Juan Carlos Grisales - Paso Final

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA - UNAD
ESCUELA DE CIENCIAS BÁSICAS, TECNOLOGÍA E INGENIERÍA

TEORIA ELECTROMAGNETICA Y ONDAS Periodo– 2018/02
TEORIA ELECTROMAGNETICA Y ONDAS
Final Activity
STEP 5
Delivered by:
Hernán Albeiro Hoyos Bustamante

Code: 70327386
Luis Fernando Calle Jaramillo
Code: 15511070
Victor Everson Ruiz Cañaveral
Code: 71336408
Ronald Israel Vargas
Code: 71366536
Group: 203058_63
Presented to:
William Mauricio Saenz

Tutor
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

PERIOD 2018
DECEMBER
INTRODUCTION
The British physicist James Clerk Maxwell established the theory of

electromagnetic waves in a series of articles published in the 1860s. Maxwell
mathematically analyzed the theory of electromagnetic fields and stated that
visible light was an electromagnetic wave.
Physicists knew since the beginning of the nineteenth century that light propagates
as a transverse wave (a wave in which vibrations are perpendicular to the direction of
advance of the wave front). However, they assumed that light waves required some
material medium to transmit, so they postulated the existence of a diffuse substance,
called ether, which was the unobservable medium.
Maxwell's theory made this assumption unnecessary, but the concept of ether
was not immediately abandoned, because it fitted in with the Newtonian
concept of an absolute framework of spatio-temporal reference.
A famous experiment carried out by the American physicist Albert Abraham

Michelson and the chemist of the same nationality Edward Williams Morley at
the end of the 19th century undermined the concept of the ether, and was very
important in the development of the theory of relativity.
From this work he concluded that the speed of electromagnetic radiation in

vacuum is an invariant quantity, which does not depend on the speed of the
radiation source or the observer.
DEVELOPING
Activities to develop
In this activity, the group will have to solve some practical problems using as
a reference the following image.
Retrieved from: http://www.scientechworld.com/education-software-training-and-skill-

development/wireless-communication/understanding-wireless-sensor-network
Taking into account the image, solve the following problems:

HERNAN ALBEIRO HOYOS BUSTAMANTE
Problemas 1 – 2 y 5
1. If the signal frequency used to send the sensed parameters from the
water monitoring system to the reception point is 5,2MHz. how deep
could the wireless transmitter be placed? How does the water behave at
this frequency? Find , , , and . Explain how these values could be used
in the practice.
We first describe:
Frequency: 5,2 ∗ 10 Hz = 5,2 MHz
Refraction index for water: 1.3333
With this data we can find the speed of the phase, in this case we use the
refractive index of the water because we do not have the permeability data.
We can also take into account the constants of permeability, permittivity and
conductivity to find the values.
= 1 ∗ 10
= 80
= 0.9999
= 1.3333
For this process we use the following formulas:
= 1
√
= 1
(0.9999 ∗ 4 10 )(80 ∗ 8,85 10 )

= 3.35 ∗ 10
Find the wavelength:

3.35 ∗ 10
=
5.2 ∗ 10
= 6.44
The constant or propagation:

2
=
2
=
6.44
= 0.97
The attenuation constant is:
=2
(1 ∗ 10 ) ∗ (1.3333)
=
2
= 13333 ∗ 10
2
= 6.66 ∗ 10
The propagation constant:
Υ=
Υ = 2 ∗ 5.2 ∗ 10 (0.9999 ∗ 4 10 )(80 ∗ 8,85 10 )
Υ = 0.97
With these results, we can calculate and answer the question:
How deep could the wireless transmitter be placed?

1
=
1
=
6.66 ∗ 10
= 1501.5 → 15.01
= 15.01
The transmitter can be located maximum 15 meters under water, because to

15 m approximately the signal begins to attenuate.
How does the water behave at this frequency? For this situation, in the image we
observe that it is fresh water, so the opposition of the resistance for the
propagation of the signal is not very high. On the contrary, if this scenario occurs
in the sea where the water is salty, the conditions change and it is more likely that
if there is greater resistance and the distance for the transmitter should be lower.
2. If the medium has the following electromagnetic characteristics: = , = y

= . Find the losses per length unit, take into account the given
frequency for the signal, how long must travel the signal to have more
than 3dB of attenuation?
First we have to describe:
σ = (10)^(−3) S/m
=1
=1
= 5,2
to find the time we must find:
ε = ε_r ∗ ε_0
ε = 1 ∗ 8,8541878176 ∗ 〖10〗^(−12) F/m
ε = 8,8541878176 ∗ 〖10〗^(−12) F/m

