Jesus, J.P. Ribeiro, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B 229 (2005) 302.
10th European Conference on Accelerators in Applied Research and Technology, Athens, September 2010 109
The Total Organic Carbon (TOC) analyzer measures the content of total organic and inorganic carbon
present in liquids or in solid samples. TOC analyzers are normally used to assess the water quality, for
industry control and pharmaceutical purposes.
In order to validate the calibration of the TOC setup, several inorganic compounds were analyzed by
elastic backscattering spectrometry (EBS) at ITN ion beam lab, using a Tandem Accelerator. The EBS
measurements were carried out using 1.7 MeV proton beams with average currents of 5 nA to make
use of the well known 12C(p,p)12C reaction resonance. Backscattered ions were detected by a PIPS
detector, placed at an angle of 130º to the beam axis, with a resolution of 15 keV for 5 MeV alpha
particles. The TOC measurements were performed by catalytic oxidation/NDIR spectrometry using a
TOC IL500 Shimadzu apparatus. The carbon atomic concentration in the inorganic compounds was
simulated by NDF with SigmaCalc [1,2]. The same inorganic compounds were analyzed by TOC.
The inorganic compounds that were analysed were calcium carbonate, potassium carbonate, zinc
carbide and lead carbonate. The potassium carbonate spectrum with the simulation is presented in
figure 1.
The carbon atomic concentration calculated by EBS and TOC setup were in agreement within the
experimental uncertainties and the EBS technique proved to be suitable to calibrate a TOC setup.
References
[1] N.P. Barradas, C. Jeynes, R.P. Webb, Appl. Phys. Lett. 71 (1997) 291.
[2] A. F. Gurbich, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B 136-138 (1998) 60.
110 Book of Abstracts
References
[1] T.E. Graedel, J. Electrochem.Soc. 141/4 (1994) 922.
[2] L. Black, G.C. Allen, P.C. Frost, Appl. Spectr. 49/9 (1995) 1299.
[3] L. Black, G.C. Allen, British Corr. J. 34/3 (1999) 192.
[4] L. Black, G.C. Allen, British Corr. J. 35/1 (2000) 39.
[5] E. Kashy, R.R. Perry, J.R. Risser, Phys. Rev. 117/5 (1960) 1289
112 Book of Abstracts
Ion beam analysis of a laser cleaned archaeological metal object: The San
Estebam de Gormaz cross (Soria-Spain)
C. Gutiérrez1, A. Zucchiatti2, A. Climent-Font3, C. Escudero4, M. Barrera5
1
Centro de Micro-Análisis de Materiales (CMAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, corresponding
author C/ Faraday, 3 Campus of Cantoblanco E-28049 – Madrid Spain, (+34)914973621
carolina.gutierrez@uam.es
2
Centro de Micro-Análisis de Materiales (CMAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
3
Centro de Micro-Análisis de Materiales (CMAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
4
Centro de Conservación y Restauración de Bienes Culturales (CCRBC) de la Junta de Castilla y
León
5
Centro de Conservación y Restauración de Bienes Culturales (CCRBC) de la Junta de Castilla y
León
The object, a gild copper cross with a wooden core, now almost disappeared, shows the typical features
produced by a long burial time: the entire surface of the copper alloys is covered by a carbonate, and other
degradation products layer, which hinders the “legibility” of the cross in terms of the materials used and the
techniques employed to manufature it. The cleaning of this XI century object has been performed by laser
ablation and, at first, addressed at comparing the various working modes that on such a kind of objects are
available: wavelenght selection, Q-Switched versus Long Q-Switched timing, ablation versus ultrasound
regime.
In the intermediate cleaning phase the cross has been extensively analysed with the external proton micro-
beam of the Centro de Micro-Análisis de Materiales (CMAM) of the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid,
where PIXE and RBS techniques have been used in parallel to asses both the chemical composition and the
layered structure of cleaned and original parts. The aim of the analysis is to verify that none of the structural
features of the objects are being modified by the cleaning process leaving intact the possibility of artistic
interpretation of the object (e.g. small series production of the cross elements).
Amongst other results, the RBS analysis confirms the application of a double gold layer (with the technique
of the mercury amalgam clearly indicated by PIXE) in the front side of the cross; a fact which is quite
surprising and might be related to the craftsman will of enriching his object or perhaps to a repair that could
be confirmed only when the cleaning process is completed.
The recovery of this exceptional ornamental object is made possible by the coordinated work of
several professionals coming from various disciplines aimed at establishing the importance of this
cross in terms of its physical appearance and in terms of the manufacturing techniques.
114 Book of Abstracts
References
[1] O.W. Holland, C.W. White, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B 59/60 (1991) 353.
[2] W.X. Lu, Y.H. Qian, R.H. Tian, Z.L. Wang, R.J. Schreutelkamp, J.R. Liefting, F.W. Saris, Appl. Phys.
Lett. 55 (1989) 1838.
[3] H. Wong, N.W. Cheung, P.K. Chu, J. Liu, J.W. Mayer Appl. Phys. Lett. 52 (1988) 1023.
10th European Conference on Accelerators in Applied Research and Technology, Athens, September 2010 115
2,0
1 16 1 16
H( O, H) O
2 16 2 16
Cross-section (ratio to Rutherford)
H( O, H) O
4 16 4 16
1,5 He( O, He) O
1,0
0,5
0,0
10000 15000
Energy (keV)
Figure 1: recoil cross section for 1,2H and 4He reactions in 8 – 17 MeV energy range.
The use of lithium, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen beams for the simultaneous detection of hydrogen
isotopes and helium is discussed in respect to available cross-section data, sensitivity, signal overlap,
depth resolution and maximum depth of analysis.
References
[1] Qi Qiu and all, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 121 (1990) 186 – 189.
[2] T. Mitamura and all, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 121 (1997) 271 – 274.
[3] J. K. Kim and all, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 129 (1997) 323 – 326.
116 Book of Abstracts
Figure 1: Schematic of a PIXE linear traverse analysis (LTA) across the width of the nail, indicating the
elemental distribution in ppm concentration of the elements S, K, Ca and Zn to establish any correlation that
might exist. The concentrations were summed at every 50µm. The width of the LTA was 20µm. The LTA is
shown in the inset.
References
[1] R. Meehra and M. Juneja (2004). Indian Journal of Biochemistry and Biophysics, vol. 41, pp.53-56.
[2] S. Johansson et al. (1995) Particle Induced X-ray Emssion, Wiley and Sons.
[3] J. Mars (2004). Application of the Nuclear Microprobe in Materials Science. Doctoral Thesis (Cape
Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville, South Africa).
[4] J. Mars et al. (2004) Radiation Physics and Chemistry, vol. 71, pp. 799-800.
10th European Conference on Accelerators in Applied Research and Technology, Athens, September 2010 117
References
[1] C. Henrist, J. Dewalque, F. Mathis, R. Cloots, Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 117 (2009) 292.
118 Book of Abstracts
References
[1] M.A. Ontalba et al., “External Microbeam setup at the CNA (Sevilla and its applications to the study of
Tartesic jewellery”, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. In Phys. Research B181 (2001) 664-669.
[2] M.A. Respaldiza et al., “Combining PIXE and XRF with Gamma-Ray Transmission to Get Accurate
Anaysis of Archaeological Bronzes”, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B50 (1990) 226.
10th European Conference on Accelerators in Applied Research and Technology, Athens, September 2010 119
References
[1] M. Nakamura et al., Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A 268 (1988) 313.
[2] G. Randers-Pehrson et al., Radiat. Res. 156 (2001) 210.
10th European Conference on Accelerators in Applied Research and Technology, Athens, September 2010 121
Figure 1: An illustration of the interaction of the proton beam with the inner-shell electrons of a sulfur
atom inserted in the channel resulting in the emission of characteristic X-rays.
References
[1] Yu. N. Demkov and J. D. Meyer, Eur. Phys. J. B 42, 361 (2004).
[2] N. Nešković, S. Petrović, and D. Borka, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. Phys. Res. B 267, 2616 (2009).
[3] V. Berec, S. Petrović, D. Borka, and N. Nešković, submitted for publication in Phys. Rev. A.
[4] S. Petrović, L. Miletić, and N. Nešković, Phys. Rev. B 61, 184 (2000).
122 Book of Abstracts
Recently many microbeam systems, employing different types of radiation such as X-ray and charged
particles, have been development for biological studies. A heavy-ion microbeam system for the
irradiation of cells has been developed using a tandem Van de Graaff accelerator at Kyoto University.
We have successfully developed carbon beams collimated through double apertures with 6-9 µm hole
and controlled the irradiating number of ions which is measured by a delta energy counter with a very
thin scintillator film, which are described in detail elsewhere[1].
Using the heavy-ion microbeam system, we have measured energy deposits of single ion in an
Imaging Plate (IP) using fluorescent material of BaFBr:Eu2+, which is widely used for radiography
such as in-situ detection and distribution measurements of low-level radioactivity in biological studies.
When heavy ions are injected to the IP, the information of the deposited energy is recorded as the
number of subexcited electrons such as F centers and then the deposited energy can be evaluated by
measurements of photo-stimulated luminescence (PSL) using scanning the surface of the IP with a
leaser. Using the IP, we have successfully measured the PSL with a precise location and with precise
number of irradiated ions; the case of one carbon ion of 42 MeV is shown in Fig.1. The investigation
of the IP response, especially for the single ion, could be important to understand some basic processes
of microbeam irradiation to cells. In this work, we will present the application of our heavy-ion
microbeam system.
References
[1] M. Nakamura et al., 10th European Conference on Accelerators in Applied Research and Thecnology,
Athens, Greece, September13-17, 2010.
124 Book of Abstracts
References
[1] A. Rahmel, W.J. Quadakkers, M. Schütze, Mater. Corros. 46 (1995) 271.
[2] A. Donchev, B. Gleeson, M. Schütze, Intermetallics 11 (2003) 387.
[3] H.-E. Zschau, M. Schütze, Mater. Corros. 59 (2008) 619.
[4] S. Neve, K.E. Stiebing, L.Ph.H. Schmidt, H.-E. Zschau, P.J. Masset, M. Schütze, Materials Science
Forum 638-642 (2010) 1384.
10th European Conference on Accelerators in Applied Research and Technology, Athens, September 2010 125
In this study, B −4 cluster and B1− monomer ions of the same energy level per atom (20 keV/atom) and
total atomic fluence (2×1015 atoms/cm2) were implanted into silicon wafers held at liquid nitrogen
temperature (LT, -196 oC). Following implantation, the as-implanted specimens were annealed via a
two-step FA+RTA annealing treatment in which FA denotes furnace annealing at 550 oC for 3 h and
RTA represents rapid thermal annealing at 1050 oC for 25 s. The characteristics of radiation damage in
both the as-implanted and as-annealed specimens were probed using Raman scattering spectroscopy
(RSS) as well as transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In particular, crystallization and
amorphization behaviors in the specimens were quantitatively determined according to the
longitudinal and transverse optical phonon peaks, respectively, appeared in the RSS spectra in terms of
their peak intensity and full-width at half-maximum (FWHM). Both the RSS and TEM results
revealed that heavily-damaged and amorphous structures are formed in the as-implanted B 4 and B1
specimens, respectively, mainly due to the so-called non-linear damage effect existed in the former.
Furthermore, there is less radiation damage remained in the as-annealed B 4 specimen compared to the
as-annealed B1 one, resulting from the occurrence of solid phase epitaxial growth (SPEG) in the
amorphous layer of the former which thus causes significant removal of radiation damage.
10th European Conference on Accelerators in Applied Research and Technology, Athens, September 2010 127
Figure 1: Fitting of the 2D MEIS spectrum of gold spherical nanoparticles, analyzed with a beam of
H+ with energy of 100 keV
References
[1] J. P. Stoquert, T. Szörenyi, Phys. Rev B 67 (2002) 144108.
[2] H. Matsumoto, K. Mitsuhara, A. Visikovskiy, T. Akita, N. Toshima, Y. Kido, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in
Phys. Res. B, (2010) DOI 10.1016/j.nimb.2010.03.032 .
[3] I. Konomi, S. Hyodo, T. Motohiro, Journal of Catalysis 192 (2000) 11-17.
