Synchronous Machines (3) : ECE 330 Power Circuits and Electromechanics

ECE 330
POWER CIRCUITS AND ELECTROMECHANICS
LECTURE 23
SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES (3)
Acknowledgment-These handouts and lecture notes given in class are based on material from Prof. Peter
Sauer’s ECE 330 lecture notes. Some slides are taken from Ali Bazi’s presentations
Disclaimer- These handouts only provide highlights and should not be used to replace the course textbook.
11/27/2017
Copyright © 2017 Hassan Sowidan
SALIENT POLE THREE-PHASE SYNCHRONOUS
MACHINE
• First we consider a salient pole three-phase machine as
opposed to a round rotor machine
• Salient pole machines are used in hydro-generators and
low-power single-phase synchronous motors.
• We consider a two-pole machine.
• There are three stator coils distributed so that each coil
creates a sinusoidal mmf around the periphery.
• The rotor has a field coil that carries a constant current ir.
11/27/2017 2
SALIENT POLE THREE-PHASE SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE
11/27/2017 3
The stator coils are separated mechanically. The flux current

relations can be derived as
 a   L 0  L 2 cos 2 M 0  M 2 cos 2(  60 )
  
 b  =   M 0  M 2 cos 2(  60 ) L 0  L 2 cos 2(  120 )
 c    M 0  M 2 cos 2(  60 )  M 0  M 2 cos 2(  180 )
  
 r   M cos  M cos(  120 )
 M 0  M 2 cos 2(  60 ) M cos   i a 
 
 M 0  M 2 cos 2(  180 ) M cos(  120 )  i b 
L 0  L 2 cos 2(  120 ) M cos(  120 )   i c 
 
M cos(  120 ) Lr  i r 
11/27/2017 4
 a   La M ab M ac M ar  i a 
   M Lb M bc M br  i b 
 b  =  ab
 c   M ac M bc Lc M cr   i c 
    
 r   M ar M br Mr L r  i r 
• inductance matrix is symmetric.
• all inductances except Lr are functions of 
L0
• Also M 0 = and L2 = M 2 .
2
• All windings have the same number of turns and there is
no leakage flux.
11/27/2017 5
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
Wm = La ia  Lbib  Lcic  Lr ir
2 2 2 2
iaib M ab  ia ic M ac  ibic M bc
iair M ar  ibir M br  icir M cr
Wm
2 2 2
i dL i dL ic dLc
e
T = = a a
 b b

 2 d 2 d 2 d
dM ab dM ac dM bc
ia ib  ia ic  ibic
d d d
dM ar dM br dM cr
ia ir  ibir  ic ir
d d d
11/27/2017 6
ROUND ROTOR THREE-PHASE SYNCHRONOUS
MACHINE
L0
For round rotor case L2 = M 2 = 0 and M0 =
2
 L0 M 0 M 0 M cos 

 M L0 M 0 
M cos(  120 ) 
L( ) =  0
 M 0 M 0 L0 M cos(  120 ) 
 
 M cos  M cos(  120 ) M cos(  120 ) Lr 
11/27/2017 7
MACHINE
1 1

W m = L 0 i a  M 0 i a i b  L 0i b  M 0i a i c
2 2
2 2
1
 M 0i b i c  L 0i c2  i a i r M cos 
2
1
i b i r M cos(  120 )  i c i r M cos(  120 )  L r i r2
11/27/2017 8
ROUND ROTOR THREE-PHASE SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE
Since La = Lb = Lc = M ab = M ac = M bc = constant
Wm dM ar dM br dM cr
e
T = = ia ir  ibir  icir
 d d d
= i a i r M sin   i b i r M sin(  120 )  i c i r M sin(  120 )
In steady-state AC conditions and in terminal conditions.

pm = T m e
Whatever happens in phase a, happens in phase b , 120 deg.

later and in phase c, 240 deg. later.
11/27/2017 9
MACHINE
Assume a balanced set of currents in the stator
ia = I m cos s t
ib = I m cos(s t  120 )
ic = I m cos(s t  120 )
ir = I r = constant
11/27/2017 10
MACHINE
T e = I m I r M [sin  cos st  sin( 120 )cos(st 120 )
 sin(  120 )cos(st  120 )]
 sin(  s t )  sin(  s t )
= Im Ir M 
 2
sin(  s t  240 )  sin(  s t )


2
sin(  s t  240 )  sin(  s t ) 
 
