DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING

16AE3002
AIRCRAFT COMPONENT DRAWING LAB
MANUAL
Ex No: 1A DESIGN AND MODELING OF BULK HEAD

Date:

AIM:

To draw the Design and Modeling of bulkhead using the AUTOCAD 2014 software.

DESCRIPTION:

A bulkhead is the physical partition that divides a plane into different classes
or sections. Typically, a bulkhead is a wall but can also be a curtain or screen. In
addition to separating classes from one another, i.e. business and economy,
bulkheads can be found throughout the plane, separating the seats from the galley
and lavatory areas.

In semi-monocoque fuselages, the strong, heavy longerons hold the

bulkheads and formers, and these, in turn, hold the stringers, braces, web members,
etc. All are designed to be attached together and to the skin to achieve the full
strength benefits of semimonocoque design.The bulkheads, frames, stringers, and
longerons facilitate the design and construction of a streamlined fuselage that is
both rigid and strong.

COMMAND USED:
 Vertex points
 Circle
 Plane
 Extrude
 Remove
 Mirror

2
DRAWING:

Ex No: 1A DESIGN AND MODELING OF BULK HEAD

Date:

RESULT:
Thus the required drawing was designed and modeled by using AUTOCAD
2014 .
3
Ex No: 1B DESIGN AND MODELING OF CUT SECTION FOR WINGS

Date:

AIM:

To draw the Design and Modeling of cut section of wings using the
AUTOCAD 2014 Software.

DESCRIPTION:

Wings are airfoils that, when moved rapidly through the air, create lift. They
are built in many shapes and sizes. Wing design can vary to provide certain
desirable flight characteristics. Control at various operating speeds, the amount of
lift generated, balance, and stability all change as the shape of the wing is altered.

The wings of an aircraft can be attached to the fuselage at the top, mid-
fuselage, or at the bottom. The internal structures of most wings are made up of
spars and stringers running spanwise and ribs and formers or bulkheads.

The spars are the principle structural members of a wing. They support all
distributed loads, as well as concentrated weights such as the fuselage, landing
gear, and engines. The skin, which is attached to the wing structure, carries part of
the loads imposed during flight. It also transfers the stresses to the wing ribs. The
ribs, in turn, transfer the loads to the wing spars.

COMMAND USED:

 Spline
 Coordinate points
 Plane
 Loft

4
DRAWING:

Ex No: 1B DESIGN AND MODELING OF CUT SECTION FOR WINGS

Date:

RESULT:
Thus the required drawing was designed and modeled by using AUTOCAD
2014
5
Ex No: 2 LAYOUT OF TYPICAL WING STRUCTURE

Date:

AIM:

To draft and study the wing structural layout of a specified aircraft by using AUTOCAD
2014 software.

WING:

The primary lifting surface of an aircraft is the wing. Wing are attached to airplanes in a
location vertically and longitudinally

BASIC FEATURES OF WING CONSTRUCTION:

Conventional wing are three general types: mono spar, two spar, multi spar. True stressed
skin. Wing may have shear weds but no true spars.

WING SPAR:
It is sometimes called a wing beam, is a principal span wise member of a wing structure

WING RIB:

It is sometimes called a plain rib, is a chord wise member of the wing structure used to
give the wing section is shape and also to transmit the air loads from the covering the spar.

STIFFENERS (OR) STRINGERS:

To assist holding the shape of the wing span wise called stiffness (or) stringers is attached
to the skin.For wooden wing construction, the wing spars must be made of a/c quality solid wood
and plywood. Wood spars may be solid or may be build up.

STRESSED SKIN METAL CONSTRUCTION:

The skin of the wing is riveted to the ribs and stringers are serves not only as a covering
but also a part of the basic structure of the wing. Most a/c use aluminum as wing covering. The
aluminum skin has high strength and is employed as a primary load carrying member. The skin
is quite string in tension and shear and if stiffened by other members may be made to carry some
compressive load.