[4] P. L. Grande, A. Hentz, R. P. Pezzi, I. J. R. Baumvol, G. Schiwietz, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. In Phys. Res. B
256 (2007) 92-96.
[5] M. A. Sortica, P. L. Grande, G. Machado, L. Miotti, Journal of Applied Physics 106 (2009) 114320.
128 Book of Abstracts
Stopping powers of mylar for 16O, 19F, 28Si from 1.6 to 5.5 MeV/u
M. Chekirine 1, R. K. Choudhury2, D. C. Biswas2, H. Ammi3 and S. Tobbeche4
1
Universite de Blida, faculté des sciences, département de physique BP .270, route de Soumaa,
Blida, Algérie.
2
Nuclear Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India.
3
Centre de Recherche Nucléaire d’Alger, Algérie.
4
Université de Batna, Algérie.
Stopping powers of mylar for 16O, 19F, 28Si from 1.6 to 5.5 MeV/amu have been measured by a
transmission technique. No previous data have been published with these ions in such film. The
obtained data are compared with values predicted by the SRIM-2008, MSTAR and ICRU-93
simulated codes calculations. The effective charge values of these ions have also been deduced from
the experimental set of data.
References
[1] J. Raisanen, W. H. Trzaaska, T. Alanko, V. Lapin, J. Appl. Phys. 94 (2003) 2080.
[2] H.Ammi, S. mammeri, M. Chekirine, B. Bouzid, M. Allab, Nucl. Instr. And Meth B 198 (2002)5.
[3] T. Alanko, J. Hyvonen, V. kyllonen, J. Raisanen, A. Virtanen, . Nucl. Instr. And Meth B 161 (2000) 164.
[4] F. Munnik, K. Vakevainen, J. Raisanen, U. Watjen, J. Appl. Phys. 86 (1999) 3934.
[5] M. Chekirine, H. Ammi, Radiat. Meas. 30, 131 (1999).
130 Book of Abstracts
The analysis of elastic scattering cross section in terms of the Optical Model is subject to a series of
well known ambiguities. For projectile energies around the Coulomb barrier, it has been observed that
the technique determines the potential only at a sensitivity radius ([1] and references therein) while for
energies well above the Coulomb barrier pronounced refractive structures appear providing valuable
information on the shape of the potentials even at small distances [2]. Different authors starting from
different assumptions about the initial values or shape of the potentials frequently offer different
physical interpretation of the observed data. It would be important to have a set of “user independent”
Optical Potentials that adjust the data to allow the user to see a large array of possibilities before
committing to a particular Optical Potential. Here, a Genetic Algorithm (GA) code that allows a “blind
search” of the multiparametric 2 surface is presented.
The genetic material’s genes are the parameters of the Optical Potential. In the present case nine
parameters: three for the real potential (i.e. Wood Saxon (WS) shape with depth parameter V, radius
parameter r0 and diffusivity a) three for the Volume imaginary potential (WS shape with depth
parameter VI, radius parameter ri0 and diffusivity ai) and three Surface Imaginary (WS-derivative
shape with depth parameter VSI, radius parameter rsi0 and diffusivity asi). One particular chromosome
or individual is a specific instance of the nine parameters. First, an initial random population is
generated (within user selected limits for each parameter) with a given number of individuals (around
200) for each of which the individual fitness is evaluated (for instance assigning the corresponding 2
value after running an Optical Model code with its parameters). The GA code then allows this initial
generation to evolve using fitness-driven reproduction of the individuals and mutating the resulting
population. The process is repeated until a stopping criteria is fulfilled. Special care has to be taken to
avoid a too rapid convergence of the population to only a few genetically different individuals (loss of
diversity). The method could be applied to other theoretical models like coupled channel calculations
or the inclusion of resonances with R-matrix techniques. These applications will be presented
elsewhere.
Two particular examples are presented here: one for the 7Li+27Al system at low energies (6-18 MeV),
and another for the 16O+16O system at 350 MeV. The optimum GA internal parameters are discussed
as well as the population evolution as a function of fitness and diversity.
References
References
[1] André Anders, ‘Handbook of Plasma Immersion Ion Implantation and Deposition’, Wiley-Interscience,
United States of America, 2000.
[2] S. Parascandola, O. Kruse, E. Richter and W. Möller. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 17 (1999), p. 855.
[3] W. Möller, S. Parascandola, O. Kruse, R. Günzel and E. Richter. Surf. Coat. Technol. 116–119 (1999),
p. 1.
10th European Conference on Accelerators in Applied Research and Technology, Athens, September 2010 133
References
[1] André Anders, ‘Handbook of Plasma Immersion Ion Implantation and Deposition’, Wiley-Interscience,
United States of America, 2000.
134 Book of Abstracts
References
[1] B. Qi, Y.Y. Lau and R.M. Gilgenbach, Appl. Phys. Lett, 78, (2001) 706.
10th European Conference on Accelerators in Applied Research and Technology, Athens, September 2010 135
Good quality ion beams of moderate energy are very important either for scientific applications or for
industrial production. Ion beam applications can provide new biomedical material as well as new
results in biodiversity field. In this work, we present the experimental results of a Laser Ion Source
(LIS) performed for ions acceleration. A KrF excimer laser operating at 248 nm was focused on a
solid target mounted in a vacuum chamber, in order to obtain plasma. The laser energy was fixed at 30
mJ/pulse. The ion component of the plasma can be extracted and accelerated up to 160 keV per charge
state by a double gap system formed by two different stages. Using Cu disks, as laser target, we
produced a beam containing 1.0x1011 ions per laser pulse. Applying accelerating voltages of 40 kV
and 20 kV in the first and secondary stage, respectively, we obtained an increase of the ions number
per laser pulse up to 1.2x1012 with a beam energy of 60 keV per charge state. We can suppose that the
total extracted charge per pulse resulted of 200 nC. This last result is due to the high electric field that
influences the plasma inside of the expansion chamber, mounted in the first stage of the accelerating
gap.
The characterization of the plasma was performed by a Faraday cup for the electromagnetic
characteristics, whereas a pepper pot system for the geometric ones.
In this work we will present the electromagnetic and geometric characteristics on accelerating voltage.
At 60 kV accelerating voltage and 5.3 mA output current (ion flux 3.4x1011 ions/cm2) the normalized
emittance of the beam measured by pepper pot method resulted of 0.22 π mm mrad[1].
References
[1] A. Lorusso, M.V. Siciliano, L. Velardi, V. Nassisi, Instrum. Meth. A 614, (2010) 169
136 Book of Abstracts
Acknowledgement
Research sponsored by the Center for Irradiation of Materials (CIM), National Science Foundation
under NSF-EPSCOR R-II-3 Grant No. EPS-0814103, DOD under Nanotechnology Infrastructure
Development for Education and Research through the Army Research Office # W911 NF-08-1-0425
References
[1] S. Budak, S. Guner, C. Muntele, D. Ila, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys. Res. B, 267 (2009)1592.
[2] S. Budak, S.Guner, C. Smith, R.A. Minamisawa, B. Zheng, C. Muntele, D. Ila, Surface and Coating
Technology 203 (2009) 2418.
138 Book of Abstracts
References
[1] www.spirit-ion.eu
[2] D. Jezeršek et al, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B (2010), doi:10.1016/j.nimb.2010.02.118
[3] K. Vogel-Mikuš et al, Plant Cell Environ. 31, 1484 (2008).
[4] M. Žitnik et al, Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 094104-1 (2008).
[5] M. Kavčič et al., X-Ray Spectrom.34, 310 (2005).
[6] S. Markelj et al, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B 259, 989-996 (2007).
10th European Conference on Accelerators in Applied Research and Technology, Athens, September 2010 139
References
[1] D. Riabinina, C. Durand, M. Chaker and F. Rosei, Appl. Phys. Lett. 88 (2006) 073105
[2] Y.K. Mishra, V.S.K. Chakravadhanula, U. Schu¨rmann, Hardeep Kumar, D. Kabiraj, S. Ghosh, V.
Zaporojtchenko, D.K. Avasthi, F. Faupel, Nucl. Inst. and Meth. B 266 (2008) 1804.
142 Book of Abstracts
10th European Conference on Accelerators in Applied Research and Technology, Athens, September 2010 143
POSTER SESSION II
PII-1 N.I. Ayzatskiy, N.P. Dikiy, A.N. Dovbnya, Yu.V. Lyashko, V.I. Nikiforov,
A.Eh. Tenishev, V.L.Uvarov, V.A. Shevchenko
Carrier-free production of 95Tc isotope at the electron accelerator
PII-2 V.I. Nikiforov, V.L. Uvarov
A method for estimation of isotope yield in a thick target under photonuclear
production
PII-3 G. Chêne, F. Mathis, T. Dupuis, A. Marchal, M.Clar, H.-P. Garnir, D. Strivay
Towards a TOF-based solution for beam energy measurements at Liege
cyclotron facility – Conception and preliminary results
PII-4 T. Fujimoto, M. Kanazawa, T. Shirai, Y. Iwata, M. Uchiyama, K. Noda
Acceleration of the heavy ions with a new RF system at HIMAC synchrotron
PII-5 A.-C. Heuskin,A.-C. Wéra, H. Riquier, C. Michiels, M. Caccia, S. Lucas
On the use of two solid state detectors to assess beam uniformity for broad
beam in vitro cell irradiation.
PII-6 K. Katagiri, K. Mizushima, T. Furukawa, E. Takeshita, Chr. Schoemers, Sh. Sato,
Y. Iwata, T. Shirai, K. Noda
Beam stability improvement of HIMAC synchrotron using a current feed-
forward system in the magnet power supply
PII-7 R. Kuroda, M. Koike, K. Yamada
THz imaging system for material science on the basis of an S-band compact
electron linac
PII-8 J. Lopes, E. Alves, Fr. Alegria, L. Redondo, J. Rocha
Improvement of the mass spectrometry process on an ion implantation system
PII-9 S. Masubuchi, T. Nakanishi
Panofsky magnet for the beam extraction using a fast Q-magnet
PII-10 K. Mizushima, S. Sato, T. Shirai, T. Furukawa, K. Katagiri, E. Takeshita, K. Noda
Development of beam current control system in RF-knockout slow extraction
PII-11 K. Sakaue, H. Hayano, S. Kashiwagi, R. Kuroda, A. Masuda, T. Suzuki, T.
Takatomi N. Terunuma, J. Urakawa, M. Washio
Cs-Te photo-cathode RF electron gun for applied researches at Waseda
University
PII-12 S. Shibuya, T. Hattori, N. Hayashizaki, Hirotsugu Kashiwagi2, T. Maruyama, T.
Mochizuki, S. Momota, J. Nakagawa, T. Takeuchi
Development of laser ion source for heavy ion applications
PII-13 R W Smith, M Karlušić, Ž Pastuović, N Skukan, M Jakšić
Recent developments of the single ion hit detection set-up at RBI
PII-14 T. Zhang, J. Zhong, M. Li, Ch. Wang, Y. Lu, X. Jiang, J. Yang, J. Lin, F. Yang
Development and application of a new method to shim first harmonic in
compact cyclotron
PII-15 T. Zhang, M. Li, J. Zhong, S. An, S. Wei, J. Yang
Beam Dynamics Study for a 14 MeV PET Cyclotron
PII-16 T. Zhang, S. An, C. Wang, Z. Yin, S. Wei, M. Li, J. Yang, B. Ji, X. Jia, J. Zhong, F.
Yang
Physics design of 70 MeV high intensity cyclotron
PII-17 T. Zhang, J. Yang, M. Li, L. Xia, S. An, J. Zhong, F. Yang, W. Joho, A. Adelmann,
P. Sigg
Conceptual design of an 800 MeV high power proton cyclotron
PII-18 T. Zhang, C. Wang, J. Zhong, H. Yao
Investigation for the vertical focusing enhancement of compact cyclotron by
asymmetrical shimming bar
146 Book of Abstracts
PII-19 T. Zhang, Y. Lu, Z. Yin, J. Zhong, T. Cui, M. Li, S. Wei, G. Song, L. Wu, B. Ji, J.
