kQ;k isxy,fha wmNdId ,laIK*

r;akisß wrx.,

ljr NdIdjla iïnka O fhka jq j o zjHdlrKhZ
(grammar) hehs y÷kajkq ,nk Í;s ud,djl (language rules)
m%j¾;kh (Crystal (1987) 1992: 88; n,.,af,a 1996" 129 ff.)
fuka u ;okql+, jQ NdId jHjydrh ksrjoH fia ie,lSfï
iïu;hla o ^n,.,af,a 1996: 184-188.) ye|sk .; yels h'
jHdlrK Í;s wkqj ksrjoH fia ie,flk jHjydrh fuka
u lsishï NdIdjl m%foaYSh fyda N+f.da,Sh fyda iudÔh
fyda jifhka fjka fjka j ye|sk .; yels WmNdId m%fNao
lsysmhla mj;akd l,ays ta w;ßka w.kqjr flakaø fldg
.ekqKq m%foaYfha úêu;a wOHdmkh ,enQ msßiaj, jHjydrh
^O¾uodi 1999: 1-20'& o f,aLk-NdIK úiu;d úoHudk jk
l,ays f,aLk jHjydrh ^n,.,af,a 1996: 90-99; O¾uodi 1999:
1-20'& o NdIl iudcfha idOq;ajh ysñ fldg .kakd nj oel
.; yels h' wúêu;a NdIK jHjydrh" NdIduh wdprKhkays
zmy<Z wjia:djkays muKla Ndú;hg .efkk w;r m%lg j
oelsh yels NdIduh oaúrEm;djla iys; NdIdjkays zby<Z yd
zmy<Z jHjydrhka iïñY% jQ iajrEm .Kkdjla ye|sk .;
yels fjhs' (Crystal (1987) 1992: 42-43; O¾uodi" 1999: 3-6.)
* fï ,smsfha uq,a flgqïm;a lshjd úfõpkd;aul woyia oelajQ Ydia;%m;s
fudrlkafoaf.dv wßhjxi ysñhkag;a uydpd¾h ta' ù' iqrùr"
uydpd¾h r;ak úfÊ;=x." uydpd¾h ;siai chj¾Ok" Ydia;%m;s mKaä;
isß ;s,lisß" Ydia;%m;s isßksu,a ,laÿisxy yd Ydia;%dpd¾h Y%Skd;a
.fKaj;a; hk úoaj;=kag l;=jrhdf.a lD;{;dj msßkefï'

1
úêu;a f,aLk ld¾hh i|yd hg i|yka flreKq iïu;
jHjydr iajrEm fuka u jHdlrKdkql+, j ksrjoH jHjydr
fia ie,flk Wla;-wdLHd; mo iïnkaOfha wkqrEm;dj iq/
lSu o ffkrela;sl yd idïm%odhsl jifhka ksrjoH fia ms<s.
efkk wlaIr úkHdi iïu;hkag wkql+, ùu o wfmalaId
flf¾' ^n,.,af,a 1996( 184 ff.) jdla fldaIh úIhfhys o
zmr nia jokaZ fyda .%duH rEm fyda fia ie,flk fhÿï o
ÿr ,Su úh hq;= hehs iïu; mj;S' ^n,.,af,a 1996: 66-69.)
isxy, f,aLk jHjydrh úu¾Ykhg ,la lrk l,ays
hg lS iïu; W,a,x>kh flfrk úúO wjia:d ye|sk .;
yels fjhs' fun÷ wjia:d fndfyda úg oelsh yels jkafka
wdOqksl f,aLlhkaf.a rpkdj, yd nyqck ikaksfõok
udOHhkays jHjydrfha hehs neÆ ne,aug fmkS hk kuqÿ NdId
jHjydrh yd wOHhkh iïnkaO úfYaI{ {dkhla we;ehs
mejish yels ia;rhkays fuka u idys;H ks¾udK úIhfhys
m%ùKhka fia ie,flkakkaf.a jHjydrh iïnkaOfhka o
ta ;;a;ajh wvq-jeä jifhka oel .; yels fjhs'
wdOqksl f,aLlhkaf.a yd ikaksfõok udOHhkays
jHjydrfha úoHudk jk zidjoH NdId m%fhda.Z flfrka
jk iudc n,mEu w,am fldg ie,lsh yelalla fkd fõ'
tfuka u NdId úIhfhys fuka u idys;H lghq;=j,
o zm%ùKhkaf.aZ f,aLkhkays we;=<;a jk zidjoH NdId
m%fhda.j,skaZ bÈß mrïmrdjkays NdId Ndú;h flfrys Bg
o jeäfhka Rcq n, mEula isÿ úh yels h' tla w;lska
NdIdj jQ l,s wkqlrKd;aul m%m[aphla ùu fuka u tfia
wkqlrKh flfrkqfha mqoa., m%dud‚l;ajh fyda iïm%odh
m%dud‚l;ajh fyda ie,ls,a,g .ksñka ùu;a fndfyda úg
zzid¾:l f,i .%ka:lrKfha fhfokakkaZZ zfþlhkaZ fia
i,ld Tjqkaf.a jHjydr ziïu; jHjydrZ fyj;a zfþl
m%fhda.Z fia ms<s.ekSug ,la ùu;a ^n,.,af,a 1996: 186-187.)
ksid tn÷ jHjydrj,ska isÿ jk n,mEu w,am fldg ie,lsh
hq;= fkd fõ'
fun÷ zidjoH NdId m%fhda.Z flfrka jk iudc
n,mEu ms<sn| j úúO ;rd;srïj,g wh;a jQ iy úúO u;jdo
2
ksfhdackh lrkakd jQ W.;=kaf.a wjOdkh jßka jr fhduq
ù ;sfnkq oel .; yels h' 1973 Tlaf;danr 07 jk Èk Y%S
,xld§m mqj;a m;g “i;shl wmN%xY” uefhka ,smh s la imhñka
;;ald,Sk mqj;a m;a NdIdfjys jQ zidjoH NdId m%fhda.Z ms<sn|
j lreKq oelajQ l¨fld|hdfõ Y%S m%{dfYaLr kd ysñ * yd
zrKrd<Z hk wdrEV kdufhka fmkS isáñka bßod ,xld§m
mqj;a m;g ,shk ,o ;Sre ,sms fm< hgf;a 1996 ckjdß 14
jk Èk “udOHlrejkaf.a msðka isxy,˜ uefhka ,smh s la iemhQ
ohdfiak .=Kisxy o fuys ,d wfma wjOdkhg ,la jk fom<ls'
2003 ckjdß ui 14 jk Èk ,xld§m m;%fha m< jQ jd¾;djl
oelajf
q Ka úfoaYhl isg meñK isxy,h yodrd idys;HlrKhg
msúis tia' uyskao ysñhkaf.a “isxy, NdId oekSu b;d úYsIag
whqßka” mej;s kuq;a “wfma wh wfma ni yeisrùug ;j
u;a fkd okakd” nj hs' (“isxy, NdIdj yßhg yiqrejkak wfma
Woúh ;ju;a okafka kE – iqks,a wdßhr;ak˜ ,xld§m: 2003' 01'
14'& fï jd¾;dj weia' uyskao ysñhka ms<sn| iure Wf,<l
§ mjik ,o lreKq mokï fldg .ekqKls' tys “wfma wh”
hkqfjka oelafjkqfha idudkH isxy, iajNdIlhka fkd j
idys;H l,dÈh iïnkaOfhka m%N=;ajhla Wiq,kakka úh hq;=
hehs ie,lsh hq;af;a idudkH isxy, iajNdIlhkaf.a zfkd
okakdluZ NdIdfjys ksrjoH Ndú;hg yqre jk wdOqkslhka
flfrys t;rï Rcq n,mEula lrk njla fkd fmfkk
fyhsks'
a jkafka m%dlD; NdId úfYaIhls;
zwmN%xYZ kñka ye|skf
ta uqLHd¾: jifhks' Wmpdrd¾: jifhka zwmN%xYZ hkak
fhfokqfha ziïu; ixialD; jHjydrfhka msßyS .shd jQ" tfia
ke; fyd;a ixialD; Í;Ska W,a,x>kh fldg mj;akd NdId
* ,shqïlre tfldf<dia yeúßÈ mdi,a isiqjl= j isáh § lshjd ;snQ
l¨fld|hdfõ Y%S m%{dfYaLr kd ysñhkaf.a “i;shl wmN%xY” ,smsh
ms<sn| j Tyqg Pdhdud;% u;lhla mej;s w;r jir lsysmhlg by;
§ mqia;ld,h fiajd uKav,Sh udisl foaYk ud,dj hgf;a zzidjoH-
ksrjoH NdId jHjydrZZ uefhka foaYkhla meje;aùu i|yd wjYH jQ
úg rdcH f,aLkd.drfhka tu ,smsh m< jQ ,xld§m mqj;a m; fidhd
f.k ,smsfha msgm;la ilia lr ÿka pQ, m;afïkaø isßj¾Ok uy;dg
Tyq ish lD;{;dj m< lr isà'

