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Formula Sheet PDF
Formula Sheet PDF
ρ=
m
V
(
unit : kg / m 3 ) #25 Angular Speed vs. Linear Speed
Linear speed = v = r•ω = r • angular speed
#7 Ave speed = distance / time = v = d/t
Ave velocity = displacement / time = v = d/t #26 Pressure under Water
Ave acceleration = change in velocity / time P = ρ•g•h
h = depth of water
#8 Friction Force ρ = density of water
FF = µ•FN #28 Universal Gravitation
If the object is not moving, you are dealing with static m1 m2
friction and it can have any value from zero up to µs FN F =G
If the object is sliding, then you are dealing with kinetic
r2
friction and it will be constant and equal to µK FN G = 6.67 E-11 N m² / kg²
Version 5/12/2005
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Version 5/12/2005
Reference Guide & Formula Sheet for Physics
Dr. Hoselton & Mr. Price Page 3 of 8
#75 Thin Lens Equation
#63 Period of Simple Harmonic Motion f = focal length
T = 2π
m where k = spring constant 1 1 1 1 1 i = image distance
= + = +
k f D o D i o i o = object distance
f = 1 / T = 1 / period
#64 Banked Circular Tracks Magnification
v2 = r•g•tan θ M = −Di / Do = −i / o = Hi / Ho
#66 First Law of Thermodynamics Helpful reminders for mirrors and lenses
∆U = QNet + WNet Focal Length of: positive negative
Change in Internal Energy of a system = mirror concave convex
+Net Heat added to the system lens converging diverging
+Net Work done on the system Object distance = o all objects
Object height = Ho all objects
Flow of Heat through a Solid Image distance = i real virtual
∆Q / ∆t = k•A•∆T / L Image height = Hi virtual, upright real, inverted
k = thermal conductivity Magnification virtual, upright real, inverted
A = area of solid
L = thickness of solid #76 Coulomb's Law
q1 q 2
#68 Potential Energy stored in a Capacitor F =k
P = ½•C•V² r2
1 N ⋅m2
k= = 9E9
RC Circuit formula (Charging) 4πε o C2
− t / RC
Vc = Vcell•(1 − e ) #77 Capacitor Combinations
R•C = τ = time constant PARALLEL
Vcell - Vcapacitor − I•R = 0 Ceq = C1 + C2+ C3 + …
SERIES
n
1 1 1 1 1
#71 Simple Pendulum C eq
= +
C1 C 2
+K +
Cn
= ∑C
i =1 i
L and f = 1/ T
T = 2π
g #78 Work done on a gas or by a gas
W = P•∆V
#72 Sinusoidal motion
x = A•cos(ω•t) = A•cos(2•π•f •t) #80 Electric Field around a point charge
ω = angular frequency q
E=k
f = frequency r2
#73 Doppler Effect 1 N ⋅m2
k = = 9E9
343 ± Toward
vo 4πε o C2
f′= f
Away
343 m Toward
Away vs #82 Magnetic Field around a wire
vo = velocity of observer: vs = velocity of source µ I
B= o
2π r
#74 2nd Law of Thermodynamics Magnetic Flux
The change in internal energy of a system is Φ = B•A•cos θ
∆U = QAdded + WDone On – Qlost – WDone By
Force caused by a magnetic field
Maximum Efficiency of a Heat Engine on a moving charge
(Carnot Cycle) (Temperatures in Kelvin) F = q•v•B•sin θ
Tc
% Eff = (1 − ) ⋅100% #83 Entropy change at constant T
Th ∆S = Q / T
(Phase changes only: melting, boiling, freezing, etc)
Version 5/12/2005
Reference Guide & Formula Sheet for Physics
Dr. Hoselton & Mr. Price Page 4 of 8
#95 Relativistic Time Dilation
#84 Capacitance of a Capacitor ∆t = ∆to / β
C = κ•εo•A / d
κ = dielectric constant #96 Relativistic Length Contraction
A = area of plates ∆x = β•∆xo