6
TYPICAL WING STRUCTURE OF TRANSPORT AIRCRAFT
LOCKHEAD:

The mainframe of a modern transport wing consists of spars, ribs, bulkheads and skin
panels with span ark stiffening members. The assembly of the structures may include the use of
non-metallic composite components and bonding of metal structures as well as the use of
conventional metal alloy and fasteners. The structural strength of wing must be sufficient to
carry its own weight along with weight of fuel in its wings and force imposed by the flight
controls and landing gears. These stresses vary tremendously in magnitude during a/c transition
from moving on ground to force flight operation s to returning to the ground.

The basic structure of a modern transport wing is shown. Transport wing consists of two
or more main spars with intermediate spars assist the main spars in carrying operational loads.
The front and rear spars provide main supporting structure for fittings attaching fuselage engine,
pylons, main landing gear and flight surface to wing.

Located between the ribs, depending upon their design may be used for purposes such as
fuel bulkheads and support of control surfaces as well as providing the aerofoil shape of the
wing.

Command used:
 Line 

 Circle 

 Offset 

 Hatch 

 Arc 

7
DRAFTING:

Ex No:2 LAYOUT OF TYPICAL WING STRUCTURE

Date:

RESULT:

Thus the layout of typical wing structure has been drafted by using AUTOCAD 2014
8
Ex No:3 LAYOUT OF TYPICAL FUSELAGE STRUCTURE

Date:

AIM:

To draft and study the fuselage structure layout of specialized aircraft by using
AUTOCAD 2014 software.

FUSELAGE:

The fuselage is the body of aircraft to which the wings and the tail unit are attached. It
provides space for the crew, passenger, cargo ,control and other items, depending upon it size
and design of the aircraft. The aircraft structure is designed to provide maximum strength and
minimum weight.

In general, fuselage are classified into three types depending upon the method, to which
the stress are transmitted to the structure. The three types according to this classified are truss,
semimonocoque, monocoque.

CONSTRUCTION OF FUSELAGE:

The fuselage are designed with a variety of structural components. The great majority of
fuselage are all metal and semi monocoque in construction. This statement applies to small
medium and large aircraft.

The interior structure to which the skim or plating is attached consists of longerons,
frames, bulkheads, stringer, gussets, and possible internal coastal members, riveted bound or
jointed together form a rigid structure that shapes of fuselage. The skim or plating is riveted or
bonded to the structure to form the complete unit. Fuselage for aircraft are designed with many
similarities. The forward section of the fuselage usually contain the cockpit and passenger cabin.
The shape of this section depends upon the passenger capacity and the performance specification
for the aircraft. The real section of the tail cone is usually circular or rectangular in cross –
section and taper towards the tail.

TYPICAL FUSELAGE STRUCTURE OF TRANSPORT AIRCRAFT

LOCKHEAD L-1101:

Fuselage for transport aircraft generally include a section forward of the main cabin to
provide a streamlined nose, a main cabin section, which is almost uniformly cylindrical in shape
and tail section. Which tapes to minimum size at the extreme real and the material most
commonly used throughout the structure are high strength fiber glass, graphite, Kevlar on
secondary areas of structure and of many control surfaces.
9
FRAMES:

These are circumferential members gradually spaced at regular intervals along the length
of fuselage. Frames can stabilize the skin and stringers can distribute the concentrated loads.

BULKHEADS:
Heavy frames reinforced by beams attached to webs are usually called bulkheads.

STRINGERS;

These are longitudinal members spaced around the fuselage circumference the extend the
full length of fuselage. The stringers attached to the out board edge of frame and the in board
face of skin.

FLOOR BEAMS:

It provides the support for the cabin floor attack to the frame and skin horizontally across
the fuselage.

KEEL BEAMS:

It is a major longitudinal fuselage component in the wing center section and wheel well
area. It extends along the fuselage center line through the wheel well and under the wing center
section. The transport fuselage contains one or more mid section assemblies. These mid section
assemblies one basically circular in shape with a constant cross size. The mid section of the
structure contains landing gear attached points.

The off section changes the cross sectional shape of the fuselage into the size and shape
necessary to join with fuselage at the body or tail cone. The center body or tail cone is in the
point of attachment for the flight control surface and depending on the aircraft design. The
fuselage sections are joined to complete the basic assembly of the fuselage may also in corporate
an engine installation area.

