Geotechnical Investigation ROB Bathinda

REPORT ON GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS AND ASSESSMENT OF

SAFE BEARING CAPACITY FOR THE FOUNDATIONS OF PROPOSED
JUDICIAL COMPLEX BUILDING AT KHANNA
1. INTRODUCTION:

1.1 General

The work was carried out at the behest of the Executive Engineer, Punjab PWD (B&R),
Khanna.
1.2 Object

The object was to obtain sequence and extent of sub-soil and to ascertain the characteristics
of sub-soil so as to arrive at design parameters for the foundations of proposed Judicial
Complex Building.
1.3 Borehole Locations

Three boreholes each carried out upto a depth of 20.0 meter were used to carry out the
desired investigation.The existing ground level of all the three boreholes is around the same
and is eight feet below the existing Road Level.
Key Plan of borehole locations is attached.

1.4 Sub-soil Water Conditions

Sub-soil water was not encountered upto a level of 20.0 metre below existing ground level at
the proposed site .
Notations

The various notations of soil parameters as recommended by BIS are given in Appendix-1.

2. FIELD INVESTIGATION:

These were done as per Appendix -2, under the following heads:
2.1 Boring Operation and Sampling
2.2 Disturbed/ Undisturbed samples
2.3 Standard Penetration Tests and related corrections

3. LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS:

These were done as per Appendix-3, under the following heads.

3.1 Index properties
3.2 Engineering properties

CEA, Panchkula Page no.

Geotechnical Investigation ROB Bathinda

4. BOREHOLE LOG DETAILS:

Through field and laboratory investigations, all the relevant parameters pertaining to various
strata met in three boreholes were determined. Based upon these, borehole log charts and
data sheets have been prepared and are reported in tables BH1, BH2, & BH3.
The data of these sheets form the basis of evaluation of allowable bearing capacity of the
proposed foundation.

5. CORRECTED SPT VALUES:

Using the methodology as given in Appendix-2, Observed and Corrected SPT values have
been computed.

6 FOUNDATION PARAMETERS:

It is a case of Bored Cast-in-Situ Piles. Safe loads have been worked out by
using the following parameters.

Dia of Pile = 0.6 m

Cut off w.r.t. Existing NGL = 1.5 m

Length of pile = 9.5 m

7. COMPUTATION OF SAFE LOAD OF PILE: IS: 2911 ( Part1/Sec 2 ) : 2010

7.1 General
.
The ultimate load capacity QU is estimated from the following expression:

QU = QPU + ΣQSU

Where QPU = Ultimate Point Resistance

QSU = Ultimate Skin Resistance

If QS = Safe Load, then

QS = QU/FOS

The code recommends that for working out safe load, a minimum value of factor
of safety should be adopted as 2.5

Depending upon the nature of strata, the above ultimate resistances are computed
as under:-

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Geotechnical Investigation ROB Bathinda

i) Cohesive Soils
a) QSU = α Cu As

α = Reduction factor
The following values of α may be taken depending upon the N-value
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
N-value <4 4 to 8 8 to 15 >15

α 0.7 0.50 0.40 0.30

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Cu = Average undrained shear strength along the length of the pile

2
As = Surface area of the Pile Shaft in m

b) QPU = Ap Nc Cp

2
Ap = Cross sectional area of pile toe in m
Nc = Bearing capacity factor usually taken as 9

Cp = Average undrained shear strength at pile toe

ii) Granular Soils

a) QSU = ∑ K PDi tan δ Asi

PDi = Effective overburden pressure for the ith layer where i varies from 1 to n

K = 1 to 2 for Bored piles in loose to medium sands.

