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Produced Water Treatment PDF
Produced Water Treatment PDF
Produced Water
Treatment
Part of the
Petroleum Processing Technology Series
OPITO
THE OIL & GAS ACADEMY
Petroleum Open Learning
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Petroleum Open Learning
API Separators
Plate Interceptors (or Separators)
Oil / Water Filters Coalescers test yourself questions
Gas Flotation Units to see how much you
Hydrocyclones understand
Use of Chemical Additives
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Training Targets
When you have completed this unit on Produced Water Treatment you will be able to :
• Explain the basic principles which govern the separation of oil from produced water
• Describe the construction and operation of 5 types of oily water clean up facility
• Explain the requirement for chemical injection in a produced water treatment system
• Describe the flow of water and separated oil through a typical produced water treatment facility
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Produced Water Treatment Petroleum Open Learning
Introduction
In the vast majority of oil fields, water production unit, we will be looking at the produced water
becomes a problem as the field gets older. Towards handling system of an oil production facility. Before
the end of their useful lives some oil wells may be we examine a typical system, however, I think we
producing 95% of their total liquid as water. This should look at where the water comes from and the
produced water may be extremely salty and likely to problems it poses in a little more detail. So, I have
be of little value to the operator. It is removed from split the unit into four sections as follows:
the oil stream during primary separation and by
other facilities, and has then to be disposed of.
However, we are talking of a great deal of water in • In Section 1 we will look at the sources of
some cases. How do we dispose of it, and where do produced water and the problems which may
we put it? be encountered if we fail to treat it.
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You can see that the oil lies above the aquifer and the The high pressure water in the aquifer,
PERMEABILITY
well is taking oil which is not contaminated with water. therefore, will tend to displace the oil
Permeability is a measure of the ability of a fluid to
The point at which the oil and water touch each other towards the low pressure areas
flow through the rock from one pore to another. In
is called the oil water contact. surrounding each well bore.
order for it to be able to do this, the pores must be
interconnected.
The oil is able to flow through the reservoir rock
towards the well because the rock is porous and Permeability is measured in d’arcys- named after
permeable. These are probably the two most a French engineer who studied the flow of liquids
important properties of reservoir rocks. through filters. He found that the flow increased in
proportion to the pressure increase. However he also Figure 2 on the next page, shows the
discovered that the flow was affected by the thickness, situation with just one producing well
POROSITY or viscosity, of the fluid. and one water injection well.
Porostiy is the property of the rock which enables it
to hold fluids within itself. The oil, gas and water are Generally there is a wide spread of permeability in
contained in tiny holes in the rock called pores. reservoir rocks.
Sandstone is a common reservoir rock. It is made up
So, the rock properties of porosity and permeability
of grains of sand which are cemented together at the
points where they touch. Between the sand grains are allow the oil to flow towards the producing wells. But
void spaces - the pores. what causes the oil to flow through the reservoir?
The ratio of the volume of the pores to total rock Let’s look at that now.
volume expressed as a percentage is the rocks
porosity. You are probably aware that fluids always flow from
areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure:
This means that, if you have a sandstone reservoir
with a porosity of 25%, for every 4m3 of reservoir rock, • The oil producing wells create areas of low
1m3 consists of holes and 3m3 solid sand grains. pressure in the surrounding reservoir rock as
the well is opened at the surface and oil flows
Another common reservoir rock is limestone. This is
into the well
a rather brittle rock which contains lots of tiny cracks
and fissures. These tiny cracks give the limestone its
porosity. • The aquifer is usually at a relatively high
pressure. In addition, the injection of
water into the aquifer is intended to maintain
the reservoir pressure
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Test Yourself 1
As oil is removed from the reservoir what
will happen to the position of the oil water
contact ?
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Once water starts to break through to the The water cut from a particular well or field depends
producing wells, it tends to be produced in ever on a large number of factors. These include:
increasing amounts.
called the water cut and is expressed as a • The size and, particularly, the vertical
percentage. To make sure you understand this, a) If a well produces 3975m /d of oil and
3 thickness of the reservoir
have a go at the following Test Yourself question. 795m3/d of water, what is the water
cut. • The degree of fracturing of the oil field
b) A well produces a total of 875m3/d • The position and depth of the producing wells
liquids and the water cut is 20%. What in relation to the oil water contact
is the oil production from this well.
• How long the reservoir has been producing oil
c) What is the water cut of a well if the
total production is 556m3/d., and the
oil production is 397m3/d Actual water cuts vary tremendously, of course, but
can be as much as 99%. Imagine a field which
produces a total of 15,900m3 of liquid per day with a
water cut of 60 %. This means that 9540m3 of water
are produced every day.