Xing, J. Qin, X. Jia, W. Hu, J. Yang, S. An, F. Guan, X. Zhen, L. Wen, J. Lin, Z. Li,
X. Zhang, Y Cai, F. Yang
Overall design of CYCIAE-14, a 14 MeV PET cyclotron
PII-20 C. Wang, X. Zheng, J. Zou, T. Zhang, X. Jiang
Design and preliminary operation of a compact pulsed power generator
PII-21 P. Álvarez-Iglesias, M. Fedi, E.M. Wild, L. Caforio, P. Steier, F. Tacceti, D. Rey, B.
Rubio, K. Mohamed, R. Coimbra F. Vilas
14
C-dating of marine carbonate samples: Sample pretreatment and
measurements
PII-22 L. Caforio, M.E. Fedi, P. Alvarez-Iglesias, M. Manetti, F. Taccetti
Upgrade of the radiocarbon sample preparation laboratory at LABEC
PII-23 L. Calcagnile, G. Quarta , M. D’Elia, L. Maruccio, A. Caramia
AMS radiocarbon dating and IBA compositional analysis of ancient musical
instruments: A study of ancient chordophones
PII-24 L. Calcagnile, G. Quarta , M. D’Elia, A. Caramia, V. Gaballo, M. Vidale
Studying the casting cores of the Riace Bronzes: AMS 14C dating and PIXE-
PIGE results
PII-25 A. Caramia, M. D’Elia, V. Gaballo, G. Quarta , L. Calcagnile
Extraction of CO2 and AMS-seawater dating at CEDAD
PII-26 M. De Cesare, Y. Guan, N. De Cesare, A. D’Onofrio, L. Gialanella, A. Palmieri, A.
Petraglia, F. Quinto, V. Roca5, C. Sabbarese and F. Terrasi
Progress in the actinides AMS at CIRCE
PII-27 O. Forstner, H. Gnaser, R. Golser, D. Hanstorp, M. Martschini, A. Priller, J.
Rohlén, P. Steier, C. Vockenhuber, A. Wallner
Assessment of 182Hf AMS measurements at VERA
PII-28 T. Jabbar, P. Steier, A.Priller, G. Wallner, N. Kandler, C. Katzlberger
AMS analysis of I-129 in aerosols from Austria
PII-29 M. Martschini, O. Forstner, R. Golser, W. Kutschera, S. Pavetich, A. Priller, P.
Steier, M. Suter, A. Wallner
Recent advances in AMS of 36Cl with a 3 MV tandem
PII-30 S. Merchel, M. Arnold, G. Aumaître, D. Bourlès, R. Braucher
How to get a new accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) facility running: The
chemistry part
PII-31 M.L. Roberts, K.F. von Reden, C.P. McIntyre, and J.R. Burton
Progress with a gas-accepting ion source for accelerator mass spectrometry
PII-32 A.Steinhof
Status report of the Jena 14C AMS facility
PII-33 C. Vockenhuber, M. Christl, J. Lachner, D. Meister, A. Milenko Müller, H.-A. Synal
Accelerator mass spectrometry of 236U at low energies
PII-34 A. Scharf, A. Bräuning, W. Kretschmer , S. Gierl, K. Leichmann, B. Wegner, I.
Burchardt, F. Darragon
Wiggle matching of AMS radiocarbon dates from wood samples of historical
buildings in high Asia
PII-35 K. von Reden, A. Steinhof, I. Hejja, B. Longworth
Modeling calculations for the Woods Hole and Jena Tandetron AMS injectors
PII-36 W. Assmann, M. Bader, C. Schäfer, R. Sroka, S. Uschold, P. Weidlich, J. Schirra
Development of radioactive 32P-implants for brachytherapy
PII-37 D. Ila, S. Ismet Gurhan, R. L. Zimmerman, R. A. Minamisawa and M. G. Rodriguez
Next generation applications of ion beams for improving biocompatible
materials
PII-38 Y. Iwata, K. Noda, E. Takada, T. Shirai, T. Furukawa, T. Kadowaki, H. Uchiyama,
T. Fujimoto
Development of synchrotron control for heavy-ion medical accelerators
PII-39 B. Király, F. Tárkányi1, A. Hermanne S. Takács, F. Ditrói, M. Baba, H. Yamazaki,
10th European Conference on Accelerators in Applied Research and Technology, Athens, September 2010 147
10000
2754-1
counts
juvl
1000
100
95+95m
Tc 511
10
Figure 1: γ-spectrum of Ru sample a day after the activation (24Na was generated in the Al envelope
of the sample)
References
[1] K.Roy, S.Basu, D.K.Palat et al. Nucl. Chem., 256 (2003) 311.
[2] P.P.Dmitriev, G.A.Moplin, Z.P.Dmitrieva, M.V.Panarin, Atomic Energy 40 (1976) 75.
[3] P.J.Kershaw, D.McCubin, K.S.Leonard, Sci. Total Environ. 237/238 (1999) 119.
[4] N.I.Ayzatskiy, N.P.Dikiy, A.N.Dovbnya et al., Proc. 18-th Int. Conf. On Cyclotrons and their Appl.
Giardiny Naxos (Italy), Oct. 1-5, 2007, p.234
150 Book of Abstracts
A method for the estimation of the isotope yield in a thick target under
photonuclear production
V.I. Nikiforov, V.L. Uvarov
NSC KIPT, Kharkov, Ukraine, uvarov@kipt.kharkov.ua
The production of isotopes for nuclear medicine with the use of bremsstrahlung of the electron
accelerator is currently considered as the promising technology for a number of radionuclides - 99Mo,
195m
Pt, 67Cu, etc. (see ,e.g., refs. [1-3]). Analysis of competitive ability of that technique calls for a
preliminary estimation of the photonuclear isotope yield with regard for the characteristics of the
accelerator, the bremsstrahlung converter and the target. The report presents a model for analytical
description of high-energy bremsstrahlung and its interaction with the thick technological target.
Simple formulas including available radiation and exit devices characteristics as well as the excitation
function in the Breit-Wigner form are derived for determining effective cross section of photonuclear
reaction and isotope yield in the cylindrical target of different size. As an illustration, we consider the
48
Ti(γ,p)47Sc, 68Zn(γ,p)67Cu, 100Mo(γ,n)99Mo, 112Sn(γ,p)111In, and 193Ir(γ,n)192Ir reactions that can be
used for production of some medical isotopes. It has been shown, in particular, that the values of the
proportionality factor between maximum and effective cross sections for the reactions under study (the
range of target atomic number Z~20-80) are neighbor for a specified endpoint energy of
bremsstrahlung spectrum in the range of interest 40-100 MeV. The obtained data on isotope yield are
compared with experiment and simulation results (see Table 1). The simulation was carried out using
especially developed and validated Monte Carlo code on basis of PENELOPE package supplemented
with the photonuclear cross section database. The characteristics for description of bremsstrahlung
utilization under technological target activation are discussed.
Table 1: Photonuclear isotope yield (cylindrical target of 2x2, cm)
References
[1] Making Medical Isotopes. Report of the Task Force on Alternatives for Medical-Isotope Production,
2008, available from http://www.triumf.ca/report-medical-isotope-production.
[2] M.P.Dikiy, A.N.Dovbnya, Yu.V.Lyashko et al., J.Label. Comp. Radiopharm. 50 (2007) 480.
[3] A.N.Dovbnya, V.I.Nikiforov, V.L.Uvarov, V.F.Zhyglo, Proc. 11-th Europ. Part. Accel. Conf. EPAC’08.
Genova (Italy), June 23-27, 2008, p.1308.
10th European Conference on Accelerators in Applied Research and Technology, Athens, September 2010 151
References
[1] G.Chêne,H.-P. Garnir, A.Marchal, F.Mathis, D. Strivay, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B 266 Issue 10 (May
2008) p.2110-2112.
[2] A. Gurbich, I. Bogdanovic-Radovic, M. Chiari, C. Jeynes, M. Kokkoris, A.R. Ramos, M. Mayer, E.
Rauhala, O. Schwerer, Shi Liqun, I. Vickridge, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B 266 Issue 8(April 2008) p.1198-
1202.
152 Book of Abstracts
0.8
B [T]
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 1000 2000 3000
t [ms]
Figure 1: Excitation pattern of the synchrotron for the scanning irradiation (left), and the beam
bunch signal at 140 MeV/n (right) in the case of (a) B-clock and (b) T-clock The bunch shape with
B-clock is distorted in the RF bucket due to the accumulated error pulse. On the other hand, the
bunch shape with T-clock is kept constant.
References
[1] T. Furukawa, et al, Proceeding of EPAC08 (2008), 1794.
10th European Conference on Accelerators in Applied Research and Technology, Athens, September 2010 153
On the use of two solid state detectors to assess beam uniformity for broad
beam in vitro cell irradiation.
A.-C. Heuskin1,A.-C. Wéra1, H. Riquier2, C. Michiels2, M. Caccia3, S. Lucas1
1
NAmur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences (NARILIS), research center in Physics of Matter and
Radiation (PMR), University of Namur-FUNDP, anne-catherine.heuskin@fundp.ac.be
2
NAmur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences (NARILIS), Unité de Recherche de Biologie Cellulaire
(URBC), University of Namur-FUNDPRue de Bruxelles, 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
3
Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Department of Physics and Mathematics, Via Ravasi, 2 - 21100
Varese, Italy.
The interaction of charged particles with living matter has recently attracted increasing interest in the
field of biomedical applications like hadrontherapy, radioprotection and space radiation biology.
Particle accelerators are particularly useful in this area.
In vitro radiobiological studies with broad beam configuration require beam homogeneity. In this way,
the distribution of dose given to a cells’ population is hopefully uniform.
In this paper, we compare the results of two devices used to assess the beam quality for broad beam
irradiation: not position sensitive - silicon surface barrier detector and a position sensitive solid state
detector, camera like.
The first one is a passivated implanted planar silicon (PIPS) particle detector of 300 µm nominal
depletion depth and entrance window about 500 Å thickness. It is collimated with a 0.5 mm aperture
and mounted in air on a X-Y moving table as close as possible to the exit window of the beam line.
The second one is a CMOS position sensitive detector (Technological process 0.6 µm AMS CUA),
112 × 112 pixels, 153x153 µm2 pixel size. It allows the user to get the dose map in one second over a
surface of 1x1 cm². During uniformity and dose rate assessment it is placed in air at the exact cells
location.
For both detectors, beam profile was obtained for various proton flux (from ~104 to 107 particles cm-2
s-1) and energies (from 1.0 to 3.5 MeV).
Results are analysed in light of Poisson distribution and cell hit probability.
154 Book of Abstracts
References
[1] T. Furukawa et al., Proc. of EPAC08, Genoa, (2008) 1794.
[2] S. Sato et al., Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A 574 (2007) 226.
10th Europpean Conferencce on Acceleratoors in Applied Research
R and Technology,
T Athhens, Septemberr 2010 155
THz im
maging syystem for material science
on the basiis of an S-band com
mpact eleectron linaac
R. Kurodaa, M. Koike, K. K Yamada
Researcch Institute of Instrumenttation Frontiier, Nationall Institute of Advanced
A Inndustrial Scieence and
Technoology (AIST)), Japan, ryu-kuroda@aisst.go.jp
A coherent terahertzz (THz) radiiation sourcee has been developed
d baased on ultraa-short electrron beam
using ann S-band com mpact electroon linac at AIST
A [1-2]. The coherennt THz radiaation has a highh peak
power, so
s that the linnac-based TH Hz source is expected to be instead of o a conventiional laser-baased THz
T designedd THz pulse has high peaak power mo
source. The ore than 1 kWW in frequenncy range bettween 0.1
- 2 THz. All of our system is buillt in one reseearch room about
a 10 meters square. T The linac connsists of a
laser phootocathode rf r gun (BNL L type) with a Cs-Te pho otocathode load-lock
l sysstem and tw wo 1.5-m-
long acccelerator struuctures whichh is a 1/2 π mode
m standing wave struucture. The eelectron beam m can be
acceleratted up to abbout 42 MeV V using an rf source off a 20-MW klystron. Thhe electron bunch is
compresssed to less thhan 1 ps withh a magneticc bunch comp pressor (so called
c the achhromatic arc section).
