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Dynamics Lab Manual - ME6511
Dynamics Lab Manual - ME6511
Dynamics Lab Manual - ME6511
MANUAL
REGULATION - 2013
MANUAL
REGULATION - 2013
OBJECTIVES:
• To supplement the principles learnt in kinematics and Dynamics of Machinery.
• To understand how certain measuring devices are used for dynamic testing.
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
2. a) Kinematics of Four Bar, Slider Crank, Crank Rocker, Double crank, Double rocker, Oscillating
cylinder Mechanisms.
b) Kinematics of single and double universal joints.
5. Governor - Determination of range sensitivity, effort etc., for Watts, Porter, Proell, and Hartnell
Governors.
6. Cams – Cam profile drawing, Motion curves and study of jump phenomenon
7. a) Single degree of freedom Spring Mass System – Determination of natural Frequency and
verification of Laws of springs – Damping coefficient determination.
b) Multi degree freedom suspension system – Determination of influence coefficient.
10. Whirling of shafts – Determination of critical speeds of shafts with concentrated loads.
12. a) Transverse vibration of Free-Free beam – with and without concentrated masses.
b) Forced Vibration of Cantilever beam – Mode shapes and natural frequencies.
c) Determination of transmissibility ratio using vibrating table.
TOTAL : 45 PERIODS
OUTCOME
Ability to demonstrate the principles of kinematics and dynamics of machinery
Ability to use the measuring devices for dynamic testing.
INDEX
2. Determine the angle of the inclinationand stability of the ship when it turns right side
from its position with the speed of 25km/h.(Gyroscope)
3. Study the vibrations of a single cylinder engine fixed with flywheel and determine the
natural frequency of the system(equivalent single degree of freedom – single rotor
system)
4. Study the vibrations of heavy duty gear box setup and fine the natural frequency of the
setup.The following figure illustrates the setup of heavy duty gear box in a gear
transmission system.
HEAVY DUTY
GEAR BOX
ROTOR 1 ROTOR 2
(CLK WISE) (ANTI CLK WISE)
5. An automobile wheel and tire are suspended by a mild steel rod with certain length (mm)
and certain meter long. When the wheel is given an angular displacement and released
and it makes 10 oscillation (t seconds). Determine the polar moment of inertia of the
wheel.(Flywheel and connecting rod apparatus)
6. Study the cam and follower mechanism in an engine and find the maximum lift of the
inlet and out valve of a cylinder.
7. Determine the speed of the shaft at which the shaft works under safe mode. When the
shaft transmits power from one end to other end with certain speed. The shaft is fixed in
between the self-aligned bearing.
8. A tower crane transfers a load of 100N. Calculate the frequency of vibration of the
crane.(Forced damped vibration of cantilever beam)
10. Calculate the load distribution about horizontal axis of a material handling equipment,
which is used in industry to lift the material from one place to another place by hanging
at both ends (bifilar suspension to find moment of inertia)
Tabulation:
Model Calculation:
1
Ex.No:1
Aim:
To determine the active and reactive gyroscopic couples and compare them.
Apparatus required:
Procedure:
The disc as made to rotate at a constant speed at a specific time using variable voltage
transformer.
The speed of the (N) disc is kept constant
A weight is added on the extending platform attached to the disc.
This causes an active gyroscopic couple and the whole assembly is standing to move in a
perpendicular plane to that of plane of rotating of disc. This is called gyroscopic motion.
The time taken (t) to traverse a specific angular displacement ( =600) is noted.
Repeat the procedure for different weights.
Formula Used:
Mass moment of inertia of the disc I = md 2/8 kgm2
Angular velocity of the disc =2 N/60 rad/sec
Result:
Thus the active couple and reactive couple of gyroscopic couples are found and graph
were plotted.
2
Tabulation
Model Calculation:
3
Ex.No:2
Aim:
To determine the mass moment of inertia for the given connecting rod material.
Apparatus required:
Flywheel and connecting rod apparatus, stopwatch, measuring tape, vernier caliper.
Description:
This apparatus contains a frame, Flywheel and connecting rod. The flywheel is connected
with the help of chucks with connecting rod one end and the other end is connected with top of
the frame.
This apparatus is mainly used to find the moment of inertia of the connecting rod based
on the frequency of vibration.
Formulae:
n = no.of oscillations.
Result:
Thus the mass moment of inertia of the given rod is determined by using flywheel and
connecting rod apparatus.
4
Tabulation
Time
Time taken for taken for
Length(mm) No.of
Sl.no N OG(mm) one Kexp. Ktheo.