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Corrosion Problems One of the ways of reducing corrosion damage is to Transportation Problems
separate the water from the oil at the earliest
We said earlier that the aquifer water can be very opportunity and dispose of it. In fact this, together The produced oil may have to be transported from an
salty. Injection water, being in the main sea water, is with the separation of gas, is one of the first offshore location to a shore based refinery or tanker
salty as well. It follows then that the produced water processes in a production facility. This however terminal. There are two ways of doing this. If the field
will be salty also. In fact the saltiness, or salinity, gives rise to another problem - one of disposal. We is large and the economics justify it, the best way is by
of produced water is usually considerably more than will look at this shortly. pipeline to shore. However, some fields are too small
that of normal sea water. To put it in perspective: to justify the expense of a pipeline or are too far from
shore. In this case the oil is loaded into a tanker at
• fresh water from streams, lakes etc. usually Scale Problems the point of production via a tanker loading facility.
contains less than 0.2 % salt Either way, water in the oil to be transported can
Salts are initially dissolved in the water present in a cause problems:
• sea water has an average salt content reservoir. As conditions change when this water is
of 3.5% produced, the salts may be precipitated as solids • The obvious one we have looked at already,
and deposit as scale. that of corrosion. Salt water in pipelines or
• produced water can contain up to 15% salt tanker loading units can corrode facilities
This can reduce pipe diameters, plug vessels and rapidly. I don’t think I need to elaborate on that
Pure water in itself is not particularly corrosive. equipment which in turn can lead to lost production. at this time.
However, up to a point, the more saline it becomes Once again, removal and disposal of produced water
the more corrosive it is. can help prevent the problems of scaling. • If the oil is going down a pipeline, excess water
reduces the efficiency of the line, leaving less
If the produced water is allowed to pass through all space for oil.
the surface processing equipment to the oil
transportation system, it could cause considerable • Water being sent to a refinery with the oil can
corrosion damage to pipes, vessels and other cause serious upsets in the distillation process.
equipment. Refinery operators usually limit the amount of
salt and water which they will accept.
In fact, corrosion costs the petroleum industry
millions of pounds annually. It makes sense to try to • When loading oil to a tanker there are laid
reduce this expense. down limits of water in oil which it is permitted
to take. If more than, say, 0.5 % of the cargo
loaded is water, then the producing company
can face severe penalties.
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It would seem from the foregoing that one of the Sewers are not built for these amounts of water and For instance, discharging produced water into the
first things which we must do on a production facility would be overloaded, in addition to suffering sea in the UK sector of the North Sea is subject to
is get rid of the water. This is of course what pollution problems at the outfalls. compliance with the following conditions at present:
happens. On most installations water is separated
from the produced oil in the first process system. You may have thought of drilling wells and injecting • On average, discharged water must not
The separated water has no value and has to be the water back into a reservoir. This is in fact done. contain more than 30 ppm by weight of oil.
disposed of. But how? This brings us to our final But the water has usually to be treated before it can
problem, that of produced water disposal. be injected. It may have to be filtered and dosed • An oil content of up to 100 ppm is allowed in
with chemicals to make it suitable for injection. individual monitoring samples
Disposal Problems
If the production facilities are located offshore the • For a normal month of sampling, not
When trying to decide how to get rid of the water we problem of disposal may seem easier. Why not just more than three samples (4% a month) may
must consider first of all the location of the dump it into the sea? Unfortunately it is not quite exceed the limit of 100 ppm.
production facility. that simple.
• Regular monitoring of effluent discharged
Think for a moment and try to decide how you After initial separation, the produced water is still from each platform to the sea is a stipulated
would dispose of 1590m3 per day of produced water likely to contain a considerable amount of oil in the requirement
from a site on land. form of small droplets. The actual amount will vary
from installation to installation but could be of the • Samples should be taken at 0700 and 1700
You may have come up with one of the following: order of 150 ppm. hrs each day
• Dump the water into lakes or rivers (The unit ppm means parts per million. In other The figures of 30 ppm is the one currently in force and
words, in every million drops of liquid 150 of them is constantly under review. It is not inconceivable that
• Dump the water into sewers would be oil, the rest water.) it could be reduced even further at some future date.
Both of these solutions would be totally This may not seem very much, but if those
unacceptable. quantities were dumped into the sea, an oil slick So, bearing in mind that I said that we would
would soon form and pollution would occur. concentrate on an offshore location, it would seem
In the first case, pollution of the fresh water by the that our biggest problem is getting the oil-in-water
Salts in the produced water would cause damage to In most countries the removal of oil from produced concentration down to acceptable limits.
the environment and could destroy wildlife. Drops of water before dumping it into the sea is a legal
oil in the water would also cause considerable requirement. The quality of produced water This is what we will concentrate on for the rest of this
environmental pollution. disposed of in this way is subject to strict control. unit.
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Test Yourself 3
Are the following statements true or false?
True False
a) Permeability is a measure of the ability of a rock to
allow fluids to pass through it.