d = distance between plates
εo = 8.85 E(-12) F/m Relativistic Mass Increase
m = mo / β
#85 Induced Voltage N = # of loops
∆Φ #97 Energy of a Photon or a Particle
Emf = N E = h•f = m•c2
∆t
Lenz’s Law – induced current flows to create a B-field h = Planck's constant = 6.63 E(-34) J sec
opposing the change in magnetic flux. f = frequency of the photon
#86 Inductors during an increase in current #98 Radioactive Decay Rate Law
−kt
VL = Vcell•e
− t / (L / R) A = Ao•e = (1/2n)•A0 (after n half-lives)
Where k = (ln 2) / half-life
− t / (L / R)
I = (Vcell/R)•[ 1 - e ] #99 Blackbody Radiation and
L / R = τ = time constant the Photoelectric Effect
#88 Transformers E= n•h•f where h = Planck's constant
N 1 / N 2 = V 1 / V2
I1•V1 = I2•V2 #100 Early Quantum Physics
#89 Decibel Scale Rutherford-Bohr Hydrogen-like Atoms
B (Decibel level of sound) = 10 log ( I / Io )
I = intensity of sound 1 1 1
Io = intensity of softest audible sound
= R ⋅ 2 − 2 meters −1
λ ns n
or
#92 Poiseuille's Law
∆P = 8•η•L•Q/(π•r )
4
c 1 1
f = = cR 2 − 2 Hz
η = coefficient of viscosity λ ns n
L = length of pipe R = Rydberg's Constant
r = radius of pipe = 1.097373143 E7 m-1
Q = flow rate of fluid ns = series integer (2 = Balmer)
Stress and Strain n = an integer > ns
Y or S or B = stress / strain
stress = F/A Mass-Energy Equivalence
Three kinds of strain: unit-less ratios mv = mo / β
I. Linear: strain = ∆L / L Total Energy = KE + moc2 = moc2 / β
II. Shear: strain = ∆x / L Usually written simply as E = m c2
III. Volume: strain = ∆V / V
de Broglie Matter Waves
#93 Postulates of Special Relativity For light: Ep = h•f = h•c / λ = p•c
1. Absolute, uniform motion cannot be
detected. Therefore, momentum: p = h / λ
2. No energy or mass transfer can occur Similarly for particles, p = m•v = h / λ,
at speeds faster than the speed of light. so the matter wave's wavelength must be
λ=h/mv
#94 Lorentz Transformation Factor Energy Released by Nuclear
v2 Fission or Fusion Reaction
β = 1− 2 E = ∆mo•c2
c
Version 5/12/2005
Reference Guide & Formula Sheet for Physics
Dr. Hoselton & Mr. Price Page 5 of 8
Version 5/12/2005
Reference Guide & Formula Sheet for Physics
Dr. Hoselton & Mr. Price Page 6 of 8
Αα Alpha angular acceleration, coefficient of
Aa acceleration, Area, Ax=Cross-sectional Area, linear expansion,
Amperes, Amplitude of a Wave, Angle, Ββ Beta coefficient of volume expansion,
Bb Magnetic Field, Decibel Level of Sound, Lorentz transformation factor,
Angle, Χχ Chi
Cc specific heat, speed of light, Capacitance,
Angle, Coulombs, oCelsius, Celsius
Degrees, candela, ∆δ Delta ∆=change in a variable,
Dd displacement, differential change in a variable,
Distance, Distance Moved, distance, Εε Epsilon εο = permittivity of free space,
Ee base of the natural logarithms, charge on the
electron, Energy, Φφ Phi Magnetic Flux, angle,
Ff Force, frequency of a wave or periodic motion,
Farads, Γγ Gamma surface tension = F / L,
Gg Universal Gravitational Constant, acceleration 1 / γ = Lorentz transformation factor,
due to gravity, Gauss, grams, Giga-, Ηη Eta
Hh depth of a fluid, height, vertical distance,
Henrys, Hz=Hertz,
Ιι Iota
Ii Current, Moment of Inertia, image distance,
Intensity of Sound,
ϑϕ Theta and Phi lower case alternates.