Command used:
 Line 

 Circle 

 Offset 

 Hatch 

 Arc 

10
 DRAFTING:

Ex No: 3 LAYOUT OF TYPICAL FUSELAGE STRUCTURE

Data:

LD-2 LD-2 LD-3 LD-3

Boeing 767 Airbus A300

LD-3 LD-3 LD-3 LD-3

Boeing 747 McDonell

Douglas DC-10

11
LD-3 LD-3 LD-3 LD-3

Boeing 777 Boeing 747

CROSS SECTION OF FUSELAGE

FUSELAGE SHELL

LONGERONS
RESULT:

Thus the layout of the typical fuselage structure has been drafted by using AUTOCAD
2014 software.

13
Ex No: 4 LAYOUT OF LANDING GEAR STRUCTURE

Date:

AIM:

To draft and study the layout of landing gear structure of an aircraft by using AUTOCAD
2014 software.

DESCRIPTION:
Landing Gear system is one of the critical subsystems of an aircraft and is often
configured along with the aircraft structure because of its substantial influence on the aircraft
structural configuration itself. Landing gear detail design is taken up early in the aircraft design
cycle due to its long product development cycle time. The need to design landing gear with
minimum weight, minimum volume, reduced life cycle cost, and short development cycle time,
poses many challenges to landing gear designers and practitioners. These challenges have to be
met by employing advanced technologies, materials, analysis methods, processes and production
methods..The purpose of the landing gear in an aircraft is to provide a suspension system during
taxi, take-off and landing.

The landing gear also facilitates braking of the aircraft using a wheel braking system and
provides directional control of the aircraft on ground using a wheel steering system. It is often
made retractable to minimize the aerodynamic drag on the aircraft while flying.The landing gear
design takes into account various requirements of strength, stability, stiffness, ground clearance,
control and damping under all possible ground attitudes of the aircraft. These requirements are
stipulated by the Airworthiness Regulations to meet operational quirements and safety. The
landing gear should occupy minimum volume in order to reduce the stowage space equirement in
the aircraft. Further, weight should be at minimum to increase the performance of the aircraft.
The service life of the landing gears should be same as that of the aircraft. A Landing Gear
system comprises of many structural and system components. The structural omponents include
Main fitting, Shock absorber, Bogie beam/ Trailing arm, Axle, Torque links, Drag/Side braces,
Retraction actuator, Down lock mechanism, Up lock, Wheel, Tire etc. The system components
are Brake unit, Antiskid system, retraction system components.

Command used:
 Line 

 Circle 

 Offset 

 Hatch 

 Arc 
14
DRAWING:

Ex No: 4 LAYOUT OF LANDING GEAR STRUCTURE

Date:

15
RESULT:
Thus the required drawing was designed and modeled by using AUTOCAD
2014
16
Ex No: 5 LAYOUT OF CONTROL SYSTEM

Date:

AIM:

To draft and study the control system layout of specialized aircraft by using AUTOCAD
2014 software.

TYPICAL CONTROLSYSTEMFOR A LARGEAIRCRAFT-BOEING:

The primary flight controls are the aileron, elevators and rudders flight controls are
powered from the three airplane hydraulic systems. There is no manual backup system when
hydraulic power is lost.

Spoilers assist the ailerons in providing roll airfoil and operate as speed brakes. The variable
pitch horizontal stabilized assist the elevator is providing pitch control high lift for takeoff and
landing is provided by trailing edge flaps and leading edge slats.

RUDDER CONTROL SYSTEM YAW CONTROL:

Directional control about the yaw axis is provided by the rudder control system. The
rudder is hydraulically powered and control through displacement of either pilots rudder pedals.
Two yaws dampers operate through the rudder control systems to improve direction stability and
help to eliminate unwanted yawing of the aircraft.

Displacement of either nor of rudder pedals send a signal to the three rudder hydraulic
actuators. The position of the rudder is shown on the EICA‟s {Engine Indicating and new
alerting system } status display

Rudder trim is available by rotating the rudder trim control to the desired direction. The
control provides signals to the electric motor that reposition the rudder neutral point. The rudder
trim indicator show the unit of rudder trim that are signaled.