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Summary of Section 1
During this section I have tried to introduce you to We then moved onto the problems of water
the problems arising from the production of water production and saw that they could be
with oil. classified as :
• corrosion problems
We started by looking at the sources of produced
water and you saw that it can be from the aquifer, • scale problems
formation water or the injection water which is
used to maintain reservoir pressure. • transportation problems
We then looked at the mechanics of water
production and considered the rock properties of • disposal problems
porosity and permeability which allow fluids to flow
through a rock. We concentrated on disposal problems offshore
and I indicated that dumping water into the sea is
the easiest option but this is often governed by
You saw that the relatively high pressured water legislation. I gave as an example that the
underlying the oil pushes the oil towards the average oil in water content permitted to be
wellbores. However the water may eventually discharged into the UK sector of the north sea
start to finger through the oil and be produced in must not exceed 30 ppm.
ever increasing quantities. You discovered that
very large quantities of water may be produced In the next section we will go on to look at some
and I defined the ratios of oil and water production of the basic theory behind produced water
as the water cut. treatment. In particular we will concentrate on the
removal of oil.
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Primary Separation
The total production from an oil field flows from the
wells to the primary separation system. The function
of this system is to separate the production into its
individual phases of oil, gas and water. The process
is carried out in large vessels - the separators. A
typical 3-phase separator is shown in Figure 4.
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The vessel is called a 3-phase separator because it What you have read in the answer to Test Yourself 4
separates the total flow stream into the three is exactly what happens in the separator. The water
individual streams of oil, water and gas. A 2-phase and oil separate due to a difference in their densities.
vessel would separate the stream into the liquid and
gas streams.
Test Yourself 4 Providing the oil and water stay in the vessel for a
sufficient period of time, the bulk of the water can be
I don’t intend to go through the construction and If you shake a mixture of oil and water in separated from the oil. This water is the produced
operation of a separator at this point. A programme a beaker and allow it to stand for a period water which has now to be disposed of.
on Oil and Gas Separation is also available in the of time, what will happen to the two
Petroleum Processing Technology Series. substances ? Although primary separation is quite efficient, oil may
remain in the water as small droplets. These have
Briefly, however, the oil, water and gas stream Can you explain your answer? also to be removed. We can now look at some ways
enters the vessel at the inlet and is deflected by the of doing that.
inlet deflector. The gas passes towards the gas
outlet via straightening vanes and mist extractor and
the liquids fall into the liquid accumulation section.
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Even where the amount of oil in the water is To coalesce simply means to join together or unite.
minimal, given sufficient time and under the right
conditions, the crude oil will float to the surface of the Entrained oil droplets in the water which are too
water where it can be removed. small to rise rapidly by gravity, can be coalesced in a
number of ways. One way is to pass the oily water
There is, however, a theoretical lower limit to the through a specially developed cartridge. This is
size of crude oil droplets which will rise freely made of a porous plastic medium such as
through the water. Oil droplets which have a polypropylene or polyurethane foam. When in use
diameter of less than, say, 5 microns will not rise the oily water flows to the centre of the cartridge and
through the water, but will stay in suspension out through the walls, where coalescence takes
indefinitely. A micron is one millionth of a metre. place.
In practical terms, the limiting droplet size in an oil/ The larger oil droplets then rise to the surface of the
water gravity separator is much higher, and in the water by gravity as before,
range of 50 to 150 microns. This is because of such
factors as turbulence, limited retention time, and Figure 5 shows the cartridge coalescer principle.
so on.
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Figure 7 shows oil droplets with gas bubbles In a flotation cell, the oil and gas mixture accumulates on the surface of the water
attached rising through water. as a layer of oily froth. This is skimmed from the top of the water to a channel which
directs the oil to a recovered oil system. The skimming may be over a simple
adjustable weir. Alternatively a system of paddles may be used to sweep the oily
froth continuously from the surface of the water.
Figure 8 shows a much simplified version of a flotation cell. I will describe this in
much more detail in Section 3.
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Centrifugal Force Separation This is the principle of a hydrocyclone, another Chemical Treatment
piece of equipment used in the separation of oil from
You are probably familiar with the principle of water. Sometimes emulsions form in the produced water
centrifugal force, but let’s just remind ourselves of it in which are very difficult to break down.
a rather simple way. Figure 9 illustrates this principle. An emulsion is a stable mixture of two or more
immiscible liquids, one dispersed in another, in the
Imagine a spinning disc, similar say to a record on a form of very small droplets. There are two distinct
record player. If you dropped a liquid onto the disc types of emulsion. They are:
near the centre it would be flung to the outer rim of the
disc. The force which causes this to happen is • Water-in-oil emulsions where a small amount
centrifugal force. of water is dispersed in a larger amount of oil
If the liquid was pumped into a container, in such a • Oil-in-water emulsions where a small amount
way that it was made to swirl within that container, the of oil is dispersed in a larger amount of water
centrifugal force would cause a vortex to be formed.
The first type is the more common, but oil in water
(A familiar example of a vortex is the cone-shaped emulsions can occur and may be a problem in the
whirlpool which forms above the plug hole when water treatment of produced water.
runs out of a bath).