( Average = 1.5 )

δ = Angle of wall friction between Pile and soil, in degrees (

may be taken equal to Ø ).
th 2
Asi = Surface area of pile stem in the i layer in m where I varies from 1 to n

b) Qpu = Ap ( 0.5 x D x γ’Nγ + PD Nq )

2
Ap = Cross sectional area of pile toe in m
D = Diameter of pile shaft in m

’
γ = Effective unit weight of soil at pile toe
PD = Effective overburden pressure at pile toe

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Geotechnical Investigation ROB Bathinda

Nγ and Nq = Bearing capacity factors depending upon the angle of internal

friction Ø at pile toe

Notes: 1. Nγ factor can be taken for general shear failure as per IS : 6403-1981.

2. For bored piles, the value of Nq corresponding to Ø are given in figure 1

IS: 2911 ( Part1/Sec 2 ) : 2010

3. For bored piles in loose to medium sands, K values between 1 and 2

should be used.

4. For piles longer than 15 to 20 pile diameter, maximum effective overburden

pressure should correspond to pile length equal to 15 to 20 diameters.

7.2 Computations

7.2.1 Length of Pile = 8.0 m

i) Qsu

Combining the data of the boreholes, the desired pile soil interaction system
is as under.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Depth Range Nature of Thickness of Governing Parameters
Strata Strata
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2
1.5 to 7.0 m Ø – Soil 5.5 m K=1.25 PDi = 5.04 t/m
Avge N”= 17
0
δ = Ø = 32.5 (As per IS)
7.0 to 7.5 m C- Soil 0.5 m α =0.3
2
Avge Cu = 0.45 kg/cm
2
or 4.5 t/m
2
7.5 to 9.5 m Ø- Soil 2.0 m K=1.25 PDi = 12.83 t/m
Avge N”= 19
0
δ = Ø = 32.5 (As per IS)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

0
Qsu-1 = 1.25 x 5.04 x Tan 32.5 x π x 0.6 x 5.5 = 41.62 t

Qsu-2 = 0.3 x 4.5 x π x 0.6 x 0.5 = 1.27 t

0
Qsu-3 = 1.25 x 12.83 x Tan 32.5 x π x 0.6 x 2.0 = 38.52 t

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Geotechnical Investigation ROB Bathinda

Qsu = Qsu-1 + Qsu-2 + Qsu-3 = 81.41 t

ii) Qpu

2
Q pu = 0.785 D (0.5 γ’ B Nγ + PD x Nq)
3
B = 0.6 m γ’= 1.89 t/m PD = 6.4 t/m2
0
N” = 19 ; Ø = 32.5 ( As per IS )
0
Against Ø = 32.5 ; Nq = 30 ; Nγ = 35.21
Qpu = 59.98 t

iii) Qu & Qs

Qu = Qsu + Qpu = 81.41 + 59.98 = 141.39 t

Using FOS =2.5

Qs = 56.55 t say 57.0 t

CEA, Panchkula Page no.

Geotechnical Investigation ROB Bathinda

RECOMMENDATIONS

Based on the borehole data and using static formula , safe vertical load for
piles has been worked out with details as under

Diameter of Pile = 0.6 m

Cut off w.r.t. existing ground level = 1.5 m

Length of pile = 8.0 m

Safe Load = 57.0 t

Note : As per IS recommendations, value arrived at by using static formula may

be used as a guide only for bearing capacity estimates. For better

reliability, Load Test on piles should be compulsorily done as per the laid

down procedure.

Er. I.J.Ghai
( For CEA, Panchkula )

CEA, Panchkula Page no.

