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286 THE AMERICAN NATURALIST [VOL. LVI

When the entireamountof waterhas passed throughthe filter-

paper, the latter is removed,spread out, and immersedin a
bath of water,in a watch crystal. The water should just cover
the filter-paper.
The device shown in Fig. 2 is now broughtinto play. This
consistsof a glass pipette,flattenedand spread at its tip, and
servesadmirablyfor gentlyscraping and suckingthe surface of
as it lies in the watch crystal. This withdraws
the filter-paper,
into the pipette the organisms which have been filteredout.
These can now be transferredto a glass slip and examinedunder
the microscope,or injected into culture media as inoculations.
The writerhas found that, with practice,the possibilitiesof
the micro-filtermay be extended to aid, in many ways, in the
studyof the protozoa.
LEON A. HAUSMAN
CORNELL UNIVERSITY

COMPLETE LINKAGE IN DROSOPHILA MELANO-

GASTER1

IN 1917 a mating appeared in the cultures of the authors,

the flies from which showed no crossing over in the region
scute to forked of the sex chromosome,although the factors
echinus, cut, vermilionand garnet, were between the extreme
points. This culture appeared spontaneously; selectionplayed
no part in it. The stock from this culture has now passed
throughnot less than 80 generationsand numbers over 3,000
matings. During this time no crossing over has appeared
withinthe known length of the sex chromosome.
In experiments including the second chromosomepoints,
black and purple, it has been shownthat no crossingover takes
place between these points when complete linkage exists for
the firstchromosome. Likewise the third chromosomepoints,
dicheate and hairless, have shown complete linkage when the
points scute to forkedin the firstchromosome,and the points
black to purple in the second chromosome show the same
phenomena.
The disturbingcause is genetic,behaving as a recessive. Its.
1 Papers from the Biological Laboratory, Maine Agricultural Experiment
Station, No. 142.
No. 644] SHORTER ARTICLES AND DISCUSSION 287

positionis in the regionof dicheatehairless of the thirdchromo-

some. It may be noted that such recessive factors effecting
the mechanismof segregationshow what might be called de-
layed Mendelianresultsfor the F, fliesmust be tested for their
linkage relations before anything can be said regarding the
stock.
Complete linkage has been reported in but one other case.
Thus in 1912 Morgan showed that crossingover did not occur
in the second chromosomeof the male of this same species,
melanogaster. This phenomenonhas since been extended to
include the other chromosomes. If it be consideredthat cross-
ing over as originallydiscoveredfor the female of this species
is the normal,then Sturtevanthas shown not less than three
dominantfactorsto materiallyreduce the normal amount of a
crossingover in the second and third chromosomes.A further
incompletelyanalyzed case of the same investigatorsuggests
that a third chromosomedominantpartly controlsan increase
in crossing over in the second chromosome. Crossing over
variations have been shown by Bridges in his "deficiency"
case, etc. From this it appears that there are three kinds of
effectsshown by the crossovermechanism. The firstcase, that
of Morgan, shows no crossing over in the male. No genetic
factorshave as yet been shownto be responsiblefor this. The
second case, that of Sturtevant,shows genetic dominant fac-
tors responsiblefor reducing crossingover in the female. The
third case, given here, shows recessive genetic causes allowing
no crossingover in the female. It furthershows these factors
capable of acting onlchromosomesof which they are not a part.
Detlefesen and Roberts using the sex-linkedfactors, white
and miniature,present another kind of evidence. In a selec-
tion experimentthey show crossing over to decline from the
normal amount (about 33 per cent.) to nearly zero per cent.,
no evidencebeing presentedas to the causative agent,although
the suggestion is made that "crossing over in the various
regions of the sex chromosome(and the other chromosomes?)
is probably controlledby multiple incompletelydominantfac-
tors." From what has been indicated above it seemed more
probable that recessive factors, perhaps one, arc responsible
for these linkage variations. Especially is this true of their
resultsin series A and Al, for with delayed Mendelian segrega-
tion, recessiveautosomal factors effectingcrossing over in the
288 THE AMERICAN NATURALIST [VOL.LVI

sex chromosome,mass mating in every other generation,and

complicationsresultingfromonly being able to test the female,
it is to be expected that selection will progressslowly at first
and come suddenly to the climax of reduced crossingover.
MARIES. GOWEN,
JOHNW. GOWEN
ORONO, MAINE