UNIVERSITI

P ETRONAS

FINAL EXAMINATION
SEPTEM BER 201 4 SEMESTER

:
COURSE PCB4013 GAS FIELD ENGINEERING
DATE : 10th JANUARY 2015 (SATURDAY)
TIME = 2=30 PM - 5:30 PM (3 HOURS)
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES

1. Answer ALL questions from this Questions Booklet,

2. Begin EACH answer on a new page in the Answer booklet given.
3. Indicate clearly answers that are cancelled, if any.
4. Where applicable, show clearly steps taken in arriving at the solutions and indicate
ALL assumptions.
5. Do not open this Question Booklet until instructed.

Note : i. There are TEN (10) pages including the cover page in this Question
Booklet and Appendices.
ii. Attachment on page NINE (9) and TEN (f 0) from the Question
Booklet must be attach to the Answer Booklet.

Universiti Teknol-ogi PETRoNAS

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1. Composition of the natural gas from field "X" is given in TABLE Q1a, while
the reservoir rock propedies are given in TABLE Q1b. Evaluate the
following:

ABLE Q1a: Gas

Component Mole fraction (y/
c1 0.8621
c2 0.0591
c3 0.0358
n-C4 0.0172
n-C5 0.0050
c02 0.0010
N2 0.0207
Total 1.0000

ABLE Q1b: Reservoir pro

Porosity p, % 22
Connate water saturation Sw, o/o 23
Areal extent of reservoir A, acre 1,500
Formation Thickness h, ft 120
lnitial Reservoir Pressurêpi, psiâ 3,250
lnitial Reservoir Temperature Z, oF 213

a. Pseudo-critical pressure and pseudo-critical temperature of the gas.

[5 marks]

b. the specific gravity of the gas and z-factor at reservoir condition.

[5 marks]

c. Gas Formation Volume Factor (Bg) at reservoir condition,

[5 marks]

d. Gas lnitially ln Place (GllP) in BCF.

[10 marks]
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2 A24inch diameter, 200 miles long pipeline is supplying gas at 100 MMscf/D
from point A to point B.
a. Estimate the flow capacity if 75 miles of the pipeline is replaced with 34
inch diameter pipeline.

[8 marks]

b. Estimate the flow capacity if 75 miles of the pipeline is looped witl't 24

inch diameter pipeline.

[8 marks]

c. Compare options (a) and (b), and propose which option is better.

[4 marks]

d. Data about an orifice meter installation is given in TABLE Q2d. lt is

equipped with pipe taps. Evaluate the gas flow rate in MMscf/D.

[5 marks]

TABLE Q2d: Orifice meter installation data

Line size Dr, inch 6

Orifice size D¿ inch 2.00

Flowing temperature T¡, oF 50
Base pressure Pa, psia 14.9
Base temperature Tt, oF 50
Gas gravity y" 0.65
Average differential head h*, inch water 60
Average upstream static pressurep/, ps¡a 90
Orifice flow constant, C' 1,060
 PCB 4013

3. The isochronal test data of a well is given in TABLE Q3.The average

pressure of the reservoir is 352.4 psia. Using the Rawlins and Schellhardt
analysis technique, do the following:

a. Plot deliverability curve(s) for this well using GRAPH Q3 provided at

the end of this question booklet.

[10 marks]

b. Estimate the values of n and C and use them to write the deliverability
equation of this well.

[9 marks]

c. Estimate the absolute open flow (AOF) potential of this well graphically
and numerically.

[4 marks]

d. Determine the stabilized rate when p,¡ is 325 psi by utilizing the
deliverability equation.

[2 marks]

TABLE Q3: lsochronal test data

Time q þw{ Time s Þwf

(hours) (MMscf/D) (psia) (hours) (MMscfiD) (psia)
0.5 0.983 344.7 0.5 3,654 318.7
1.0 0.977 342.4 1.0 3.565 309.5
2.0 0.970 339.5 20 3.453 298.6
30 0.965 337.6 30 3.390 291.9
0.5 2.631 329.5 0.5 4.782 305.5
1.0 2.588 322.9 1.0 4.625 293.6
2.O 2.533 315.4 20 4.438 279.6
3.0 2.500 310.5 3.0 4.318 270.5
Extended Flow Point:
214.O 1.156 291.6
 PCB 4013

4, The data in TABLE Q4 was obtained from a well that has been shut in for an
extended period.
a, Using the average pressure and average z-factor method, estimate
BHSP (bottom hole static pressure) in psia.

