Q.1. What is a crystal?

Ans: A solid substance that has a definite geometric shape is called a crystal.

Q.2. What is crystallization?

Ans: A process, in which a solute separates from saturated solutions in the form
of crystals, is called crystallization.

Q.3. What is naphthalene?

Ans: Naphthalene is a white crystalline, volatile organic compound used as an
insecticide for clothes.

Q.4. What is the formula of naphthalene?

Ans: The molecular formula of naphthalene is C10H8.

Q.5. Why benzene is not used for the crystallization of naphthalene?

Ans: Benzene vapours are poisonous when inhaled and may cause cancer.

Q.6. What type of compounds can be purified by crystallization?

Ans: Those compounds, which have a higher solubility at a higher temperature
than that at room temperature can be purified by crystallization method.

Q.7. How will you test the purity of a compound?

Ans: If the melting point of the crystals formed is sharp, this indicates its purity.

Q.8. What is the use of crystallization?

Ans: Crystallization is a technique used for the purification of impure
compounds.

Q.9. NaCl is soluble in water but not in kerosene oil or petrol, why?
Ans: "Like dissolves like". NaCI is an ionic compound. Therefore, it is soluble in
a polar solvent like water but insoluble in nonpolar solvents like kerosene oil or
petrol. On the other hand, naphthalene is soluble in alcohol, ether, or benzene but
insoluble in water.

Q.10. What is Mother Liquor?

Ans: Solution left after the removal of crystals is called "Mother Liquor".
Q.11. What techniques are used to accelerate the process of crystallization?
Ans: The process of crystallization can be accelerated by
1. Scratching the sides of the beaker of the test tube.
2. "Seeding" by adding a few crystals of the same salt to the saturated solution.

Q.12. Why the solution of naphthalene is warmed in a water bath?

Ans: If the solution is warmed on a direct flame, the vapours of the solvent may
catch fire.

Q.13. What is sublimation?

Ans: The process, in which on heating a solid is directly converted into a
gaseous state without melting is called sublimation. By cooling, the vapours are
directly changed into the solid without passing through the liquid state.

In evaporation: Solid converts to Vapours

In condensation: Vapour converts to Solid

Q.14. Which substances can be purified by the process of sublimation and why?
Ans: Only volatile substances like Naphthalene, Camphor, Solid Carbon dioxide,
Ammonium Chloride and Iodine can be purified by sublimation technique. These
substances have high vapour pressure at a temperature below its melting point.

Q.15. Why does a substance sublime?

Ans: A solid substance, having higher vapour pressure at a temperature below its
melting point, will sublime on heating.

Q.16. Why does the subliming solids have a higher vapour pressure?
Ans: Such solids have weaker forces of attraction between their particles.

Q.17. What does a volatile substance mean?

Ans: It is the substance, which can be easily changed into vapours, for example,
naphthalene chloroform, ether, and acetone.

Q.18. What is meant by distillation?

Ans: The process in which a liquid is changed into vapours by heating and the
vapours are again converted into liquid by cooling is called distillation. The
dissolved and undissolved impurities remain in the flask, while the pure liquid is
collected in the receiver.
Q.19. What is a Liebig's condenser?
Ans: The condenser designed by Liebig is called Liebig's condenser. It consists
of two glass tubes. An inner and outer tube. The cold water circulates in an outer
tube, which condenses the vapours of the liquid in the inner tube. The vapours
are thus condensed in the shape of drops of liquid and thus collected in the
receiver.

Q.20. What is fractional distillation?

Ans: Fractional distillation is a process used to separate different liquids from a
mixture or solution. The liquids must have a difference in their boiling points. For
this purpose, a fractionating column is used in the laboratories.
Fractional distillation techniques are used in the petroleum industry and in
alcoholic industry. Ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH) can be separated from the water by this
method.

Q.21. What is the use of distilled water?

Ans: Distilled water is free from non-volatile dissolved impurities. Therefore,
distilled water is used in the laboratory for preparing solutions for qualitative and
quantitative analysis. Distilled water is also used in the batteries of automobiles
and for injection in the hospitals.