Geotechnical Investigation ROB Bathinda

APPENDIX-1

NOTATIONS

N’ = Observed SPT value

N” = Normalized SPT vale
CN = Correction factor
Np = Corrected SPT values
γ = Bulk unit weight
γ = Submerged unit weight
γd = Dry unit weight
γ sat = Saturated unit weight
G = Specific gravity of soil
WL = Liquid limit
WP = Plastic limit
IP = Plasticity index
Qu = Unconfined compressive strength
Cu = Undrained shear strength
C = Effective cohesional parameter
Ø = Effective angle of shearing resistance
Øm = Mobilised angle of shearing resistance
2
NØ = Flow value Tan (45 + Ø / 2)
GSF = General shear failure
LSF = Local shear failure
Cc = Compression index
B = Width of foundation
L = Length of foundation
D = Depth of foundation
q = Effective surcharge
N γ, Nq, & Nc = Bearing capacity factors
S γ, Sq, & Sc = Shape factors
d γ, dq, & dc = Depth factors
SSWL = Sub soil water level
W’ = W.T. correction factor
H = Thickness of clayey layer
σ’ o = Original effective overburden pressure
∆σ = Vertical stress increment
eo = Original void ratio
w = Water content
Ht = Thickness of sandy layer
Bt = Top width of sandy layer

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Geotechnical Investigation ROB Bathinda

∆ σt = Stress increment at the top of a sandy layer

Df = Depth factor
Lyf = Lateral yield factor
Rf = Rigidity factor
qnf = Net ultimate bearing capacity
qns = Net safe bearing capacity against shear failure
qn = Net foundation loading intensity for a given settlement
qa = Allowable bearing capacity
So = Settlement due to a net unit foundation loading intensity
2
(1Kg / cm )
Sob = Settlement due to a net unit foundation loading intensity
2
under submerged conditions (1Kg / cm )
WT = Water table
St = Total settlement
Sa = Maximum allowable settlement
GW = Well graded gravels
GP = Poorly graded gravels
GM = Silty gravels
GC = Clayey gravels
SW = Well graded sands
SP = Poorly graded sands
SM = Silty sands
SC = Clayey sands
ML = Silt of low compressibility
CL = Clay of low plasticity
MI = Silt of medium compressibility
CI = Clay of medium plasticity
MH = Silt of high compressibility
CH = Clay of high plasticity
M(NP) = Non plastic silt
ML-CL = Mixture of ML and CL

CEA, Panchkula Page no.

Geotechnical Investigation ROB Bathinda

APPENDIX-2
FIELD INVESTIGATIONS

2.1 Boring Operation and Sampling

100mm dia borehole was advanced at the location using shell and auger method
100mm nominal dia flush steel casing was advanced with the boring and the full length of the
borehole was encased at each location.

2.2 Samples
Apart from the disturbed samples retrieved from the split spoon sampler,
disturbed/undisturbed samples were obtained depending upon the nature of soil from different
depths in the borehole. These samples were subsequently tested in the laboratory so as to
determine the various index and engineering properties of the various sub soil strata met in the
borehole.

2.3 Standard Penetration Test

This test was performed in the borehole. The standard split spoon sampler, attached
to a string of drill rods was lowered to the bottom of the hole and allowed to rest under self
weight. The drill rods were connected to driving assembly which consisted of a hoisting
equipment, a drive weight (Hammer) of 63.5 kg, and a guide to ensure a 75cm free fall of hammer
on an anvil. The number of blows that were required to penetrate the sampler through three runs of
150mm each were recorded. Initial driving of 150mm was disregarded and the number of blows
required to drive the sampler through the remaining 300mm is called BLOW COUNT or
PENETRATION NUMBER, N. At the end of the test, the sampler was withdrawn and the soil
extracted for subsequent testing in the laboratory. If the penetration was less than 30cm for 100
blows, it is considered as refusal and the actual penetration was recorded.
1) Correction on account for the effect of overburden pressure

N’ = CN x N

Where ‘CN’ is overburden pressure correction and is scaled off from the figure as provided in
the code. N’ are the normalized blows.

CEA, Panchkula Page no.

Geotechnical Investigation ROB Bathinda

2) Submergence Correction

N” = 15 + ½ ( N’ - 15 ) ( If N’ is more than 15)

Where N” is the final corrected value &

N’ is the N- value corrected for over burden pressure.

Wherever both the overburden and submergence correction are necessary, the overburden
correction is applied first.

