Professional Documents
Culture Documents
002 Flow in Pipe
002 Flow in Pipe
002 Flow in Pipe
(SCE)
DEPT. OF WATER RESOURCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENG.
I, hereby confess that I have prepared this report on my own effort. I also admit not to receive or
give any help during the preparation of this report and pledge that everything mentioned in the report
is true.
___________________________
Student Signature
Name : …………………………………………
Date : …………………………………………
FACULTY OF CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL
ENGINEERING
DEPT. OF WATER RESOURCES &
ENVIRONMENTAL ENG.
REPORT
SUBJECT CODE
COURSE CODE
TESTING DATE
STUDENT NAME
GROUP
1.
2.
GROUP MEMBER NAMES 3.
4.
5.
MARKS
3.0 THEORY
When fluid flows in a pipe, whether smooth or rough pipe, there would be frictional losses. Friction loss is due to
frictional resistance at the pipe wall and frictional resistance between fluid molecules. Therefore, there would be
a reduction in energy head hf. Minor head losses such as occurs at valves, pipe inlet and outlet, and bends is
considered to be negligible in the test.
1. For fully developed flow along a circular pipe, head loss due to friction (in mH 2O) is given as:
2
Lv
hf f
d 2g
where L = length between points of pressure measurement (m) = 1 meter for all pipes
v = mean velocity of flow m s
g = gravity acceleration 9.81 m s 2
d = internal pipe diameter m
f = pipe friction factor
Note: When Reynolds number Re of a flow is known, then f is obtainable from Moody diagram.
ρvd
Re
μ
where, μ = viscosity of fluid
= 1.15 × 10-3 Ns m 2 at 15 C
ρ = density of fluid = 1000 kg m 3 at 15 C
2. For expansion and contraction in pipe, head loss due to friction (in mH2O) is given as:
kv 2
hf
2g
And the losses coficient value, k refer table 3.1 & 3.2
d2
1.0 1.25 1.75 2.0 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.0
d1
d1 v d2 km 0.0 0.32 1.56 9.0 16.5 27.6 43.1 64.0
d2
1.0 0.80 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.35 0.30 0.25
d1
v km
d1 d2 0.0 0.22 0.35 0.40 0.44 0.45 0.47 0.48
3. For smooth pipe with bend of θ, head loss due friction (in mH 2O) is given as:
kv 2
hf
2g
α
90° 60° 45° 22.5°
d
FACULTY: CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENG. PAGE NO.: 3/10
EDITION: 1
DEPT: WATER & ENVIRONMENTAL ENG..
REVIEW NO.: 03
EFFECTIVE DATE: 25/2/05
TEST TITLE: FLOW IN PIPES
AMENDMENT DATE: 18/12/08
Figure 3.1: Moody Diagram
5.0 PROCEDURE
1. Fill the pipe system with water. Make sure there is no trapped air in the pipe under test (smaller
diameter pipe).
2. Open the inlet valve of the smaller diameter pipe and make sure all other inlet valve is remained
closed. Make sure the cover to supply tank of the hydraulic bench is open.
10. Close the control valve and switch off the pump.
Table 6.1: For smaller diameter of smooth pipe, pipe expansion (manometer 7 and 8)
Discharge Reynolds
Q Diameter Velocity Head loss,
number Head loss,
Volume Time v m s
V T m s
3 of pipe
d 4Q
Re f hf H
mmHg
liter (sec) V 10 3 m
ρud mH 2 O (h A h B )
πd 2 μ
T
Table 6.2: For bigger diameter of smooth pipe, pipe contraction (manometer 9 and10)
Discharge Reynolds
Q Diameter Velocity Head loss,
number Head loss,
Volume Masa v m s
V T m s 3 of pipe
d 4Q
Re f hf H
mmHg
liter (sec) V 10 3 m
ρud mH 2 O (h A h B )
πd 2 μ
T
Table 6.4: For smooth pipe with bend of 90o (manometer 1 and 2)
Discharge Reynolds
Q Diameter Velocity Head loss,
number Head loss,
Volume Masa v m s
V T m s
3 of pipe
d 4Q
Re f hf H
mmHg
liter (sec) V 10 3 m
ρud mH 2 O (h A h B )
πd 2 μ
T
FACULTY: CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENG. PAGE NO.: 8/10
EDITION: 1
DEPT: WATER & ENVIRONMENTAL ENG.
REVIEW NO.: 03
EFFECTIVE DATE: 25/2/05
TEST TITLE: FLOW IN PIPES
AMENDMENT DATE: 18/12/08
7.0 QUESTIONS
1. Based on the data obtained, calculate flow rate Q, velocity u, Reynolds number N R and head loss h in
Table 6.1 (pipe expansion) and Table 6.2 (pipe contraction).
2. Calculate the difference for hA - hB in the column for head loss H (mmHg).
3. Compare the computed head loss readings with the head loss of manometer readings.
5. Question by lecturer
6. Question by lecturer
8.0 Answers