ECE 124-ECE52FC1 TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES, QUEZON CITY 1

TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

2ND SEMESTER AY 2018-2019

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COMMUNICATION SYSTEM DESIGN

ECE 124
ECE52FC1

Case Study 01
70GHz used for Millimetric Wave Wireless Communication

Submitted to:
Engr. Gerhard P. Tan, MSc.

Submitted on:
December 15, 2018

Submitted by:
Agosto, Kieth L.
Antipolo, Emil John M.
Aquino, Miguel P.
Cabadin, Mark Alvin P.
Calderon, Allen Joshua G.
Castillo, Edith A.
Decena, Marc Josel A.
Feliciano, Janiel Javier V.
Mendoza, Anjoe L.
Romero, Jethro A.
Padilla, Russel Jay C.

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ECE 124-ECE52FC1 TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES, QUEZON CITY 2

Case Study 01
70GHz used for Millimetric Wave Wireless Communications
Agosto, Antipolo, Aquino, Calderon, Castillo, Decena, Mendoza, Romero and Padilla
Electronics Engineering Department
Technological Institute of the Philippines
Quezon City, Philippines
Abstract—Voltage regulator is an essential part in every
regulated power supply. It is a electronic circuit that provides A. E – band Frequency Allocation
constant amplitude of the output voltage even if the input The e-band frequency allocation consists of the
voltage and the load varies. One of its type is the Discrete two unchannelized bands of 71-76 GHz and 81-86 GHz,
Transistor Series Voltage Regulator. Because of its capability as shown in figure 1.
to provide steady and stabilized output voltage, it is mostly
used in regulating low power output voltage. In this project,
Discrete Transistor Series Voltage Regulator was used to
provide a regulated output DC voltage of 14.3 V using
1N4742A, LM741 and TIP31 with minimum load and line
regulation percentage, 1% tolerance, minimum weight and
volume of the system device and has a safety features in order Fig. 1. Significant Frequency Allocations
to use the device free from harm.
As you can see in the Figure, the e-band allocation
I. OVERVIEW is divided into two paired 5 GHz channels. This channel
Millimeter wave generally corresponds to the radio size ultimately limits the amount of data that can be
spectrum between 30 GHz to 300 GHz, with wavelength squeezed into the channel. With 5 GHz channels at e-band,
between one and ten millimeters. However, in the context 100-times the size of even the largest microwave band, and
of wireless communication, the term generally corresponds larger than the wide 60 GHz and 90 GHz allocations,
to a few bands of spectrum near 38, 60 and 94 GHz, and significantly more data can be carried by each signal.
more recently to a band between 70 GHz and 90 GHz (also
referred to as E-Band), that have been allocated for the B. E – band Advantages
purpose of wireless communication in the public domain. E-band wireless systems offer the most
E – bands are permitted worldwide for ultra-high compelling alternative to buried fiber with the following
capacity point to point communications. E-band wireless advantages over competing high capacity wireless
systems are available that offer full-duplex Gigabit technologies:
Ethernet connectivity at data rates of 1 Gbps and higher in  Highest data rates - E-band offers the highest data rates
cost effective radio architectures, with carrier class of any wireless technology, with systems available that
availability at distances of a mile and beyond. offer 1 Gbps and above full-duplex throughput.
E – band allocations for fixed services were  Guaranteed data rates - Unlike WiFi, WiMAX and other
established by the International Telecommunication Union broad-coverage technologies whose system performance
(ITU) almost 30 years ago at the 1979 WARC-79 World depends heavily on the radio and user environment, e-
Radio communication Conference. However not much band systems offer guaranteed data throughput
commercial interest was shown in the bands until the late performance, even under deteriorated transmission
90's, when the FCC's Office of Engineering and conditions.
Technology published a study on the use of the millimeter-  Long distance transmissions - E-band wireless offers the
wave bands. This report concluded that "System designers longest transmission distances of the higher capacity
can take advantage of the propagation properties wireless systems. Under any environmental condition, a
manifested at millimeter wave frequencies to develop radio 1 Gbps e-band system can transmit many times further
service applications. The windows in the spectrum are than similar data rate 60 GHz or free space optic systems.
particularly applicable for systems requiring all weather  Robust weather resilience - Conventional path planning
operation ... or for short range point-to-point systems." techniques, using established and proven precipitation
In 2006, the European Telecommunications models, enable system designers to implement robust
Standards Institute (ETSI) released technical rules for wireless networks that meet their system availability
equipment operating in E bands. These were consistent requirements. E-band is not subject to fog, dust, air
with European EU rules to allow e-band wireless turbulence or any other atmospheric impairment that can