(L) oscillations.(N)
oscillations(sec.) oscillation
(sec)
Model Calculation:
5
Ex.No:3
Aim :
To determine the radius of gyration (k) of given compound pendulum and to verify the
relation between Ktheo and Kexp.
Apparatus required:
Theory:
Inertia of the body is the property by which the body resists any change in its state of rest or the
motion in other words, there has to change its state of rest (or) of motion. This energy of the
body is called inertia.
Moment of inertia of the body about any axis is the property by which the body resists
about the axis.
Radius of gyration (K) is distance from the axis of rotation to the point where entire area may be
assumed to be concentrated. Gyration means rotation. Hence radius of gyration also called as
radius of rotation.
Procedure
Formulae:
Ktheo = L
2√3
Kexp = T2 x g x OG – OG2
(2π)2
Result:
Thus the radius of gyration for the given compound pendulum has been determined.
6
Weight of the disc (w) = 6.25 Kg.
Tabulation
Model Calculation:
7
Ex.No:4
Aim:
To study the damped torsion oscillations and to determine the damping co-efficient.
Apparatus required:
Vibration test apparatus, stopwatch, measuring tape.
Procedure:
Fill the oil container and damping cylinder with oil provided with equipment or use
SAE20 oil. Scale for measuring height of oil container. The oil level is easily seen by a glass
tube.
Clamp firmly the wire between two drill chucks and hold tightly the wire and give sufficient
tension to the wire. Wrap a plain paper on the upper container in which drill chuck is provided,
make necessary arrangement for taking graph by adjusting sketch pen and damped oil cylinder.
Now give horizontal oscillations to the disc. Count the oscillations and take the time
taken for the oscillations using stopwatch. Simultaneously adjust the sketch pen to make the
frequency of amplitude on the graph paper wrapped on the container.
Formulae:
Ip = πd4
32
Kt = G Ip
L
I = mD2
8
Ttheo = 2π I
Kt
Texp = t/n
Result:
Thus the damping co-efficient was found out and the torsion oscillations were studied for
the given experimental setup.
8
Tabulation
Weight
Time taken for
attached No.of F=1 1 1
Sl.no N Texp =t/n(sec)
(W) oscillations.(N) Texp (Fexp)2 (Ftheo)2
oscillations(sec.)
Kg
Model Calculation:
9
Ex.No:5
VERIFICATION OF DUNKERLEY’S RULE
Aim:
To verify the Dunkerley’s rule by given experimental setup.
Apparatus required:
Vibration lab apparatus, measuring tape, stopwatch.
Procedure:
Clamp the spring steel flat of less thickness between the two trunnion brackets.
Tight the spring steel flat by screws provided on both sides on the swiveling shaft.
Attach weight hanger to the bracket which is fitted on this spring steel flat.
Give vertical oscillations and measure the oscillations.
Note down the time required to completer these oscillations.
Now add 2Kg weight in the hanger and give vertical oscillation in the same
manner.
Repeat the procedure by adding more weights.
Formulae:
Section of the beam =
Length of the beam =
Weight of the beam per cm = 1.2Kg/cm
I = moment of inertia of the beam
I = bh3
12
Frequency of the beam (Fb) = π EIg
2 Wl4
Dunkerley’s rule
1 = 1 + 1
F2 (FL)2 (Fb)2
Graph: 1/(FL)2 Vs weight attached.
Result:
10
Tabulation
Dynamic condition
11
Ex.No:6
DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF CAM
Aim:
To determine the profile of the cam and study the jump phenomenon.
Apparatus required:
Description:
Cams are used in machines to move components in prescribed path eg.textile machine
tools, I.C.engines, printing machines etc. Cam is a mechanical member for transmitting desired
motion to follower by direct contact.
Various types of cams and followers are used in practice like wedge, radial or cylindrical
cams and reciprocating or oscillations follower with flat face, mushroom face or roller. The
apparatus provides study of three types of cams and follower with dial gauge, from this the
maximum lift of the follower is calculated and the jump speed for various dead weights was
observed.
Procedure:
To maintain and minimize the sliding force to bearing surface lubrication is must before
starting.
Continuous supply of oil is provided.
Select a suitable cam and follower combination
Fix the cam properly, tightened to locknut such that the follower is parallel to the axis of
camshaft.
Choose the suitable amount of weight inserted from the top end of push rod.
Now switch on the main supply and increase the motor gradually with the help of dimmer
stat.
