Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume |-— DC Contents 1 BASIC CONCEPTS OF ELECTRICITY 1.1 Static electricity 12 Conductors, insulators, and electron flow. 1.3 Electric cireuits . 14 Voltage and current | 15 Resistance 1.6 Voltage and current in a practical circuit . 1.7 Conventional versus electron flow . . 18 Contributors 2 OHM’s LAW An analogy for Ohm’s Law... -. - Power in clectrie circuits Calculating electric power . . Resistors Nonlinoar conduction Circuit wiring . Polarity of voltage drops . . « : ‘Computer simulation of electric circuits . - 2.10 Contributors . 3. ELECTRICAL SAFETY ad 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 3.9 The importance of electrical safety Physiological effects of electricity Shock current path Ohm’s Law (again!) Safe practices Emergency response Common sourees of hazard Safe circuit design Safe meter usage 8.10 Electric shock data 3.11 Contributors 4 SCIENTIFIC NOTATION AND METRIC PREFIXES 4a 42 43 44 45 46 AT Scientific notation Arithmetic with seientifie notation ‘Metric notation ‘Metric prefix conversions Hand calculator use . . . Scientific notation in SPICE Contributors. . . How voltage, current, and resistance relate . . . . 119 119 121, 128, 124 125 126 128 BER BEReee ESSRR5 SERIES AND PARALLEL CIRCUITS 129 5.1 What are “series” and “parallel” circuits? . . . . 129 5.2 Simpleseries circuits... 0.2.2... cee cece e even eee co. 182 5.3 Simple parallel circuits 139, 54 Conductance 144 5.5 Power caleulations . 146 5.6 Correct use of Ohm’s Law . aT 5.7 Component failure analysis 149, 5.8 Building simple resistor circuits 2 155 5.9 Contributors. . . + 170 6 DIVIDER CIRCUITS AND KIRCHHOFF'S LAWS 17 6.1 Voltage divider circuits. . qm. 62. Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) . 179 63. Current divider cirenits .... . 190 64 Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL) - 198 65 Contributors... 2.0.2.0... eee . 196 7 SERIES-PARALLEL COMBINATION CIRCUITS 197 7.1 Whatisa series-parallel circuit? . . . - 7.2 Analysis technique . wee 73 Re-drawing complex schematics |. | 7.4 Component failure analysis... . . . 7.5 Building series-parallel resistor circuits . 7.6 Contributors . . . 8 DC METERING CIRCUITS 235 BL Whatisameter? 0060 ee 285 82 Voltmeter design... 241 88 Voltmeter impact on measured cireuit . . . . 246 84 Ammeter design .... 2... ee + 253 8.5 Ammeter impact on measured circuit |. | = 260 8.6 Ohmmeter design . ~ 264 8.7 High voltage ohmmeters . - 269 8.8 Multimeters 217 8.9 Kelvin (4-wire) resistance measurement ~ 282 8.10 Bridgecireuits......... - eee - 289 8.11 Wattmeterdesign.... 0.6... 65 eee + 296 8.12 Creating custom calibration resistances . - 297 8.13 Contributors... . - 8009 ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENTATION SIGNALS, 301 9.1 Analog and digital signals . . . - + 801 9.2 Voltage signal systems » 304 93 Current signal systems 306 94 Tachogenerators 309, 9.5 Thermocouples 310 9.6 pH measurement 315 9.7 Strain gauges Bat 98 Contributors 328 10 DC NETWORK ANALYSIS 329 10.1, What is network analysis? . . - 829 10.2 Branch current method . . - 332 10.8 Mesh current method - 341 10.4 Node voltage method eee . 357 10.5 Introduction to network theorems... . 361 10.6 Millman's Theorem . . - 361 10.7 Superposition Theorem . . 364 10.8 Thevenin's Theorem - 369 10.9 Norton’s Theorem . . 373 10.10Thevenin-Norton equivalencies |... 37 10.11Millman’s Theorem revisited... . . . 879 10.12Maximum Power Transfer Theorem . . . . 381 10.13A-Y and ¥-A conversions . 383 10.14Contributors . . - - 389 11 BATTERIES AND POWER SYSTEMS 391 11.1 Electron activity in chemical reactions. . 391 11.2 Battery construction - fees BOT 11.8 Battery ratings . . 400 114 Special-purpose batteries . : - 402 11.5 Practical considerations - 406 11.6 Contributors . . - 408 Bibliography . - 408 12 PHYSICS OF CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS 409 12.1 Introduction . 409 12.2 Conductor size . 4uL 12.8 Conductor ampacity .. . . 417 124 Fuses... . 419 125 Specific resistance... . . 427 12.6 Temperature coefficient of resistance 431 12.7 Superconductivity vee . 434 12.8 Insulator breakdown voltage... . - 436 12.9 Data - 438 12.10Contributors .