The coheerent synchrotron radiation (CSR) off the THz reg gion is generaated from the ultra-short and high
charge electron
e buncch at the 90 degree
d bendiing magnet anda it is extraacted from a z-cut quartzz window
for THz applicationss such as thee THz time-ddomain specctroscopy (TD DS) and TH Hz imaging [3 3]. In the
previouss article[3-4], THz imagiing techniquue has been established
e f the IC caard and the vegetable
for v
leaf imaging. Figuree 1 shows thee setup of thhe THz transsmission scannning imaginng experimeent with a
THz deteector (0.1 TH Hz range) annd new invesstigation systtem for the evaluation
e off the ion imp
plantation
such as boron
b ions inn a Si wafer. The Si wafeer is almost transparent
t too the THz radiation but some
s ions
absorb more
m or less THz radiatioon due to its dose. Therefore, we cann estimate im mplant dose from
f THz
absorptioon images annd evaluate thet distributiion of ion do opant of mateerials such ass a semicond ductor. In
this workkshop, we will
w report deetails of the accelerator
a based
b THz soource and exxperimental results
r of
the THz imaging for the ion impllantation matterials.
Figure 1: Setup of TH
Hz transmisssion scanningg imaging
Referen
nces
[1] R. Kuroda et al., Infrared Phyysics and Techhnology 51 (2008) 390.
[2] N. Sei, R. Kurodda et al., J. Apppl. Phys. 1044 (2008) 1149008.
[3] R. Kuroda et al., Radiat. Physs. Chem. 78 (22009) 1102.
[4] R. Kuroda et al., Nucl. Instrum m. Methods Phys.
P Res. A (2
2010) , in Press.
156 Book of Abstracts
In the Nuclear Technology Institute (ITN), the ion implanter is used in materials science research. Ion
implantation is a material engineering process by which ions of a material can be implanted into
another solid, thereby changing the physical properties of the solid. One of fundamental steps on the
ion implantation system is the mass spectrometry that allows the implantation of an accurate isotope or
to avoid the existence of more than one element on the target, by deflecting the ion beam trough a
magnetic field.
The mass spectrum is obtained in a plotter and the magnetic field is controlled manually through the
current source. With the system that is been developed, the mass spectrometry made through a PC
application and the mass spectrum is given trough the PC (Figure 1) instead of being printed
without any analysis.
This system consists in a PC, a data acquisition I/O board composed by multifunction input/output
board NI USB-6251 from National Instruments and four electronic modules using optic fiber control.
The computer control system uses a LabVIEW synoptic for interaction with the operator and an I/O
board that interfaces the computer and the ion implanter. In the future, one of the goals of this system
is the full automation of the mass spectrometry system.
10th European Conference on Accelerators in Applied Research and Technology, Athens, September 2010 157
References
[1] T. Nakanishi, T. Furukawa, K. Yoshida, and K. Noda, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A533 (2005) , pp.400-406.
[2] T. Nakanishi, K. Tsuruha, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A608 (2009) , pp.37-41.
158 Book of Abstracts
References
[1] T. Furukawa, at al., in: Proc. of EPAC08, Genoa, Italy, pp. 1794-1799.
[2] Y. Hirao, et al., Nucl. Phys. A 538 (1992) 541.
[3] K. Noda, et al., Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A 492 (2002) 241.
[4] K. Noda, et al., Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A 492 (2002) 253.
10th European Conference on Accelerators in Applied Research and Technology, Athens, September 2010 159
References
[1] H. Nagai et al., Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B 265 (2007) 82.
[2] S. Kashiwagi et al., J. Appl.Phys. 98 (2005) 123302.
[3] K. Sakaue et al., Rad. Phys. and Chem. 77 (2008) 1136.
160 Book of Abstracts
15
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
R/cm
References
[1] Mingwu Fan, et al., ‘Construction of high intensity proton cyclotron, CYCIAE-30’, Chinese Science
Bulletin, 1995, 40 20 1825
[2] Tianjue Zhang et al., ‘Test Stand Design and Construction for High Intensity Cyclotron Development’ ,
Chinese Physics C, Vol.32(S1), P237-240, 2008
[3] Tianjue Zhang et al., ‘Design and Construction progress of CYCIAE-100, a 100 MeV H- Cyclotron at
CIAE’, 18th International Conference on Cyclotrons and Their Appli-cations (ICCA), 2007, Italy, Invited.
10th European Conference on Accelerators in Applied Research and Technology, Athens, September 2010 163
References
[1] W.J.G.M. Kleeven, H.L. Hagedoorn, ‘The Influence of Magnetic Field Imperfections on the Beam Quality
in an H- Cyclotron’, Proc. 13th Int. Conf. On Cyclotrons and their Applications , Canada, 1992, p.380.
[2] Milan Čihák et al., ‘Beam Dynamics Simulation in the Isochronous Cyclotron U-120M’, Proc. 18th Int.
Conf. On Cyclotrons and their Applications , Italy, 2007, p.385.
[3] R.E. Laxdal et al., ‘Beam Quality Investigations For H- Extraction at Triumf’, Proc. 13th Int. Conf. On
Cyclotrons and their Applications , Canada , 1992, p.415.
164 Book of Abstracts
Ph
hysics dessign of 70 MeV hig
gh intensitty cyclotrron
T. Zhang,
Z Sh. An,
A Ch. Wang, Z. Yin, S. Wei, M. Li,, J. Yang, B. Ji, X. Jia, J. Zhong, F. Yang
Y
China Institute of Atomic
A Energgy, Beijing, P.R.
P China, tjzhang@cia
t ae.ac.cn
Recentlyy, a driver with
w a capabillity of 50KW W (70 MeV, 0.75 mA) iss indeed veryy interesting not only
for the development
d of the SPES S project, butt also for thee Radioactivee Ion-beam ((RIB) production and
proton cancer
c therappy [1,2]. Basedd on the consstruction of CYCIAE-1000 [3] at Chinna Institute of o Atomic
Energy (CIAE)
( in Beijing,
B a 70 MeV compaact cyclotron n with high intensity
i is ddesigned to be
b a dual
particle cyclotron
c abble to deliverr proton withh energy in th he range 35~ ~70 MeV andd deuteron beam with
energy ini a range of about 18~333 MeV at CIAE. C The main
m physiccs design of this machine will be
introduced in this paaper. Four strraight sectorrs will be ado opted as critical part for the machinee and two
kinds off beam H-/D-- can be injeccted, acceleraated and extrracted for muulti-applicatiion. About 700µA for
H+ and 40µA for D+ will be extractede in dual opposite directionns by chargee exchange stripping
devices. The main paarameters aree given in Taable 1. The basicb beam dynamics
d resuults are given and the
main maagnet, RF, injjection & exxtraction systtems are desiigned in detaail.
Tablee 1: Main paarameters of 70MeV cycllotron.
Referen
nces
[1] Holiffield Radioacctive Ion Beam m Facility Cyyclotron Driver White Papper, annual Sccience and Teechnology
Reviiew of the Hollifield Radioacctive Ion Beam
m Facility Jun
ne2-3, 2008.
[2] http:://www.lnl.inffn.it/~spes/TD
DR2008/Chaptter4_cyclotron n.pdf
[3] Tianjjue Zhang et al.,
a ‘Design annd Constructioon progress of CYCIAE-1000, a 100 MeV V H- Cyclotron n at
CIAEE’, 18th Internnational Confeerence on Cycclotrons and Their
T Appli-caations (ICCA),, 2007, Italy, Invited.
I
10th Europpean Conferencce on Acceleratoors in Applied Research
R and Technology,
T Athhens, Septemberr 2010 165
Conceptu
ual design
n of an 8000 MeV high powerr proton ccyclotron
n
T. Zhanng1, J. Yang1, M. Li1, L. XiaX 1, Sh. Ann1, J. Zhong1, F. Yang1, W. W Joho2, A. A
Adelmann2, P. Sigg2
1
Chinaa Institute of Atomic
A Enerrgy, Beijing, P.R. China, tjzhang@ciaae.ac.cn
2
Paul Scherrrer Institute,, Switzerlandd
This papper briefly inntroduces thee conceptuall design work k of a high power
p protonn cyclotron proposed
by Chinna Institute of o Atomic Energy
E (CIAAE) for Spaallation Neuttron Source,, Accelerato or Driven
Systems, production of Radioacttive Ion Beam ms and otherr applicationss. For this cyyclotron the 100 MeV
injectionn proton beaam is currenntly considerred to be pro ovided by CYCIAE-100
C 0 cyclotron, which is
under coonstruction ata CIAE, andd will be repllaced by a deedicated injeector later onn for beam up pgrading.
In order to minimizee the beam loss l for highh intensity opperation, largge turn separration at thee last turn
has firstt priority. It is concludeed by using parameter analysis
a of different
d soluutions that the
t warm
magnet solution
s is better than suuperconductinng magnet so olution in terrms of high current mach hine. The
optimum m setting off the key paarameters off this cyclottron is founnd by designing, compaaring the
characters of differennt solutions. Some key parameters
p arre listed in Table
T 1. Figurre 1 shows thhe sketch
of the cyyclotron layoout includingg the injectioon system and d the extracttion system, and the betaatron tune
diagram calculated by two diffferent codess is shown in Figure 2. 2 The concceptual desiign, field
calculatiion, RF cavitty simulationn, etc. will bee presented in
n the paper.
Taable 1: Key parameters
p of
o the cyclotrron
Seeparated-
C
Cyclotron typpe Harm
monic numbeer 6
sector
Seector Numbeer 9 Main cavity numbber 5
M
Magnet type Warm Peak RFR voltage (M MV) 1.0
E
Energy (MeVV) 1000 → 800 Flat-topp cavity nummber 1 or 2
Magneetic rigidity (T·m)
( 1.48-4.88 extraction
e Single-tuurn
Turn sepaaration at extrraction 7 centerring
Averagge orbit radiuus (m) 2
2.76-5.42
(mm) injection
n
RF Frequency(M
F MHz) 44.37 Qr / Qz at extractioon 1.55/1.4
40
Figure 1:
1 Sketch maap of the cycllotron Figurre 2: Betatron tune diagraam of the cyclotron
166 Book of Abstracts
Figure 2: Compaarison of B
Betatron Oscillations
Frequen
ncy betweenn Symmetriic and Asy
ymmetric
Shimmiing
Referen
nces
[1] J.L.X
Xie, ‘Acceleraators and Scieentific Innovattion’, Beijing Tsinghua University Presss, 2000, p82 (in
(
Chinnese)
[2] Tiann-jue. Zhang, Zhen-guo. Li,, Jun-qing. Zhhong, et al., ‘Physics
P Desiggn of CYCAIE--100’, Chinese Phys. C,
20099 33 (S2): 33——38
[3] H. L.
L Hagedoorn,, N.F.Verster, ‘Orbits in an AVF Cyclotro on’, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. 18,19(1962), 201-228
[4] S.Orrass. ‘Techniqques Applied to
t the Design of the TRIUM MF Magnet Pooles’. TRIUMF F Design Notee: TRI-
70-44.
[5] Gorrdon M M. ‘Coomputation off closed orbitss and basic foccusing properrties for sectorr-focused cycllotrons
and the design off “cyclops”’. Particle
P Accellerators. 1984
4, 16:P39-62.
10th Europpean Conferencce on Acceleratoors in Applied Research
R and Technology,
T Athhens, Septemberr 2010 167
Overall design
n of CYCIIAE-14, a 14 MeV PET cycllotron
T. Zhangg, Y. Lu, Z. Yin,
Y J. Zhonng, T. Cui, M.
M Li, S. Wei,, G. Song, L. Wu, B. Ji, JJ. Xing, J. Qiin, X. Jia,
W Hu, J. Yangg, S. An, F. Guan,
W. G X. Zhen, L. Wen, J. Lin, Z. Li,, X. Zhang, Y Cai, F. Yaang
China Institute of Atomic
A Energgy, Beijing, P.R.
P China, tjzhang@cia
t ae.ac.cn
Positronn emission toomography (PET) is deeemed as thee most advaanced imaginng techniquee for the
nuclear medicine. Itt is consisting of PET scanner and d medical cyyclotron thaat produces short-life
isotopes. In recent years, the domestic
d dem mand for PE ET cyclotronns in Chinaa is in rapid d growth.