2 
11/27/2017 11
MACHINE
Using the identity
sin(  st )  sin(  st  240 )  sin(  st  240 ) = 0
We get,
e  I m I r M 3sin(  s t )
T =
2
I m = 2I a , I a = rms ,  = mt  
Ia Ir
T = 2
e
3M sin(mt    s t )
2
11/27/2017 12
MACHINE
For T e to have an average value, m = s , which is called
the synchronous speed.
3
T =e
I a I r M sin 
2
The synchronous speed  m is equal to the electrical
2 N s
frequency  s in radians per second, m = = 2 f
60
where N s = synchronous speed in rpm.
For two pole machine N s = f  60 = 3600 rpm.
11/27/2017 13
VOLTAGE IN STEADY-STATE(ROUND ROTOR CASE)
Compute va in steady state

  m t    s t  
d a di a di b di c dM ar
va = = La  M ab  M ac Ir
dt dt dt dt dt
L0
 L 0 I m s sin s t  I m s sin(s t  120 )
2
L0
 I m s sin(s t  120 )  I r M s sin(s t   )
2
Adding and subtracting  L0 I ms sin s t

2
11/27/2017 14
3L0 L0
va =  I m s sin s t  I m s [sin s t  sin(s t  120 )
2 2
 sin(s t  120 )]  I r M s sin(s t   )
3 MI r
va =  L0 2 I as sin s t  2 s sin(s t   )
2 2
j t  3 j  /2 j s t 
v a = Re [ 2 V a e s ] = Re  2 L 0s I a e e 
 2 
 M I 
j  j s t
j
 Re  2 r
s e e e 2
 2 
11/27/2017 15

j
I a  I a 0 , e 2
j
3 MI r j
V a = j L 0s I a  j s e
2 2
3
L 0s x s (synchronous reactance )
2
s M I r e j  s M I r  
j =    
2 2 2 
V a = jxs I a  E ar
E ar (voltage phasor proportional to field (rotor ) current I r )
11/27/2017 16
VOLTAGE IN STEADY-STATE (ROUND ROTOR CASE)
The equivalent circuit
ia = I m cos st = 2 I a cos st
I a = I a 0 Reference phasor.
*
Real power into the source Pa = Re [E a r I ] a
 s MI r    
Pa = Re       I a 
 2 2   s MI r
= I a sin 
2
11/27/2017 17
Power in three phases: PT = 3Pa

3
PT = s MI r I a sin 
2
The mechanical power output: Pm = T em .

Since we have DC field excitation, r = 0 .
from the frequency condition m = s  r , we have m = s.
For a conservative system, PT = Pm
3
e
T = MI a I r sin 
2
11/27/2017 18
,
POWER IN TERMS OF VOLTAGES

*
S IN 3 = 3V a I  3V a I aP . F
a
V a 0  E a r  
S IN 3 = 3V a 0 ( )
jX S
3V 90 3V a E a r 90  
2
S IN 3 = a

XS XS
3V a E a r 3V a E a r
PIN 3 =  cos(90   )   sin 
XS XS
11/27/2017 19
,

PIN 3 3V a E a r
T e
= sin 
s s X S
 < 0 Motor
 > 0 Generator 2
3V 3V a E a r
Q IN 3 = a
cos 
XS XS
Q IN 3 < 0 Overexcitation E ar cos  >V a 
Q IN 3 > 0 Underexcitation  E cos  < V 
ar a
Note: Q IN 3 is determind by E a r (excitation)

11/27/2017 20
,
CONVENIENT PHASOR NOTATIONS
ia ( g ) = ia
V a =  jxs I a  E ar
E ar  jx s I a V a
E ar V a
Ia 
jx s 3V a E a r
PT 3 = sin 
XS
3V a E a r 3V a2
QT 3 = cos  
XS XS
11/27/2017 21
,
 <0 Motor
 > 0 Generator
Q IN 3 > 0 Overexcitation E ar cos  >V a 
Q IN 3 < 0 Underexcitation  Ear cos  < V a 
Note: Q IN 3 is determined byE a r (excitation)
11/27/2017 22
,
EXAMPLE 6.1
A three-phase wye-connected 60 Hz synchronous machine
with two poles has synchronous reactance xs = 5.0 /phase.
Operating as a motor: 30A, 254 V, PF= 0.8 leading,
windage, friction, and core losses = 400 W
Find: Ear and T e , useful shaft torque, efficiency
11/27/2017 23
,
EXAMPLE 6.1
The equivalent circuit
V a = 2540
cos  = 0.8   = 36.87
I a = 3036.87 A
E ar V a  jx s I a
E ar = 2540  ( j 5)3036.87
= 364.3  19.23 V Ear
Q IN 3
11/27/2017 24
,
EXAMPLE 6.1
The torque angle is  = 19.23 and m = s = 377 rad / sec
3(364.3)(254) sin( 19.23 )

PT = = 18286 W
5
The torque of electric origin is
PT18286
e
T = = = 48.5 N  m
m 377
Overall efficiency = 18286  400 = 1788618286 = 97.8%