equipment to be commercially used in Europe. disable optical links for hours.
Many parts of the world have now followed the  Guaranteed interference protection - Since e-band is a
US and European lead, and opened up the e-band licensed technology, all links are granted full interference
frequencies for high capacity point-to-point wireless, protection from other nearby wireless sources. In the
enabling gigabit-speed transmission in the millimeter- unlikely event of interference, the full weight of the
wave bands.
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 ECE 124-ECE52FC1 TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES, QUEZON CITY
wireless regulator is available to identify and remove the
interference source.
 Low cost, rapid license availability - Links are licensed
under a "light license" process, whereby licenses can be
obtained quickly and cheaply. Such licenses provide the
full benefits of traditional link licenses, but at a fraction
of the cost and application time.
 Cost effective, fiber-like wireless solution - High
capacity e-band wireless systems are available at a
fraction of the cost of buried fiber alternatives. Installed
wireless systems have payback periods of months when
compared to the costs of trenching new fiber. Installing
dedicated wireless technology can often be more
economic than leasing fiber-provided high capacity
services.
II. ANALYSIS
In this section, it discussed the behavior, mode of
propagation, and signal propagation of the E – band.
C. Behaviour of the Signal
When transmitting and receiving the E – band, it
undergoes different behavior. These are discussed as
follows.
i. Reflection
The behavior of the 70GHz band when used in
millimeter wave wireless communication, when line-of-
sight (LOS) path between the transmitter and the receiver
is not present, the signal may still reach the receiver via
reflections from the objects in proximity to the receiver.
Normally, the greatest contribution at the receiver for the
non-line-of-sight path is the reflected power. Reflections
and the amount of signal diffusion that is associate in it are
strongly dependent on the reflectivity of the reflecting
material. The relatively appearing rougher of the reflecting
material is due to the shorter wavelengths which has higher
frequencies, which results in greater diffusion of the signal
and less direct reflection. Diffusion provides less power at
the receiver than direct reflected power.
ii. Refraction
Refraction is a physical phenomenon observed in any
medium which has a varying refractive index, and
produces the effect of bending a light ray or microwave
beam. The atmosphere is exactly such an environment,
since its density and thus refractive index varies
significantly with changing altitude and weather conditions.
At a first glance one might think this is only an issue
for satellite transmission, but the curvature of the earth
makes it an issue even for terrestrial links overs tens of
kilometers of distance, should the beam be particularly
narrow.
Refraction usually produces desirable effects, insofar
as it can allow a pair of stations to communicate over the
horizon, since the beam is effectively bent. It can also allow
a satellite ground station at high latitudes to see a
geostationary satellite over the equator, from positions
which would appear infeasible geometrically.
However refraction can also allow signals to interfere
with other links by propagating over the horizon. This
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problem is exacerbated by a peculiar effect called
"ducting", which can arise when a meteorological effect
called an inversion occurs. An inversion happens when the
layer of air closer to the earth's surface is colder than the
air above it. When this happens, usually under still and
warm conditions, the refractive index change in the
atmosphere with altitude is such, that a layer of the
atmosphere behaves like a waveguide. Microwaves which
enter this layer, termed a duct, cannot escape. Like a light
ray trapped in an optical fiber, they will propagate far
beyond the horizon.
Fig. 2. Refraction Effects
As you can see in the figure above, between 50GHz
and 70GHz has a greater scattering loss due to atmospheric
effect.
iii. Diffraction
Diffraction refers to various phenomena that occur
when a wave encounters an obstacle or a slit. It is defined
as the bending of waves around the corners of an obstacle
or aperture into the region of geometrical shadow of the
obstacle. The amount of bending depends on the relative
size of the wavelength of light to the size of the opening.
The behavior of the signal in terms of diffraction can
generate a true diffraction when used for Millimetric Wave
Wireless Communication since the wavelength is from 1
mm to 10 mm. With this wavelength, the diffraction can
produce a true diffraction which means, if there is an
opening or slit that have the same size of a wavelength,
then it can transmit a good signal but, if the opening is large
and does not have the size of a wavelength, then it will
generate a small diffraction which means a bad signal.
iv. Scattering
Scattering is a change in direction of motion of a
particle because of a collision with another particle.
Millimetric wave will need to exploit and rapidly adapt