In order to break down this type of stable emulsion,
If a mixture of two liquids, of different densities, was chemicals are injected. These chemicals, called
pumped into the container, centrifugal forces would demulsifiers, help the oil droplets to coalesce and
tend to separate the two liquids: separate from the water.
• the liquid having the lower density would Demulsifiers are usually used in conjunction with
migrate towards the middle of the vortex some other form of water clean up facility.
Test Yourself 5
In the first column of the table below I have listed the following terms: porous medium, plate pack, oil droplets rising,
demulsifier, finely dispersed bubbles, vortex. Each is associated with one or more methods of oil removal from
produced water. Put a tick in the appropriate column (s) to show which one(s).
porous medium
plate pack
demulsifier
vortex
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Summary of Section 2
In this section we have been looking at some of the basic principles which govern the separation
of oil from water in a water clean up facility.
First of all we considered the primary separation of the water from the main oil stream. You saw
that this was a simple gravity separation process. You also saw that gravity separation is the
basis of most produced water treatment facilities.
However, in order to speed up the process or make it more efficient you saw that other types of
treatment could be undertaken.
We considered:
• coalescence
• gas flotation
• centrifugal force separation
You also saw that chemicals may have to be injected into the produced water to assist in
separation, particularly if an oil-in-water emulsion has formed.
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• Hydrocyclones
API Separators
As we have seen, the most common way of
separating oil and water is by the use of gravity
acting on the density difference between the two
liquids.
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The water flows: The adjustable oil skimmer is normally set at Coalescing devices provide a solid surface which
between 1/4th to 1/8th of an inch above the level of can be contacted by small oil droplets. An
• from the stilling plate the water. accumulation of these oil droplets creates a thick oil
film which becomes a source of large drops.
• above and below an intermediate baffle API Separators require careful adjustment of the Eventually enlarged drops of oil break loose from the
(water with oil in it will rise above the baffle skimmer to remove as much of the oil as possible, solid surface. These large drops separate from the
water with no oil in it will fall under the baffle) but without removing any water. Slight changes in water phase much faster than the original small
flow will raise or lower the height of water falling over droplets.
• under the final baffle the weir and, if the oil/ water interface is disturbed,
water could slop over with the oil. Coalescing surfaces come in two basic forms:
• over the outlet weir
As I said earlier, API Separators are not suitable for • Plate interceptors
• out of the separator via the water outlet. offshore applications. There, more efficient means
of oil and water separation are necessary. Facilities • Cylindrical cartridges (called “fixed media”
The level in the separator is controlled by adjusting are needed which are designed to reduce the cartridges)
the height of the outlet weir. residence time required for efficient oil/water
separation to take place.
The oil flows:
This reduction in residence time is important. For a
• from the stilling plate given flow rate of fluid the residence time can only
be extended by increasing the volume of the
• above the intermediate baffle separator. Offshore, where space is at a premium,
this is extremely difficult.
• to the surface where it forms a layer of oil on
top of the water One way of reducing the required residence time is Let’s look at a couple of plate interceptors first.
to include some form of coalescing device in the Two main types are in use, the parallel plate and
• into an adjustable oil skimmer water cleaning unit. the corrugated plate interceptor.
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Plate Interceptors (or Separators) Now follow the flow with me with reference to
Figure 11.
Figure 11 shows a typical parallel plate interceptor. Plate interceptors work on the
principle of short distance gravity separation, which we looked at in Section 2. • The produced water flows into an inlet
Have a look at the figure now and try to visualise the flow through the unit. chamber which is equipped with a sludge/
debris trap.
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or
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A corrugated plate separator will often reduce the Oil/Water Filter Coalescers In our example in Figure 13, a set of cartridges
amount of oil in the produced water from 5 000 ppm would be mounted on a deck-plate within a vertical
to 30 ppm oil with a residence time of 5 to 10 In an oil / water filter coalescer the oil / water pressure vessel. Note that, for simplicity, I have only
minutes. separation is achieved by coalescence of dispersed shown one cartridge in the vessel, and omitted the
oil droplets within specially designed coalescer deck-plate.
This type of separator has been adapted for use on cartridges.
offshore systems and has even been tried in high
pressure systems at the wellhead so as to separate
production water before dissolved gas is released.
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The flow through the unit is as follows: Before moving on to the next part of this section,
have a go at the following Test Yourself question.
• oily water enters the base of the vessel
However cartridge life can be improved by : You will find the answer to Test Yourself 6 on Page 49
Part of a typical flotation unit is illustrated in Figure 14. Study the illustration carefully. • enters the inlet chamber
We will now look at how the water is aerated. The oil and gas then form a layer of foam on top of Take a look at Figure 15. This shows a side view of
the water. the flotation cells. You can see the layer of oily foam
You can see in Figure 14 that the recirculation pump on top of the water.
takes water from the exit chamber. The water can In the type of unit we have been looking at, a venturi
go in one of two directions: was used to create the gas bubbles. As you saw in To the side of the unit is a collecting box called a
Section 2, other methods of creating the bubbles launder. The oily foam spills over a weir into the
• water outlet may be used. launder where it separates into oil and gas.
