AIEN institute, SHOU Semester 1 2016-17 EAP & Study Skills (2016 Cohort) Argument Text In strengthening your argument itis sometimes necessary to show Causality or cause and effect relationship. In this lesson, the language of cause and effect will be discussed. Cause and Effect Language: In this activity, you will look at different language expressions used to show cause and effect in English. Then, you will practise identifying the cause and the effect in sentences that use these different language expressions. Finally, you will practise writing complete sentences with the cause and effect language ‘expressions, How can you find causes and effects in English sentences? English sentences can put causes and effects in different order, with different kinds of expressions. (Sorry, i's not always a very logical language) ‘Speeding causes accidenifs on the roads. ‘ecidents are caused by speeding on the roads effect So, when looking for cause and effect, FORGET ABOUT THE ORDER OF WORDS IN THE SENTENCE. Just think about the order of things in time. effect {cause Order ‘Speeding causes accldignts on the roads. sentences =e are caused by speeding on the roads. (es Se) Order in time speeding ————> accident ase Cc First _____second effect Cause and effect language There are many different language expressions used to show cause-effect relationships, You should try to learn how to use @ couple of these expressions, as. variety in your use of language is important in academic writing at university. Also, using cause-effect expressions helps the reader to understand the cause-effect relationship, making your writing clearer and more connected, Cause and Effect Language EAP handout # 0AIEN institute, SHOU Semester 1 2016-17 EAP & Study Skills (2016 Cohort) Argument Text: Cause and Effect Language From catise to effect — CAUSE (link verb) EFFECT cause result in 7 high levels of stress and Examinations lead to ‘ansiety. produce, are a cause of Note : 'n the above example, the cause is connected to the effect with a variety of link verbs. Notice the different prepositions (in, to, of) used with the cause and effect verbs. You must be careful that you use the correct preposition with the correct verb. Froin effect to cause EFFECT —_— I are caused by High levels of © | are often the result of : stress and ankioty | can be Gee examinations. may be 2 consequence of could be ie one sentence Note. Look-at the different prepositions used with the cause-effect verbs and expressions when the order in the sentence is effect - cause, Make sure you include the correct be verb form when you put effect before the cause in your sentence. Notice the use of modals such as may or can and the word often to make the sentence.less certain, By using language here that moderates the level of certainty, the writer Is showing that examinations da not always cause high levels of stress and anxiety. You could easily confuse the cause with the effect here. Remember the relationship is not expressed by the order of words in the sentence, but order in time. Ask yourself the question - "What happened first?" Cause and Effect Language 2 EAP handout # 30AIEN Institute, SHOU Semester 1 2016-17 EAP & Study Skills (2016 Cohort) Argument Text: Cause and Effect Language From cause to effect across two sentences CAUSE oo EFFECT ‘The number of assignments and | As a consequence, examinations at the end of term 7 | is always high, Consequently, levels of stress at this time. Therefore, Asa result, many students suffer from high Because of this, | Forthis reason, i Thus, tL ti/t st two sentences From cause to effect or from effect to cause in one sentence ft Cause and Effect Language CAUSE Freee EFFECT Because as the number of assignments and many students are stressed at examinations is always high, the end of term. Sinco one sentence CAUSE ee EFFECT Owing to nei the high number of assignments students become very stressed ‘and examinations, at the end of term. Because of one sentence 3 EAP handout # 30