to the spatial dynamics of the wireless channel since
greater gain antennas will be used to overcome path loss.
Diffuse scattering from rough surfaces may introduce large
signal variations over very short travel distances (just a few
centimeters).
Scattering losses are no less troublesome a problem in
microwave propagation, be it point to point links or
satellite links. While they vary significantly with local
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ECE 124-ECE52FC1 TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES, QUEZON CITY
weather conditions, a complexity within itself, they too
cannot be avoided in most parts of the world.
A scattering loss will arise when the microwave beam
encounters droplets or particles in the atmosphere. If these
particles are smaller than a wavelength, an effect called
Raleigh scattering occurs, whereby the droplet or particle
reflects a small proportion of the impinging energy, not
unlike an airplane in a radar beam. Indeed the physics
involved are fundamentally the same.
How much energy is scattered and never reaches the
receiver depends upon the size of the scatters relative to the
wavelength, their density per volume of the atmosphere,
the pathlength through the scattering environment, and the
dielectric properties of the scatters.
The most common source of scattering losses is the
humble cloud. Made up of microscopic water droplets,
clouds vary significantly in moisture content and thus
looseness. Low density clouds like stratus, stratocumulus
and puffy little summer cumulus clouds introduce some
losses, increasing with frequency, but are almost
insignificant in comparison with dense water laden
rainclouds, and especially the cumulonimbus thunderstorm
cloud.
D. Mode of Propagation
There are different modes of propagation: Ground
Wave Propagation, Skywave Propagation, and Line of
Sight Propagation.
For the Ground Wave Propagation, frequencies up to
about 2MHz fall in this category of propagation. Here,
waves follow contour/curvature of the Earth as shown in
figure below. This is due to EM waves induce current in
the earth's surface. This causes wave front to bend towards
the earth and follow/propagate earth's surface. Typical
applications include AM radio broadcasting ,direction
finding, submarine communication ,home control systems,
analog telephone lines, long range navigation and more.
Fig. 3. Ground Wave Propagation
The attenuation of surface waves increases very rapidly
with increase in frequency, hence ground wave
propagation is used for low frequency and large
wavelength i.e. AM waves.
Its advantage is as the ground wave propagation
support large wavelength, the wave can bend round the
corners/obstructions more efficiently. However, its
disadvantages is the ground wave propagation can only be
used for short range. As it is amplitude modulated, it
gathers noise while transmission. As the frequency range
is also small only a limited number of transmitters can be
used. As ground wave propagation works with low
AGOSTO, ANTIPOLO, AQUINO, CALDERON, CASTILLO, DECENA, MENDOZA, ROMERO,PADILLA
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frequency range and short distance, so it is not suitable for
radio signal transmission hence, the use of ground wave
propagation is very limited.
For Skywave Propagation, frequencies between 2 MHz
and 30 MHz fall in this category of propagation. Here,
ionosphere above earth's surface reflect the transmitted
wave and hence it gets propagated due to reflection as
shown in the figure below. Typical applications include
amateur radio, CB radio, international broadcasting,
military communication and long range aircraft/ship
communication.
Fig. 4. Skywave Propagation
For Line of Sight Propagation, frequencies above 30
MHz fall in this category of propagation. Here, signal
above 30MHz are not reflected by ionosphere and here it is
transmitted based on line-of-sight concept as shown in the
figure below. For satellite application, it is transmitted
from earth station antenna to the satellite antenna. for
ground based wireless link, communication happens when
both the transmit(Tx) and receive(Rx) antennas are in the
line of sight of each other. Typical applications include
VHF/UHF television, FM broadcast, optical
communication, Infrared LANs, terrestrial wireless link,
radar, cellular telecom, PCS, WLL and more.
Fig. 5. Light of Sight Propagation
Millimeter waves require line of sight
communication. One of the major disadvantages of the
millimeter waves are distortion from atmosphere. This
phenomenon can be observed in digital video broadcasting
(D2H services). During cloudy atmosphere, DVB services
will be distorted due to poor signal quality. Due to higher
distortion from atmospheric conditions like fog and dust, it
is not suitable for long distance communication. Millimeter
wave architecture is complex, it required advanced
technology infrastructure to develop a system.
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ECE 124-ECE52FC1 TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES, QUEZON CITY
E. Signal Propagation
Wireless propagation at e-band frequencies is well
understood. Characteristics are only slightly different to
those at the widely used lower frequency microwave bands,