The overburden correction is meant for granular strata. Submergence correction is applied
only in case of sands and non-plastic silts.

CEA, Panchkula Page no.

Geotechnical Investigation ROB Bathinda

APPENDIX-3
LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS

3.1 INDEX AND ENGINEERING PROPERTIES [SP-36 (PART-1)-1987]:

Using the IS codes as given in compendium of Indian standards on Soil Engineering,
Part 1. Laboratory Testing of Soils for Civil Engineering Purposes, SP-36 (Part-1)-
1987, relevant index and engineering properties of the strata met at different depth in
the boreholes were determined. All the relevant properties are reported in tables BH-
1, BH-2 & BH-3.

CEA, Panchkula Page no.

CONSULTING ENGINEERS ASSOCIATES SCO - 51,SWASTIK VIHAR Mansa Devi Road, Sector-5, Panchkula.
BORE LOG CHART AND DATA SHEET Assumed avg level of NH in front of plot = 100 100 mt tr BH-3
PROJE CT: S.I Judicial Court Complex at Khanna WATER TABLE - Not encountered
BORING DATE :- 29/12/2014 TERMINATION DEPTH - 20.0m ( Lvl 77.5 mtr )
SPT (N)
BLOWS/30 GRAIN SIZE ANALYSIS

SYMBOLICREPRESENTATION

FIELDDRYDENSITYG/CC
DESCRIPTIONOFSOIL

%MOISTURE
% SILT/CLAY
CORRECTED
DEPTHOFSAMPLE(FROMREFPOINT(M)
SAMPLENO

OBSERVED

%GRAVEL

BULKDENSITYgms/cc
LEVEL(M)

%SAND
Sr.No.

LL

PL

PI
Silty Sand+ Clay(0.0 -
1 SPT-1 1.5 96.0 1.5m)

2 SPT-2 3.0 94.5 9 11 0.0 91.3 8.7 NP NP NP 1.69 7.2 1.58

3 SPT-3 4.5 93.0 Sand (2.0 - 7.0m)

4 SPT-4 6.0 91.5 27 19 0.0 90.7 9.3 NP NP NP 1.9 20.0 1.58

5 SPT-5 7.5 90.0 Clay (7.0 - 7.3m) 3.5 2.9 93.6 28.4 18.9 9.4 1.92 24.3 1.54
6 SPT-6 9.0 88.5 27 19 0.0 92.9 7.1 NP NP NP 1.88 20.9 1.56

7 SPT-7 10.5 87.0

8 SPT-8 12.0 85.5 43 24 2.3 86.1 11.6 NP NP NP 1.95 21.8 1.60

9 SPT-9 13.5 84.0

Sand (7.3 - 20.0m)
10 SPT-10 15.0 82.5 14 9 0.0 89.5 10.5 NP NP NP 1.96 22.6 1.60

11 SPT-11 16.5 81.0

12 SPT-12 18.0 79.5 21 13 0.0 90.7 9.3 NP NP NP 1.89 21.5 1.56

13 SPT-13 19.5 78.0 0.0 87.3 12.7 NP NP NP 1.91 18.5 1.61

CONSULTING ENGINEERS ASSOCIATES SCO - 51,SWASTIK VIHAR Mansa Devi Road, Sector-5, Panchkula.
BORE LOG CHART AND DATA SHEET Assumed avg level of NH in front of plot = 100 100 mtr BH-1
PROJE CT: S.I Judicial Court Complex at Khanna WATER TABLE - Not encountered
BORING DAT E 26 to 27/12/14 TERMINATION DEPTH - 20.0m ( Lvl 77.5 mtr )
SPT (N)
BLOWS/30 GRAIN SIZE ANALYSIS

SYMBOLICREPRESENTATION

FIELDDRYDENSITYG/CC
BULKDENSITYgms/c
DESCRIPTIONOFSOIL

%MOISTURE
% SILT/CLAY
CORRECTED
DEPTHOFSAMPLE(FROMREFPOINT(M)
SAMPLENO

OBSERVED

%GRAVEL
LEVEL(M)

%SAND

c
Sr.No.