But what happens to the oil ?
• back to the flotation unit The gas flows back into the flotation cells and the oil
collects at the bottom of the launder. The oil level is
The level in the exit chamber is controlled by a level controlled by a level controller (LC) which opens
controller (LC) which opens and closes the valve in and closes a valve on the oil outlet line.
the water outlet.
If the level rises the valve will open and allow water
to leave the system. If the level falls, the valve will
close and retain water in the system.
In general:
• Flotation units may also remove most of the b) Water flows under the middle (internal) baffle, in a two cell unit
solids suspended in the produced water
c) The recirculation pump takes its suction from the launder.
A problem associated with flotation units is that they d) Gas is introduced to the top of the cells as finely dispersed bubbles.
are difficult to control. The size of the bubbles
affects the efficiency of the unit and it may take e) Gas from the area above the water is sucked into a venturi and mixed with the oil.
many hours to set up each venturi to give the
optimum operating conditions. f) In the launder, oil and water separate and the oil level is controlled by a level controller.
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The water / oil mixture is accelerated to high velocity The major factors influencing the performance of a Use of Chemical Additives
and strong centrifugal forces develop. This hydrocyclone are:
promotes oil / water separation. The more dense Chemicals are increasingly used in produced water
water phase moves to the wall of the liner and • The specific gravity difference between the oil treatment facilities. I don’t intend to go into the
displaces the lighter oil phase towards the centre of and water. The greater the difference, the chemistry of the way that they work. However, I
the vortex. greater the potential for rapid separation. think that you should be aware of the main types of
chemical used and what their function is.
The water continues to flow to the water outlet along • The oil droplet size. Larger droplets move
the sides of the liner. The oil flows in the opposite more rapidly towards the central core. Emulsion breakers or demulsifiers. These
direction, via the low pressure central core, to be chemicals assist in separating oil/water emulsions.
removed at the oil outlet. The oil stream is called the • Temperature. This affects both density and They break down the mechanisms which cause the
reject oil stream. viscosity. Higher temperatures increase the emulsion to form.
potential for easy separation and therefore
Total residence time of the liquid in the hydrocyclone hydrocyclones are most often installed Flocculation and flotation agents. These
is about two seconds. Hence the equipment can upstream of any produced water coolers. chemicals act as seeds around which small solid
be compact. particles or oil droplets may collect. The increased
• Higher flow rates. These increase the intensity size assists in the separation process.
The capacity of a hydrocyclone is dependent on the of the centrifugal separation forces.
pressure drop between inlet pressure and reject oil Corrosion Inhibitors. These chemicals help
stream pressure. The reject oil stream will not be 100% oil. It will be a prevent corrosion of the vessels and pipework of the
mixture of oil and water. This mixture is then fed produced water system.
Hydrocyclones are usually mounted as groups in back into the main process, where the oil is
parallel to increase capacity. Each unit can be recovered. Biocides. These chemicals kill bacteria in the
opened up or closed in. This enables the operator to water. They are used to prevent the formation of
maintain optimum conditions during varying flow Hydrocyclones have a weight / efficiency ratio which slimes.
rates. makes them attractive for use offshore.
Oxygen scavengers. These chemicals are used to
In addition, units can be installed in series to remove residual oxygen in water. This also helps to
increase oil removal. The water leaving one prevent corrosion.
hydrocyclone enters the next, and so on. Using this
system oil concentrations as low as 5 ppm can often Scale inhibitors. These chemicals prevent
be achieved. dissolved solids coming out of solution and being
deposited on pipework, etc., as scale.
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• hydrocyclones
We have also taken a brief look at chemicals which may be used in a Produced Water System.
In the final section of this unit we will consider a typical produced water handling system.
Before you move on to that however have a go at the following Test Yourself question.
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Test Yourself 8
State whether the components listed on the right are part of :
e) A hydrocyclone 4. weir
5. cartridge
6. level controller
Note: some of the components are found in
more than one type of unit. 7. sludge trap
9. venturi
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• oil
• entrained gas
• fine solids
Look at Figure 18. You should be able to identify Tilting Plate Separators The diagram indicates that the chemical enters the
four separate parts of the system. They are: produced water line via an injection quill.
The produced water enters the system from the
• the two tilting plate separators (TP-01 and main oil, gas and water separation facilities. Find Figure 19 is an illustration of an injection quill. It is
TP·02) in the upper left hand corner of the the entry point in Figure 18 and follow the flow. designed to ensure that the chemicals are efficiently
figure mixed with the water flow.