enabling transmission distances of many miles to be
realized.
Fig. 6. Atmospheric and Molecular Absorption
A clear atmospheric window can be seen in the
spectrum from around 70 GHz to 100 GHz. In this area,
low atmospheric attenuation around 0.5 dB/km occurs,
close to that of the popular microwave frequencies, and
very favorable for radio transmission. For this reason, e-
band wireless systems can transmit high data rate signal
over many miles under clear conditions.
The physical properties of high frequency radio
transmission in the presence of various weather conditions
are also well understood.
Fig. 7. Rain Attenuation at Microwave and Millimeter
Frequencies
As you can see in the figure above, E band frequencies
has no effect in rain attenuations. Rain attenuations only
exists in 50GHz below.
For fogs and clouds, one disadvantages of e-band
wireless is that it is essentially affected by fog and
clouds. Thick fog with a visibility of 50 m (150 foot) has
a density of about 0.1 g/m3, which yields an almost
attenuation of 0.4 dB/km at e-band frequencies. This
almost attenuation is due to the fog and cloud particles
being so much smaller than the wavelength of the e-band
radio signal (roughly 4 mm or one-sixth of an inch). As
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such, huge scattering from the fog and cloud's tiny water
particles occurs.
III. APPLICATIONS AND TECHNOLOGY
Its best deployment is the E – band Frequencies
Solution.
Telecommunications providers and others have
attempted in the past to utilize the various wireless
technologies for the delivery of last-mile communications
services to businesses as an alternative to the installation of
fiber. However, a true wireless alternative to fiber needs to
provide high-speed transmission rates, the ability to
establish links between distances that are meaningful
within a metropolitan area and the ability to power through
rain and other weather conditions. In addition, a wireless
alternative to fiber needs to be quickly deployable and
materially more cost-efficient than fiber. However, as a
result of the physical characteristics of the portions of the
spectrum in which these wireless technologies operate, and
the performance limitations of the products based on these
technologies, they fail to meet the criteria necessary to
prove them viable alternatives to fiber.
In July 2000, the FCC Commission held a public
forum to address possible new uses of the 92-95 GHz band.
Several speakers at the forum indicated that, due to
technological developments, new uses of this band were
approaching practicality. In addition, in September 2001,
Loea communications Corporation filed a petition
requesting the establishment of service rules for the
licensed use of the 71-76 GHz and 81-86 GHz bands after
experimenting with technology it had developed for use in
the these bands. In response to these two developments, the
FCC, in June 2002, proposed rules to allow the commercial
use of the 71-76 GHz, 81-86 GHz, 92-95 GHz bands (E-
Band) for a broad range of new fixed and mobile services.
Wave
Fig. 8. E – Band Frequencies Solution
F. Applications
E – band applied in .different services and systems as
follows.
v. Metro Network Services
With the economy becoming more information
dependent, the bandwidth needs of corporations, large and
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small, continue to grow apparently without bound.
However, a large majority of corporate buildings are still
being served only by copper wires which barely able to
deliver a few megabits per second of bandwidth.
Millimeter wave technology creates an opportunity to
fill the gaps. A single millimeter wave link can be used to
connect a commercial building with a metro ring. With the
bandwidth of the millimeter wave link being compared to
that of the metro core itself, this single wireless link would
be sufficient to serve a large – occupancy building with
high bandwidth demands. This is shown in the figure below.
Fig. 9. Extending the Metro Network
vi. 5G and Small Cell Concept
5G is one of the most discussed technologies in recent
times. Due to its requirement to support higher data rate,
5G will be using millimeter waves (between 24GHz and 86
GHz range). Tech companies are testing and investing in
WLAN infrastructure with the support of millimeter waves.
Small cell concept could choose millimeter waves for its
future implementation.
Millimeter waves can replace traditional fiber optic
transmission lines connecting mobile base stations.
vii. HD Video Applications
Millimeter waves can be used to transmit ultrahigh
definition (UHD) video to HDTV wirelessly. Tiny
transmission modules can be integrated to devices for HD
transmission from digital set top boxes, HD game stations
and other high definition video sources.
viii. Satellite Communication
Millimeter waves are perfect candidates for satellite
communication. At higher altitudes of orbits, it operates
perfectly with massive data rate and low latency.
ix. Automotive Application
Autonomous driving is a hot topic in technology world.
It requires detection of passengers and other obstruction in
real time and low latency. Accurate detection is important
and necessary decision has to be made in millisecond time