The control systems from the rudder pedals and trim control to the rudder actuator are
modified by a rudder ratio changer. As airspeed increases the ratio reduces the rudder
deflection that results from the rudders input

The ratio changer receives air data computers airspeed input and provides control signals to an
actuator powered by the left hydraulic system. The actuator modifies the pilots control input

17
RUDDER CONROL SYSTEM – YAW CONTROL:

YAW
DAMPER

M RC

L
RUDDER

18
AILERON CONROL SYSTEM –ROLL CONTROL:

TRIM SWITCHES
LEFT RIGHT

C R
R C
AILERON
AILERON

19
ELEVATER CONTROL SYSTEM PITCH CONTROL:

The pitch control surfaces consists of two hydraulically powered elevators and a
hydraulically powered elevators and a hydraulically powered stabilizer to improve speed stability

Moving either control column sends a signal to the hydraulic actuators on the elevators.
There are three actuators for each elevator. If one control column should i am applying sufficient
forward (or) after force to other causes two columns to disconnect pitch column is then available
using the free control system.

Elevator positions are shown on the EICA‟s status display. Separate pointers indicates
the left and right elevator deflection two elevator, “feet system” provide artificial feet forces to
the pilot‟s control columns

AILERON CONTROL SYSTEM ROLL CONTROL:

The roll control surfaces consists of hydraulically powered ailerons and spoilers which
are connected so that it one control wheel jams, applying additional forces causes the control
wheels to disconnect roll control wheel.

The aileron is located on each wing, rotating either control wheel sends a signed to the
aileron hydraulically actuators.

Two actuators are used for each aileron. It positioned are shown on the switches operate an
electric motors that provides systems to reposition the aileron‟s hydraulic system is necessary to
accurately set the aileron trim an aileron trim indicator is located on both control columns and
indicates in unit of trim.

Command used:
 Line 

 Circle 

 Offset 

 Hatch 

 Arc 

20
ELEVATOR CONTROL SYSTEM – PITCH CONTROL:

COLOUMN
DISCONNECT

LEFT RIGHT
HYDRAULIC ELEVATOR ELEVATOR
FEED FEED HYDRAULIC
PROCESS PROCESS

C C
L L
R R

21
DRAFTING:

Ex No: 5 FLIGHT CONTROL SYSTEM LAYOUT

Date:

RIGHT RUDDER

AILERON
EL EV ATO R

ELEVATOR
CONTROL WHEEL
BALANCING CABLE

LEFT
CHAIN & SPROCKET(AILERON)
AILERON
CHAIN &
SPROCKET(ELEVATOR)

PUSH ROD

RESULT:
Thus the control system layout of specialized aircraft was drafted and studied by using
AUTOCAD 2014 software.

22
Ex No: 6 DESIGN AND DRAFTING CONTROL COMPONENT CAM

Date:

AIM:
To design and draft control component cam by using AUTOCAD 2014 software.

DESCRIPTION:

CAM MECHANISMS:

The transformation of one of the simple motions, such as rotation, into any other
motions is often conveniently accomplished by means of a cam mechanism. A cam mechanism
usually consists of two moving elements, the cam and the follower, mounted on fixed frame.cam
devices are versatile, and almost any arbitrarily-specified motion can be obtained. In some
instances, they offer the simplest and most compact way to transform motions.

A cam may be defined as a machine element having a cured outline or a groove, which
by its oscillation or rotation motion, gives a predetermined specified motion to another element
called the follower. The cam has a very important function in the operation of many classes of
machines, especially those of the automatic type, such as printing presses, textile machinery,
gear-cutting machines, and screw machines. In any class of machinery in which automatic
control and accurate timing are paramount, the cam is an indispensable part of variety. Some of
the most common forms will be considered in this chapter.

CLASSIFICATION OF CAM MECHANISMS:

We can classify cam mechanisms by the modes of input/output motion, the configuration
and arrangement of the follower, and the shape of the cam. We can also classify cams by the
different types of motion events of the follower and by means of a great variety of the motion
characteristics of the cam profile.

CAM- NOMENCLATURE:

TRACE POINT:

A theoretical point on the follower, corresponding to the point of a fictitious

knife-edge follower. It is used to generate the pitch curve. In this case of a roller follower, the
trace point is at the center of the roller.

