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Notes LT2 PDF
Notes LT2 PDF
Notes LT2 PDF
Step Functions
0, t<c
u c (t ) = c ≥ 0.
1, t≥c ,
Often the unit step function uc(t) is also denoted as u(t − c), Hc(t), or
H(t − c).
1, t<c
1 − u c (t ) = c ≥ 0.
0, t≥c ,
e − cs
L{uc(t)} = s , s > 0, c≥0
Notice that when c = 0, u0(t) has the same Laplace transform as the constant
function f (t) = 1. (Why?) Therefore, for our purpose, u0(t) = 1. (Keep in
mind that a Laplace transform is only defined for t ≥ 0.)
∞ ∞ − 1 − st ∞
∫ dt = ∫ 1 ⋅ e − st dt =
− st
L{uc(t)} = u c (t ) e e c
0 c s
−1 e − cs
=
s
0−e (
− cs
=
s
) , s > 0.
0, t<c
uc (t ) f (t ) =
f (t ), t≥c, (an “on” switch)
f (t ), t<c
(1 − uc (t )) f (t ) =
0, t ≥ c, (an “off” switch).
0, t<a
(u a (t ) − ub (t )) f (t ) = f (t ), a≤t <b
,
0, t ≥b
By cascading the above types of products, we can now write any piecewise-
defined function in a succinct form in terms of unit step functions.
f1 (t ), t<a
f (t ), a≤t <b
2
F (t ) = f 3 (t ), b≤t <c
: :
.
f n (t ), t≥d
Example:
3t 2 − 2, t<4
F (t ) = e 5t + t , 4≤ t <9
.
cos( 2t ), t ≥9
Then,
Arguably the most important formula for this class, it is usually called the
Second Translation Theorem (or the Second Shift Theorem), defining the
time shift property of the Laplace transform:
Note: Equivalently,
−1
Conversely, if f (t) = L {F(s)}, then
5e −2 s
Example: Find the inverse transform of F ( s ) =
s + 10 .
−2 s 5
Since F ( s ) = e = e−2s L{5e−10t}, therefore,
s + 10
−10t
c = 2 and f (t) = 5e . Apply the above theorem and we have
*
This equivalent formula is more explicit about what needs to be done when transforming a product
containing a unit step function. It tells you to translate the function, t → t + c, before transform the
function. Remember, when transforming a product containing a step function: “translate before transform”!
7t
Example: Find the Laplace transform of u2(t) e .
L{u2(t) e7t} = e−2s L{e7(t + 2)} = e−2s L{e7t + 14} = e−2s e14L{e7t}
− 2 s 14 1 e −2 s +14
=e e = .
s−7 s−7
2
Example: Find the Laplace transform of u1(t) (t + 3t + 2).
−s 2 1 1 −s 2 5 6
= e 3
+ 5 2
+ 6 =e 3 + 2 +
s s s s s s
3t 2 − 2, t<4
F (t ) = e 5t + t , 4≤ t <9
.
cos( 2t ), t ≥9
6 2 −4 s e 20 6 23 42
= 3 − + e − 3 − 2 − +
s s s −5 s s s
−9 s s 2 e 45 1 9
e cos(18) 2 − sin(18) 2 − − 2 −
s +4 s + 4 s −5 s s
−1
Conversely, if f (t) = L {F(s)}, then
e ct f (t) = L −1
{F(s − c)}.
s b
Example: Because L{cos bt} = 2 and L{sin bt} = ,
s +b 2
s + b2
2
at
s−a
L{e cos bt} =
( s − a ) 2 + b 2 and
b
at
L{e sin bt} =
(s − a) 2 + b 2 .
n! n
Similarly, since L{t } = n+1 , therefore,
s
n!
L{t n e at} = ( s − a ) n +1 .
0, t <π
where F (t ) =
1, t ≥π .
− πs
e
(s2 L{y} − 2) + 4L{y} = (s2 +4)L{y} − 2 =
s
e −πs 2
+
L{y} = s ( s 2 + 4) s 2 + 4
1 1 1
uπ (t ) − cos 2(t − π ) = uπ (t )(1 − cos( 2t − 2π ) ) .