frame. Millimeter waves are best option for detection radar
for automobiles.
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x. Radar Applications
High frequency radar technology has been developing
and emerging for multiple applications. It uses one the
property of millimeter waves called beam width. Miniature
sized radar on single chip has been developed using
sophisticated semiconductor technology. It can be used for
motion sensors, automatic doors, collision avoidance
systems, intrusion alarm devices and speed detection of
vehicles etc.
xi. Medical Applications – mmW Therapy
Researchers found that millimeter wave technology
can be used in medical applications like treating acute pain.
Millimeter wave therapy uses frequency ranges between 40
Ghz and 70 GHz to experiment several medical conditions.
G. Technology
E – band used in different advancements of
technologies as follows.
xii. IEEE 802.11ad WiGig Technology
Wireless Gigabit Alliance – WiGig is a technology
designed to support future audio and visual media devices
and wireless display interfaces at gigabit rate. High
performance transmission of data between devices and
computers can be achieved using WiGig transmission
protocol.
xiii. Body Scanners
Fig. 10. Body Scanner
Millimeter wave human body scanners are getting
popular nowadays. It has the ability to scan with high
precision and cause less harm to human body. Technology
giants like Rohde&Schwarz has recently introduced
millimeter wave human body scanner for airport security.
It uses transmit power of I mW and operates at frequency
range between 70 GHz to 80 GHz.
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xiv. Virtual Reality Headsets
Fig. 11. Virtual Reality Headsets
Virtual reality applications are the future of multimedia
world. Millimeter waves perfectly fit for virtual reality
devices. It can support high bandwidth which is necessary
for high definition video and audio transmission. VR
devices allow high speed tethering from computers, other
multimedia devices and offers excellent user experience.
xv. E – Link 1000 G1 Radio
Figure 7 shows a photograph of the E-Link 1000 G1
radio from E-Band Communications Corporation. This
product utilizes leading-edge RF MMIC technology to
provide best-in-class link performance for gigabit and
multi-gigabit throughputs at e-band frequencies.
To demonstrate how this technology works in practice,
figure 8 shows the performance of the E-Link 1000 G1
radio for various rain regions across the globe. The color
red line represents the Miami, Hongkong and Bangalore.
The color green represents the Los Angeles, Kuwait City,
London and Moscow. The yellow represents the New York,
Dakar, Seoul and New Delhi. Lastly, the blue represents
the Salt Lake City and Las Vegas. It can be seen that in a
city such as New York (rain region K), a 2 mile link can
provide 99.99% weather availability, with an estimated
down time of 50 minutes per year.
Fig. 12. E – Link 1000 G1 E – band Radio
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Fig. 13. E – Link 1000 G1 E – band Radio distance and available by ITU
rain regions.
IV. POST EVALUATIONS
After researching about the case study, the students
were able to assert the following points:
xvi. Conclusions
70 GHz Millimeter wave technology is one of the
fastest growing technologies in this decade. Higher
demand for high speed data, ultra-high definition
multimedia, HD gaming, security and surveillance etc will
drive millimeter wave technology to next level. It will
continuously develop and offer wide spectrum of
applications in the future.
xvii. Recommendations
Based from the research conducted, the following
recommendations are proposed by the group:
• It is recommended to use line of sight wireless
Millimetric waves communication .
• It should only be applied on short distance
communications. Due to higher distortion from
atmospheric conditions like fog and dust.
• Atmospheric distortions should always be observed in
this frequency.
REFERENCES
FCC Bulletin 70, "Millimeter Wave Propagation: Spectrum Management
Implications," July 1997.
FCC Notice of Proposed Rule Making 02-180, "Allocations and Service
Rules for the 71-76 GHz, 81-86 GHz, and 92-95 GHz Bands," June,
2002.
FCC Report and Order 03-248, "Allocations and Service Rules for the 71-
76 GHz, 81-86 GHz, and 92-95 GHz Bands," November, 2003; and
FCC Memorandum Opinion and Order 05-45, March, 2005.
ECC Recommendation (05)07, "Radio frequency channel arrangements
for fixed service systems operating in the bands 71-76 GHz and 81-
86 GHz", October 2005.
ETSI TS 102 524, "Fixed Radio Systems; Point-to-Point equipment;
Radio equipment and antennas for use in Point-to-Point Millimetre
Wave applications in the Fixed Services (mmwFS) frequency bands
71 GHz to 76 GHz and 81 GHz to 86 GHz," July 2006.
Zdanavičius, P. (n.d.). Retrieved December 12, 2018, from
https://www.e-band.com/70-80-GHz-Overview
ITU-R P.676-6, "Attenuation by atmospheric gases," 2005
ITU-R P.838-3, "Specific attenuation model for rain for use in prediction
methods," 2005.
Millimeter Waves. (n.d.). Retrieved December 14, 2018, from
https://ethw.org/Millimeter_Waves
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.

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