3
úfYaIZ fyda zwjHdlr‚l jQ wmYíoZ fyda ye|skaùug nj
fmkajd Èh yels h' ^ fyÜáwdrÉÑ ixia'" 1963: 464-465'& tfia
fyhska iuld,Sk NdId Ndú;fhys jQ wmjHjydr fjfiid
olajñka ,shk ,o ,smshlg zi;shl wmN%xYZ hk ueh uqLHd¾:
jifhka fuka u èjks;d¾: jifhka o fhda.H nj lsj ukd
h' l¨fld|hdfõ Y%S m%{dfYaLr kd ysñhka tu ,smsh imhk
wjêfha furg nyqck ú{dmk udOH iq,n fkd úKehs lsh
yels h; ffjoHq; udOH jQfha o rch i;= YíojdyskS (Radio)*
fiajdj mu‚' ;okka;r j foaYSh j fuka u wka;¾cd;sl
jifhka o isÿ jQ iudcd¾Ól mßj¾;khkays fuka u udkj
YsIagdpdrh úiska w;am;a fldg .ekqKq úoHd ;dlaI‚l
ch.%yKhkays o m%;sM, fya;=fjka fï jk úg uqøs; yd
ffjoHq; udOH .Kkdjla u Èjhsfka jHdma; j mj;S' fï
nyqck ú{dmk udOHhkaf.ka fuka u úúO ;rd;srïj,g
wh;a f,aLlhkaf.a fmd;am;aj,ska o ks;r yuq jk" zwmN%xYZ
.Kfhys ,d .s‚h yels jHjydr lsysmhla úu¾Ykh fuys
,d wNsfm%a; h'**
fun÷ fhÿï 1' idjoH WÉpdrK" 2' idjoH wlaIr
úkHdi" 3' idjoH mo idOk" 4' idjoH jdlH úkHdi" 5'
wdl=, $ idjoH mo fn§ï yd 6' j¾‚; úIhhg fhda.H fkd
jk jHjydr yd fhÿï hk YS¾I ihl ,d j¾. fldg fuys
,d bÈßm;a flf¾'
idjoH fhÿï i|yd ksoiqka Wmqgd f.k we;af;a
ffjoHq; yd uqøK nyqck udOH jHjydrfhka yd uE; § m<
* Radio hkak i|yd nyqjHdma; fhÿu z.=jka úÿ,shZ hkak jqj o bka
ffjoHq; ;rx. ud¾.fhka isÿ flfrk Yío úldikh hk wre; fkd
fok neúka o ;kaud¾.fhka u isÿ flfrk rEm úisrk udOHh i|yd
zrEmjdysŒZ hkak Ndú; jk neúka o ta yd iure;a .kakd mßoafoka
fuys ,d zYíojdyskSZ hkak fhdok ,o nj ie,l=j ukd h' z.=jka
úÿ,shZ hk wmN%xY fhÿug jvd zf¾äfhdaZ hkak ;;aiu mohla fia
Ndú;h o fhda.H hehs woyia lruq'
** fï ,smsh o uq,ska u kï flrefKa zkQ;k isxy, wmN%xYZ hkqfjks'
tfy;a thska wjudkd;aul w¾:hla .uH úh yels nj ye`.S .sfhka
th zkQ;k isxy,fha wmNdId ,laIKZ hkqfjka ixfYdaOkh flreKq
nj ie,l=j ukd h'