Tan(δ) = б/ѡε
0.01S/m
Tan(δ) = = 3,4567
2 ∗ 3.14 ∗ 5,2 ∗ 10000000Hz ∗ 8,8542 ∗ 0.0000000000.1F/m
Tan(δ) = (0.01S/m)/(2 ∗ 3.14 ∗ 5,2 ∗ 10000000Hz ∗ 8,8542 ∗

0.0000000000.1F/m) = 3,4567
μ = μ_r μ_0
μ = 1 ∗ 4Π ∗ (10)^(−7) N/A^2
μ = 4 ∗ 3.14 ∗ 0.00000.1 N/A^2
= √( ѡ (б + ѡ ))
6 −7 2 −3 6 −12
= 2 ∗ 5,2 ∗ 10 ∗4 ∗ 10 / ∗ (10 / + 2 ∗ 5,2 ∗ 10 ∗ 8,8541878176 ∗ 10 / )
= √( 2 ∗ 3.14 ∗ 5,2 ∗ 10000000 ∗ 4 ∗ 3.14 ∗ 0.00000.1 / ^2 ∗ (0.01 /+ 2 ∗ 3.14 ∗ 5,2

∗ 10000000 ∗ 8,8541878176 ∗ (10)^(−12) / ))
= 0.1242 + 0.1652
α = 0,1242Np/m
the signal to have more than 3dB attenuation, in a 3dB the power loss is half
the input power, that is, 50% of the initial power:
50% = (1 − )∗
100%
(1 − ) = 50%
100%
(1 − ) = 0.5
1
(1 − ) = 0.5
After:
− = 0,5 − 1
ln( ) = ln(0,5)
−2 = ln (0,5)
=− ln (0,5)
2
=−
ln(0,5)
2 ∗ 0,1242 /
5. In the monitoring station, there is a radio transmitter connected to an

antenna having an impedance + with a coaxial cable. If the transmitter
can deliver 30W when connected to a load, how much power is
delivered to the antenna?
Pin 1 − ( )
( )
Pout2 = = ( ) ∗ Pin
( )
We replace values:
Pin 1 − ( ) =0.991736
( )
30= 75+ 35Ω
∗ 0.991736=0.291687
75+ 35Ω
LUIS FERNANDO CALLE JARAMILLO
Problemas 3 y 4
3. In the buildings have an intrinsic impedance of =and the signal

has a power of / . Fin the reflected and transmitted power to the
buildings.
to find the reflected and transmitted power we use the following
equation. with the intrinsic impedance we find the reflector coefficient
=
2− 1
2− 1
300 − 120
=
= − 0.11 = 0.14 < 180°
the reflectance is equal to.
= | | = 0.14 = 1.9 %
the transmittance is.
=1+ = 1 − 1.09 = 0.98 %
the reflected power is.
|1|= ∗
| 1 | = 4% ∗ 1000 = 40
|1|= ∗
| 1 | = 98 % ∗ 1000 = 98
4. A near monitoring station has put coaxial transmission line with a

length of 20m and is terminated with an antenna of + . If the relative
permittivity of the line is 2.56 and the frequency is 3GHz, find the input
impedance to the line, the reflection coefficient at the load, the
reflection coefficient at the input, and the SWR on the line.
Solution.
First, we calculate the reflection coefficient of the load.
= − = 35 + 78 − 75 = 421 + 2925
+ 35 + 75 + 75 4546 4546
= 0.09260 + 0.6434
= 0.6500 /81.810°
The calculi of SWR It is done in the following way.
1+ | | 1 + 0.65
= = = 4.714
1− | | 1 − 0.65
We now calculate at a distance of 20 m.
1(20) =
We express length in terms of lambda to be able to cancel.
= = 3 ∗ 10 /
3
passing meters to gigameters we have lef

TEORIA ELECTROMAGNETICA Y ONDAS
Periodo– 2018/02
0.3
= 0.1
3
= 20 = 0.22
20 ∗ ∗ 3 ∗ 10
= = 3 ∗ 10
= 200
The input impedance is.
= 0 + 0 tan( )
0+ tan( )
(20) = 75 35 + 78 + 75 tan (200 )
75 + (35 + 78 )tan (200 )
(20) = 35 + 78
(20) = 85.4926 /65.833°

VICTOR EVERSON RUIZ CAÑAVERAL
Problemas 1 y 3
1. If the signal frequency used to send the sensed parameters from the
water monitoring system to the reception point is 5,2MHz. How deep
could the wireless transmitter be placed? How does the water behave at
this frequency? Find , , , and . Explain how these values could be used in
the practice.
The signal frequency = .