LL

PL

PI
Silty Sand+ Clay(0.0 -
1 SPT-1 1.5 96.0 2.3m)
2 SPT-2 3.0 94.5 10 12 0.0 94.7 5.3 NP NP NP 1.73 4.81 1.65

3 SPT-3 4.5 93.0

4 SPT-4 6.0 91.5 32 22 0.0 91.3 8.7 NP NP NP 1.98 20.3 1.65
Sand (2.3- 10.0m)

5 SPT-5 7.5 90.0

6 SPT-6 9.0 88.5 27 19 0.0 94.7 5.3 NP NP NP 1.89 18.13 1.60

7 SPT-7 10.5 87.0

Clay 10-11.5 m
8 SPT-8 12.0 85.5 36 25 4.0 31.1 68.9 26.3 17.6 8.7 1.93 26.2 1.53
Sand 11.5-13.5 m
9 SPT-9 13.5 84.0 Clay 13.5-15 m
10 SPT-10 15.0 82.5 50 25 0.0 83.33 16.7 NP NP NP 1.75 12.74 1.55

11 SPT-11 16.5 81.0

Sand 15-20 m
12 SPT-12 18.0 79.5

13 SPT-13 19.5 78.0 13 8 0.0 93 7.0 NP NP NP 1.77 24.27 1.43

CONSULTING ENGINEERS ASSOCIATES SCO - 51,SWASTIK VIHAR Mansa Devi Road, Sector-5, Panchkula.
BORE LOG CHART AND DATA SHEET Assumed avg level of NH in front of plot = 100 mtr BH-2
PROJE CT: S.I Judicial Court Complex at Khanna WATER TABLE - Not encountered
BORING DAT E 27to28/12/14 TERMINATION DEPTH - 20.0m ( Lvl 77.5 mtr )
SPT (N)
BLOWS/30 GRAIN SIZE ANALYSIS
DEPTHOFSAMPLE(FROMREFPOINT(M)

SYMBOLICREPRESENTATION

BULKDENSITYgms/cc

FIELDDRYDENSITYG/CC
DESCRIPTIONOFSOIL

%MOISTURE
% SILT/CLAY
CORRECTED
SAMPLENO

OBSERVED

%GRAVEL
LEVEL(M)

%SAND
Sr.No.

LL

PL

PI
Silty Sand+ Clay(0.0 -
1 SPT-1 1.5 96.0 1.5m)
2 SPT-2 3.0 94.5 12 15 0.0 95.8 4.2 NP NP NP 1.5 3.49 1.46

3 SPT-3 4.5 93.0 Sand (1.5 - 8.5m)

4 SPT-4 6.0 91.5 42 27 0.0 92.7 7.3 NP NP NP 2.05 23.1 1.67

5 SPT-5 7.5 90.0 Clay (8.5 - 9.0) 3.5 2.9 93.6 28.4 18.9 9.4
6 SPT-6 9.0 88.5 27 19 0.0 93.9 6.1 NP NP NP 1.88 20 1.57

SAND (9 - 11.5 m)
7 SPT-7 10.5 87.0
8 SPT-8 12.0 85.5 21 15 0.0 92.3 7.7 NP NP NP 2.02 26.0 1.60
Clay (11.5-13.0 m)
9 SPT-9 13.5 84.0
10 SPT-10 15.0 82.5 50 24 Sand (13.0-17.0 m) 0.0 93.5 6.5 NP NP NP 1.9 30.29 1.46

11 SPT-11 16.5 81.0 Clay 16.0 -17.0

12 SPT-12 18.0 79.5 50 22 0.0 94.7 5.3 NP NP NP 2 23.4 1.62

Sand (17.0 - 20.0)

13 SPT-13 19.5 78.0
14 20.0 77.5