Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Questions PDF
Questions PDF
Questions PDF
Rate of heating.
Soaking t ime
Rate of cooling·
21. Radiography •
As per UCS 57 full RT required for the following
• For Pl If thickness more than 32mm
• For P3 if the thickness more than 19 mm
• For p4 1f the thickness more than 16mm
• For PS need RT all thickness
• For P9 1f thickness more than 16mm
» Austen/tic
Austen1t1c steels have austenite as their primary phase (face centered cubic
crystal). These are alloys containing chromium and nickel (sometimes
manganese and nitrogen), structured around the Type 302 composition of
iron, 18% chromium, and 8% nickel. Austenltlc steels are not hardenable by
heat treatment. The most familiar stainless steel Is probably Type 304,
sometimes called T304 or simply 304. Type 304 surgical stainless st eel ls an
austen1tic steel containing 18.- 20% chromium and 8-10% nickel.
Ferri t ic:
Ferr1t1c steels have ferrite (body centered cu bic cryst al) as thei r main phase.
These steels contain iron and chromium, based on the Type 430 composition
of 17% chromi um. Ferr1t1c steel is less ductile than austenltic steel and is not
hardenabJe by heat treatment.
» Mortensit1c:
The characteristic orthorhombic martensite m icrostructure w as first observed
by German m icroscopist Adolf Martens around 1890. Martensltic steels are
low carbon steels built around the Type 410 composition of iron, 12%
chromium, and 0.12% carbon. They may be tempered and hardened.
Martensite gives steel great hardness, but it also reduces its t oughness and
makes it brrttle, so few steels are fully hardened.
> There are also other grades of stainless steels, such as precipitation-hardened,
duplex, and cast stainless steels. Stainless steel ca n be produced in a variety of
finishes and textures and can be t inted over a broad spectru m of colors.
t
•
low temperltures, while spnngs are tempered to much higher temperatures In glass,
tempenng ts performed by heating the glass and then quickly cooling the surface,
inausing the toughness.
29. What is mean by hardening?
Solution anneaflng Is a process performed on steels. In our case, these are pr1mar1ty the
300 series stainless. The process consists of heating the material up to a temperature
above 106s•c / 19so•F and holding 1t long enough for t he ca rbon to go into solution.
Afttr this, the material Is quickly coo led to prevent the carbon from coming out of
tolutJon. Solution- annealed material is In its most corrosion-resistant and ductile
(fltruble) condition.
» A fluid service pertaining t o most piping covered by this code, i e not subject to
the rules for category D, Category M , Elevated Temperat~ * high pressure, or
High purity fluid service