The first thing you will see is that a chemical is
• the flotation unit (DP-01) in the upper right injected at this point. The chemical being injected is
hand corner a demulsifier which assists in the separation of the
oil and water. You will remember we discussed the
• the chemical dosing system in the bottom use of demulsifiers in Section 2.
left hand corner
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The chemical injection line is protected from any Any gas which is released from the produced water At this point. let me say a few words about
back flow by a non-return valve (Figure 18). is vented off to the vent header. Note that in our shutdown systems.
example, there is no valve on the vent line. There
Downstream of the injection quill, oily water from the are no pressure relief valves on TP-01 so, to prevent All offshore production facilities are protected
platform drains system joins with the produced an accidental over-pressure situation, the vent line is by a safety shutdown system. This comprises
water. fitted without an isolation valve. dedicated sensors, actuators, valves,
pipework, etc. They are installed to enable a
Just after this connection is a sample point. In TP-01 is also fitted with a nitrogen purge safe and effective shutdown of plant and
order to obtain a true sample, this connection connection. If TP-01 is shut down, the vessel can be equipment in a controlled manner. The whole
is placed after the point at which the two purged with nitrogen. The nitrogen ensures that an system is called an emergency shutdown
streams combine. air/gas flammable mixture cannot occur, by system (E.S.D. system).
sweeping out any flammable gases before the
Beyond the sample point another line enters the vessel is opened for maintenance. Levels of shutdown may be designated.
produced water line. It is protected from back-flow These depend on the degree of hazard 10
by a non-return valve. This line is the discharge line TP-01 is fitted with a level gauge (LG-01) so that personnel, plant and the environment. Less
from the float recycle pumps P-02A and P-02B. the operator can check the liquid level in this serious hazards may only require the
We will be looking at these two pumps later. separator. Connected to the level gauge is a level shutdown of individual items of plant or
switch high (LSH-01). If LSH-01 is activated it will : equipment. Severe hazards, however, may
The produced water then splits into two individual necessitate a total platform shutdown.
lines, one to each of the two tilting plate • sound an alarm in the Control Room via level
separators. Each line is fitted with a butterfly valve alarm high (LAH-01) If our platform had four designated levels of
which is indicated as being LO. This means that the shutdown, with level 1 being the most severe
valves are normally locked open to make sure that • cause a shutdown of the produced water hazard level, then the produced water
TP-01 and TP-02 are not accidentally isolated. system via the E.S.D. system shutdown would probably be a level 3. This is
indicated in Figure 18.
The tilting plate separators are identical, so we will
just look at TP-01. You will appreciate that E.S.D. systems are
very complex and I do not intend to talk about
In our example, TP-01 has three sets of corrugated them any further here. Other units in the
tilted plates. The produced water enters the side of Petroleum Processing Technology Series
TP-01 via three separate connections. This ensures will describe these systems in much more
that turbulence is reduced at these points by detail.
reducing the produced water flow rate.
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Now back to the tilting plate separators. You will The Flotation Unit
notice that a water jetting hose connection is
fitted. This allows a high pressure water hose to be The water which leaves the tilting plate separators
connected into the system for washing out any should have a fairly low oil content - say 60-80 ppm.
sludge which collects in the sludge trap of TP-01. We now have to polish the water to reduce the oil
Each trap is also fitted with a connection to allow the
liquidised sludge to drain away to disposal.
Test Yourself 9 content to less than 30 ppm (the standard for our
system). This is done in the flotation unit.
You will remember from Sections 2 and 3 that With reference to the tilting plate separators You should remember the principle of operation of
separation of oil from the produced water takes in our typical system, see if you can answer such a unit from Section 3. If you need to refresh
place in the tilting plate separator. These two liquid the following questions. your memory, do that now before continuing.
phases are discharged via separate lines.
The recovered oil flows from TP-01 and joins with a) What is the function of an injection Referring back to Figure 18, you will see that, from
the oil line from TP-02. The combined oil stream quill ? the tilting plate separators the water can be routed
then flows to a slop oil tank. The oil from the slop either:
oil tank will be pumped back into the primary b) Why is the sample point downstream
separation system. of the connection for the oily drains • to flotation unit (DP-01)
system?
The water from TP-01 passes through a butterfly • to a by-pass round DP-01
valve before joining with the water line from TP-02. c) What system is used to ensure that
The combined water line then takes the water the tilting plate separators are not The reason for the by-pass is to allow the flotation
towards the flotation unit DP-01 accidentally isolated? unit to be taken out of service for maintenance etc.
That completes our look at the tilting plate d) What is the nitrogen purge If you look at the system you can see that there are
separators. Before you move on to look at the connection used for? two tilting plate separators, but only one flotation
flotation unit however, have a go at the following unit. Normally both separators are in use.
Test Yourself question.
We can, however, keep one separator on line whilst
we clean and maintain the other one. Any loss of
efficiency would be taken care of by the flotation unit.
You will find the answers to
Test Yourself 9 on Page 50
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But what happens if we have to clean or maintain the If LSH-03 is activated it will start float recycle pump The oil from the float re-cycle pumps is fed into the
flotation unit? P-02A or P-02B. The pump running light (XL-03 or produced water line downstream of the chemical
XL-04) will light in the control room to alert the injection point and downstream of the sample point.