23
PITCH CURVE:
The path generated by the trace point at the follower is rotated about a stationary
cam.

WORKING CURVE:

The working surface of a cam in contact with the follower. For the knife-edge
follower of the plate cam, the pitch curve and the working curves coincide. In a close or
grooved cam there is an inner profile and an outer working curve.

PITCH CIRCLE;

A circle from the cam center through the pitch point. The pitch circle radius is
used to calculate a cam of minimum size for a given pressure angle.

PRIME CIRCLE (REFERENCE CIRCLE):

The smallest circle from the cam center through the pitch curve.

BASE CIRCLE:
The smallest circle from the cam center through the cam profile curve.

STROKE :
The greatest distance or angle through which the follower moves or rotates.

FOLLOWER DISPLACEMENT:

The position of the follower from a specific zero or rest position (usually it is
the position when the follower contact with the base circle of the cam) in relation to time or the
rotary angle of the cam.

PRESSURE ANGLE:

The angle at any point between the normal to the pitch curve and the
instantaneous direction of the follower motion. This angle is important in cam design because
it represents the steepness of the profile.

Command used:
  Circle 
 Hatch 
Offset
 Arc 

24
DRAFTING:

Ex No: 6 CONTROL COMPONENT CAM

Date:

ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS

RESULT:

Thus the control components of cam has been drafted by using AUTOCAD 2014
software.

25
Ex No: 7 DESIGN AND DRAFTING CONTROL COMPONENTS
BELLCRANK

Date:

AIM:

To design and draft the control components of ell crank by using AUTOCAD 2014
software.

MECHANISMS OF BELL CRANK:

A bell crank is a type of crank that changes motion through an angle. The angle can be
0 0 0
any angle from 0 to 360 , although 90 and 180 are common.

A bell crank is shown fig 1. Bell crank are the most component in mechanical linkage.
Bell cranks are simple devices that are used to change the direction of movement. In fig 1, the
0
input and output direction of movement differ by 90 . Bell crank can also create mechanical
advantage when

L1 L2.

Command used:
 Line 

 Circle 

 Offset 

 Hatch 

 Arc 

26
DRAFTING:

Ex No: 7 BELL CRANK

Date:

ALL DIMENSION ARE IN MILLIMETERS

RESULT:

Thus the control components of bell crank has been drafted by using AUTOCAD 2014
software.

27
Ex No: 8 DESIGN AND DRAFTING CONTROL COMPONENTS GEAR

Date:

AIM:
To design and draft the control components of gear by using AUTOCAD 2014 software.

DESCRIPTION:

A gear or more correctly a "gear wheel" is a rotating machine part having cut teeth, or
cogs, which mesh with another toothed part in order to transmit torque. Two or more gears
working in tandem are called a transmission and can produce a mechanical advantage through a
gear ratio and thus may be considered a simple machine. Geared devices can change the speed,
magnitude, and direction of a power source. The most common situation is for a gear to mesh
with another gear, however a gear can also mesh a non-rotating toothed part, called a rack,
thereby producing translation instead of rotation.

The gears in a transmission are analogous to the wheels in a pulley. An advantage of

gears is that the teeth of a gear prevent slipping.

When two gears of unequal number of teeth are combined a mechanical advantage is
produced, with both the rotational speeds and the torques of the two gears differing in a simple
relationship.

TYPES OF GEAR:

o External vs. internal gears

o Spur
o Helical
o Double helical
o Bevel
o Hypoid
o Crown
o Worm
o Non-circular
o Rack and pinion
o Epicyclic
o Sun and planet
o Harmonic drive
o Cage gear

28
SPUR GEAR:

Spur gears or straight-cut gears are the simplest type of gear. They consist of a cylinder
or disk with the teeth projecting radially, and although they are not straight-sided in form, the
edge of each tooth is straight and aligned parallel to the axis of rotation. These gears can be
meshed together correctly only if they are fitted to parallel shafts.

HELICAL GEAR:

Helical gears offer a refinement over spur gears. The leading edges of the teeth are not
parallel to the axis of rotation, but are set at an angle. Since the gear is curved, this angling
causes the tooth shape to be a segment of a helix. Helical gears can be meshed in a parallel or
crossed orientations. The former refers to when the shafts are parallel to each other; this is the
most common orientation. In the latter, the shafts are non-parallel, and in this configuration are
sometimes known as "skew gears".