Jj Joules,
Kk K or KE = Kinetic Energy, force constant of Κκ Kappa dielectric constant,
a spring, thermal conductivity, coulomb's
law constant, kg=kilograms, Kelvins,
kilo-, rate constant for Radioactive
decay =1/τ=ln2 / half-life,
Λλ Lambda wavelength of a wave, rate constant
Ll Length, Length of a wire, Latent Heat of
Fusion or Vaporization, Angular for Radioactive decay =1/τ=ln2/half-life,
Momentum, Thickness, Inductance,
Μµ Mu friction, µo = permeability of free space,
Mm mass, Total Mass, meters, milli-, Mega-,
micro-,
mo=rest mass, mol=moles,
Nn index of refraction, moles of a gas, Newtons, Νν Nu alternate symbol for frequency,
Number of Loops, nano-,
Oo Οο Omicron
Pp Power, Pressure of a Gas or Fluid, Potential Ππ Pi 3.1425926536…,
Energy, momentum, Power, Pa=Pascal,
Qq Heat gained or lost, Maximum Charge on a Θθ Theta angle between two vectors,
Capacitor, object distance, Flow Rate,
Rr radius, Ideal Gas Law Constant, Resistance, Ρρ Rho density of a solid or liquid, resistivity,
magnitude or length of a vector,
rad=radians
Ss speed, seconds, Entropy, length along an arc, Σσ Sigma Summation, standard deviation,
Tt time, Temperature, Period of a Wave, Tension, Ττ Tau torque, time constant for a exponential
Teslas, t1/2=half-life, processes; eg τ=RC or τ=L/R or τ=1/k=1/λ,
Uu Potential Energy, Internal Energy, Υυ Upsilon
Vv velocity, Velocity, Volume of a Gas, velocity of ςϖ Zeta and Omega lower case alternates
wave, Volume of Fluid Displaced, Voltage, Volts, Ωω Omega angular speed or angular velocity,
Ww weight, Work, Watts, Wb=Weber, Ohms
Xx distance, horizontal distance, x-coordinate Ξξ Xi
east-and-west coordinate,
Yy vertical distance, y-coordinate, Ψψ Psi
north-and-south coordinate,
Zz z-coordinate, up-and-down coordinate, Ζζ Zeta
Version 5/12/2005
Reference Guide & Formula Sheet for Physics
Dr. Hoselton & Mr. Price Page 7 of 8
Values of Trigonometric Functions
for 1st Quadrant Angles Prefixes
(simple mostly-rational approximations)
θ sin θ cos θ tan θ Factor Prefix Symbol Example
o
0 0 1 0
10o 1/6 65/66 11/65 1018 exa- E 38 Es (Age of
15o 1/4 28/29 29/108 the Universe
in Seconds)
20o 1/3 16/17 17/47
1015 peta- P
29o 151/2/8 7/8 151/2/7
30o 1/2 31/2/2 1/31/2
o 1012 tera- T 0.3 TW (Peak
37 3/5 4/5 3/4 power of a
42o 2/3 3/4 8/9 1 ps pulse
45o 21/2/2 21/2/2 1 from a typical
o
49 3/4 2/3 9/8 Nd-glass laser)
53o 4/5 3/5 4/3
60 31/2/2 1/2 31/2 109 giga- G 22 G$ (Size of
61o 7/8 151/2/8 7/151/2 Bill & Melissa
o
70 16/17 1/3 47/17 Gates’ Trust)
o
75 28/29 1/4 108/29
80o 65/66 1/6 65/11 106 mega- M 6.37 Mm (The
90 o
1 0 ∞ radius of the
Earth)
(Memorize the Bold rows for future reference.)
103 kilo- k 1 kg (SI unit
Derivatives of Polynomials of mass)
For polynomials, with individual terms of the form Axn, 10-1 deci- d 10 cm
we define the derivative of each term as
10-2 centi- c 2.54 cm (=1 in)
d
dx
( )
Ax n = nAx n −1 10-3 milli- m 1 mm (The
smallest
To find the derivative of the polynomial, simply add the division on a
derivatives for the individual terms: meter stick)
d
dx
( )
3x 2 + 6 x − 3 = 6 x + 6 10-6 micro- µ
Version 5/12/2005
Reference Guide & Formula Sheet for Physics
Dr. Hoselton & Mr. Price Page 8 of 8
Linear Equivalent Mass The only external force on this system is the weight of
the hanging mass. The mass of the system consists of
Rotating systems can be handled using the linear forms the hanging mass plus the linear equivalent mass of the
of the equations of motion. To do so, however, you must fly-wheel. From Newton’s 2nd Law we have
use a mass equivalent to the mass of a non-rotating
object. We call this the Linear Equivalent Mass (LEM). F = ma, therefore, mg = [m + (LEM=½M)]a
(See Example I)
mg = [m + ½M] a
For objects that are both rotating and moving linearly,
you must include them twice; once as a linearly moving (mg – ma) = ½M a
object (using m) and once more as a rotating object
(using LEM). (See Example II) m(g − a) = ½Ma
Version 5/12/2005