18286
17886
Useful shaft torque = 377
= 47.44 N-m
11/27/2017 25
,
EXAMPLE 6.4
A two-pole, three-phase, 60 Hz, wye-connected synchronous
machine, xs = 2 , is operating as a generator
1905 V per phase, 350 A , PF of the load is 0.8 lagging.
Find , E a r ,  and the torque of electric origin
V a = 19050 V
I a = 350  36.87 A
cos  = 0.8   = 36.87

11/27/2017 26
,
EXAMPLE 6.4
E ar =V a  jx s I a = 19050  j 2(350  36.87 )
= 2325  j 560 = 239113.54 V   13.54
3E a r V a sin 
3(2391)(1905)(.23416)
PT = = = 1600, 000 W = 1.6 MW
xs 2
Pm = T em = 1600,000 W
m = s two  pole machine

= 377 rads / sec
1600, 000
T =e
= 42440 N  m
377
11/27/2017 27
,
MULTI-POLE MACHINES
The number of poles in a machine is defined by the

configuration of the magnetic field pattern.
Source: machineryequipmentonline.com Source: electricaleasy.com
11/27/2017 28
,
MULTI-POLE MACHINES
The number of poles in a machine is defined by the

configuration of the magnetic field pattern.
When the instantaneous current is
in the direction indicated, the resulting
flux lines effectively create
an electromagnetic field with
North (N) and the South (S) poles
11/27/2017 29
,
MULTI-POLE MACHINE
For four slots carrying coils connected in series with
polarities indicated by dots and crosses. It can be one phase
of a three-phase winding. In this, we effectively have a four-
pole machine
Source: electronics-tutorial.ws
11/27/2017 30
,
MULTI-POLE MACHINES
For four-pole, three-phase machines the rotating field
completes two cycles (720 degrees. Electrical) in one
mechanical revolution of 360 degrees.
elec = 2mech
d
Since =   elec = 2mech
dt
pmech
elec =
2
pm ,
s = s = 2 f  120
2
11/27/2017
,
MULTI-POLE MACHINES
m =
2 N s , s = pm
60 2
pN s
f =
120
In mathematical terms, the relationship between the number

of poles and synchronous speed is reflected in mutual
p
inductance. M cos becomes M cos and the frequency
2
condition becomes m = (s  r ) / p
pm
r = 0 s =
, 2
11/27/2017 32
,
SUMMARY FOR P POLE MACHINE

Generator action
With the generator convention for current, PT = Pm > 0
3EarVa sin 
PT = = Pm
xs
E ar = jX s I a  V a
In the phasor diagram  > 0
11/27/2017 33
,

Motor action
With the motor convention PT = Pm > 0
3EarVa sin 
PT = = Pm
xs
In the phasor diagram  <0
11/27/2017 34
,

p
Both for motor and generator s = m
2
 s is the supply frequency
m is the synchronous speed in mechanical radians per
120f
second. the synchronous speed Ns  in rpm
p
11/27/2017 35

Synchronous Machines (3) : ECE 330 Power Circuits and Electromechanics

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ECE 330

POWER CIRCUITS AND ELECTROMECHANICS

The stator coils are separated mechanically. The flux current

In steady-state AC conditions and in terminal conditions.

Whatever happens in phase a, happens in phase b , 120 deg.

 sin(  120 )cos(st  120 )]

sin(  s t  240 )  sin(  s t )

Compute va in steady state

Adding and subtracting  L0 I ms sin s t

Power in three phases: PT = 3Pa

The mechanical power output: Pm = T em .

POWER IN TERMS OF VOLTAGES

POWER IN TERMS OF VOLTAGES

Note: Q IN 3 is determind by E a r (excitation)

CONVENIENT PHASOR NOTATIONS

POWER IN TERMS OF VOLTAGES

Q IN 3 > 0 Overexcitation E ar cos  >V a 

Q IN 3 < 0 Underexcitation  Ear cos  < V a 

Note: Q IN 3 is determined byE a r (excitation)

Find: Ear and T e , useful shaft torque, efficiency

3(364.3)(254) sin( 19.23 )

Overall efficiency = 18286  400 = 1788618286 = 97.8%

Find , E a r ,  and the torque of electric origin

cos  = 0.8   = 36.87

m = s two  pole machine

The number of poles in a machine is defined by the

Source: machineryequipmentonline.com Source: electricaleasy.com

The number of poles in a machine is defined by the

In mathematical terms, the relationship between the number

SUMMARY FOR P POLE MACHINE

In the phasor diagram  > 0

SUMMARY FOR P POLE MACHINE

In the phasor diagram  <0

SUMMARY FOR P POLE MACHINE

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