DOUBLE HELICAL:

Double helical gears, or herringbone gear, overcome the problem of axial thrust presented
by "single" helical gears by having two sets of teeth that are set in a V shape. Each gear in a
double helical gear can be thought of as two standard mirror image helical gears stacked. This
cancels out the thrust since each half of the gear thrusts in the opposite direction. Double helical
gears are more difficult to manufacture due to their more complicated shape.

For each possible direction of rotation, there are two possible arrangements of two
oppositely-oriented helical gears or gear faces. In one possible orientation, the helical gear faces
are oriented so that the axial force generated by each is in the axial direction away from the
center of the gear; this arrangement is unstable. In the second possible orientation, which is
stable, the helical gear faces are oriented so that each axial force is toward the mid-line of the
gear. In both arrangements, when the gears are aligned correctly, the total (or net) axial force on
each gear is zero. If the gears become misaligned in the axial direction, the unstable arrangement
generates a net force for disassembly of the gear train, while the stable arrangement generates a
net corrective force. If the direction of rotation is reversed, the direction of the axial thrusts is
reversed, a stable configuration becomes unstable, and vice versa.

Stable double helical gears can be directly interchanged with spur gears without any need
for different bearings.

29
BEVEL GEAR:

A bevel gear is shaped like a right circular cone with most of its tip cut off. When two
bevel gears mesh their imaginary vertices must occupy the same point. Their shaft axes also
intersect at this point, forming an arbitrary non-straight angle between the shafts. The angle
between the shafts can be anything except zero or 180 degrees. Bevel gears with equal numbers
of teeth and shaft axes at 90 degrees are called miter gears.

The teeth of a bevel gear may be straight-cut as with spur gears, or they may be cut in a
variety of other shapes. Spiral bevel gear teeth are curved along the tooth's length and set at an
angle, analogously to the way helical gear teeth are set at an angle compared to spur gear teeth.
Zero bevel gears have teeth which are curved along their length, but not angled. Spiral bevel
gears have the same advantages and disadvantages relative to their straight-cut cousins as helical
gears do to spur gears. Straight bevel gears are generally used only at speeds below 5 m/s (1000
ft/min), or, for small gears, 1000 rpm.

HYPOID GEAR:

Hypoid gears resemble spiral bevel gears except the shaft axes do not intersect. The pitch
surfaces appear conical but, to compensate for the offset shaft, are in fact hyperboloids of
revolution. Hypoid gears are almost always designed to operate with shafts at 90 degrees.
Depending on which side the shaft is offset to, relative to the angling of the teeth, contact
between hypoid gear teeth may be even smoother and more gradual than with spiral bevel gear
teeth. Also, the pinion can be designed with fewer teeth than a spiral bevel pinion, with the
result that gear ratios of 60:1 and higher are feasible using a single set of hypoid gear.

This style of gear is most commonly found driving mechanical differentials; which are
normally straight cut bevel gears; in motor vehicle axles.

Command used:
 Line 

 Circle 

 Offset 

 Hatch 

 Arc 

30
DRAFTING:

Ex No: 8 GEAR ASSEMBLY

Date:

ALL DIMENSION ARE IN MILLIMETERS

RESULT:
Thus the control component of gear has been drafted by using AUTOCAD 2014 software.
31
Ex No:9 DESIGN AND DRAFTING CONTROL COMPONENTS
PUSH PULL ROD

Date:

AIM:

To design and draft the control component of push pull rod by using AUTOCAD 2014
software.

DESCRIPTION:
The push pull rod is used between bell crank and from bell crank to torque arms
(“horns”) to transmit the force and motion from one to the other. A push-pull rod connected to a
bell crank is shown in fig. push pull rods are also called control rods because they are often in
control systems.

APPLICATION:

AIRCRAFT:
The push-pull rod is used to move the control surface of the Aircraft.

IC ENGINE:
The push pull rod is used to operate the inlet and outlet port of the IC engines.