At a particular speed the follower will jump on the cam
Note down the jump speed and repeat the procedure for different loads
Slow down the speed and switch off the machine.
Remove the locknut and fix the dial gauge on the follower rod.
Rotate the cam for uniform interval and note down the lift in the dial gauge.
Graph:
Speed Vs Weight
Result: Thus the characteristics of the cam profile is studied with follower displacement and also
the jump speed characteristics were studied that whenever the weight increases on cam
the jump speed decreases gradually.
12
Tabulation:
13
Ex.No:7
Aim:
To balance the given rotor system statically and dynamically with the aid of the force
polygon and the couple polygon.
Apparatus required:
Procedure:
Fix the unbalanced masses as per the given conditions such as radius ,angular position,
and plane of masses
Find out the balancing masses and angular positions using force polygon and couple
polygon.
Fix the balancing masses (calculated masses) at the respective radii and angular position
Run the system at certain speed and check that the balancing is done effectively.
If it is balanced effectively there will be no vibration in the rotation of masses. This is
called dynamic balancing.
Run the setup for some time and switch off the setup. While switching off the set up it
should not get return, it is called static balancing of the system.
Diagrams:
1. Space diagram
2. Force polygon
3. Couple polygon
Result:
The given rotor system has been dynamically and statistically balanced with the aid of
force and couple polygons.
14
Tabulation:
Model calculation:
15
Ex.No:8
Aim:
To study the free vibrations of two rotor system and to determine the natural frequency of
vibrations theoretically and experimentally.
Experimental setup:
The experimental setup is shown in figure; the two rotors are connected with the help of a
thin shaft in vibration lab apparatus.
Apparatus required:
Procedure:
Formulae:
fn = 1 C.J
2π lA.IA
Result:
Thus the torsional vibrations of double rotor system were studied.
16
Tabulation:
Model calculation:
17
Ex.No:9
Aim:
To study the free vibrations of single rotor system and to determine the natural frequency
of vibrations theoretically and experimentally.
Experimental setup:
The experimental setup is shown in figure; the rotor is connected with the help of a thin
shaft with a bracket in vibration lab apparatus.
Apparatus required:
Procedure:
Formulae:
fn = 1 q
2π I
Where q = C.J
l
Where C = Modulus of rigidity (0.8 x 105N/mm2)
Result:
Thus the torsional vibrations of single rotor system were studied.
18
Tabulation
Length
Time taken for Radius of
of the No.of Texp =t/N
Sl.no N oscillations gyration
string oscillations.(N) (sec)
(sec.) K(mm)
(mm)
Model Calculation:
19
Ex.No:10
BI-FILAR SUSPENSION
Aim:
Apparatus required:
Procedure:
Clamp the swing plate firmly in the drill chuck by tightening the light inextensible string
attached to the swing plate.
Ensue that the swing plate remains horizontal.
Measure the length of suspension and make sure that both side of the length is equal
Measure the half of the length of plate
Give horizontal oscillation to the swing plate through 15 to 25 0.
Count the oscillations and note down the time for these oscillations.
Formulae:
g = 9.81m/s2
Result:
20
Tabulation
Both ends
3.56
1 are fixed
One end
fixed &
2 2.45
other
hinged
Both ends
1.57
3 are hinged
21
Ex.No:11
Aim:
To study the whirling phenomenon of the given shaft for various end conditions.
Apparatus required:
Theory:
When the natural frequency of the system coincides with the external frequency, it is
called resonance. The speed at which resonances occurs is known as the critical speed. This
speed is also called as whirling speed.
At this speed the amplitude of the vibration of the rotors is excessively large and a large
amount of force is transmitted to the foundations or bearings. In the region of initial speeds of
systems, the system may fail because of violent nature of vibrations in the transverse direction.
Therefore, it is very important to find the natural frequency of the shaft to avoid the
occurrence of critical speed, which may results in excessive noise and its breakage into pieces.
Description:
The apparatus consists of a frame to support its driving rotor, end fixing and sliding
blocks etc. Spherical design is provided to clear out the shaft bearings of motor spindle from
those of testing shafts. The spherical design features of this equipment are as follows.
(a) Coupling meant for connecting the flexible shaft to drive the shaft from motor.
Ball bearing fixed ends: these ends fix the shaft while it rotates, the shaft can be replaced
with in s short time with the help of this unit. The fixing ends provide changes of end fixing
condition of the rotating shaft as per requirement.
The different conditions are tested with the help of end bearing conditions.
(i) Both ends are fixed
(ii) One end fixed and the other end hinged
(iii) Both the ends are hinged.