4
jQ fmd;aj,sks' idOl .%ka: jifhka ie,l=Kq fmd;a iïnkaO
uQ,dY%h igyka o wod< jpk yd jdlH bÈßfhka oelafõ'
1' idjoH WÉpdrK
f,aLk iajrEmh NdIKh u`.ska bÈßm;a flfrk
wjia:d lsysmhls ^O¾uodi 1999: 3-6.):
1' f,aLkhla NdIK iajrEmfhkaa bÈßm;a lsÍu'
ksoiqqka(
1' rdIag% md,lhl=f.a m‚jqvhla úoHq;a ú{dmk udOH
uÕska m%pdrh lsÍu
2' úoHq;a ú{dmk udOH m%%jD;aa;s m%pdrh
3' wd.ñl" wdOHdmksl ^úYajúoHd,h& yd md¾,sfïka;=
foaaYk
2' idudkH NdIKh'
fï wjia:d foflys § u kssrjoH jpfkdaÉpdrKh
flfryss fkdie,lss,su;a jk njla oel .; yels h' Bg fya;=
ù we;af;a;
1' m%dfhda.sl wjfndaOfhka f;dr ùu
yd
2' wkjOdkh
nj fmkajd Èh yels h'
fï ish¨ u wjia:d weiqfrka ksÍlaIKh lrk ,o
WÉpdrK jerÈ lsysmhla u;= oelafõ. ^fï WÉpdrK jerÈ
Èjhsfka oekg úldih flfrk zYíojdyskSZ yd zrEmjdysŒZ
fiajdjkays m%jD;a;s m%pdrj,ska wikakg ,enqKq tajd h' wod<
ksÍlaIK ,shqïlre úiska 1997 isg jßka jr isÿ lrk ,È'&
we;eï úg fï ifodia jyr f,aLkhg o msúi ;sfnkq oelal
yels h' tn÷ ia:dk ms<sn| kso¾Yk fuys we;=<;a h' ^ksrjoH
rEmh jryka ;=< oelafõ'&
1'1' wkjYH ;kays iajr §¾>SlrKh
w;HdjYH ^w;HjYH&
iaÒr ^iaÓr&
kS;Hdkql+, ^kS;Hkql+,&

5
 mS;D ^ms;D&
iuQmldr$iuQmdldr ^iuqmldr&
jHdl+, ^jHdl=,&
idudÔh ^iudÔh&
mdka;sl ^mka;sl&
m%dfoaYSh ^m%foaYSh&
1'2' wkjYH ;kays iajr y%iaùlrKh
wOHd;añl ^wdOHd;añl&
wOHdmksl ^wdOHdmksl&
wdYs¾jdo ^wdYS¾jdo&
l=;=y,h ^l=;+y,h&
uhqr ^uhQr&
jHqyh ^jHQyh&
iajNdúl ^iajdNdúl&
1'3' uydm%dK Yío w,amm%dK;ajfhka WÉpdrKh
wjfndao ^wjfndaO&
ixj¾okh ^ixj¾Okh&
okj;a ^Okj;a&
m%;sm, ^m%;sM,&
fn!;sl $ nyq;sl ^fN!;sl&
fn!oao $ njqoao ^fn!oaO&
fn!ñl $ nyqñl ^fN!ñl&
ia;sr ^iaÓr&
ia;djr ^ia:djr&
1'4' wkjYH uydm%dK fhdackh
w¾nqOh$ w¾N=oh ^w¾nqoh&
wjfNdaO ^wjfndaO&
WÉPdrK ^WÉpdrK&
m%Óm,$ m%:sM, ^m%;sM,&
m%ia:dr ^m%ia;dr&
u¾Okh ^u¾okh&
1' uydm%dK O ldr iys; zm%OdkZ hkafkys wre; zuQ,slZ hkak hs' zm%odkZ
hkq mß;Hd.h hs'

6
 ^;Hd.& m%Odkh1 ^m%odkh&
ùfrdaOdr ^ùfrdaodr&
ia:r ^ia;r&
mß>Kl ^mß.Kl&
^frda.& ksOdkh ^ksodkh&
1'4'1 uydm%dK wlaIrhlg miq j y ldrhla fh§u1
zwd>%yKhZ ^nd,iQßh ^1991& 1992( 29" 31'&
1'5' modrïN ixhqla; jH[ack WÉpdrKfha § fjk;a iajrhla
ixhqla;hg bÈßfhka fyda ixhqla;h uOHhg fyda fh§u
^jryka ;=< oelafjkafka ksrjoH rEmh hs'&
biaÓr $ bia;sr ^iaÓr&
bia:djr $ bia;djr ^ia:djr&
bia;dkh ^ia:dk&
bia;dkdêm;s ^ia:dkdêm;s&
biam¾i ^iam¾Y&
úhdl+, ^jHdl=,&
úhdmdrh ^jHdmdrh&
úhdmD;s ^jHdmD;s&
úhjidh ^jHjidh&
úhqyh ^jHQyh&
iqjdoSk ^iajdëk&
1'6' mo idOk úê fkd i,ld jpk WÉpdrKh
w;Hd,xldr ^w;H,xldr&
kS;Hdkqql+, ^kS;Hkql+,&
úNla;Hd¾: ^úNla;H¾:&
iudchSh$idudÔh ^iudÔh&
idys;Hhsl ^idys;ahsl$ idys;Hsl&
1' uydm%dK Yío isxy,hg ì£ tafï § w,amm%dK;ajhg m;a ùu ^ksoiqk(a >%dK
> .ykaa" >k > .k" O¾u$Oïu > oyï& fyda Ä" >a" è" Ma" Na wlaIr
zyZ ldrh njg m;a ùu ^ksoiqka( m%Nd > meye" Nø > nyÿre" uQL >
uqy" ,>q > ¨yq" idê; > iEyQ& fyda isÿ fjhs' oyï" .yka" nyÿre
wdÈfhys isÿ jk l%shdj,sh ziajr Nla;shZ fyj;a zúm%l¾IhZ hkqfjka
ye¢kafjhs' tys ,d isÿ jkafka uydm%dK;ajfhys zyaZ ldrhla .eí j
we;ehs ie,flk fyhska wod< w,amm%dKdlaIrh;a tlS zyaZ ldrh;a
w;rg iajrhla meñKùu hs' ^úia;r i|yd( n,.,af,a ^1992& 2006(102-
115"130'& tfy;a zwd>%yKhZ hkak tlÿ NdId mßKdóh O¾u;djlg
fyda wod< jk fhÿula fkd fõ'