Q.22. Define melting point?

Ans: The temperature at which a solid just start converting into liquid is called its
melting point.

Q.23. What type of liquids can be used as bath substances in melting point
apparatus?
Ans: If the melting point of the substance to be determined is below 100° C, then
water can be used. Otherwise, sulfuric acid, cotton seed oil, and paraffin oil can
be used.

Q.24. Why melting point of a substance is determined?

Ans: Melting point of a compound is used to determine its purity. A pure
compound must have a sharp melting point.

Q.25. What is chromatography?

Ans: Chromatography is a technique used for the separation of components of a
mixture due to the difference in adsorption and rate of flow from solvents on a
solid phase.

Q.26. What is paper chromatography?

Ans: Filter paper strip is used as stationary solid absorbent in paper
chromatography.

Q.27. What are the various types of chromatography techniques?

Ans: The various types of chromatography techniques are:

1. GLC, Gas Liquid Chromatography

2. TLC, Thin Layer Chromatography
3. Column Chromatography
4. Paper Chromatography

Q.28. What is meant by Rf-value?

Ans: Rf = Distance covered by the component, cm / Distance covered by the
solvent front, cm

Q.29. Why paper chromatographic technique is preferred over other methods?

Ans: Chromatographic technique is used to separate the components of a
mixture when the mixture is present in a very small amount, even a drop.

Q.30. What is Chromatogram?

Ans: The finished paper showing the various coloured bands or spots after the
experiment is called a Chromatogram.

Q.31. Which solvents can be used in chromatography?

Ans: The following mixtures can be used:
(1) A mixture of acetone, HCl, and water (17:2:1)
(2) n-Butanol, ethyl alcohol, and ammonia (3:1:2)
(3) Ethanol + distilled water (7:3)

Q.32. What is the principle of paper chromatography?

Ans: Different components or colours of an ink have different rates of flow with
the solvent. The component having higher value of Rf will move up than the
other.
Q.33. What is the common ion effect?
Ans: By adding common ions to a saturated solution, the equilibrium shifts
towards the left. Therefore, precipitation occurs rapidly. It is called common ion
effect.

Q.34. What is a solubility product?

Ans: It is the product of the molar concentration of its ions in equilibrium with the
solid salt in its saturated solution at a given temperature. The solubility product
has a constant value at fixed temperature.

Q.35. Why NaCl precipitates by passing HCl gas?

Ans: By passing HCl gas, the molar concentration of Cl- ions increases in the
saturated solution. Therefore, NaCl precipitates due to the common ion effect.

Q.36. Why NaCl is not purified by crystallization method?

Ans: There is a very small difference in the solubility of NaCl at ordinary and high
temperature. Therefore, this method cannot be used.

Q.37. Whether HCl is ionic or covalent in character?

Ans: In the gaseous form HCl is covalent but when dissolved in water, it ionizes
into H+ and Cl- ions completely. Therefore, it is ionic in aqueous solution.

Q.38. What is solubility?

Ans: The number of grams of solute/100 grams of solvent at a particular
temperature to form a saturated solution, is called solubility.

Q.39. What is a saturated solution?

Ans: A solution, which exists in equilibrium with an excess of solute at a given
temperature.

Q.40. What is rubeanic acid?

Ans: It is an organic acid used to spray on a chromatogram. Spots of Ni, Co and
Cu are not visible. On spraying rubeanic acid, the following colour brands/spots
are obtained:
Nickel: Bluish purple spot or band.
Copper: Olive green spot or band.
Cobalt: Yellow orange spot or band.
Q.41. What is the stationary phase in case of paper chromatography?
Ans: The filter paper strip acts as stationary phase.

Q.42. What is a locating agent?

Ans: When the spots of any component are colourless, then some reagent is
sprayed over it to develop some specific colour. This reagent, which is sprayed is
called a locating agent.

Q.43. What is the principle of separation of mixture by paper chromatography?

Ans: The different components of a mixture must have different rates of flow (Rf)
with a solvent.