4 4 4
sin( 2t ), t <π
1
y = sin( 2t ) + uπ (t )(1 − cos( 2t ) ) = 1 1
4 sin( 2t ) + − cos( 2t ), t ≥ π
4 4
y(0) = 0, y′(0) = 0.
s − 4 πs s
2 2
(s L{y} − 0) + 9L{y} = (s +9)L{y} = 2 − e
s +4 s2 + 4
− 4 πs s
e −4πs
L{cos(2t + 8π)} = e −4πs
L{cos(2t)} = e
s2 + 4
Therefore,
s − 4πs s
L{y} = ( s 2 + 4)( s 2 + 9)
− e
( s 2 + 4)( s 2 + 9)
s 1 s 1 s
= −
( s 2 + 4)( s 2 + 9) 5 s 2 + 4 5 s 2 + 9 .
1
It has an inverse transform (cos(2t ) − cos(3t ) ) .
5
1
y= (cos( 2t ) − cos(3t ) ) − 1 u 4π (t )(cos 2(t − 4π ) − cos 3(t − 4π ) )
5 5
1
(cos( 2t ) − cos(3t ) ), t < 4π
= 5
0, t ≥ 4π
−5 s
e
(s2 L{y} − s − 1) + 6(sL{y} − 1) + 5L{y} =
s
−5 s
e
(s2 + 6s + 5)L{y} − s − 7 =
s
e −5 s
(s + 1)(s + 5)L{y} =
s +s+7
Hence,
e −5 s s+7
+
L{y} = s ( s + 1)( s + 5) ( s + 1)( s + 5)
3 −t 1 −5t
It has an inverse transform of e − e .
2 2
1 11 1 1 1 1
= − +
s ( s + 1)( s + 5) 5 s 4 s + 1 20 s + 5 .
1 1 −t 1 −5 t
It has an inverse transform of − e + e .
5 4 20
We then must apply the effects of the e−5s term, namely the
introduction of the step function u5( t ), and the translation that
changes t into t − 5. Hence, this part really represents
1 1 1 −5t + 25
u5 (t ) − e −t +5 + e .
5 4 20
3 −t 1 −5 t 1 1 1
y= e − e + u5 (t ) − e −t +5 + e −5t + 25
2 2 5 4 20
s − 2 πs s
2 2
(s L{u} − 0) + 4L{u} = (s +4)L{u} = 2 − e
s +4 s2 + 4
Hence,
s − 2πs s
L{u} = ( s 2 + 4) 2 − e
( s 2 + 4) 2 .
1
The first part has inverse transform t sin( 2t ) .
4
The second part, via the formula
becomes
−1 −1
u 2π (t )(t − 2π ) sin 2(t − 2π ) = u 2π (t )(t − 2π ) sin( 2t ) .
4 4
1 1
u (t ) = t sin( 2t ) − u 2π (t )(t − 2π ) sin( 2t )
4 4
1
4 t sin( 2t ), 0 ≤ t < 2π
=
π .
sin( 2t ), t ≥ 2π
2
Notice that the system was undergoing resonance until the forcing
function was shut off. Then it oscillates at constant amplitude.
2as
Note: L{t sin(at)} = 2
(s + a 2 )2 .
2. Find (a) L{u5π / 6(t) cos 3t}, (b) L{uπ / 2(t) e−t cos 2t}.
5 – 6 Find each definite integral by (a) integration, and (b) using the
properties of Laplace transform.
∞ ∞
5. ∫
9
e −( s +3) t dt 6. ∫
5
t 2 e − st dt
−6 s 4 s + 11
9. F ( s ) = e
s 2 + 6s + 9
− s 3s + 12 s − 2 s − 3
3 2
10. F ( s ) = e
s 4 − 2 s 3 − 3s 2
−2 s 2 s − 14
11. F ( s ) = e
s + 2 s + 17
2
−8 s 3s − 10 s + 8
2
12. F ( s ) = e
s 3 + 4s
e −c s
13. F ( s ) =
( s + α )( s + β )
b
15. Given that L {sinh (b t)} = 2 , find L {t e at sinh (b t)}.
s − b2
Answers C-2.1:
−π s 2 2π π 2
1. (a) F ( s ) = e
s 3 s 2 + s ,
+
− 4 s 20 2 8 16
(b) F ( s ) = e e + + .
( s − 5) 3
( s − 5) 2
s − 5
−3 − ( s + 1) π / 2 s +1
2. (a) F ( s ) = e
− 5π s / 6
, (b) F ( s ) = − e .
s2 + 9 s 2 + 2s + 5
−3 s −15 2 5 8
3. F ( s ) = e e + +
( s + 5) 3
( s + 5) 2
s + 5
4. f (0) = 0, f (π) = 1, f (2π) = −6, f (8) = sin(8) − 2cos(8) − 4.
−9 s − 27 1
5. e , s>0
s+3