[15 marks]

b. List the methods available to estimate BHSP. Which of these methods

is applicable to most situations?

[4 marks]

c. ls there any method for estimating BHSP that does not require
iteration? Justify your answer.

[3 marks]

d. Explain why the BHSP is always higher than BHFP.

[3 marks]

TABLE Q4: Well data for BHSP

Gas gravity y* 0.8
Pseudo-critical pressure Pr", psia 700
Pseudo-critical temperature Zr", oR 400
Static well head pressurepß, psia 2500
Well head temperature 2,,, oF 80
Bottom hole temperature 7.,, oF
200
Tubing string length Z, ft 10,000
Well deviation angle d, degrees 0

-END OF PAPER-
 PCB 4013

APPENDIX I

1.1 I 1.1

1.0 1.0
{.05
1_2
0.95
0.9

0.8 1.7

N
ri o.7 1.6
o
(J
o
tL 1.5
0.6

=
_o
(n
tt)
(¡) 0.5 1.4
L
o_
E
o
O 0.4 1.3

0.3 1.2

o.25
1.1 1-1

1.0 1.0

0.9 0.9
9 10 1',| 12 13
Pseudo Reduced Pressure, P¡
 PCB 4013

APPENDIX II
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS

Compound Formula Molar Mass Critical Constants

oF
Pressure, psia Tetnperature,
Metlr.¡ne CH¿ 16.043 666.4 -116.67
Ethane CzHo 30.070 706.5 89.92
Propane CsHe 44.091 616.0 206.06
Isobutane C+Hro 58.724 527.9 274.46
n-But.¡ne C+Hro 58.124 550.6 305.62
Isopentane CsHr: 72.157 49t.4 36S.10

ll-Pentane CsHr: 72.1.5t 488.6 385.80

Neopentane CsHrz 72.15L 464.0 321.13
Carbon Dioxide Coz 44.010 t071.0 87.91
Hydrogen SLrlphide H:S 34.O76 1300.0 2L2.45
Nitroc¡en N: 28.0134 493.1 -232.5t

USEFUL FORMULA
Bg:0.0050a @TE) bbVscf
Bg = 0.0283 (zTlP) ff/scf

GIIP:43,560 Ahefl -sdÉ:

Pseudoeritical pressure, ppG - Ef ¡¿r.¡

Pscudocriticrl frr¡ipsråtue, s
Ç" = ù¡ l¡ta

| fU,
.{pparent molecular r/eißht, Mo =
 PCB 4013

Series pipe

(u h h
læ"-w-ryø
Parallel pipe

Q,

Qt

Loop pipe

Orifice flow (CFH) equation q¡= C/J-h*p¡

Rawlins and Schellhardt

Qsc
:, F^ - r:n)' - c(LP2)"

p*, =2,500 *o.zs(L)

j-
roo \ /\I rm /)
0.t3757rl cos 0
J=--_-
IT
Pnr=PuêtE

AP:Fn- Pú-atQr"+bg?,

L,Pz :f- - Pïr: azÇ,, * bze?,

(Note: Select the right equation(s). Not all equations are required)

8
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GRAPH Q3 EXAM ID
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TABLE Q3 (blank columns can be used as worksheet) EXAM lD

Time q Pwl
lhours) (MMscf/D) (psia)
0.5 0.983 344.7
10 0.977 342.4
2.0 0.970 339.5
30 0.965 337.6
05 2.631 329.5
10 2.588 322.9
20 2.533 315.4
30 2.500 310.5
05 3.654 318.7
1.0 3.565 309.5
2.0 3.453 298.6
3.0 3.390 291.9
05 4.782 305.5
10 4.625 293.6
20 4.438 279.6
30 4.318 270.5
Extended Flow Point:
214,0 1.156 291.6

10