Q.44. Name the reagents used to detect and locate spots of colourless
compounds?
Ans: (i) H2S gas (ii) Alcoholic solution of Rubeanic acid (iii) Bromocresol green
(iv) Salicylic acid

Q.45. Which is the moving phase in paper chromatography?

Ans: Solvent is the moving phase in paper chromatography.

Q.46. What is a volumetric analysis?

Ans: It is a method of quantitative analysis based on accurate measurement of
volumes of solutions.

Q.47. What is a primary standard?

Ans: A substance, which is 100% pure and stable can be used to prepare
standard solution in titration.

Q.48. What is a decimolar solution?

Ans: A 0.1M solution is called a decimolar solution.

Q.49. What do you understand by the term "titration"?

Ans: The method of finding out the exact volume of a standard solution required
to react completely with an exact volume of another solution is called titration.

Q.50. What is titrant?

Ans: The solution, which is taken in the burette, is called titrant.
Q.51. What is a titrate?
Ans: The solution, which is taken in the conical flask or titration flask, is called
titrate.

Q.52. What is normality equation?

Ans: According to the law of equivalents, substances react in the ratio of their
equivalent weights, mathematically; the normality equation is represented as:

N1V1 = N2V2

N1V1 represent the normality and the volume of one solution and N2V2 the
normality and the volume of another solution.

Q.53. What is the strength of a solution?

Ans: It is defined as the amount of a solute dissolved in grams per litre of the
solution.

g/ litre = Mol. wt x Molarity

Q.54. What are the conditions for volumetric analysis?

Ans: Method of volumetric analysis can be used when:
(i) The reaction occurs at once and completed.
(ii) The end point should be sharp & clear.
(iii) There should be no side reactions.

Q.55. What is an acid?

Ans: An acid is a substance, which gives hydrogen ion or proton H+ in solution.

Q.56. What is a base?

Ans: A base is a substance, which gives hydroxyl OH- ion in solution. Thus, it is a
proton acceptor.

Q.57. Define: - (i) Molar solution, (ii) Molal solution

Ans: (i) Molar Solution: The number of moles of solute dissolved per litre dm3 of
solution is called Molar Solution.

(ii) Molal Solution: The number of moles of solute dissolved per kilogram of the
solvent is called Molal Solution.
Q.58. Define: (i) Normality (ii) Solubility product (iii) Basicity (iv) Acidity

Ans: (i) Normality is the number of gram equivalent of the solute dissolved per
litre of solution. It is denoted by N.
ii) Solubility product is the product of the molar concentrations of the ions of an
electrolyte in its saturated solution at a particular temperature, and is denoted by
the word Ksp.
iii) A Basicity of an acid is the number of replaceable hydrogen ions present in
the molecule. For example,
HCl = 1 and H2S04 = 2
iv) Acidity of a base means the number of replaceable hydroxyl ions present in
the molecules. For Mg (OH)1, acidity is 2 while 3 for Al(OH)3.

Q.59. What is the relationship between the molecular weight, equivalent weight
and acidity or basicity?
Ans: Equivalent weight of an acid or base = Molecular weight of acid or base/
basicity or acidity.

Q.60. What is meant by standard solution?

Ans: A solution for which exact strength (Molarity) is known is called a Standard
Solution.

Q.61. What is meant by concordant readings?

Ans: Concordant readings are similar readings, which may differ not more than
0.1ml.

Q.62. In acidimetry and alkalimetry titrations, which solution is to be taken in the

burette and why?
Ans: Acid is always taken in the burette to avoid the fumes through a pipette, and
to avoid jamming of the glass stopper of the burette due to alkali.

Q.63. What is the colour of phenolphthalein in acidic and alkaline solution?

Ans: It is colourless in acidic and pink in alkaline solution.

Q.64. What indicator is used in the titration of strong acid and weak alkali?
Ans: A methyl orange indicator is used between the titration of strong acid and
weak alkali (Methyl orange gives reddish colouration in the acidic medium while
yellow in alkaline solution).
Q.65. What is meant by weak alkali?
Ans: An alkali, which does not ionize completely and produces a less number of
hydroxyl groups, is called a weak alkali. For example, calcium hydroxide, sodium
carbonate, and sodium bicarbonate solutions.