Thereforre, based on a 10 MeV CRM C cyclotroon developed d at China Innstitute of Attomic Energy y (CIAE)
with an achieved beam b intensiity of up too 430µA, a 14MeV high intensityy compact cyclotron, c
CYCIAE E-14, is designed and beeing built at CIAE. C It is planned
p that the first macchine of CY YCIAE-14
would bee in place wiith a span off 2 years. Wiith the advan ntage of highh intensity, thhis machine will
w have
wide appplications, inncluding thee productionn of 11C, 15O, O 13N, 18F thhat is usuallyy used for PET,P and
isotopes such as 64Cuu, 124I, 99mTcc for more medical uses. Aside from that, t CYCIA AE-14 will bee capable
of provviding 18F for coinccidence SPE ECT in many m hospiitals by eestablishing “instant
radiophaarmaceutical distribution center” in soome big citiees in China.
CYCIAE E-14 of is delicately
d deesigned to realize
r stronng vertical focusing
f by adopting a 4-sector
structuree with variabble hill gap and to achieeve high inteensity with an a external iion source. A special
design applied
a to thee stripping extraction
e givves access too dual extracction with 4 beams. The adoption
of sophiisticated induustrial technnology will back b up the target of loow power coonsumption and high
reliabilitty for the maachine. The main parameeters for CY YCIAE-14 arre listed in T Table 1. Thiss paper is
aimed too present the overall desiign of the maachine as sho own in Figurre 1, includinng the basic technical
specificaations, main magnet and coils, RF, ioon source and d axial injecttion, and striipping extracction, etc.
It will allso give an introduction
i to its constrruction sched dule as well as the up-to-date progress in line
with the schedule.
Table 1:: Main Param
meters of CY
YCIAE-14
P
Parameters Value
Particle acceleratedd H
-
Extracted Proton
Final eneergy 14.6 MeV
Bmin/Bmaax 2.0kGs/18.5kGGs
Radius of
o sector maggnet 500 mm
Sector anngle 52o
Hill gap// Valley gap 2.66 mm/318 mm m
Outer Raadius of Maggnet 880 mm
Height of
o Magnet 1066 mm
Dee Volltage 50 kV
RF frequuency 7
73.02 MHz Figure 1: Structure off CYCIAE-14
4
Harmoniic mode 4
Referen
nces
[1] Y.Y.Wang, ‘Staatus and Probblems of Cliniical Applicatio on of PET-CT T new technollogies’, Chineese Health
Ecconomics, No..6, 2007.
[2] Tiaanjue Zhang et
e al., ‘Test Staand Design annd Constructio
on for High Inntensity Cyclootron Development’,
Chhinese Physicss C, Vol.32(S11), P237-240 /2008
/
168 Book of Abstracts
Referen
nces
[1] F. N. Beg, R. B.. Stephens, H..-W. Xu et al.,, Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 89, 101502, 20006
[2] S.MM. Hassan, ett al., Plasma Science,
S 2008.. ICOPS 2008 8. IEEE 35th International
I C
Conference on
n, Volume
, Isssue , 15-19 Juune 2008
Acknow
wledgementss
The authoors would likee to extend theeir deep appreeciation for thee support and contribution oof Professors Naigong
Zeng andd Xinxin Wangg from Tsinghhua Universityy, Beijing.
10th European Conference on Accelerators in Applied Research and Technology, Athens, September 2010 169
14
C-dating of marine carbonate samples: Sample pretreatment and
measurements
P. Álvarez-Iglesias1, M. Fedi2, E.M. Wild3, L. Caforio2,4, P. Steier,3, F. Tacceti2, D. Rey1, B. Rubio1,
K. Mohamed1, R. Coimbra5, F. Vilas1
1
Departamento de Geociencias Marinas y Ordenación del Territorio, Universidad de Vigo, 36310
Vigo (Spain), palvarez@uvigo.es
2
INFN-Sezione di Firenze, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Italy)
3
VERA-Laboratory, Faculty of Physics - Isotope Research, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 17
1090, Vienna (Austria)
4
Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Ferrara, 44100 Ferrara (Italy)
5
Departamento de Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Universidad de Granada, 18002 Granada (Spain)
Detailed chronologies for the last 50 kyr in marine environments are usually obtained by Accelerator
Mass Spectrometry (AMS) 14C. The great advantage of AMS techniques over other geochronological
tools resides in its high sensitivity, which allows us analyzing microsamples; this feature is of course
very important when the sample material is limited such as in deep marine settings. The most common
source of datable carbonates in these environments is represented by foraminifera tests, which need to
be hand-picked from the bulk sediment sample. Potential problems with this separation are related to
the presence of non-desirable materials that can interfere in the measurements, such as clays, dust,
secondary carbonates, detrital carbonates, organic matter and adsorbed atmospheric CO2 in the
foraminifera samples. Therefore, sample pretreatment is often performed before AMS dating by
cleaning foraminifera tests by physical or chemical procedures. These pretreatments are essentially
designed to remove secondary carbonates and organic matter by soaking in HCl, H2O2 or simply in
distilled water either alone or combined with ultrasonication. HCl leaching is the preferred method for
macrosample cleaning, such as bivalve shells, corals or travertine, and usually results in a 10-30%
dissolution of the sample. However, foraminifera tests are very thin, and although a mild HCl attack is
sometimes applied, the shells are usually very damaged. Therefore, baths in H2O2 or distilled water are
usually selected for foraminifera cleaning.
In this work distilled water, HCl and H2O2 combined with ultrasonication were tested for carbonate
cleaning previous to AMS dating in replicate samples. Different times and reactant concentrations
were considered. Monospecific foraminifera samples of about 10 mg from one sediment core
recovered at the Galicia Bank were analyzed. Procedural blanks and standards (IAEA materials) were
also produced. CO2 was released from the CaCO3 in the foraminifera tests by orthophosphate
hydrolysis in the VERA laboratory of Vienna or by combustion in an elemental analyzer in the
LABEC laboratory of Florence. Samples were carefully pretreated in order to avoid remaining organic
material that could interfere in the 14C results. CO2 was purified in a graphitization line, where it was
catalytically transformed to graphite. Targets were analyzed at the 3MV Pelletron tandem accelerator
of the VERA facility or the 3MV Tandetron accelerator of the LABEC laboratory.
AMS-dating of these foraminifera samples allows us establishing a detailed age-depth model for the
last 17 cal kyr BP for the studied sediments and calculating sedimentation rates, which were usually in
the range of 10-50 mm kyr-1. The proposed chronology can be applied to the identification in the study
area of paleoclimatic events since the last glacial maximum widely reported in the literature.
170 Book of Abstracts
Studying the casting cores of the Riace Bronzes: AMS 14C-dating and PIXE-
PIGE results
L. Calcagnile1, G. Quarta1 , M. D’Elia1, A. Caramia1, V. Gaballo1, M. Vidale2
1
CEDAD-Department of Innovation Engineering, University of Salento, via per Monteroni, 73100,
Lecce, Italy, Corresponding author. Lucio Calcagnile (lucio.calcagnile@unisalento.it)
2
Istituto Centrale per il Restauro, Piazza San Francesco di Paola, 9, 00184, Rome, Italy
The two statues called the “Riace Bronzes”, were found under water along the Ionian coast in front of
the town of Riace in Calabria, Southern Italy, in 1972. The two statues, labeled as “Statue A” and
“Statue B” are of an extraordinary importance for the history of art of the greek-classical period, and
represent two bearded men, probably warriors or athletes. Since their discovery the two statues were
submitted to restoration and conservation campaigns first in Florence and then in Roma at ICR, The
Italian Central Institute for Restoration. In particular, during the restoration works in Rome the inner
cavities of the two masterpieces were investigated by using remote controlled systems and large
quantities of the original casting cores were extracted (72 and 56 Kg from the statue A and B,
respectively).
In this paper we present the results of the AMS (Accelerator Mass Spectrometry) radiocarbon dating
and IBA (Ion Beam Analysis) compositional characterization carried out on samples extracted from
the casting cores.
In fact the microscopic analysis of the casting cores revealed significant quantities of organic residues
such as charcoal, seeds and animal hairs which were handpicked at the optical microscope from the
material extracted from different portions of the statues to be submitted to AMS radiocarbon dating at
CEDAD. The methodological issues related to the selection and the definition of a proper protocol for
the chemical processing and AMS measurements of such low mass samples will be discussed. Overall
more than 30 absolute radiocarbon ages were obtained from the two statues. All the selected samples
gave calibrated ages consistent among them and their statistical combination allowed to date the two
bronzes to the 5th century BC, coherently with what was expected on the base of stylistic and
archaeological considerations. A particular care was also taken in the selection and analysis of the
organic residues from the right arm of the B statue which was supposed to be, on the base of stylistic
considerations and of the results of the compositional analysis of the metal alloy, not contemporary to
the rest of the statue. The results of the analysis of these samples will be also presented.
Furthermore 25 samples extracted from the casting cores were submitted to compositional analysis at
the IBA external beam line at CEDAD. The samples were crushed to powder, pressed in 13 mm
pellets and irradiated by using a 3.7 MeV proton beam, extracted in air through a 8 µm thick Kapton
foil. Characteristic X-rays and gamma-rays were simultaneously detected by a Si(Li) and a Ge
detector. Light elements (F, Na, Al and Si) and heavy elements (Cl, K, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, As, Rb,
Sr, Y, Zr, Pb) were detected by mean of the PIGE and PIXE signals, respectively. The quantitative
analysis carried out by using proper standards and the GUPIX software allowed to identify in the
samples traces of the metal alloy or of its corrosion products (Cu, Sn) and elements related to the long
permanence in a marine environment (Na, Cl). Nevertheless the comparison between the measured
compositions showed distinct features for the two statues and for the right arm of the B statue, both in
terms of the major and trace elements. Multivariate statistical analysis of the results was thus
employed to cluster the samples in different compositional groups. The results gave an important
contribution to the problem of the provenance and the manufacturing sites of the two artifacts.
The combined application of advanced accelerator-based methods, IBA and 14C AMS, supplied thus a
fundamental contribution to the understanding and the solution of two of the main problem associated
with these extraordinary artifacts: their dating and provenance.
10th European Conference on Accelerators in Applied Research and Technology, Athens, September 2010 173
References
[1] M. De Cesare et al., Nucl. Inst. and Meth. in Ph. Res. B 268 (2010) 779.
[2] F. Terrasi. et al., Nucl. Inst. and Meth. in Ph. Res. B, 259 (2007) 14.
10th European Conference on Accelerators in Applied Research and Technology, Athens, September 2010 175
References
[1] C. Vockenhuber, M. Bichler, R. Golser, W. Kutschera, V. Liechtenstein, A. Priller, P. Steier and S.
Winkler, 182Hf, a new isotope for AMS, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B 223–224 (2004), 823
[1] C. Vockenhuber, C. Feldstein, M. Paul, N. Trubnikov, M. Bichler, R. Golser, W. Kutschera, A. Priller, P.
Steier and S. Winkler, Search for live 182Hf in deep-sea sediments, New Astr. Rev. 48 (2004), 161
[3] Kenneth G. Dyall, Bond Dissociation Energies of the Tungsten Fluorides an Their Singly Charged Ions: A
Density Functional Survey, J. Phys. Chem. A 104 (2000) 4077-4083
[4] H. Gnaser, R. Golser, Sputtered molecular fluoride anions: HfFn− and WFn−, Surf. Interf. Anal., in press.
[5] O. Forstner, P. Andersson, C. Diehl, R. Golser, D. Hanstorp, W. Kutschera, A. Lindahl, A. Priller, P.
