Introduction

The SAP system is software which is composed of different software and a server as a whole and
has the ability to perform standard business functions for corporations. The system has become so
popular because it can serve a wide range of functionality from manufacturing to finishing
products. There is one simple reason behind the popularity of this system; it can be tuned to any
level for any industry. It has the concepts of enterprise resource planning (ERP) and business
process reengineering (BPR) which is integrated in the system.
“Sap stands for System, Andwendungen, and Produkte in Der Datanverarbeitung, which when
translated to English means System, Application, Products in Data Processing.” The name of the
parent Company is SAP AG. The company SAP is based on Walldorf in Germany and is the
world’s largest enterprise software company. Its foundation is built upon the concept of
integration.
Originally, dating back to the 1970s, it took the then controversial approach of combining various
business functions into one application and database. Dietmar Hopp, Hans-Werner Hector, Hasso
Planttner, Klaus Tschira, and Claus Wellenreuther, former IBM employees, launched SAP in
order to turn the real business processing vision into reality.
After a year, the first financial accounting software formed the basis for the continuous
development of other software components which later came to be known as the "R/1 system;"
"R" stands for real time data processing.
By the end of the decade, intensive examination of SAP’s IBM database and dialog control system
led to the birth of SAP R/2, designed to handle different languages and currencies. The SAP R/2
system attained high level of stability of the previous generation of programs. With this and other
innovations in SAP R/2, SAP saw a very rapid growth.
By the 1990's, when SAP R/3 was unleashed into the market, the client-server concept, uniform
appearance of graphical interfaces, consistent use of relational databases and the ability to run on
computers from different vendors met with an overwhelming approval. The client-server
architecture moved to a more flexible and scalable architecture. Going by this technology, the
processing of an application could be split between the server and workstations – the server
handling the centralized functionality, while the client workstation maximized for users. The data
management was separate from the server.
SAP ushered in a new generation of enterprise software – from mainframe computing to the three-
tier architecture consisting of the Database layer, Application (business logic) layer, and user
interface layer. Today is the day for client-server architecture, where one can make changes or
scale on layer without having to retool the whole system.
The term SAP R/3 stands for runtime system three and the client-server environment provides a
set of business application for the system. The R/3 architecture allows distribution of the workload
to multiple PC's connecting in a network. The SAP runtime system is designed in such a way that
it distributes the presentation, application logic and the data management to different computers.
Component Service – Kernel and Basis

For all R/3 applications, kernel and basis are there to provide the runtime environment, such as
hardware, operating system and database-specific. The run time environment is written principally
in C and C++. However, some portions are also written in ABAP. The tasks of the kernel and
basis services component are as follows.
Running Application: All R/3 application run on software processors (virtual machine) within
this component.
User and Process Administrator: An R/3 system is a multi-user environment and each user can
run several independent applications. This component is responsible for the tasks that usually
belong to an operating system. Users simply log onto the R/3 System and run the application
within the system that is the only user of the host operating system.
Database Access: Each R/3 system is linked to a database system, consisting of a database
management system (DBMS) and the database itself. The application use basis services to
communicate with the database. They do not communicate directly.
Communication: R/3 system can communicate with other R/3 systems and with non-SAP
Systems. It is also possible to access R/3 applications from external system using a BAPI
interface. The service required for communication are all part of the kernel and basis services
component.
System Monitoring and Administration: The component contains programs that allow you to
monitor and control the R/3 system while it is running and change its runtime parameters.

Component Service – ABAP Workbench

The Advance Business Application Programming (ABAP) Workbench component, a full-fledged

development environment for applications in the ABAP language, helps you to create, edit, test,
and organize application developments. It is fully integrated in the R/3 Basis system and, like
other R/3 applications, is itself written in ABAP.

