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Ceramics and Super Conductor
Ceramics and Super Conductor
T = Tc the flux lines suddenly start penertrating magnetic levitation effect can be used for high
and the specimen returns back to the normal speed transportation without frictional loss.
state.
SQUIDS ;
Critical magnetic field in superconductor : SQUIDS – Superconducting Quantum
For a given temperature T, when the strength of Interference Device.
the applied magnetic field reaches a critical
value Hc, the superconductivity disappears. Types of Superconductors :
𝑇 2 Superconductors are classified in accordance
Hc (T) = Hc (O) 1 − 𝑇𝑐 with their diamagnetic response.
where Hc (O) is the critical field at 0 K. Hc (O) Superconductors which exhibit a complete
and Tc are constant and characteristic of the Meissner effect (perfect diamagnetism) are
material. called type I Superconductors also known as
soft superconductors. In this case, the
Isotope effect in superconductivity : diamagnetism abruptly disappears at the critical
In superconducting materials the transition magnetic field Hc and the transition from
temperature varies with the average isotopic superconducting to normal state is sharp.
mass M of its constituents. The variation On the other hand, in type II superconductors
follows the general form. (also called hard superconductors). the
Tc 𝛼 𝑀−𝛼 diamagnetism starts disappearing gradually at a
or 𝑀𝛼 Tc = constant lower critical field Hc1 and only at a upper
where 𝛼 is called the isoptope effect coefficient critical field Hc2 looses complete diamagnetism
and becomes normal conductor.
High T superconductors :
Any superconductor with a transition metallic Glasses :
temperature above 10 k is general called high Tc Metallic glasses are new type of engineering
superconductor. materials with high strength, good magnetic
properties and better corrosion resistance.
Examples : metallic glasses share the properties of both
YBazCu3O7 Tc = 92k metals and glasses. They are morphous alloys
La2-xSrxCuO4 Tc = 38k with an atomic configuration similar to that of
the molten liquid that has no translational
Magnetci Levitation ; symmetry. Metallic glasses are prepared by
Diamagnetic property of a super conductor, quenching the molten alloy very rapidly at the
namely rejection of magnetic flux lines is the rate of 106 k/ second.
basis of magnetic levitation. A superconducting
material can be suspended in air against the Use of metallic glasses :
repulsive force from a permanent magnet. This
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Ceramic and Super Conductor in Material
Science – Study Material
Metallic glasses are ferromagnetic. They posses previously defined shape or size when subjected
low magnetic losses, high permeability and to the appropriate thermal procedure.
saturation magnetization with low coercively.
They also have extreme mechanical hardness, MEMS
excellent initial permeability and zero MEMS – Micro Electro Mechanical Systems is
magnetostriction. These properties make them the integration of mechanical elements, sensors,
useful as transformer core materials. Moreover actuators and electronics on a common silicon
power transformer made of metallic glass are substrate through micro fabrication technology.
smaller in size and efficient in their
performance. Cermets :
Cermets are large – particle composites
containing between 80% to 90% ceramic and
Nanophase materials ; remaining % metal. These are materials which
Nanophase materials are materials with the aim to blend the strength of ceramics with the
grain size in the 1 to 100 nm range. ductility and toughness of metals.
Each grain contains only about 900 atoms each. Cermets have good high-temperature strength
They exhibit greatly altered physical, chemical and creep resistance. They are sensitive to shock
and mechanical properties compared to their loading and thermal shock.
normal, large – grained counter parts with the
same chemical composition. Ceramics ;
Industrial products that are in common use can
Methods employed to produce Nanophase be classified under three categories.
materials :’ i) Metals such as iron, copper and aluminium
i) Vapour condensation ii) Organic materials such as epoxy resins and
ii) Chemical synthesis rubber.
iii) Mechanical deformation iii) Ceramics like porcelain, refractories and
iv) Thermal crystallization electronic wares.
The term ‘ceramics’ comes from ancient Greek
Superplasticity : word keramos which means fired clay.
The capability of some polycrystalline materials
to exhibit very large textile deformations Fine ceramics :
without necking or fracture is known as Usually ceramic are oxides or non – oxides
superplasticity. composed of metallic and non-metallic elements
(excluding carbon) Ceramics used as machine
Shape Memory Alloys (SMA) materials, electronic materials, optic materials,
SMA refer to group of metallic materials that surgical replacement materials etc., cannot be
demonstrate the ability to return to some obtained by simply pressing and sintering
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Ceramic and Super Conductor in Material
Science – Study Material
unrefined raw material; instead ‘fine ceramics’ and toughness whereas ceramic reinforcements
is used. have higher modulus and strength. A
composites of these two have superior
Fine ceramics is synthesized using. properties compased to unreinforced metals.
i) highly refined raw material
ii) regorously controlled composition and
iii) strictly regulated forming & sintering
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