Steier, A. Wallner, Isobar suppression in AMS using laser photodetachment, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B 266
(2008), 4565-4568
[6] A.O. Lindahl, P. Andersson, C. Diehl, O. Forstner, P. Klason, D. Hanstorp, The electron affinity of
tungsten, submitted for publication
[7] A. Priller, K. Melber, O. Forstner, R. Golser, W. Kutschera, P. Steier, A. Wallner, The new injection
beamline at VERA, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B 268 (2010), 824-826
176 Book of Abstracts
References
[1] P. Steier, O. Forstner, R. Golser, W. Kutschera, M. Martschini, S. Merchel, T. Orlowski, A. Priller,
C. Vockenhuber, A. Wallner, Nucl. Instr. Methods Phys. Res. B 268 (2010) 744-747
[2] T. Orlowski, O. Forstner, R. Golser, W. Kutschera, M. Martschini, S. Merchel, A. Priller, P. Steier,
C. Vockenhuber, A. Wallner, Nucl. Instr. Methods Phys. Res. B 268 (2010) 847-850
[3] M. Suter, M. Döbeli, M. Grajcar, A. Müller, M. Stocker, G. Sun, H. A. Synal, L. Wacker,
Nucl. Instr. Methods Phys. Res. B 259 (2007) 165-172
[4] H. Schmidt-Böcking, H. Hornung, Z. Physik A286 (1978) 253-261
[5] L.C. Northcliffe, R.F. Schilling, Nucl. Data Tabl. A7 (1970) 233-463.
178 Book of Abstracts
Finally, as commercial 9Be contains intrinsic 10Be up to a level of 4x10-14 [9] sophisticated production
of in-house carriers, used as machine blanks and for samples, from Be-containing minerals such as
Be2SiO4 originating from deep mines, is needed. After production and measurement of all these
materials, the AMS facility is ready for routine measurements.
Acknowledgments: We are grateful to U. Herpers & E. Strub for providing 26Al-activity, to A. Wallner &
M. Bichler for performing the neutron-irradiation of 9Be, to C. Varajão for providing Be2SiO4 crystals, and to
R.C. Finkel, L. Benedetti, W. Möller, HVEE, the FZD-operator- & AMS-team for great cooperation.
References:
[1] S. Freeman et al., NIM B 259 (2007) 66.
[2] M. Arnold et al., doi: 10.1016/ j.nimb.2010.02.107.
[3] Sh. Akhmadaliev et al., this meeting.
[4] M. Klein et al., this meeting
[5] C. Hennessy et al., NIM B 229 (2005) 281.
[6] S. Merchel, W. Bremser, .NIM B 223–224 (2004) 393.
[7] S. Merchel et al. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 73 (2009) A871
[8] S. Merchel et al., in prep. for NIM B.
[9] S. Merchel et al., NIM B 266 (2008) 4921.
10th European Conference on Accelerators in Applied Research and Technology, Athens, September 2010 179
References
[1] K.F. von Reden, M.L. Roberts, C.P. McIntyre, and J.R. Burton, Design and Reality: Continuous-
flow Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, these proceedings.
180 Book of Abstracts
References
[1] Synal, H.-A., Jacob, S., Suter, M., Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B 172 (2000) 1
[2] Müller, A. M., Lachner, J., Christl, M., Suter, M., Synal, H. A., submitted to Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B
[3] Fifield, L. K., Synal, H.-A., Suter, M., Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B 223-224 (2004) 802
[4] Wacker, L., Chamizo, E., Fifield, L., Stocker, M., Suter, M., Synal, H., Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B 240 (2005)
452
182 Book of Abstracts
References
[1] Darragon, F., “Secret towers of the Himalayas”, 2005, 156 p.
[2] Bräuning, A, “Tree-ring studies in the Dolpo-Himalya (western Nepal”). TRACE - Tree Rings in
Archaeology, Climatology and Ecology, Vol. 2: Proceedings of the DENDROSYMPOSIUM 2003, May
1st – 3rd 2003, Utrecht, The Netherlands. Schriften des Forschungszentrums Jülich. Reihe
Umwelt/Environment: 8-12.
10th European Conference on Accelerators in Applied Research and Technology, Athens, September 2010 183
References
[1] CPO Ltd., Charged Particle Optics programs, (electronoptics.com).
[2] PBGUNS 5.04 by J. E. Boers (deceased), Thunderbird Simulations, now maintained by FAR-TECH, Inc.,
San Diego, CA, USA (far-tech.com).
184 Book of Abstracts
References
[1] W. Assmann et al., Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B 257 (2007) 108.
[2] P. Weidlich, C. Adam, R. Sroka, I. Lanzl, W. Assmann, C. Stief, Urologe A 46 (2007) 1231.
10th European Conference on Accelerators in Applied Research and Technology, Athens, September 2010 185
Only relatively recently have high energy ion beams been used to modify and improve materials for
applications in medicine and biology. Our team has been among a few other pioneer research groups in
the ion beam community who have studied the interaction of an MeV ion in its track through many
biocompatible materials in order to tailor their properties for medical applications, control cell
adhesion, improved surface properties of polymers used for heart-valve, for hip-joint implants, for
fabrication of nano pores, as well as to change the surface properties of bio-compatible polymers for
controlled drug/medication delivery. We present here a review of the fundamentals of ion interactions
with materials, particularly polymers, and describe three examples among many studies of ion beam
modified biocompatible materials completed, or underway, at the Center for Irradiation of Materials of
AAMU. The permeability of glassy polymeric carbon (GPC) varies with heat treatment temperature
during preparation, and with the energy and specie of ion bombardment. By percolating a molten
lithium salt into the pores of GPC and using a proton ion beam Nuclear Analysis Technique (NRA),
we extensively studied GPC permeability and how to control it. Thus, the elution rate of lithium out
of GPC into a physiologic solution can be controlled. GPC is a candidate for designing lithium drug
delivery systems. With our molding and spraying techniques we can make layered samples with drug
concentration gradients appropriate to a specified time delivery of drugs other than lithium.
Producing structures in membranes at the nanometer scale can serve several applications, such as to
localize molecular electrical junctions and switches, to function as masks, and for DNA sequencing.
We have demonstrated the fabrication of nano scale pores in fluoropolymer films using scanned ion
beam bombardment. The process has advantages over chemical and etching processes. The pores
were produced using a feedback controlled gold ion beam system (patent filed) and were analyzed
using optical and atomic force microscopic (AFM) analyses.
We have succeeded in enhancing the properties of the GPC used for the moving parts of carbon
replacement human heart valves by MeV ion implantation of silver. Potentially dangerous
accumulation of natural cells attached to the valve after installation has been eliminated. A small
amount of silver imbedded below the surface of the parts of a carbon heart valve exposed to the blood
flow completely inhibits cell growth. By steering the MeV silver ions appropriately patterns are made
such that normal cell attachment occurs within 100 microns of silver implanted areas. Although the
total amount of silver is not toxic, we have shown that the leach rate is so low that the cell inhibition
properties of a heart valve will not diminish in vivo.
Sponsors: Supported in part by the Center for Irradiation of Materials, Alabama A&M University Research
Institute and by National Science Foundation under Grant No. EPS-0814103.
186 Book of Abstracts
Devvelopmentt of synch
hrotron coontrol for heavy-ioon medicaal accelera
ators
Y. Iwata1, K. Noda1, E.E Takada1, T.
T Shirai1, T. Furukawa
F 1
,
2 2 2
T. Kadowaki , H. Uchiyam ma , T. Fujimooto
1
Nationnal Institute of Radiologiical Sciencess (NIRS), 4-99-1 Anagawaa, Inage,
Chiba 263-85555, Japan., coorresponding g.author: y_iiwata@nirs.ggo.jp
2
Accelerator Engiineering Corp rporation (AEEC), 2-12-1 Konakadai,
K I
Inage, Chibaa 263-8555, Japan.
J
Tumor therapy
t usinng energetic carbon ionss, as provideed by the Heeavy-Ion Meedical Accellerator in
Chiba (H HIMAC) at the t National Institute of Radiologicaal Sciences (N NIRS), has bbeen perform med since
June 19994[1], and approximately
a y 5,000 patiients were trreated until now.
n With thhe successfuul clinical
results over
o more thaan ten years, we started to construct a new treatm ment facilityy at the NIRS S[2]. The
new treaatment facilitty has three treatment
t roooms; two of them have bothb horizonttal and verticcal fixed-
irradiatioon-ports, andd the other would
w be a rotating gan ntry-port. Foor all the porrts, a raster--scanning
w be applied.
irradiatioon method will
To fulfilll requirements of the raaster-scanninng irradiation n, we are deeveloping thhe accelerato or control
scheme of the HIMA AC synchrotrrons. The proposed contrrol scheme would w enablee us to proviide heavy
ions havving variable energies witthin a single synchrotron n-cycle[3]; naamely, the beeam energy wouldw be
changedd successivelyy within a sinngle synchrootron-pulse by b a certain energy
e step.
In the HIMAC
H syncchrotron, thyyristor-type power
p suppllies are empployed for thhe main ben nding and
quadrupoole magnetss of the synchrotrons. Inn such the power p suppllies, voltage patterns haave to be
providedd as well as thet current pattern for thee operation. ToT determine the voltagee patterns, paarameters
of a loadd for the powwer supplies, such as resisstance, inducctance and caapacitance foor all the mag gnets and
cables, have
h to be prrecisely deterrmined, becaause the prop posed controol scheme wiill employ th he current
patterns,, which wouuld have mulltiple flattopss as shown in i the figure 1, and thereefore, precise voltage
patterns have to be given
g for the stable operattion of the sy
ynchrotrons.
We will show the noovel techniquue to determiine the param meters of thee load, whichh enable us to o provide
precise voltage
v patteerns for the power
p supplies of the syynchrotrons. Furthermoree, we will prresent the
results of
o acceleratioons tests usinng the multiplle-flattops opperation.
1400
Ip
1200
1000
Current (A)
800
600
400
200
0
0 500 1000 1500 2
2000 2500 3000
0 3500 4000
C
Count
Figure 1:1 A multiplle-flattop currrent patternn for the maiin bending magnets
m of thhe synchrotrron (left),
and resuults of the beam accelerattion tests (rigght) using th
he pattern(beending patterrn [yellow], sextupole
s
pattern [pink],
[ beam
m current in the
t ring [bluue], and beam m current off extracted beeam [green])). One of
the 11 flattops was extended, andd the beam wasw extracted d during at thhe extended fflattop.
Referen
nces
[1] Y. Hirao et al., Ann.
A Rep. HIM
MAC, NIRS-M M-89/HIMAC C-001 (1992).
[2] K. Noda et al., Nucl.
N Instrum.. and Meth. inn Phys. Res. B 266, 2182 (22008).
[3] Y.. Iwata et al., A proceedings of 11th Euroopean Accelerrator Conferennce (EPAC08)) 1800 (2008)).
10th European Conference on Accelerators in Applied Research and Technology, Athens, September 2010 187
References
[1] J. Barkhof et al., Med. Phys. 25 (1999) 2429.
10th European Conference on Accelerators in Applied Research and Technology, Athens, September 2010 189
The average sensitivity of n-NIPAM was 0.5518 ∆CTN/Gy with linear regression of 0.99. The
difference of dose response curves between 6 MV and 10 MV can be negligible with a mean square
error of 0.008. For the dose rate response, the sensitivity of 200 cGy/min and 400 cGy/min had a
difference of 14.01%. We conclude that the n-NIPAM has high linearity and high sensitivity.
Although the energy dependency is minor, the dose rate dependency slightly exists. It could be used in
clinical radiotherapy to increase the correctness of dose delivery.
References
[1] J.C. Gore, Y.S. Kang, R.J. Schulz, Physics in Medicine and Biology. 29 (1984) 1189.
[2] MSDS 2006 Material Safety Data Sheet acrylamide version 1.11, Sigma Aldrich Co.
(http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/)
[3] R.J. Senden, P.De Jean, Physics in Medicine and Biology 51 (2006) 3301.
190 Book of Abstracts
50 30min
40
30 Real-time
20
10
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Dose (cGy)
Figure 1: Dose response with filter four different CT imaging time, including real-time, 30 min, 4 hr,
1 d. The horizontal axis is the absorbed dose in cGy, and the vertical axis is the CT numer difference,
∆HU.
References
[1] W.Y. Song, S. Kamath, S. Ozawa, S.A. Ani, A. Chvetsov, N. Bhandare, J.R. Palta, C. Liu, J.G. Li, Med.
Phys. 35 (2008) 480-486.
