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Exp2 - DC Generators (2 Parts) (1) XX
Exp2 - DC Generators (2 Parts) (1) XX
DC GENERATORS
I. Objectives:
II. Equipment:
III. Theory:
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EXPERIMENT NO.(1) DC GENERATORS
Eg = K (1-1)
Where:
Eg = generated voltage
K = constant, depending on the construction of the machine
= magnetic flux strength
= angular speed
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EXPERIMENT NO.(1) DC GENERATORS
EA
= o
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EXPERIMENT NO.(1) DC GENERATORS
VT E A I A R A (1-3)
IF IA IL
RA
+
RF
VF + EA VT Load
LF - Figure (1-5): A separately excited dc
- generator.
VT VT
EA EA
RAIA RAIA drop
AR drop
IL IL
(a) (b)
Figure (1-6): The terminal characteristic of a separately excited dc
generator with(a) and without(b) compensating windings.
There are two possible ways to control the output voltage:
1. Change the speed of rotation. If then EA = K increases, so VT =
EA-IARA increases too.
2. Change the field current. If If increases then the flux in the machine
increases. Therefore EA = K increases and VT = EA-IARA
increases too.
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EXPERIMENT NO.(1) DC GENERATORS
The Kirchhoff's voltage low equation for the armature circuit is:
VT E A I A R A
IA IL
RA
+
RF
+ EA VT Load
- LF IF Figure (1-7): The equivalent circuit
- of a shunt dc generator.
EA/VT VT versus If
EA versus If
VTnl
Rf =VT/If
Figure (1-8): Voltage buildup on starting
EResid
If in a shunt dc generator.
ual Ifnl
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EXPERIMENT NO.(1) DC GENERATORS
VT
RAIA drop
Field weakening effect
A.R. Figure (1-9): The terminal
characteristic of a
IL shunt dc generator
.
IA IF IL
RA RS LS +
+ EA VT Load
- Figure (1-10): The equivalent circuit of
- a series dc generator.
IA IF IL
and
VT E A I A ( RA RS ) (1-4)
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EXPERIMENT NO.(1) DC GENERATORS
EA/VT
RA RS LS +
RF
+ EA VT Load
IF Figure (1-12): the equivalent circuit
-
LF of a compounded dc
- generator.
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EXPERIMENT NO.(1) DC GENERATORS
If the number of series turns is large, the effect that increases the
terminal voltage will be predominant and the generator is called
overcompounded. Fig.(1-13) shows the terminal characteristic of the
compound dc generator with all previous cases compared with the shunt
generator.
VT
Overcompounded
Flatcompounded
Undercompounded
Shunt
Differentially
compounded Figure (1-13): Terminal characteristic of
IL
a compounded dc generator.
IFL
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EXPERIMENT NO.(1) DC GENERATORS
IV. Procedures:
Part 1: Separately excited dc generator
No-Load Characteristic
1.2 Make sure that the switch S is off and the two regulators are turned
to minimum value.
1.3 Set the field current of the dc motor to 0.7 A, increase the armature
voltage whereupon the motor starts rotating. Adjust the speed to
1400 rpm (this speed must be kept constant during the experiment).
1.5 Repeat step 1.4 after adjusting the speed to 1200 rpm
Load characteristic
1.6 Readjust the speed to 1400 rpm (this speed must be kept constant
during this part).
1.7 Adjust the shunt regulator of the generator to bring the voltage up to
220 V. Record the excitation current, this value must be kept
constant during this part of the experiment.
1.8 Turn the load resistor toward minimum load current. Turn on switch
S. By varying the load resistor increase the armature current in steps
of 1A up to maximum (see ratings), for each step read the terminal
voltage and the shaft torque.
1.9 Turn off the switch S, variable dc voltage, fixed dc voltage, and the
main power supply switches (don’t open the field circuit of the dc
motor while motor is running)
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EXPERIMENT NO.(1) DC GENERATORS
2.3 Adjust the shunt regulator of the dc generator to bring the terminal
voltage up to 220 V.
2.4 Turn the load resistor toward minimum load current. Turn on switch
S. By varying the load resistor increase the load current in steps of
1A up to 5A, for each step read the terminal voltage, the field
current and the shaft torque.