7
 úoHd,Sh ^úoHd,hSh&
ßoauhdkql+, ^ßoaudkql+,&
m%;Hd¾: ^m%;Hh¾:&
uqfkaYajr ^uqkSYajr&
kÍYajr ^kf¾Yajr&
2' idjoH wlaIr úkHdih*
2' 1' y%iaj §¾> iajr jrojd fh§u
^by; 1'1 yd 1'2 hgf;a olajk ,o ksoiqka o i,lkak'&
jHdl+, ^jHdl=,&
l=;=y,h ^l=;+y,h&
wdOHd;auh ^wOHd;auh&
2' 2' R iajrh yd re $ rE rEm jrojd fh§u
lDDr
zl%ErZ hk ksjerÈ rEmh fjkqjg nyq, j olakg
,efnkqfha §¾> RldrdxYh iys; fï jpkh hs' n,.,af,a
1996: 204 – 205 msgqj, fujeks wjia:d i|yd ;j;a ksoiqka
oelafõ'
2' 3' w,amm%dK uydm%dK jrojd fh§u
m%Óm,$ m%;sm, ^m%;sM,&
m%ia:dr ^m%ia;dr&
úYsIaG ^úYsIag&
YsIaG ^YsIag&
YsIaGdpdr ^YsIagdpdr&
ia:ïN ^ia;ïN&
ia:Qm ^ia;+m&
^by; 1'3 yd 1' 4 hgf;a olajk ,o ksoiqka o
n,kak'&
2' 4' K - k" , - <" Y - I - i jrojd fh§u
W!K mQrKh ^wdßhr;ak" 1991: 86'&
l,y ^lsÍï wre;ays& ^wdßhr;ak" 1991: 207'&
l<HdK
le<‚
w¿;a ^úfÊiQßh" 1992: 203'&

8
 w¿hu ^wdßhr;ak" 1991: 82" 95'&
uy¿ ^wdßhr;ak" 1991: 94'&
uq,d ^ < uQV& ^wdßhr;ak" 1991( 94'&
j, ^ < wdjdg& ^úfÊiQßh"1992( 206'&
[dkh
{dKh ^wdßhr;ak" 1991: 132'&
o¾YK
m%ldYK
m%ùk
f,aLKzme<e|Z ^nd,iQßh ^1991& 1992( 32'&
zme<|Z ^nd,iQßh ^1991& 1992( 71'&
zme<÷ïZ ^nd,iQßh ^1991& 1992( 71'&
zl=¿fKaZ ^nd,iQßh ^1991& 1992( 80'&
wNs,dY
wdNdIh
wdYAjdoh
úYAuh
úIo
Y+Íka ^W.;d hk wre;ays&
udxY ^wdßhr;ak" 1991( 78" 80" 196" 198; kdro" 1997( 83'&
2' 5' rldrdxYh iuÕ zweZ iy zWZ iajrj,g wod< j fhfok
ms,s iïnkaO wkjfndaOh
.%eufmdaka ( = gramaphone) hk ;kays z.a/Z
ixfhda.h'
.%Eï (= gram) hk ;kays z.a?Z ixfhda.h'
g%elag¾ (= tractor) hk ;kays zÜ/Z ixfhda.h'
O%ej zèreZ ixfhda.h'
Y%e;s zYareZ ixfhda.h'
ud;D NdIdjkays rldrdxYfhka mr j fhfok weoh
fyj;a weo ms,a, u`.ska ixfla;j;a jkafka ¾ + W ixfhda.h
neúka hqfrdamSh ixialD;sfhka isxy,hg wdkS; fldg .ekqKq
z/Z ixhqla;j;a Yío i|yd rldrdxYh iu`. weo ms,a, fh§u
ksrjoH fia ms<s.; fkd yels h' zO%ejZ" zY%e;sZ" zn%EysZ" zl%ErZ