[2] M. Hilts, A. Jirasek, C. Duzenli, Phys. Med. Biol. 49 (2004) 2477-2490.
10th European Conference on Accelerators in Applied Research and Technology, Athens, September 2010 191
C C
Figure 1: Transverse views of the dose distributions of A. the static plan on the end expiration phase,
B. the OF path integrated dose over the 4D image set, and C. the measured. The film was parallel to
the direction of the beams and was inserted at at the middle plane of the ellipsoidal tumor insertion,
thus was well within the fields even with the motion of 2 cm in range. The relative dose distributions
were not very different.
References
[1] K.K. Brock, D.L. McShan, Med Phys 30 (2003) 290.
10th European Conference on Accelerators in Applied Research and Technology, Athens, September 2010 193
TiO2 photo-catalytic thin films are highly photo-chemical stabile and non-toxic, and also could yield a
unique super-hydrophilicity, when illuminated by solar radiation or indoor/outdoor lighting [1]. These
fascinating properties have generated applications such as self-cleaning, de-pollutant, anti-bacteria,
anti-fogging, etc [2, 3]. However, TiO2 coatings can only absorb ultraviolet radiation and do not have
sufficient mechanical properties to endure long-duration impact from external, harsh operating
environments.
We have developed an optical-emission monitor process for the reactive sputtering of various
semiconducting-oxide thin films with controlled degree of target poison, from which crystallinity,
composition and phase distributions, and electrical properties of various TiO2 and WO3 polymorphic
films have been obtained [4, 5]. Herein, TiO2 composite films doped with various amounts and types
of “hard” oxides (e.g., WO3, TaOx, or ZrO2) functioning as light-absorption and/or mechanical
strengthening medium will be fabricated; synchrotron x-ray and Rutherford backscattering
spectroscopy, along with catalytic and mechanical measurements, will be performed to characterize
the films, with the purpose of obtaining the optimum conditions for manipulating the composite films
into catalytic-sensitive phase(s) while extending the light-absorption range and yielding endurable
mechanical strength.
Figure 1 shows a series of x-ray diffraction patterns for the TiO2 and Ti-W-O composite films with the
overall composition of Ti20W10O70 and Ti11W17O72, as derived by Rutherford backscattering
spectroscopy. Clearly, the composite films would be converted into a WO3-dominated phase with
degraded catalysis and hydrophilicity as the dopant is over-dosed. On the other hand, catalysis and
hydrophilicity for some sorts of composite films can be significantly improved, as compared to those
of pure TiO2 films. Detailed results and the associated mechanism for the improvements will be
presented based on bonding-structure and phase-distribution analyses by the synchrotron x-ray at
NSRRC.
◆ WO3 △ R-TiO2
Figure 1: A series of X-ray diffraction
(a) patterns for sputter deposited TiO2 (a), TiO2-
WO3 [(b) and (c)] and WO3 (d) films,
Intensity (arb. units)
(b)
illustrating the increase of dopant amounts to
(c) impact the phase of the resultant films. For
reference, an x-ray diffraction pattern for
WO3 films is enclosed.
(d)
20 30 40 50 60
2θ (degree)
References
[1] R. Wang, et al., Nature, 388, 431 (1997)
[2] D. Dumitriu et al., Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 25, 83 (2000)
[3] K. Hashimoto et al., Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 44, 8269 (2005)
[4] G. S. Chen et al., Thin Solid Films, 493, 301 (2005)
[5] G. S. Chen et al., Thin Solid Films, 516, 8473 (2008)
194 Book of Abstracts
Figure 1: trend of QE as a function of the time. The influence of the adsorbed gases on the
photoelectron performance of Y thin film-based photocathodes was also investigated.
References
[1] A. Perrone, L. Cultrera, A. Pereira, M. Rossi, S. Cialdi, I. Boscolo, F. Tazzioli, C. Vicario and G. Gatti,
Nucl. Instrum. and Meth. in Physics Research A, 554, 220, (2005)
[2] L. Cultrera, G. Gatti, P. Miglietta, F. Tazzioli, and A. Perrone, Nucl. Instrum. and Meth. in Physics
Research A, 587, 7, (2008).
10th European Conference on Accelerators in Applied Research and Technology, Athens, September 2010 195
1.2
area under RL (arb. units)
0.8
RL1
0.4
RL2
0.0
1E14 1E15 1E16
-2
fluence (cm )
Figure 1: Variation of the area under the implantation-induced pre-edge peaks as a function of the
fluence
In the Raman spectra recorded in the backscattering geometry only the E2;2 peak is resolved since the
A1(LO) is completely damped due to plasmon - phonon coupling. As the fluence increases, the
characteristic sharp peaks of the as-grown sample broaden due to relaxation of the q-selection rules
allowing phonons with q ≠ 0 to contribute in the Raman scattering. Furthermore, three additional
broad peaks are detected in the implanted samples even after implantation with the fluence of
5×1013 cm-2. They are ascribed to disorder activated Raman scattering or acoustic overtones (300 cm-1,
420 cm-1) and the formation of point defects (670 cm-1), respectively.
196 Book of Abstracts
Figure 1: Simulation of the O-K-edge NEXAFS spectra using the FEFF8 code.
10th European Conference on Accelerators in Applied Research and Technology, Athens, September 2010 197
experiment
3
fitting
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
R (Å)
Figure 1: Fitting of the Fourier Transform of the As-K-edge EXAFS spectrum using the model shown
in the right panel.
198 Book of Abstracts
References
[1] G. Valaoras, J. Huntzicker and W. White, Atm. Environ. 22 (1988), 965.
[2] N. Thomaidis, E. Bakeas and P. Siskos, Chemosphere 52 (2003) 959.
[3] A. Valavanidis, K. Fiotakis, Th. Vlachogianni, E. Bakeas, S. Triantafyllaki, V. Paraskevopoulou and M.
Dassenakis, Chemosphere 65 (2006) 760.
[4] N. Manalis, G. Grivas, V. Protonotarios, A. Moutsatsou, C. Samara and A. Chaloulakou, Chemosphere
60 (2005) 557.
[5] A. Karanasiou, I. Sitaras, P. Siskos and K. Eleftheriadis, Atm. Environ. 41 (2007) 2368.
[6] E. Karageorgos and S. Rapsomanikis, Atmos. Chem. Phys. 7 (2007) 3015.
10th European Conference on Accelerators in Applied Research and Technology, Athens, September 2010 199
References
[1] I. Valeton, M. Biermann, R. Reche, F. Rosenberg, Ore Geol. Rev. 2 (1987), 359.
[2] P. Gamaletsos, A. Godelitsas, A.P. Douvalis, T. Kasama, R.E. Dunin-Borkowski, J. Göttlicher, N.
Church, G. Economou, T. Bakas, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 73 (2009) A409.
[3] M. Ochsenkühn-Petropoulou, K.M. Ochsenkühn, Eur. Microscop. Anal. (1995), 13.
[4] R.F. Garrett, N. Blagojevic, Z. Cai, B. Lai, D.G. Legnini, W. Rodrigues, A.P.J. Stampfli, Nucl. Instr.
Meth. A 467-468 (2001), 897.
200 Book of Abstracts
Figure 1: Whole view photograph of the medium-energy ion accelerator, modified from a pulsed 150-
kV deuteron-ion accelerator based 14-MeV fast neutron generator, for TOF-RBS analysis at Plasma
and Beam Physics Research Facility (formerly Fast Neutron Research Facility), Chiang Mai
University.
10th European Conference on Accelerators in Applied Research and Technology, Athens, September 2010 201
External-beam PIXE analysis of the ink from the Mexican codex 1548
E. Andrade1, C. Solis1, M.F. Rocha2, E.P. Zavala1, O. de Lucio1
1
Instituto de Física, Departamento de Física Experimental, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de
México, Apdo. Postal 20-364, 01000, México
2
ESIME-Z, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, U.P. ALM, G.A. Madero, México D.F. 07738, México.
PIXE analysis has been an invaluable technique to provide complementary information in studies of
historical documents, because it allows a high sensitive and non destructive material characterization.
It is especially useful to analyze painting or hand drawing on organic materials such as paper or
leather because of the low background. In this study, external beam PIXE was applied to analyze the
Codex Escalada, also called the Codex 1548. This famous codex supposed to date from 1548, is a
manuscript-picture on pork skin. This document pictographically describes the apparition of the Virgin
of Guadalupe to Juan Diego, a man newly converted to Christianity, on the hill of Tepeyac in México.
The document of 20 x 13 cm, is supposed to date from 1548 and is considered as the “oldest document
on the Virgin Guadalupe apparition”, but its authenticity has been disputed by a number of
researchers. Several studies of this codex have been performed at the Institute of Physics of the
National University of Mexico, such as: photography, infrared and external beam PIXE. This
document has the signature attributed to Bernardino de Sahagún, a historian Franciscan Friar and
the numbers 1548 related about the year this document was made. The main PIXE objective of the
PIXE work was to determine if the ink of the signature and the 1548 numbers was the same ink
compares to others figures in the Codex.
202 Book of Abstracts
1
2
3
Figure 1. Experimental setup at ITN (Reliquary Figure 2. One of recorded PIXE spectra .
CMAG 1194 Collection); 1. X-ray detector; 2.
camera; 3. beam extraction; 4. RBS detector with
He atmosphere.
References
[1] N.P. Barradas, C. Jeynes, R.P. Webb, Appl. Phys. Lett. 71 (1997) 293
[2] C.Pascual-Izarra, N.P. Barradas, M.A. Reis, Nucl. Instr. And Meth. B 249 (2006) 820
10th European Conference on Accelerators in Applied Research and Technology, Athens, September 2010 203
References
[1] D.I Tellechea, “Pintura en restauro”. São Paulo: Instituto Domingo Tellechea, 1998. v.2.
[2] J.M. P. Cabral, “Exame científico de pinturas de cavalete” Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 1995.
<http://zircon.dcsa.fct.unl.pt/dspace/handle/123456789/214>.
10th European Conference on Accelerators in Applied Research and Technology, Athens, September 2010 205
Figure 1: Image of a couple of pages of the Tractatus. On the left page we can see a painted engraver.
On the right page, dark stains appear when in contact with the green pigments. An inter-living has
been placed in order to stop further degradation of the paper.
We have been provided with some pages appertaining to the different parts of the treaty in order to
determine the origin of the above-mentioned stains as well as to characterise the palette used on the
engravers. For this purpose, visual and microscope inspection has been done and Colorimetry, PIXE
and micro-Raman analysis have followed.
In this paper we present the results of this study, highlighting the importance of the use of non-
invasive complimentary techniques as a compulsory procedure to study Cultural Heritage artefacts,
stressing the fact that none of the techniques applied can work without the critical eye of the expert in
order to yield pertinent results.
206 Book of Abstracts
References
[1] J. Hasegawa, S. Shiba, H. Fukuda, and Y. Oguri, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B 266 (2008) 2125-2129.
10th European Conference on Accelerators in Applied Research and Technology, Athens, September 2010 207
References
[1] J. García López, M.C. Jiménez-Ramos, M. García-León and R. García-Tenorio, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B
260 (2007) 343.
208 Book of Abstracts
References
[1] J. Hasegawa, T. Tada, Y. Oguri, M. Hayashi, T. Toriyama, T. Kawabata, and K. Masai, Rev. Sci. Instrum.
78 (2007) 073105.
[2] S. Wonglee, T. Tada, H. Fukuda, J. Hasegawa and Y. Oguri, submitted to Intern. J. PIXE, 2010.
[3] Y. Oguri, T. Yamashita, A. Ebihara, N. Kanbe and J. Hasegawa, Intern. J. PIXE, 10, (2000) 127.
10th European Conference on Accelerators in Applied Research and Technology, Athens, September 2010 209
References
[1] S.A.E. Johansson, J.L. Campbell, K.G. Malmqvist, Particle-Induced X-ray Emission Spectrometry, John
Wiley & Sons (1995).