Q.66. Define term oxidation.

Ans. Oxidation is the loss of an electron from an atom, ion, or molecule.

Q.67. What is meant by reduction?

Ans: Gain of electrons or the loss of a positive valence is called reduction.

Q.68. What is a Redox reaction?

Ans: It is a reaction in which oxidation and reduction processes occur
simultaneously.

Q.69. What are oxidation & reduction titrations?

Ans: Titrations based upon the reactions between an oxidizing and a reducing
agents are known as oxidation- reduction titrations. Potassium permanganate in
the presence of sulphuric acid is a powerful oxidizing agent while ferrous
sulphate as a reducing agent.

Q.70. Why KMn04 is called a self-indicator?

Ans: KMn04 is a pink coloured substance, the products formed during reactions
are colourless. At the end point its one drop gives pink colouration and,
therefore, it behaves as a self-indicator.

Q.71. How will you take a reading of a burette containing solution?

Ans: Read the lower meniscus of a colourless solution and upper meniscus for
coloured solution.

Q.72. Why dilute H2SO4 is added in KMnO4 titration?

Ans: Dilute H2SO4 reacts with KMnO4 and liberates atomic oxygen, which reacts at
once with reducing agents.

Q.73. Can we use dil. HCl or HNO3 instead of H2SO4?

Ans: No, dilute HCI will react with KMnO4 to evolve chlorine gas, and HNO3 is an
oxidizing agent.
Q.74. What happens when KMnO4 solution is added slowly?
Ans: If it is added slowly, a brown ppt. of hydrated manganese dioxide is
produced as shown in below reaction.
2KMnO4 + 3MnSO4 + 7H2O → 5MnO2.H2O (Brown ppt.) + K2SO4 + 2H2SO4

Q.75. Why is heating essential in the titration of KMnO4 with oxalic acid?
Ans: When the titration of KMnO4 is done with oxalic acid, it takes place very
slowly due to slow liberation of Mn+2ions. Heating is done to accelerate the
reaction.

Q.76. What is the nature of Mohr's salt & FeSO4.7H2O in KMnO4 titration?
Ans: They act as reducing agents. Ferrous is oxidized to Ferric as shown below
Fe+2 → Fe+3 + e-

Q.77. While preparing a standard solution of Mohr's salt, why a dilute sulphuric
acid is added?
Ans: Dilute H2SO4 is added to dissolve the turbidity due to the hydrolysis.

Q.78. Why ferrous ammonium sulphate does not require heating before titration?
Ans: At higher temperature the ferrous ion may be oxidized by the atmospheric
oxygen. Therefore, it is not heated before titration, like oxalic acid.

Q.79. Why burettes with rubber head/stopper should be avoided in KMnO4?

Ans: Burettes with a rubber head/stopper are avoided due to the action of KMnO4
on rubber head/stopper.

Q.80. How will you wash the glass apparatus, which has become coloured
because of keeping potassium permanganate solution?
Ans: It should be washed first with water, then with dilute ferrous sulphate
solution, and finally with water.

Q.81. Why KMnO4 and AgNO3 should be placed in coloured bottles?

Ans: To avoid decomposition due to exposure to light and air.

Q.82. What is the oxidation number of manganese in potassium permanganate

(KMnO4)?
Ans: +7
Q.83. What is the oxidation number of manganese in a potassium manganate
(K2MnO4)?
Ans: +6

Q.84. Define water of crystallization.

Ans: It is the number of molecules of a water present in one mole of the crystals
of a compound.

Q.85. What is meant by hydrate substance?

Ans: The substance containing water of crystallization is called a hydrate.

Q.86. What is meant by anhydrous substance?

Ans: The substance having no water of crystallization is called anhydrous
substance.

Q.87. What is meant for strong acid and weak acid?

Ans: The acid, which dissociates completely giving H+ ions is called a strong
acid, like HCI, H2SO4 and HNO3. The acid, which dissociates partially is called a
weak acid. For example, acetic acid.

CH3COOH → CH3COO- + H+