Finding the lost tangents:

The medium:
Formula freshwater conductivity: σ = 1 ∗ 10 S/m
w = 2πf = 2π(5.2 ∗ 10 )
Electric permitting: = 80 ∗ ∗ 10
()= = ∗ = 0.043
(.∗ ) ∗ ∗
With this frequency, water is a good insulator with low
losses equation Propagation constant:
γ = jw√με = γ = j2π ∗ 5.2 ∗ = γ = 0.97

∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
constant phase: β = w√με = 0.97 rad/m
its intrinsic impedance: ƞ = = ƞ= ∗

= ƞ = 42.14Ω
∗ ∗
Dimmer constant:
Ecuation: α =
ƞ
=
∗ . = 21.07 ∗ 10 Np/m
its wavelength: λ = = = 6.45 m
. /
.∗ / = 33544726 km/s
Its phase speed: V = = . /
Your depth of penetration: δ = = . ∗ / = 47 m
The signal is attenuated in 47 m the inlamabric transmitter has to be within
that disatancia.
3. In the buildings have an intrinsic impedance of = and the signal has a
power of / . Fin the reflected and transmitted power to the buildings.
Transmitted and reflected power equation
= = = − 0.11 = 0.14 < 180°

Its reflectance is: = | | = 0.14 = = 1.9 %
Its transmittance is = 1 + = =1 − 1.09 = 0.98 %
Power to the buildings:
formula 1 : |1|= ∗ =4% ∗ = 40

1000
formula 2: |1|= ∗ = | 1 | = 98 % ∗ 1000 = 98
RONALD ISRAEL VARGAS
Problemas 1 y 2
1. If the signal frequency used to send the sensed parameters from the water
monitoring system to the reception point is 5,2MHz. how deep could the
wireless transmitter be placed? How does the water behave at this
frequency? Find Υ, , , and . Explain how these values could be used in the
practice.
= 5.2
To solve the exercise initially, a tangent of loss is determined to classify the medium:
= 1 ∗ 10 /
=2 = 2 (5.2 ∗ 10 )
1
é = 80 ∗ 36 ∗ 10
tan( ) = = 1 ∗ 10 = .
2 (5.2 ∗ 10 )80 1
36 ∗ 10
∗
According to the result, water is classified as a dielectric with low losses, so

at that frequency it behaves as a good insulator.
Parameters:
Propagation constant
= 2 ∗ 5.2 ∗ 10 / 4 ∗ 10 ∗ 80 1 ∗ 10
∗ 36
= .
Phase constant
= = . /
Intrinsic impedance
ƞ=
4 ∗ 10
ƞ= 1
80 ∗ 10
∗ 36
ƞ= . Ω
Dimmer constant
ƞ 10 ∗
= = 42.14 = . ∗ /
2 2
Wavelength
= 2 = 2 = .
0.974 /
Phase speed
= = 2 (5.2 ∗ 10 ) / = /
0.974 /
Depth of penetration
= 1 = 1 = .
21.07 ∗ 10 /
Since the signal attenuates at almost 47m, the wireless transmitter must be
within this distance in order to send a signal.
In practice these values can be used to know the characteristics of electromagnetic

waves and allow applications in telecommunications, science and technology.
2. If the medium has the following electromagnetic characteristics: =10−3 ,

=1 y =1. Find the losses per length unit, take into account the given
frequency for the signal, how long must travel the signal to have more
than 3dB of attenuation?
tan =
10
tan =
1
2 ∗ 5.2 ∗ 10 ∗ ∗ 10 ∗
36
(1)
tan = 0.3
10
=
2 ∗ 5.2 ∗ 10
= 3.060 ∗ 10
= 3.060 ∗ 10
0.3
= 1.02 ∗ 10
Propagation constant
y=
y = ∗ 2 ∗ 5.2 ∗ 10 (4 ∗ 10 ) ∗ (1) ∗ (1.02 ∗ 10 − 3.060 ∗ 10 )

y = ∗ 2 ∗ 5.2 ∗ 1.282 ∗ 10 − 3.845 ∗ 10 )