210 Book of Abstracts
PIXE character
c rization of ancient blue coloored glass beads:
Suraat Thani sites,
s south
hern Thaailand
1 2
K. Won-in
W , T. Kamwanna
K , P. Dararutaana1,3
1
Department of Eaarth Sciencess, Faculty of Science, Kassetsart Univeersity, Bangkkok 10900 Thhailand
2
Thailand of Exceellence in Phhysics, Comm mission of Hiigher Educattion, Bangkook 10400 Tha
ailand
3
The Royal Thai
T Army Chhemical Deppartment, Bangkok 109000 Thailand, ppisutti@emaiil
Ancient glass beadd is one of the most important i arrchaeologicaal artifacts tthat contain ned more
informattion, especially the glass trading and the glass maaking technoology spreadding. Non-deestructive
and non-sampling methods
m weree used to annalyze the gllass composiition. In thiis work, bluee colored
glass bead fragmentts excavated from two difference
d archaeologicall sites (Laem m Pho and Baan B Tha
Muang)aat Surat Thhani Provincce, southernn Thailand were characcterize by the PIXE method.
SEM/ED DX was also used to anallyze the glasss compositio ons. Initials findings
f sugggested that thhere were
number of differencee in shade. TheT results shhowed that the t glass com mpositions w were found to o be both
sodium- and potassiuum-silica glaasses, and coolored by cop pper and/or cobalt,
c influeenced by the presence
of iron and
a manganeese. The resuults demonsttrated that th heir glass prooductions weere at differeence sites
and the use of chem mically raw materials.
m Tittanium, commmon impurity in sand, w was all preseent in the
glass beaad samples. SEM
S microggraph showedd more corro oded and flakked microstruucture. Somee samples
showed a high valuee of MnO/Fe2O3 ratio. It can be suggeested that maanganese waas intentionallly added
as a decoolorant. Furtthermore, thiis type of glaass almost sppread over thhe various siites in this reegion that
demonsttrated the long distance or exchange connection ns. Finally, PIXE has bbeen proved to be an
efficientt technique too analyze thee archaeologiical objects.
B
BPR2 BPR3 BPR4 BT
TM2 B
BTM3 BTM6
(a) Laeem Pho (b) Baan Tha Muang
Figure 1:
1 Blue colorred ancient glass
g bead samples from Surat Thani Province
Acknow
wledgementss
The reseaarch was parttly funded by Kasetsart Unniversity Reseearch and Devvelopment Insstitute. The works
w have
been deveeloped withinn the activities of the Gemm mology and Miineral Sciencees Special Ressearch Unit off Kasetsart
Universitty, the Glass and
a Glass Prooducts Researcch and Develo opment Laborratory of Chiaang Mai Univ versity and
the Plasm
ma and Beam Physics
P Faciliity at Faculty of Science off Chiang Mai University. C
Coax Group Co orporation
Ltd. (Thaailand) is thankked for providding the SEM//EDS apparatu us for analysis.
Referen
nces
[1] C. Chaivari,
C M. Martini,
M E. Sibbilia and M. Vandini.
V Quateernary Sci. Reev., 20 (2001) 967.
[2] D. B
Barilaro, G. Barone, V. Cruupi, D. Majolinno, P. Mazzoleni, M. Triscaari and V. Vennuti. Vibration
nal
Speectroscopy, 422 (2006) 381.
[3] L. Dussubieux,
D e al., Archaeoometry, 50 (20008) 797-821.
et
[4] M.EE. Hall, L. Yabblonsky, Journnal of Achaeoological Science, 25 (1998) 1239-1245.
10th European Conference on Accelerators in Applied Research and Technology, Athens, September 2010 211
Figure 1: Concise view of the magnetic field measurement system. a: the alignment support; b: the
reference plane; c: x-axis plane; d: y-axis plane; e: Hall probe carrier; f: supporting rod; g: Hall probe;
h: y-axis motor; i: y-axis ball screw; j: y-axis guide rail; k: x-axis motor; l: x-axis ball screw; m: x-axis
guide rail.
There measured field data in Cartesian coordinates will be converted into the field data in the polar
coordinates for the equilibrium orbit calculation. A 2-D interpolation program has been developed to
process the magnetic measurement data.
Based on the magnetic measurement, an iteration method will be used for isochronous and harmonics
field shimming. After the adjustment of the cyclotron magnetic field, the quality of the field will be
acceptable and ensure the cyclotron runs well.
References
[1] B. Qin, J. Yang, et al., “Main Magnet and Central Region Design for a 10 MeV PET cyclotron CYCHU-
10”, Proceeding of Particle Accelerator Conference, Canada, 2009, in process
[2] K.H. Park, et al., “Field mapping system for cyclotron magnet”, Nuclear Instrument and methods in
Physics Research A, 545 (2005) 533-541
[3] M. Fan, et al., “Measurement and adjustment of CIAE medical cyclotron magnet”, Proceeding of the
Particle Accelerator Conference, 1993, 2841-2843
[4] A. Papash, T. Zhang. “Field Shimming of Commercial Cyclotrons”, Proceeding of 17th International
Conference on Cyclotrons and Their Applications, 2004, Tokyo, Japan.
212 Book of Abstracts
H+
mask
sample
References
[1] T. Kanai et al, Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 44(1999) 201
[2] Y. Takada, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 33(1994) 353
10th Europpean Conferencce on Acceleratoors in Applied Research
R and Technology,
T Athhens, Septemberr 2010 215
Recent progress
p o new treeatment research
on r p
project att HIMAC
K. Nodda, T. Furukaawa, T. Inaniwwa, Y. Iwataa, M. Kanazaawa, S. Minoohara, K. Mizzushima, S. Mori,
M T.
M
Murakami, N Sakamoto, S. Sato, T. Shirai,
N. S E. Takkada, Y. Takkei
National Institute off Radiologicaal Sciences, Chiba,
C Japann, noda_k@nnirs.go.jp
On the basis of moore than tenn years of exxperience off the carbonn-ion radiothherapy with HIMAC
(Heavy-IIon Medical Acceleratorr in Chiba), we w have carrried out a neew treatmennt research prroject for
“adaptivve cancer theerapy” with HIMAC sinnce April 20 006. In this project, 3D D fast raster--scanning
method with gated irradiation
i w patient’ss respiration has been suuccessfully ddeveloped, in
with n order to
realize adaptive
a canccer therapy in
i both the moving
m and fixed
f targets.. In this methhod, we havve studied
on threee subjects inn order to increase thee scanning speed s withoout any distuurbance of the dose
distributtion: 1) Devvelopment of a new treeatment plan nning, 2) Exxtended flatttop operatio on of the
HIMAC synchrotronn and 3) Design and connstruction off fast scanniing-magnet ssystem. As shown s in
Fig. 1, we
w constructeed a beam-teest port in thee HIMAC faacility to veriify its perforrmance. As a result of
experimeents, we obtaained good dose
d distribuutions as expected under the scanningg speed of 10 00 m/s in
horizonttal direction and that off 50 m/s in the vertical one. We haave construccted a new treatmentt
i order to appply the 3D fast raster-scanning dev
facility in ment for the adaptive
veloped to prractical treatm
cancer thherapy. Thiss facility, whhich is connnected with the HIMAC C acceleratorr, has three treatment
t
rooms: two
t rooms eqquipped withh horizontal and vertical beam-deliveery systems and one roo om with a
rotating gantry. The building connstruction off the new treatment faciliity was comppleted at Maarch 2010
and treattment of 1st patient is schheduled at March
M 2011. We
W will repoort the recentt progress on
n the new
treatmennt research prroject at HIM
MAC.
Figure 1: Beam-test
B port of 3D fast raster-scannning method.
216 Book of Abstracts
AUTHOR INDEX
220 Book of Abstracts
10th European Conference on Accelerators in Applied Research and Technology, Athens, September 2010 221
Y. ∙ 214 Y. ∙ 49
Takatomi
U Wallner
Y
T. ∙ 159 A. ∙ 71, 175, 177
Takei Uchiyama G. ∙ 71, 176 Yamada
Y. ∙ 215 H. ∙ 186 Walter H. ∙ 49
Takeshita M. ∙ 152 P. ∙ 35 K. ∙ 155
E. ∙ 154, 158, 188, Udisti Wang T. ∙ 99
214 R. ∙ 105 Ch. ∙ 162, 164, 166, Yamazaki
Takeuchi Ueda 168 H. ∙ 94, 187
T. ∙ 160 M. ∙ 83, 132, 133 Y. D. ∙ 193 Yang
Taniike S. ∙ 45 Washio F. ∙ 65, 162, 164,
A. ∙ 110, 212 Urakawa M. ∙ 159 165, 167
Tárkányi J. ∙ 159 Watson J. ∙ 162, 163, 164,
F. ∙ 92, 93, 94, 107, Uschold P. R. ∙ 136 165, 167, 211
187 S. ∙ 184 Webb Yao
Tasi Utsumi R. ∙ 22 H. ∙ 166
Ch.‐J. ∙ 190 H. ∙ 120 Wegner Yazbi
Temst Uvarov B. ∙ 182 F. ∙ 41
K. ∙ 57, 101, 102 V. L. ∙ 149, 150 Wei Yin
Tenishev S. ∙ 163, 164, 167 Z. ∙ 164, 167
A. Eh. ∙ 149 Weidlich Younes
Terrasi V P. ∙ 184 G. ∙ 41
F. ∙ 75, 174 Weinrich Yu
Terunuma Vacik U. ∙ 46 L. D. ∙ 200
N. ∙ 159 J. ∙ 58, 100 Wen T. ∙ 211
Terwagne Van Klinken L. ∙ 167 Y. C. ∙ 114
G. ∙ 101, 102 G. J. ∙ 15 Wéra
Thomas Vandervorst A.‐C. ∙ 50, 153
J. P. ∙ 41 W. ∙ 57, 101, 102 Whitlow Z
Tikkanen Vantomme H. J. ∙ 26
P. ∙ 76 A. ∙ 57, 101, 102 Wiesner Zahraman
Tilley Vaubaillon C. ∙ 54 K. ∙ 41
R. ∙ 104 S. ∙ 62 Wild Zaremba
Tobbeche Vavpetič E. M. ∙ 169 S. ∙ 63
S. ∙ 129, 217 P. ∙ 138 Winn Zarkadas
Toda Velardi A. ∙ 101 Ch. ∙ 33
S. ∙ 24 L. ∙ 134, 135 Wolf Zavala
Toli Ves A. ∙ 64 E. P. ∙ 125, 201
K. ∙ 198 S. ∙ 195 Wonglee Zhang
Torres‐Costa Vettier S. ∙ 208 G. ∙ 190, 192
V. ∙ 59 Ch. ∙ 53 Won‐in T. ∙ 65, 162, 163,
Tosaki Vickridge K. ∙ 210 164, 165, 166,
M. ∙ 120, 123 I. ∙ 17, 101 Wopelka 167, 168
Toulemonde Vidal T. ∙ 107 X. ∙ 167
M. ∙ 61 V. ∙ 74 Wu Zhen
Toussaint Vidale H.‐H. ∙ 189 X. ∙ 167
C. ∙ 117 M. ∙ 172 J. ∙ 189 Zheng
U. von ∙ 20 Vilaça L. ∙ 167 X. ∙ 168
Trautmann R. ∙ 203 T.‐H. ∙ 189, 190, 192 Zhong
C. ∙ 61 Vilas J. ∙ 162, 163, 164,
Tresintsi F. ∙ 169 165, 166, 167
S. ∙ 197 Vlachoudis X Zier
Trindade V. ∙ 21 M. ∙ 57, 101, 102
G. F. ∙ 40 Vlastou Xanthos Zimmerman
Tripathi R. ∙ 88, 128 S. ∙ 199 R. L. ∙ 60, 97, 185
A. ∙ 61 Vockenhuber Xia Zinkann
Trocellier Ch. ∙ 175, 181 L. ∙ 165 G. ∙ 136
P. ∙ 62 Xiao Žitnik
Tsinganis Z. ∙ 60 M. ∙ 138
A. ∙ 128 W Xing Zou
Tsuji J. ∙ 167 J. ∙ 168
H. ∙ 99 Wahl Xiong Zouros
U. ∙ 48 Y. ∙ 211 Th. J. M. ∙ 15
Wakamatsu Zschau
10th European Conference on Accelerators in Applied Research and Technology, Athens, September 2010 227