We have already seen that corrugated plate operator that the pump is running. If it was fed into the line upstream of :
separators, (The type we have selected), can reduce
the oil content of produced water to 30 ppm. So, if The oil is pumped back into the inlet line to the tilting • the chemical injection point - it would get a
both tilting plate separators are on line, it would be plate separators. From there it is recovered again second dose of chemicals
possible to by-pass the flotation unit, temporarily, so and discharged to the slop oil tank.
that it, too, could be maintained. • the sample point - it would affect the amount
If LSL-03 is activated it will stop P-02A or P-02B. of oil being measured as entering the system
Under normal conditions the water from the The pump running light (XL-03 or XL-04) will for treatment
separators flows through a butterfly valve towards extinguish in the control room to alert the operator
the flotation unit. Downstream of the butterfly valve that the pump has stopped. Neither of these conditions are desirable.
is a second chemical injection point where
demulsifier can be injected from the chemical The oil leaving the launder is filtered before it enters The exit chamber of the flotation unit is fitted with a
dosing package. the suction of the float recycle pumps. Each pump is level gauge (LG-04) to allow the operator to check
fitted with a discharge pressure relief valve the level of water in the exit chamber. Connected to
The chemically treated water enters the inlet (PSV-01 and PSV-02). The PSV is fitted on the the level gauge is :
chamber of the flotation unit and from there into each pump side of the discharge Isolation valve.
aeration cell in turn. Our unit has four separate • a Level Switch High (LSH-04)
aeration cells. Within each cell oil foam accumulates If the discharge pressure exceeds a pre-set value,
on top of the water. A motor (M) is indicated on the say 30 psi, then PSV-01 or PSV-02 will lift. This will • a Level Switch Low (LSL-04)
left hand side of the unit. This motor drives a set of relieve the discharge pressure by circulating oil back
paddles which skim the oil foam from the surface of to the suction of the pump. If LSH-04 is activated it will :
each cell into the launder.
• sound an alarm in the Control Room via Level
The launder is fitted with a level gauge (LG-03) to Alarm High (LAH-04)
allow the operator to check the level of oil in the
launder. Connected to the gauge is : • will cause a level 3 shutdown
• a Level Switch High (LSH-03) A level 3 shutdown generated by LSH-04 would shut
down the flow of produced water which is leaving the
• a Level Switch Low (LSL-03) primary separation system.
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filter cartridge
level gauge
inner liner
At this point I think that you should go back over
what we have looked at up to now in this section,
then have a go at Test Yourself 10.
You will find the answers to Test Yourself 10 on Page 50
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Lets now continue with the flotation unit by looking If there is a problem in the fuel gas system the In normal operation:
at the gas aeration of the water. pressure of the gas blanket could fall and affect the
operation of the produced water handling system. • the electrical signal to the solenoid of XY-01
Water is fed into the gas aeration side of the flotation is live
unit by either hydraulic circulation pump P-01A or However, tied into the fuel gas line, downstream of
P-01B. These pumps take their water supply from PCV-01 is an automatic nitrogen back-up system. • the air flows through XY-01 and maintains
the exit chamber of DP-01, and the water is then The nitrogen back-up facility is activated pressure on the actuator of XV-01
filtered before being recirculated to DP-01. automatically if the fuel gas pressure fails below
a pre-set value. • the valve stays closed
The combined discharge of P-01A and P-01B splits
into four separate lines, one for each of the flotation • limit switch ZSL-01 is activated and the
cells. The operator can balance the flow of water to The system comprises: signal valve closed is indicated in the
each cell, by adjusting the opening or closing of the Control Room.
individual inlet butterfly valves. • flow orifice (FO-01) - a flow orifice is a small
plate with a precision drilled hole in the centre If the low fuel gas pressure condition is activated
A fuel gas line provides the gas required for -the size of the hole determines the amount then the electrical signal to the solenoid is made
aeration via PCV-01. PCV-01 is a forward of flow through the orifice dead.
pressure control valve. This means that it controls
the pressure downstream of where it is installed. • emergency shutdown valve (XV-01) - this When this occurs:
PCV-01 maintains a blanket of gas on the flotation has an FO indication underneath. This means
unit with a constant pressure of a few inches water that the valve will fall open if the instrument • XY-01 changes position
gauge. air pressure is lost.
• the air supply to XV-01 is cut off
The water flowing through a venturi causes the gas • solenoid valve (XV-01) - a solenoid valve is
to be sucked into the water. It is then released as a valve which is opened or closed by an • the air supply to XY-01 is vented to
tiny bubbles. (If you are having difficulty visualising electro-magnet atmosphere
this, go back to the description of flotation units in
Section 3 and refresh your memory.) • limit switches (ZSH-01 and ZSL-01) The result of these actions is that XV-01 will open.
When this occurs the movement of the valve will
activate ZSH-01 which will signal to the control room
Solenoid valve XY-01 is fitted into the instrument air that the valve has opened.
supply to XV-01. This valve is a three-way valve.