Component Service – Presentation

The presentation components are responsible for the interaction between the R/3 system and the
user as well as for desktop component integration (such as word processing and spreadsheets).
SAP R/3 architecture is based on a three-tier client/server model:
 Presentation Server
 Application Server
 Database Server
Though it is a three-tier architecture model, it is not restricted only in three-tier; it can go up to
multi-tier client-server system. In SAP the software components are arranged in tiers and function
depending on their position. SAP R/3 must have at least one presentation server, one application
server and exactly one database server.
Presentation Server
Out of the three-tie, presentation server is the one which runs on user workstation. The SAP
graphical user interface (SAP GUI) is run on this layer. No application logic is processed in this
layer. SAP GUI does not adhere to the style guidelines of its host system. The layer contains the
software component that makes up the SAP GUI (graphical user interface). This layer is the
interface between the R/3 system and its users. The SAP R/3 uses the SAP GUI to provide
intuitive graphical user interface for entering and displaying data. The Presentation layer sends the
user’s input to the application server and receives data for display from it. While a SAP GUI
component is running, it remains linked to user’s terminal session in the R/3 system.
Application Server
Another tier in the SAP R/3 system is the application server where the actual business logic is
being executed. It sends the data to be presented to the user, to the Presentation layer. It comprises
the business administration "know-how" of the system and processes pre–defined and user–
defined application programs, such as OLTP and the implementation of decision support queries.
Application servers are usually connected via a local area network with the database server.
The Application layer consists of one or more application servers and a message server. Each
application server contains a set of services used to run the R/3 system. Not practical, you only
need one application server to run an R/3 system. But in practice, the services are distributed
across more than one application server. This means that not all application servers will provide
the full range of services. The message server is responsible for communication between the
application servers. It passes requests from one application server to another within the system. It
also contains information about application server groups and the current load balancing within
them. It uses this information to choose an appropriate server when a user logs onto the system.
Application Server Architecture

When a request from Presentation Server first comes to the Application Server, it directs the
request to the dispatcher. The dispatcher, which is the Central process of the SAP Web
Application Server, manages the resources for the applications written in ABAP in coordination
with the respective operating system. The main tasks of the ABAP dispatcher include the
distribution of the transaction load to work processes, the integration of the presentation layer and
the organization of communication transaction. The requests are first saved in the queue by the
dispatcher and then processed according to the principle of “first-in, first-out.” The dispatcher
distributed the request one after another to the available work processes. A work process handles
one request at a time. Data is actually processed in the work process, although the user who
created the request using the SAP GUI is not always assigned the same work process.
There is no fixed assignment of work process to users. To process user request it might be
necessary to read data from the ABAP schema of the database or to write to it. For this, every
work process is connected directly to the ABAP schema of the database.
Once the process is complete, the processing result from the work process is sent via the
dispatcher back to SAP GUI. The SAP GUI interprets the received data and generates the output
screen for the user with the help of the operating system on the front end computer.
The buffer helps to speed up processing of user requests. Data that is often read but seldom
changed (for example, program or Customized data such as clients, currencies or company codes)
can be kept as a copy of the database content in the shared memory of the application server. This
means that data does not have to read from the database every time it is needed, but can be called
very quickly from the buffer.
Processing Web Requests
Web requests are accepted by an Internet Communication Manager (ICM). These HTTP(S)
request can either be processed in the ABAP work process (such as BSP applications) or they can
be requests for SAP Web Application Server Java. The ICM can use the URL to decide to where
it forwards the request.
Database Server
The next tier is the database server where the actual RDBMS lies. This layer holds the system –
wide database and the central booking process of the SAP R/3 architecture. The Database layer is
comprised of a central database system, which contains all the data in the R/3 system. The
database system has two components – the database management system (DBMS) and the
database itself. The R/3 support the database system from the suppliers, such as ADABAS D,
DB2/400 (on AS/400), DB2 Common Server, DB2/MVS, INFORMIX, Microsoft SQL Server,
ORACLE, and ORACLE Parallel Server; SAP does not manufacture its own database.
The database not only contains the master data and transaction data from your business
applications, but also the data for the entire R/3 system is stored here.
Multi-tier Architecture
The distribution of the R/3 software over the three layers means that the system load is also
distributed. This leads to better system performance. Since the database system contains all of the
data for the entire R/3 system, it is subject to a very heavy load when the system is running. It is a
good idea not to run the application programs on the same host. The architecture of the R/3 system
(with Application layer and Database layer separate) allows you to install them on separate hosts
and let them communicate using the network.
It also makes sense to separate program execution from the tasks of processing user input and
formatting data output. This is made possible by separating the presentation layer and the
Application layer. SAP GUI and the application servers are designed so that a minimum amount
of data is transported between the two layers. This means the Presentation Layer components can
even be used on hosts that have slow connections to application servers.
The system is highly scalable – the software component of an R/3 system can be distributed in
almost any configuration across various hosts. This is particularly valuable in the Application
layer where you can easily adopt your R/3 system to meet the increasing demand by installing
further application servers.
Integrating Environments
Integration is the key element that separates SAP from other enterprise applications. Integration
helps in connecting a business environment from Financial and Human Resources to
Manufacturing and Sales and Distribution.
Integration in SAP means that all the business processes of any organization are related and
interspersed with each other so that a change in one field of the business will reflect on another
field of the business.