10
y = ∗ 2 ∗ 5.2 ∗ ∗ (1.633 ∗ 10 − 1.177 ∗ 10 )
10
y = 0.384 + 0.533
Dimmer constant
= 0.0188 Nep/m
% losses = 1 − e
% losses = 3.70%
/ = −8.68
= −0.164
/
To have an attenuation greater than 3db the signal must travel a distance of
/ X = −3db
−3
X=
/
−3
X=
X = 18.34
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on the previous work, we can know more in detail through the definitions
acquired, the behavior of light and refractive angles and the applications and
resources that it has in our lives. They also help us contribute ideas and
information to our course (electromagnetic theory) that details the work functions
and the contribution to this and the quality of life that is part of it.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chen, W. (2005). The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Boston: Academic
Press, 525-551. Retrieved from
http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/log
in.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=117152&lang=es&site=ehost-
live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_525
Joines, W. T., Bernhard, J. T., & Palmer, W. D. (2012). Microwave Transmission Line
Circuits. Boston: Artech House, 23-68. Retrieved from
http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2051/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=7
53581&lang=es&site=eds-live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_23
Hierauf, S. C. (2011). Understanding Signal Integrity. Boston: Artech House,

Inc. Chapter 6, 7, 11. Retrieved from
http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2051/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=3
45692&lang=es&site=eds-live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_49
Impedance Matching Networks. (2001). Radio-Frequency & Microwave

Communication Circuits, 146-188. Retrieved from
http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2051/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aci&AN=145
28229&lang=es&site=eds-live
Electromagnetic Wave Propagation. (2003). Fixed Broadband Wireless. 25-

70. Retrieved from
in.aspx?direct=true&db=aci&AN=14505422&lang=es&site=ehost-live

Press, 519-524. Retrieved from

Press. 513-519. Retrieved from
Gutiérrez, W. (2017). Loss Tangent [Video]. Retrieved from

http://hdl.handle.net/10596/13139

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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA - UNAD

ESCUELA DE CIENCIAS BÁSICAS, TECNOLOGÍA E INGENIERÍA

TEORIA ELECTROMAGNETICA Y ONDAS

Hernán Albeiro Hoyos Bustamante

William Mauricio Saenz

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

The British physicist James Clerk Maxwell established the theory of

A famous experiment carried out by the American physicist Albert Abraham

From this work he concluded that the speed of electromagnetic radiation in

Retrieved from: http://www.scientechworld.com/education-software-training-and-skill-

Taking into account the image, solve the following problems:

HERNAN ALBEIRO HOYOS BUSTAMANTE

Frequency: 5,2 ∗ 10 Hz = 5,2 MHz

Refraction index for water: 1.3333

For this process we use the following formulas:

(0.9999 ∗ 4 10 )(80 ∗ 8,85 10 )

Find the wavelength:

The constant or propagation:

The attenuation constant is:

The propagation constant:

Υ = 2 ∗ 5.2 ∗ 10 (0.9999 ∗ 4 10 )(80 ∗ 8,85 10 )

With these results, we can calculate and answer the question:

How deep could the wireless transmitter be placed?

The transmitter can be located maximum 15 meters under water, because to

2. If the medium has the following electromagnetic characteristics: = , = y

First we have to describe:

to find the time we must find:

ε = 1 ∗ 8,8541878176 ∗ 〖10〗^(−12) F/m

ε = 8,8541878176 ∗ 〖10〗^(−12) F/m

Tan(δ) = (0.01S/m)/(2 ∗ 3.14 ∗ 5,2 ∗ 10000000Hz ∗ 8,8542 ∗

μ = 4 ∗ 3.14 ∗ 0.00000.1 N/A^2

= √( 2 ∗ 3.14 ∗ 5,2 ∗ 10000000 ∗ 4 ∗ 3.14 ∗ 0.00000.1 / ^2 ∗ (0.01 /+ 2 ∗ 3.14 ∗ 5,2

5. In the monitoring station, there is a radio transmitter connected to an

LUIS FERNANDO CALLE JARAMILLO

3. In the buildings have an intrinsic impedance of =and the signal

to find the reflected and transmitted power we use the following

equation. with the intrinsic impedance we find the reflector coefficient

= − 0.11 = 0.14 < 180°

the reflectance is equal to.

the transmittance is.

=1+ = 1 − 1.09 = 0.98 %

the reflected power is.

4. A near monitoring station has put coaxial transmission line with a

First, we calculate the reflection coefficient of the load.

The calculi of SWR It is done in the following way.

We now calculate at a distance of 20 m.

We express length in terms of lambda to be able to cancel.

passing meters to gigameters we have lef

The input impedance is.

75 + (35 + 78 )tan (200 )

(20) = 85.4926 /65.833°

VICTOR EVERSON RUIZ CAÑAVERAL

The signal frequency = .

Finding the lost tangents:

Formula freshwater conductivity: σ = 1 ∗ 10 S/m

With this frequency, water is a good insulator with low

losses equation Propagation constant:

γ = jw√με = γ = j2π ∗ 5.2 ∗ = γ = 0.97