9
jeks ud;D NdIduh rEm rldrdxYh iu`. weo ms,s ixfla;h
Ndú; lsÍfuka olajd we;af;a uq,a jH[ackh yd tla jQ zreZ
Yíoh hs'
ud;D NdIduh rEmj, § muKla rldrdxYh Ndú;
lsÍu;a" hqfrdamSh NdIdj,ska .ekqKq rEm ,shd oelaùfï § r
Yíoh fjk;a jH[ackhla iuÕ ixfhda. jQ rEm úixhqla;
j oelaùfï ms<sfj;la wkq.ukh lsßu;a ksrjoH nj fuys
,d lsj hq;= h' ta wkqj z.a/ufmdakaZ" z.a?ïZ" zÜ/lag¾Z" zí/
kaäZ" zí?kaâZ wdÈ" y,a wl=rlg miq j z/$?Z Yío iys; mo
fuka u fiiq Yío iys; mo o rldrdxYh fjkqjg rldrh yd
thska mr j wod< ms,s o fhdoñka ^lafrdtaYshd" lafrdañhï"
khsÜrcka" mhsíßfkdacka" hqlaf¾ka" iqlafrdaia wdÈ jifhka&
,sùu ksrjoH fuka u wjq,ska f;dr o fjhs'
2' 6' md,s yd ixialD; wlaIr úkHdi mg,jd .ekSu
wdNdIh
fldÜGdYh
2' 7' fjk;a idjoH jHjydr
ffY,l¾u ^zY,Hl¾uZ fjkqjg&
3' idjoH mo idOk
3' 1' -;d ^Ndjd¾:& m%;Hhdka; rEmj,g -j yd -h m%;Hh
folla tla lsÍu'
wmyiq;djhkag ^kdro" 1997( 101'&
wjYH;djh
olaI;djh
iïnkaO;djfhys
l=Y,;djfhka
ksYaYío;djh ^kdro"1997( 26'&
3' 2' -j,a ^wm%dKjdÖ nyaj¾:& m%;Hh fojrla Ndú;h'
f.j,aj,
rgj,aj,
3' 3' wkjYH m%;Hh tla lsÍu'
3' 3'1' wkqla; mo iuÕ -j m%;Hhla fh§u
^we;eï úpdrlfhda fuh “;=mamys j hkak” hkqfjka
y÷kaj;s'&
10
 “fl,a, j wdrÉÑ f.or k;r lr .kakehs''' ”
^úfÊiQßh" 1989: 25&
zzmqxÑ rd<ydñ j mkai,g le|jdf.k .sfha h”
^úfÊiQßh" 1989: 27&
zzfmdä rd<ydñ j f,dl= yduqÿrefjda foajd,hg le|jd
f.k .shy”^úfÊiQßh" 1989: 27&
“ks u ,is ß j wkq I a l d fj; le|jd f.k hdug ”
^úfÊiQßh" 1992: 145&
“lSm fofkla ksu,isßj Tijd .;ay” ^úfÊiQßh"
1992: 156&
“iqukdf.a uj úiska mshodig ksu,isßj h<s frday,g
we;=<;a l< mqj; ie<lrKq ,enqjdh'” ^úfÊiQßh" 1992:
185& ^fuys jdlH fhdackh o idjoH h'&
“tfia l<fyd;a iodpdrh úiska Tyq j úkdY lrkq
we;” ^wdßhr;ak" 1991: 68'&
fï WodyrKj,ska fndfyda .Kkl zjZ rEmh fjka
fldg olajd we;s nj o ie,l=j ukd h' mo fn§fï kshr wkqj
zjZ rEmh fjka fldg oelaúh yelafla mQ¾j l%h s d¾:fhys mu‚'
3' 3' 2' f.!rjd¾: nyq jpk mo kej; nyaj¾: fldg
oelaùug -,d m%;Hhla fh§u
jykafia,d
3'3'3' m%dKjdÖ mo iu`. -j,a m%;Hhh fh§u
whj¨ka ^úfÊiQßh" 1992: 200&
3' 4' m%;Hhd¾: rEm idOkh ms<sn| jerÈ
my; 3'4'1 yd 3'4'2 hgf;a oelafjk ksoiqkaj, §
fï iïnkaO f;dr;=re ú.%yd;aul j oelafjhs'
3'4'1' wkjYH ia:dkhkays jDoaêh $ §¾> lsÍu
idjoH rEmh ú.%yh ksrjoH rEmh
m%dfoaYSh m%foaY + Bh m%foaYSh
udKav,Sh uKAv, + Bh uKav,Sh
idudÔh iudc + Bh iudÔh
iuQmldr ix + Wmldr iuqmldr

11
3'4'2' wjYH ia:dkhkays jDoaê fkd lsÍu$ §¾> fkd lsÍu&
idjoH rEmh ú.%yh ksrjoH rEmh
wOHd;añl wOHd;au + bl wdOHd;añl
wOHdmksl wOHdmk + bl wdOHdmksl
uKav,sl uKav, + bl udKav,sl
iajNdúl iajNdj + bl iajdNdúl
mqoa.,sl mqoa., + bl fm!oa.,sl
3' 4' isxy, moj,g ixialD; m%;Hh fh§u
wod<;ajh
tlÕ;ajh
ksy~;ajh
fun÷ isxy, rEm iuÕ fhÈh hq;af;a -nj -lu jeks isxy,
m%;Hh mu‚' ^-;d m%;Hh o isxy,fhys o fhfok neúka
ztl`.;djZ" zksy`v;djZ jeks rEm o idOq;ajfhka ie,lsh
yels h'&
3'5' iudkd¾: m%;Hh tllg jeäfhka fh§u
fm!reI;ajh ^mqreI + w + ;aj& -w yd -;aj
hkqfjka m%;Hh folla fh§u wkjYH h'
ksrjoH rEmh fm!reIh
3' 6' ia;%S ,sx. moj,g wuq;=fjka ia;%S jdpl m%;Hh fh§u
iy ia;%S wre;a fok moj,g kej;;a ia;%S m%;H tla
lsÍu
wx.kdù
l=udßldù
lkHdù
udKúldúh
—wx.kd˜ —lkHd˜ jeks mo m%lD;sfhka u ia;%S ,sx.
hs' tajd taljpk njg m;a lsÍug -j m%;Hh muKla fh§u
iEfya' —l=udßld˜ —udKúld˜ hk mo ms<sfj<ska —l=udr˜ yd
—udKjl˜ hk moj,g ia;%S w¾:hla §u i|yd fhdokq ,enQ
z-bldZ m%;Hhh iys; h' tajdg kej;;a ia;%S w¾:hla §u i|yd
m%;Hh .ekaùu wkjYH h' ú{dmk udOHj, nyq, j Ndú;
flfrk “ldka;d fin<shka” “ldka;d fldá idudðldjka”