COMMAND USED:
 Line 

 Circle 

 Offset 

 Hatch 

 Arc 

32
DRAFTING:

Ex No: 9 PUSH PULL ROD

Date:

ALL DIMENSION ARE IN MILLIMETERS

RESULT:

Thus the control components of push pull rod has been drafted by using AUTOCAD
2014 software.
33
Ex No: 10 DRAFTING OF TYPICAL AIRCRAFT

Date:

AIM:
To design and draft the three view diagram of typical aircraft by using AUTOCAD 2014
.

CATEGORIES OF AIRCRAFT:

Supported by lighter-than-air gases (aerostats)

Unpowered Powered
 Balloon  Airship

Supported by LTA gases + aerodynamic lift

Unpowered Powered
 Hybrid moored balloon  Hybrid airship

Supported by aerodynamic lift (aerodynes)

Unpowered fixed-wing Powered fixed-wing

 Glider  Powered airplane (aeroplane)
 hang gliders  powered hang gliders
 Paraglider  Powered paraglider
 Kite  Flettner airplane
 Ground-effect vehicle

Powered hybrid fixed/rotary wing

 Tilt wing
 Tilt rotor
 Coleopter

Unpowered rotary-wing Powered rotary-wing

 Rotor kite  Autogyro
 Gyrodyne ("Heliplane")
 Helicopter

Powered aircraft driven by flapping

 Ornithopter

34
Other means of lift

Powered
 Hovercraft
 Flying Bedstead
 Avrocar

WHAT IS AN AIRCRAFT?

Aircraft are vehicles which are able to fly by being supported by the air, or in general,
the atmosphere of a planet. An aircraft counters the force of gravity by using either static lift or
by using the dynamic lift of an airfoil, or in a few cases the downward thrust from jet engines.

MILITARY AIRCRAFT:

A military aircraft is any fixed-wing or rotary-wing aircraft that is operated by a legal or

insurrectionary armed service of any type. Military aircraft can be either combat or non-combat:

 Combat aircraft are aircraft designed to destroy enemy equipment using its own
 armament. 
 Non-Combat aircraft are aircraft not designed for combat as their primary function, but
may carry weapons for self-defense. Mainly operating in support roles. 

Combat aircraft divide broadly into fighters and bombers, with several in-between types such as
fighter-bombers and ground-attack aircraft (including attack helicopters).

Other supporting roles are carried out by specialist patrol, search and rescue, reconnaissance,
observation, transport, training and Tanker aircraft among others.

CIVIL:
Civil aircraft divide into commercial and general types, however there are some overlaps.

COMMERCIAL:

Commercial aircraft include types designed for scheduled and charter airline flights,
carrying both passengers and cargo. The larger passenger-carrying types are often referred to as
airliners, the largest of which are wide-body aircraft. Some of the smaller types are also used in
general aviation, and some of the larger types are used as VIP aircraft.

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GENERAL AVIATION:

General aviation is a catch-all covering other kinds of private and commercial use, and
involving a wide range of aircraft types such as business jets (bizjets), trainers, homebuilt,
aerobatic types, racers, gliders, war birds, firefighters, medical transports, and cargo
transports, to name a few. The vast majority of aircraft today are general aviation types.

Within general aviation, there is a further distinction between private aviation (where the
pilot is not paid for time or expenses) and commercial aviation (where the pilot is paid by a client
or employer). The aircraft used in private aviation are usually light passenger, business, or
recreational types, and are usually owned or rented by the pilot. The same types may also be
used for a wide range of commercial tasks, such as flight training, pipeline surveying, passenger
and freight transport, policing, crop dusting, and medical evacuations. However the larger, more
complex aircraft are more likely to be found in the commercial sector.

For example, piston-powered propeller aircraft (single-engine or twin-engine) are

common for both private and commercial general aviation, but for aircraft such as turboprops
like the Beech craft King Air and helicopters like the Bell Jet Ranger, there are fewer private
owners than commercial owners. Conventional business jets are most often flown by paid pilots,
whereas the new generations of smaller jets are being produced for private pilots.

Command used:
 Line 

 Circle 

 Offset 

 Hatch 

 Arc

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 DRAFTING:

Ex No: 10 THREE VIEW DIAGRAM

Date:

TOP VIEW

FRONT VIEW

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SIDE VIEW

RESULT:
Thus the three view diagram of a typical aircraft has been drafted by using AUTOCAD
2014 software.

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