Formulae:
ftheo = k x EIg
wl4
Where l = length of the shaft
23
I = moment of inertia = πd4
64
g = 9.81 m/s2
fact = N/60
Result:
Thus the whirling phenomenon for the given shaft with different end conditions is tested
in three nodes. The theoretical and actual frequencies were compared.
24
Tabulation
Radius Centrifugal
Spindle Sleeve Height Angular
cos α α of force (Fc)
Sl.No speed(N) displacement (h) = ho-x/2 velocity
= h/l (degrees) gyration = m ω2r
(rpm) (mm) (mm) (rad/s)
(mm) (N)
25
Ex.No:12
WATT GOVERNOR
Aim:
To find the, sensitivity, centrigugal force and percentage increase in speed of the Watt
governor.
Apparatus Required:
Description:
Procedure:
1. Keep the speed regulation in minimum in the initial position before starting motor.
2. Increase the regulated output speed gradually till the motor takes the critical speed and
control the speed of governor.
3. Take the sleeve displacement for a particular radius of rotation by maintaining constant
speed
4. Repeat the above procedure for different speeds.
Formula used:
x = sleeve displacement.
Cos α = h/l
26
Model Calculation:
27
r = 50 + l sin α ∴ =
∴ = 0.75+1.5 = 2.5Kg
Graph:
Model Calculation:
Result:
Thus the Centrifugal force of Watt governor was found and graphs were drawn.
28
Tabulation
Radius Centrifugal
Spindle Sleeve Height Angular
cos α α of force (Fc)
Sl.No speed(N) displacement (h) = ho-x/2 velocity
= h/l (degrees) gyration = m ω2r
(rpm) (mm) (mm) (rad/s)
(mm) (N)
29
Ex.No:13
PORTER GOVERNOR
Aim:
To find the centrifugal force, sensitivity and percentage increase in speed of the Porter
governor.
Apparatus Required:
Description:
Procedure:
1. Keep the speed regulation in minimum in the initial position before starting motor.
2. Increase the regulated output speed gradually till the motor takes the critical speed and
control the speed of governor.
3. Take the sleeve displacement for a particular radius of rotation by maintaining constant
speed
4. Repeat the above procedure for different speeds.
Formula used:
x = sleeve displacement.
Cos α = h/l
30
Model Calculation:
31
r = 50 + l sin α
Graph:
Result:
Thus the Centrifugal force of Porter governor was found and graphs were drawn.
32
Tabulation
Radius Centrifugal
Spindle Sleeve Height Angular
cos α α of force (Fc)
Sl.No speed(N) displacement (h) = ho-x/2 velocity
= h/l (degrees) gyration = m ω2r
(rpm) (mm) (mm) (rad/s)
(mm) (N)
33
Ex.No:14
PROELL GOVERNOR
Aim:
To find the sensitivity, centrifugal force and percentage increase in speed of the Proell
governor.
Apparatus Required:
Description:
Procedure:
1. Keep the speed regulation in minimum in the initial position before starting motor.
2. Increase the regulated output speed gradually till the motor takes the critical speed and
control the speed of governor.
3. Take the sleeve displacement for a particular radius of rotation by maintaining constant
speed
4. Repeat the above procedure for different speeds.
Formula used:
x = sleeve displacement.
34
Cos α = h/l
Model Calculation:
35
r = 50 + l sin α
Graph:
Result:
Thus the Centrifugal force of Proell governor was found and graph were drawn.
36
Hartnell Governor
r spring
b 80
Tabulation
37
Ex.No:15
HARTNELL GOVERNOR
Aim:
To find the stiffness, centrifugal force, sensitivity and percentage increase in speed of the
Hartnell governor.
Apparatus Required:
Description:
Procedure:
1. Keep the speed regulation in minimum in the initial position before starting motor.
2. Increase the regulated output speed gradually till the motor takes the critical speed and
control the speed of governor.
3. Take the sleeve displacement for a particular radius of rotation by maintaining constant
speed
4. Repeat the above procedure for different speeds.
Formula used:
x = sleeve displacement.
Cos α = h/l
38
Model Calculation:
39
r = ro + (a/b) x
Where r = radius of rotation
ro = initial radius of rotation = 155mm
a = length of the upper sleeve = 75mm
b = length of the lower sleeve = 115mm
Centrifugal Force Fc = m ω2r
Where = 0.75+1.5 = 2.5Kg
=
Stiffness of the spring (s) = Fc/x (N/mm)
Graph:
Result:
Thus the Centrifugal force and stiffness of the spring for the Hartnell governor was found
and graphs were drawn.