12
“m<uq jk ldka;d w.ue;sksh” “ldka;d ckdêm;sks” wdÈ
fhÿï o fujeks wkjYH ia;%S w¾: wdfrdams; mo hs'
3'7' wkjYH úNla;s .ekaùu
iudchSh
idys;Hhsl ^,xlduq,a, 2002( 1; 85; 177&
idys;Hhuh ^,xlduq,a, 2002( 95&
fï jpkj,g wod< m%lD;s hldrdka; fkd fõ'
ziudchZ" zidys;HhZ jeks jpk hldrdka;j;a jkqfha jr ke`.
Sfï § z-hZ m%;Hh tla fldg we;s neúks' fï jpkj,g uq,a j
we;s m%lD;sj,g z-blZ" z-BhZ jeks m%;Hh fh¥ l, ,efnkqfha
ms<sfj<ska ziudÔhZ" zidys;HslZ ^idys;ahsl& hk rEm hs'
ixialD;sluh ^,xlduq,a, 2002( 12&
ixialD;s hk m%lD;sfhka mr j iajd¾: ;oaê; l
fh§u m%udKj;a h'
3' 8' wkjYH mo jr ke`.Sï
wjHh mo ta ku ,nkafka tajd jHh ùula rys; fia
ie,flk fyhsks' tkï jr ke`.Sfuka f;dr neúka h' lsishï
jdlHhla ksmd; mohlska fl<jr l< hq;= kï tu ksmd;
mofhka miq j jdlHdjidkh y`.jk z-hZ ksmd;h fhÈh
yels h' tfy;a we;eï úg ksmd; mo z-tkaZ m%;Hh fhdod
zjr k`.kZ wjia:d oel .; yels h'
ksidfjks ^wdßhr;ak" 1997-a: 18" 90;wdßhr;ak"1997-c:
93'&
ksidfjka ^,xlduq,a, 2002( 24; 25&
3' 9' m%lD;shg wh;a wka;HdlaIr f,dma lsÍu
mqia;ld,j,$ mqia;ld,Sh
foajd,
m%;H
wjH mo$ wjH iudi
fï moj, m% l D;s hldrdka ; neúka ta j d m% ; Hh
.ekaúh hq;af;a m%lD;s zhZ ldrhg miq j h' túg ms<sfj<ska
mqia;ld,hj,$ mqia;ld,hSh" foajd,h" m%;Hh" wjHh mo
hkqfjka ksjerÈ úh hq;= h'

13
3' 10' ikaê ms<sn| jerÈ
idjoH rEmh ú.%yh ksrjoH rEmh
w;Hd,xldr w;s + w,xldr > w;a + b + w,xldr
= w;ah,xldr ^w;H,xldr&
kS;Hdkql+, kS;s + wkql+, > kS;a+ b +wkql+,
= kS;ahkql+, ^kS;Hkql+,&
jd.afldaIh jdÉ + fldaI > jdlafldaIh
jdÉ hkak iu`. ikaê jk mr mofhys wdÈ Yíoh
wf>daIhla neúka mQ¾j modka; jH[ackh Bg
wkqrEm úh hq;= h' mr mofhys wdÈ Yíoh f>daIhla
jQ l, mQ¾j modka; jH[ackh o f>daIj;a fjhs'
zjd.aúoHdZ" zjd.d,dmZ wdÈh ksoiqka h'
úoHd,Sh úoHd,h + Bh > úoHd,hSh
ikaê ùfï § m%lD;sfhys we;s h ldrh
f,dma fkd fõ'
úNla;Hd¾: úNla;s + w¾: > úNla;a + b + w + ¾:
^zbZ yd zwZ ikaêfhka zhZ fjhs'& úNla;ahaw¾:
= úNla;H¾:
i;a O¾uh i;a + O¾uh > ioaO¾uh
i;a hkak iu`. ikaê jk mr mofhys wdÈ Yíoh
f>daIhla neúka mQ¾j modka; jH[ackh Bg wkqrEm
j fjkia úh hq;= h; zioaO¾uZ hkqfjks' mr mofhys
wdÈ Yíoh wf>daIhla jQ l, mQ¾j modka; jH[ackh
o wf>daIj;a fjhs' tfyhska u;= oelafjk zioald¾hhZ
zioamr
q eIZ wdÈh zi;ald¾hZ zi;amr
q eIZ hkqfjka ksjerÈ
úh hq;= h'
ioa ld¾hh i;a + ld¾hh > i;ald¾hh
ioa mqreI i;a + mqreI > i;amqreI
iudchSh$idudÔh ^,xlduq,a, 2002( 10& iudc + Bh >
iudÔh
iuQmldr $ iuQmdldr ix + Wmldr > iï+Wmldr
> iuqmldr