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Nitrogen will then be supplied to DP-01. The amount Chemical Dosing Package These pumps are fitted with discharge pressure
of nitrogen will be regulated by the orifice size of relief valves PSV-03 and PSV-04. The PSV’s are
FO-01. This package consists of : fitted on the pump side of the discharge isolation
valves.
There is another connection to DP-01 which we • demulsifier drum D-01
have not yet mentioned. This is a third chemical If the discharge pressure exceeds say, 30 psi, then
injection point positioned on the top of the unit. It • chemical dosing pumps P-03A and P-03B PSY-03 or PSY-04 will lift. This will relieve the
enables demulsifier to be injected into the main body discharge pressure by circulating chemical back to
of DP-01. Demulsifying chemicals are pumped into D-01 from the demulsifier drum.
drums with a small hand pump via the hose
connection. A level indicator (LI-06) allows the Chemical dosing pump P-03A supplies the
operator to stop filling the drum when the correct demulsifier to the tilting plate separators. Pump
level is reached and to monitor the level of P-03B supplies the demulsifier to the flotation unit.
We have completed our look at the flotation unit. demulsifier in the drum during normal operations.
By the time the water leaves the unit it should have The flow of demulsifier leaving the pumps is
an oil content down to specification. To achieve this, If the operator fails to re-fill the drum when a low monitored by a sight glass (SG) in each of the lines.
we have injected demulsifier into: level is reached, a level switch low (LSL-07) will
activate. That completes our look at the chemical dosing
• the tilting plate separators package.
This will ;
• the flotation unit
• activate a low level alarm (LAL-07) in the
control room to warn the operator
We will now take a look at the chemical injection • shut down the chemical dosing pumps
dosing package, which is the final part of Figure 18.
The chemical dosing pumps are reciprocating / The treated water has finally to be disposed of to the
positive displacement / variable stroke pumps. (In a sea. This brings us to the final part of this section,
reciprocating pump a piston moves backwards and the produced water caisson.
forwards inside a cylinder. In a variable stroke
reciprocating pump the amount of liquid pumped is
controlled by changing the length of the stroke of the
pump cylinder.)
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The caisson is a pipe of about 1.2m diameter which When the oil in the sump reaches a pre-set high
hangs from the lower deck level of the platform into level it will activate a level switch high (LSH-09).
the sea. The bottom of the caisson may be 30m or When activated LSH-09 will start the oil sump
so below sea level. The actual length of the caisson pump. The oil is pumped to the slop oil system,
will depend on water depth and the height of the from where it will be returned to the primary
lower deck above sea level, separation system.
Test Yourself 11
The bottom of the caisson is open to the sea and When the oil in the sump reaches a pre-set low
the level of water inside the caisson will go up and level it will activate a level switch low (LSL-09). With reference to the system you
down with the rise and fall of the tide. When activated, LSL-09 will stop the oil sump have been following in Section 4, answer the
pump. following questions,
The produced water line from the flotation unit
enters the top of the caisson at deck level. This line a) In the automatic nitrogen purge system
extends down into the caisson to a point where its on the flotation unit, what controls the
end is under the level of the water, even at low tide. flow of gas?
The produced water discharges into the caisson at You have now completed the section on a typical
this point. produced water system. Have a go at the final Test b) What is used to skim the oil from the
Yourself question before going through the section surface of the water into the launder?
The produced water may stay in the caisson for summary.
upwards of 30 minutes, This is a much longer c) Where does the separated oil from the
residence time than anywhere else in the system tilting plate separators go to?
and traces of oil will be able to float to the surface,
where they can accumulate. d) Why is there a by-pass around the
flotation unit?
Inside the caisson is a small sump with a weir set
at a level which is just above the highest high tide e) Where does the oil accumulate in the
level. The oil which has accumulated on top of the produced water caisson?
water can then spill over the weir into the sump.
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Summary of Section 4
In this section we have looked at how a typical produced water system operates,
• flotation unit
• chemical dosing
and which combine to treat produced water for dumping to the sea.
As you worked through the section you followed the main flow lines and Although the system I described is similar to many you would come
traced the path of the water and oil. I pointed out the points where chemical across offshore, it is a hypothetical one. You must remember that, if
is injected into the system and where sampling takes place. you are working on a produced water system you should become familiar
with the layout and operating procedures of that particular system.
You also discovered the function and operation of the instrumentation
associated with such a system and the safety features involved.
Now go back to the training targets for this unit and make sure that you
have met those targets,
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d) True
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Check Yourself 5
Your answer should look like the following:
porous medium √
plate pack √
demulsifier √ √ √ √ √
vortex √
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10. d
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c) The inlet valves have a lock open facility. d) To allow the unit to be taken out of
service for maintenance whilst the
d) In order that nitrogen can be introduced to plate separators are still working.
sweep out any flammable gases before the
vessels are opened for maintenance. This e) On top of the sea water from where it
ensures that an explosive air gas mixture spills over a weir into a sump.
cannot form.
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