40
Tabulation
A = 70mm
B = 70mm
C = 210mm
4R1 = 220mm
4R2 = 220mm
R1
R2
A C B
41
Ex.No:16
Aim:
To determine the unbalancing of rotating masses using Dynamic balancing machine.
Apparatus required:
Dynamic balancing machine
Theory:
The dynamic balancing machine is used for determining mass inequalities (unbalance) of
rotating bodies. These unbalances are indicated in their value in grams.
(i) The net dynamic force acting on the shaft is equal to zero. This requires that the line
of action of three centrifugal forces must be the same. In other words, the center of
the masses of the system must lie on the axis of rotation. This is the condition for
static balancing.
(ii) The algebraic sum of the moments about any point in the plane must be zero.
The above two conditions together will give dynamic balancing.
Procedure:
Select the position of ‘Programme selector switch’ according to the position of
the “correction planes” and the bearing places.
Dial the controls A,B,C accordingly.
Dial the controls 4R1 and 4R2 as per correct radius.
Keep the sensitivity switch on maximum weight range
Make the amplifier ON by operation of ON/OFF switch of the control panel.
Start the machine by pressing green push button.
Let the reading will display on meters respective to’ plane selector switch’
should be steady. Then change the plane selector switch to other plane (the
previous plane meter – readings are stored).Let the meters indicate the steady
reading. Then stop the machine by “OFF button” on the starter.(The meter
readings for this plane also get stored.)
Apply corrections according to the meter readings on left and right correction
planes.
For checking un – balance in rotor, repeat the procedure.
If unbalance is found beyond balancing tolerance, follow the above procedure
until the rotor is balanced within limits.
Result:
Thus the dynamic balancing of rotating masses was checked and the mass of unbalancing
also found.
42
Tabulation:
1 DRIVER GEAR
2 DRIVEN GEAR
Model Calculation:
43
Ex.No:17
Aim:
Apparatus required:
Procedure:
Switch on the motor and give some input speed for the gear train with the help
of dimmer stat.
Note down the input speed of the driver shaft.
Take the corresponding output speed of the driven shaft.
Do the calculation based on gear train setup.
Formulae:
1 3 4
+ + +
T4 =
Result:
Thus the number of teeth for the driven gear was found.
44
VIB – LAB APPARATUS
OBSERVATIONS
45
Ex.No:18
Aim:
To determine the frequency of damped force vibration of a spring mass system in a cantilever beam
Apparatus:
Vib lab apparatus, Spring mass system, damper, exciter unit, voltage regulator and strip-chart recorder.
Theory:
The vibration that the system executes under damping system is known as damped vibrations. In
general all the physical systems are associated with one or the othertype of damping. In certain cases
amount of damping may be small in other case large. In damped vibrations there is a reduction in
amplitude over every cycle of vibration. This is due to the fact that a certain amount of energy
possessed by the vibrating system is always dissipated in overcoming frictional resistances to the
motion. The rate at which the amplitude of vibration decays depends upon the type and amount of
damping in the system. Damped vibrations can be free vibrations or forced vibrations. Shock absorber
is an example of damped vibration. Mainly the following two aspects are important while studying
damped free vibrations:
1. The frequency of damped free vibrations and
2. The rate of decay.
Procedure:
Result:
1. From the graph it can be observed that the amplitude of vibration decreases with time.
2. Amplitude of vibration is less with damped system as compared to undamped system.
46
47
OBSERVATIONS:
b=
d=
L=
E=
48
Ex.No:19
TRANSVERSEVIBRATIONOFFREE–FREEBEAM
Aim:
To study the transverse vibrations of a simply supported beam subjected to central or offsetconcentrated
load or uniformly distributed load.
ApparatusRequired:
Vib lab setup, simply supported beam, Trunnian Bearings, weights.
Procedure:
1. Fix the beam into the slots of trunnion bearings and tighten.
2. Add the concentrated load centrally or offset, or uniformly distributed.
3. Determine the deflection of the beam for various weights added.
Formulaeused:
Deflection at the center, δt = wl3/48EI for central concentrated load
Deflection at the load point, δt= Wa2 b2/3EI L for offset concentrated load
I = bd3/12 b = width of the beam, d = depth of the beam, l = length of the beam
Graph:
1. Deflection Vs. load (N) from this get stiffness (graph)
2. Deflection Vs. Natural frequency
3. Load in N Vs. natural frequency
Result: