Metals Handbook® “TENTH EDITION Volume 2 Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials Q fe i594 / Specific Metals and Alloys Table 2 Comparison of various specifications for commercially pure titanium mill products iieal ee r Chea compotion 9 mat ine rng veld arena — ge, toe eeseodeea neat a ee ue 7 is Gear vos 81s oa 0a Tisai wea 1656) aby 7 ‘ASTM grade 1 (UNS 50240. 61 ok om 020 203500 254s Py ins. 708 Oo 00581 aus 8 wean ao Ts" 58 Fy ost er 00s Ga 00 amt otome ag a BS I-20? ons 020 ean «eps * B IIs Cas 2, Gos 020 0s 0s 30510 50-4150) 3b) B ASTM grade? (UNS soe om 02s 0m om we TSO oH » DIN 3.38 Om oon bm ome as ee) ss 2 Gost Br, oor co Om) amt 030mx 3900 57-78 2 Be 235i” eons 020 sos sas “ 2 4s Cis 5. OOS 030 or 30 ost 750348) is [ASTI gra 3 UNS Roost) o10 035 00s 020 osm 85 ” ASTM grade (UNS "Tb a0) ow 05 00 sm aw » » ans 735 or obs 038 One 0 osm ots a is Sta pace 7 (UNS RSME) na. Gl0(@)— «028003030 a2s PE ws sao » ASTM grade 11 (NS S223). 01 0 ams 020 as PH mo 38 most Sas u ASTM grade 12 (UNS ssa. 010 oals 025 0m 030 O24 Mo, ew s 2 O6098i nes ogee a ae va emis (Oty fo set, ed. (2) Hye its vary sing prot fom fw: 01H she OTH en 0.10 ‘aket rhe beta transus is about 910 + 15°C (1675 # 25, "F) for commercially pure titanium with 0.25 wi% O, max and 945 + 15°C (1735 = 25 °F) with 0.40 wi% 0, max, For the various ASTM grades of commercially pure titanium, typical transus temperatures (with pha, therefore, isan indication that the ‘an uncertainty of about 15 "C, or +25 °F) material has been heated to a temperature are: above the beta transus. A beta structure ‘cannot be retained at low temperatures ‘unalloyed titanium, except in small quanti- ties in materials containing beta stabilizing contaminants such as iron. Effect of Impurities on Mechanical Prop- ‘erties. Besides the effect on transformation temperatures and lattice parameters, impu- ature range. Platelet width decreases with cooling rate. Equiaxed alpha can only be Produced by recrystalization of material that has been extensively worked in the alpha phase. The presence of acicular al- 130 ‘0 "85 rites also have important effects on the mechanical properties of titanium. Residual ‘elements such as carbon, nitrogen, silicon, and iron raise the strength and lower the ductility of titanium products. The effect of ¢arbon, oxygen, and nitrogen is shown i ig. | Typical unit cell parameters for an alpha crystal structure at 25 °C (77 °F) are: 2= 0.2950 am = 0.4683 nm Impurity elements (commonly oxygen, ni- trogen, carbon, and iron) influence unit cell ‘dimensions. The typical unt cell parameter Basically, oxygen and iron contents deter- mine strength levels of commercially pure titanium. In higher strength grades, oxygen and iron are intentionally added tothe resid tal amounts already in the sponge to provide extra strength. On the other hand, carbon and nitrogen usualy are held to minimum residual levels to avoid embritlement. When good ductility and toughness are desired, ‘the extradow interstitial (ELD fades we used In ELT grade carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and iron must be held to scceptably low levels because they lower the ductility of the final product (se, for example, the effect of carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen in Fig. 1). ‘The titanium for ingot production may be either titanium sponge or reclaimed scrap. Inter ease, stringent specifications must bbe met for control of ingot composition, Most important are the hard, brite, and refractory titanium oxide, anim nie, cor complex titanium oxynitride particles that, if retained through subsequent melting ‘operations, could act as crack initiation sites in the final product. for the beta structure is 0.329 nm at 900 °C. (1650 °F). ‘The microstructure of unalloyed titanium ‘at room temperature is typically a 100% alpha-crystal structure. As amounts of im- purity elements increase (primarily iron), small but increasing amounts of beta are observed metallographically, usually at al- ppha grain boundaries. Annealed unalloyed comer i i lovee Wain td sloratin p titanium may have an equiaxed or acicular a alpha microstructure. Acicular alpha occurs during beta-to-alpha transformation on ‘cooling through the transformation temper- Fig. 1 eects of intersiabelement content on stength and duct of unalloyed taniumWrought Titanium and Titanium Alloys / 597 = : = oo =F; | amueve H pane ul 7 scm ee 7 ; Re | WN a 7 - go) RES Ps g os ORADN, g 100} § 100 is 5 We, : 0 0 ct A i rs wows} | [et ; L im 1 1 ee eg GH LUE LT = = ” ° Fig. 5. Creep characteristics at 425 °C (0007 for milanneale tanlum (8.0% T) with 40.2% ye strength (5) ofa 380 MPa (5 ka and) 480 MPa 0 Ks) a ladium grades and alloy Ti-0.3Mo-0.8Ni (ASTM grade 12 or UNS 853400). The alloy ‘contents allow improvements in corrosion resistance and/or strength. Tutanium-palladium alloys with nominal palladium contents of about 0.2% Pd (Table 2) are used in applications requiring excel- lent corrosion resistance in chemical pro- cessing or storage applications where’ the media is mildly reducing or fluctuates be~ tween oxidizing and reducing. The palladi- ‘um-containing alloys extend the range of titanium application in hydrochloric, phos- Phoric, and sulfuric acid solutions (Table 4) Characteristics of good fabrica ability, and strength level are similar to those of corresponding unalloyed titanium srades. Palladium additions of less than specified ‘minimums are less effective in promoting an iproved corrosion resistance. Excess pal- ladium (above specified range) is not cost effective. Only alpha soluble amounts of palladium are added to make titanium-pal- ladium alloys; therefore, microstructures are essentially the same as for equivalent ‘grades of unalloyed titanium. Titanium-pal- ladium intermetallic compounds formed in this system have not been reported to occur ‘with normal heat treatments, Alloy Ti-0.3Mo-0.8Ni (UNS 53400, or ASTM grade 12) has applications similar 10 those for unalloyed titanium but has better strength (Fig. 8) and corrosion resistance (ig. 9). However, the corrosion resistance of this alloy is not as good as the titanium: palladium alloys. The ASTM grade 12 alloy is particularly resistant to crevice corrosion Gig. 10) in hot brines (see the section “Corrosion Resistance and Chemical Reac- tivity” in this article for a brief discussion ‘on crevice corrosion). The microstructure of 53400 is either equiaxed or acicular alpha with minor amounts of beta. Acicular alpha microstructures are found primarily in welds or heat-affected zones. In a series of crevice corrosion tests, Tonga, Temper 40000 1a00_1 7 : ‘Ti-0.3Mo-0.8Ni was completely resistant " ee. et pe 500-h exposures to the following boiling 7 J} —° FE i solutions: saturated ZnCl, at pH of 3.0; 107% -E 10] #£ To "2 Ge AICI; MgCl, at pH of 4:2; 10% NH,Cl at ae se FF raie 3 Be pH of 4; saturated NaCi, and saturated 3 a g bg 1 Be NaCl + Cl, both at pH of 1.0; and 10% 4 BP. 2 NaySO, av pH of 10" a sma test In i rt Grades 10 boiling 10% FeCl,, crevice corrosion was oe el L observed in metalio-Teflon crevices after 0940 60080 SO h. Ti-0.3Mo-0.8Ni also exhibits the fol Tope owing typical corrosion rates: « o Tempera aang j400_0 400 soo 1200 1000 2000 Tempera. Sd rr SENOS 3 eels soo oom soy E | Stngtietnargon | “NoHo « $ aus Baza fr Veta cant {om slated + «| — ieewtes eee ieieerat Oneal ‘8.50 forme oa : ones som crn ia 2» — I al, Tom one cca Cae iL sincmneme as ° a mo Ses 9 a6 seo Fea To 80 Temper © Torpari,© Titanium Alloys ° « fables S(a), 5(b), and 5(c) list the compo- Fig. 6 Yalow themalcecical and optic! properties of unaloye anum a slated temperatures) sitions of various titanium alloys. Because Thermal expansion. (8) Thermal conductviy.(c) Opti ems td) Elena! res the allotropic behavior of titanium allows