2.5 Turn off the switch S, variable dc voltage, fixed dc voltage, and the
main power supply switches (don’t open the field circuit of the dc
motor while motor is running)
3.3 Turn the load resistor toward minimum load current. Turn on switch
S. By varying the load resistor increase the load current in steps of
0.5A up to 5A, for each step read the terminal voltage and the shaft
torque.
3.4 Turn off the switch S, variable dc voltage, fixed dc voltage, and the
main power supply switches (don’t open the field circuit of the dc
motor while motor is running)
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EXPERIMENT NO.(1) DC GENERATORS
4.3 Adjust the shunt regulator of the dc generator to bring the terminal
voltage up to 220 V.
4.4 Turn the load resistor toward minimum load current. Turn on switch
S. By varying the load resistor increase the load current in steps of
1A up to 5A, for each step read the terminal voltage and the shaft
torque.
4.5 Turn off the switch S, variable dc voltage, fixed dc voltage, and the
main power supply switches (don’t open the field circuit of the dc
motor while motor is running).
4.7 Again modify the circuit but now with only 30% of the series
windings (Undercompounded) and then repeat step 4.3 to 4.5
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EXPERIMENT NO.(1) DC GENERATORS
r.p.m
Speed (n)
If
F1 D1 F1
A A
M TG M
D3
F2 D2 F2
A
V
(VT )
S
+ - + - + - L1L2L3N L1L2L3N
220 Vdc 0-220 Vdc 0-220/127 220/127
(IL ) A
Resistive load
r.p.m
Speed (n)
If
F1 D1 F1
A A
M TG M
D3
F2 D2 F2
(VT )
A
V
S
+ - + - + - L1L2L3N L1L2L3N
220 Vdc 0-220 Vdc 0-220/127 220/127
(IL ) A
Resistive load
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EXPERIMENT NO.(1) DC GENERATORS
r.p.m
Speed (n)
F1 D1 F1
A
M TG G
D3
F2 D2 F2 (Vt )
A A
(IL ) V
S
+ - + - + - L1L2L3N L1L2L3N
220 Vdc 0-220 Vdc 0-220/127 220/127
Resistive load
r.p.m
Speed (n)
If
F1 D1 F1
A A
M TG M
D3
F2 D2 F2
(VT )
A
V
S
+ - + - + - L1L2L3N L1L2L3N
220 Vdc 0-220 Vdc 0-220/127 220/127
A
(IL )
Resistive load
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EXPERIMENT NO.(1) DC GENERATORS
V. Results:
Part 1: Separately excited dc generator
No-Load Characteristic
n=1400 rpm
IF (A) 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Eg (V)
n=1400 rpm
IF (A) 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Eg (V)
Load characteristic
N=1400 rpm IF =
IL (A) 0
Measured
Vt (V) 220
(Nm)
Pin(w)
Calculated
Pout(w)
(%)
n=1400 rpm
IL (A) 0 1 2 3 4 5
Measured
Vt (V) 220
IF (A)
(Nm)
Pin(w)
Calculated
Pout(w)
(%)
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EXPERIMENT NO.(1) DC GENERATORS
n=1400rpm
Vt (V)
(Nm)
Pin(w)
Calculated
Pout(w)
(%)
Vt (V) 220
(Nm)
Pin(w)
Calculated
Pout(w)
(%)
Vt (V) 220
(Nm)
Pin(w)
Calculated
Pout(w)
(%)
Vt (V) 220
(Nm)
Pin(w)
Calculated
Pout(w)
(%)
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EXPERIMENT NO.(1) DC GENERATORS
VI. Tasks:
a. In the same graph, draw the magnetization curve (Eg versus IF) for
the two different speeds according to the measured data in part 1.
c. In the same graph, draw the terminal voltage versus the load
current of the separately excited, shunt, and series dc generator.
d. In the same graph, draw the terminal voltage versus the load
current for the different cases of the cumulatively compounded dc
generator and the shunt dc generator.
e. In the same graph, draw the efficiency () as a function of the load
current for the separately excited, shunt, series, and
flatcompounded dc generator.
k. Explain how to control the output voltage for the different types of
the dc generator and how to reverse the voltage polarity?
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