14
3' 11' idjoH wjHh mo fh§u
wksiaÓr ^wdßhr;ak 1991: 75'&
ziaÓrZ hkafkys úreoaOd¾:h §u i|yd fhÈh hq;= wjHh
rEmh zw-Z hkak hs' zwks-Z hkqfjka Wmi¾.hla jd¾;d fkd
fõ' ^l=udr;=x. ^nq' j' 2481& nq' j' 2491: 330 – 331'& m%;sfIaOd¾:
zk-Z ksmd;h Bg mr j iajrhla we;s úg zwka-Z hk rEmh .kS'
tneúka zwksiaÓrZ jeks rEmhl idOkhg zwka-Z hkak iu`.
tla úh hq;af;a zbiaÓrZ hk rEmhls' zia:Z jeks ixfhda.hlg
mQ¾jfhys iqfLdaÉpdrKh i|yd zbZ iajrh tla flfrkqfha
wjHla; ke; fyd;a wmN%xY jHjydrfha § h' ta wkqj fuys
ksjerÈ rEmh jkafka zwiaÓrZ hkak hs'
4' l%shd ldrl mo iïnkaOh ms<sn| jerÈ
wdOqksl f,aLlhka yd uqøK udOH fuka u m%lg hehs
iïu; f,aLlhka o ish f,aLkj, § l%h s d ldrl mo iïnkaOh
wjq,a lr .kakd wkaou oelsh yels h' kdu moj, Wla; wkql; a
rEm fNaoh ksjerÈ j jgyd fkd .ekSu Bg tla fya;j = la nj
fmfka' ^n,.,af,a 1996: 224- 226 wkqj hs'&
4' 1' idjoH f,i Wla; rEm-wkql; a rEm Ndú;h
“uu ugu wh;aj ;snQ Ôú;h ;,a¨ lrf.k f.dia
mdrla whsfka .il Wv w;a;l ,Kqjla .eg .id
t,a,d urkakg ;e;a lrk úg fldfyafoda hñka isá
fmd,sialdrhl= mek ud w,a,d f.k Widúhg olald
f.k .sfhah'” ^lïue,a,ùr 2000: 65-66'&
fuys wkql; a j ;eìh hq;= zudZ hkak zuuZ hkqfjka
Wla; úNla;s .kajd we;s w;r z.sfha hZ hk wjidk l%shdj
lrkakd fia fmkS isák moh zfmd,sialdrfhlaZ hkqfjka
Wla; úNla;s .ekaùu fjkqjg zfmd,sialdrhl=Z hkqfjka
wkqla; j ;nd we;'
zztll= msgqmiska ú;a keó Tyqf.a fom/kaog háka
ysi oud lrg .;af;ah'ZZ ^nd,iQßh ^1991& 1992( 15-16'&
zzysgmq weu;sjrhl= fnda;,a îu w.=K hhs lshñka
;u ma,dial=fõ oud we;s úialsu jßka jr f;d,
.dñka isáfhah'ZZ ^nd,iQßh ^1991& 1992( 19'&
zzTjqka w;a Tijñka o fkdfhla bßhõ mdñka
is./Ü mq¿iaiñka o isáhy'ZZ ^nd,iQßh ^1991& 1992(
19'&
15
 by; WodyrK ;= f kys u Wla ; h fyj;a l¾;D
jifhka fhfok kdu moh wkqla; úNla;s .kajd we;'
z.;af;a hZ" zisáfhahZ yd zisáhyZ hk wjidk l%shd rEmj,g
.e<fmkqfha ztfllaZ" zysgmq weu;sjrfhlaZ yd zTjqyqZ hk
Wla; rEm hs'
“Tyq ;jÿrg;a ld¾hnyq, mqoa.,fhla njg m;a úh'”
^wdßhr;ak" 1997-e: 53'&
fuys wkql; a j ;eìh hq;= zmqoa.,fhl=Z hkak
zmqoa.,fhlaZ hkqfjka Wla; úNla;s .kajd we;'
“fldaj,ka ta wd;au Ndjfha isxymqrfhys Nr;ka kï
rdc fiajlfhla j isáfha h'” ^wdßhr;ak" 1991: 100'&
fuys wkq l a ; j ;eìh hq ; = zfia j lfhl= Z hka k
zfiajlfhlaZ hkqfjka Wla; úNla;s .kajd we;'
Wla; úNla;s rEmh fjkqjg wkqla; úNla;s rEmh
Ndú; lsÍu o jHdlrK úfrdaê fõ:
—mg,eú,a,g w; fmùug lsisjl= iu;a fkdùh'”
^úfÊiQßh" 1989: 3'&
zlsisjl=Z hkq wkqla; úNla;s rEm hs' Wla; úNla;s
rEmh úh hq;af;a zlsisfjlaZ hkak hs' ^túg wdlHd;h
nyqjpkfhka ;eîu isxy, jHjydrh hs'&
zzch f>daIlhska zchfõjd - chfõjdZ hs lE
.dkakg jQy'ZZ ^nd,iQßh ^1991& 1992( 26'&
zch f>daIlhskaZ hkq wkqla; úNla;s rEm hs' Wla; úNla;s
rEmh úh hq;af;a zch f>daIlfhdaZ hkak hs'
zzB<`.g o;a; /ia lsÍfï ks,Odßhl= ke.S isáfhah'ZZ
^nd,iQßh ^1991& 1992( 60'&
jdlHfha Wla;h úh hq;af;a zks,OdßfhlaZ hkak hs'
“f,dj ish¨ fok u ;u {d;Ska h” ^wdßhr;ak"
1991: 46'&
fuys —{d;S k a ˜ hka k —{d;S y q ˜ hkq f jka Wla ;
úNla;f s hka ;=nj q ukd h'

16
 “ tla m;sj%;djl ish ieñhd fjkqfjka Èú msÿjd h'
;j;a m;sj%;djl ish ieñhd fjkqfjka m,s .id wm
rgg meñ‚hdh'” ^wdßhr;ak 1991: 101'&
ia;%S ,sx. wkshud¾:fha Wla; rEm z-wlaZ m%;Hhj;a h;
z-wlZ m%;Hhh wkqla; rEm i|yd h'
“ úoaj;=ka hg lS foaYmd,k fjkiaùïj,g
ixfõÈ jQfjda fj;s'” ^,xlduq,a, 2002( 165.&
z-WkaZ z-wkaZ wkqla; m%;Hh hs' —jQfjda fj;s˜ hk wdLHd;hg
mEfykqfha zúoaj;a;=Z hkak hs:
“rcq ish wud;Hhka úpdrhs'” ^wdßhr;ak 1991: 101'&
zrcqZ hkak wkqla; úNla;s rEm hs' Wla; úNla;s rEmh
zrcZ hs'
4' 2' Wla;-wdLHd; wkqqrEm;dj ì|Su
“wurfoa j hka f .a l= i q ï ms m S w;= m;f¾ i;r
È.kaf;a we;=`M .S; rdYshla î' weia'f.a ‘kj.S;’ jevigyka
ud,dj ;=<ska t<s ÿgq ks¾udKfhda h'” ^wdßhr;ak 1997 a: 104'&
by; jdlHfha Wla;h “.S; rdYshla” hkq h' ta jQ
l,s wfÉ;k .Khg wh;a kdu mohls' wfÉ;k .Kfha
kdu mohla Wla; jQ l, th tal jpk jqj o nyq jpk jqj o
wdLHd;h tal jpkfhka u isà' tfy;a fï jdlHfhys fh§
we;af;a nyq jpk wdLHd; rEmhls' “ks¾udKfhda ^fj;s&ZZ hkq
hs'
“tlS kdgH nd,-fnd<| ksire lD;Syq jQy'”
^wdßhr;ak1997 d: 87'&
—lD;s o pïmq ldjHfhda fj;a'˜ ^wdßhr;ak ^1995&
1997: 11'&
zkdgHZ yd zlD;sZ hk wfÉ;k .Kfha mo iu`. zlD;Syq
jQyZ zldjHfhda fj;aZ hkqfjka ifÉ;k nyq jpkhg wod<
wdLHd; fhdod we;'
my; oelafjk jdlHfha Wla; rEmh wkjYH ;ekl o
kdu mohla Wla; rEmfhka ;nd we;:

17
 “uq;a;=idñ l%ufhka jD;a;Sh jh,Sk jdolfhla njg
m;a fjñka isáfhah'˜ ^wdßhr;ak 1997 b: 16'&
^ck udOH jHjydrfhka .;a ;j;a WodyrK i|yd
iqrùr 1993: 143 msgqj n,kak'&
jdlHhl Wla;h jifhka fhfok kdu moh tys
fhfok wdLHd;h iu`. mqreI" ixLHd yd ,sx. jifhka
wkqrEm úh hq;= h' tal jpk kdu mo Wla; jQ l, ta iu`.
nyq jpk wdLHd; fh§u fuka u nyq jpk kdumo Wla; jQ
l, wdLHd;h tal jpkhg .e<fmk fia fh§u o ú{dmk
udOHhkays iq,n j oelsh yels h' we;eï Y%jH ikaksfõok
udOH ish m%jD;a;s m%pdrfha § ú,dis;djl- ke; fyd;a Tjqka
mjik mßÈ kj m%jK;djl- uqyqKqjßka Wla; jk mofha
ixLHd" ,sx." mqreIdÈ fNao fkd i,ld wdLHd;h NdIK
jHjydrhg wkqj ;eîu wdrïN flf<a ksrjoH jdlH úkHdi
úê ms<n s | fkdoekqu jid .ekSug nj fmfka' uq, § fm!oa.,sl
Yío jdyskS kd,sldjla úiska wrUk ,o fï zú,dis;djZ ál
l,la rch i;= cd;sl rEmjdys‚h úiska o wkq.ukh lrk
,È' iajdñ;ajfha fjkia ùu;a iu`. cd;sl rEmjdys‚fha tu
m%jK;dj fjkia jqj o Wla; wdLHd; wkqrEm;dj ì| jefgk
wjia:d nyq, h'
4' 3' idjoH wdLHd; rEm Ndú;h
ú{dmk udOHhkays NdId jHjydrfhys iq,N j yuq
jk ;j;a idjoH iajrEmhla jkafka l¾;D ldrl jdlHhkays
l¾u ldrl wdLHd; Ndú;h hs'
“weu;sjrhd m%ldY lrkq ,eî h” “w.%dud;H;=ud
fmkajd fokq ,eî h” jeks jHjydr fï hgf;a oelaúh yels
fjhs' fun÷ jdlH" wkqla; l¾;D mohla wOHdydrfhka .;a
l," l¾u ldrl jdlH rgdj wkqj ksjerÈ hehs lsh yels h'
tfy;a túg tajdhska wNsfm%a; w¾: m%ldYkh isÿ fkd fõ'
“weu;sjrhd m%ldY lrkq ,eî h” hkqfjka ,shQ ;eke;a;df.a
wNsm%dh jkakg we;af;a weu;sjrhd lsishï fohla mejiQ nj
lSu jqj o ñka .uH jkafka wfkll= úiska weu;sjrhdyg

18
lsisjla m%ldY lrk ,o nj úkd weu;sjrhd tfia m%ldY l<
nj fkd fõ' “w.%dud;H;=ud fmkajd fokq ,eîh” hs lS úg o
thska mejfikqfha w.%dud;H;=ud hï lreKla fmkajd ÿka nj
fkd j wka whl= úiska w.%dud;H;=ud ;j;a whl=yg fmkajd
ÿka njls' l%Svd ;r. úia;r m%pdrlhkaf.a jHjydrfhys
olakd ,efnk “oeka y;f¾ myrla t,a, lrkq ,enqjd” jeks
fhÿï o fï .Kfhys jefÜ'
kdu mohlska mr j zúiskaZ ksmd;h fhdod l¾;D
ldrl wdLHd;hlska jdlHdjidkh lrk wjia:d o yuq fjhs:
—f,dl=nKavdr uy;d úiska m%d¾:kd lf<Ah'˜
—uq o ,a weu;s j rhd úis k a l:dj wdrïN lf<a h '˜
^,laìu" 2004' 11' 21&
jeks jdlH ksoiqka h'
“uÿrdjg meñ‚ [dKiïnkao¾ ffckhka yd
fn!oaOhka iu`. jdo fldg Tjqka mrdchg m;a
lrk ,È'” ^wdßhr;ak" 1991: 132'&
fuh by; oelajQ “oeka y;f¾ myrla t,a, lrkq
,enqjd” jeks idjoH wúh;a fhÿuls' l¾;D ldrl jdlHhla
jk fuys Wla;h “[dKiïnkao¾” h' fhdod we;af;a l¾u
ldrl wdLHd;hls' “Tjqka mrdchg m;a lrk ,È” fjkqjg
“Tjqka mrdchg m;a flf<a h” hkqfjka b;d ir, j jdlHh
ksud l< yels h' fï ;j;a tjeks u jelshls:
“uq.áhd jyd mek kd.hd iu`. fmdr nod W! urd
ouk ,È' ” ^wdßhr;ak" 1991: 95'&
“uq.áhd jyd mek kd.hd iu`. fmdr nod W! urd
oeuqfõ h” lS l, wNsfm%a;d¾:h isoaO fkd fõ o @
—uy uqo,s ¨ù o fidhsid lrk ,o w;a msgm;a
iólaIKfha˜ ^,xlduq,a," 2002( 59'&
zz;ud ilik ,o YíofldaI ldKav fol Wvq w;g
jeà'''ZZ ^nd,iQßh ^1991& 1992( 80'&
zznqÿrÿka úiska '''fuu W;=re ñksia oï m%ldY lrk
,oafoa iqklaL;a; m;=rejd yßk ,o ÿ¾u; neyer
lsÍu ms‚ih'ZZ ^kdro" 1994(13&
19
 fïjd o wkqÑ; mßÈ fhdok ,o l¾u ldrl l%shd
mohla iys; jdlH hs' “lrk ,oafoa” ^wka whl= l< w;a msgm;a
iólaIKh ,enqfõ& uy uqo,s ¨ù o fidhsid kï w;a msgm;a
iólaIKh isÿ flf<a ljfrlaa oehs m%YAkhla u;= fõ' ta ixYh
u`. yeÍug kï —uy uqo,s ¨ù o fidhsid úiska lrk ,o w;a
msgm;a iólaIKfha” fyda —uy uqo,s ¨ù o fidhsid l< w;a
msgm;a iólaIKfha” fyda úh hq;= h' tfuka u zm;=rejd yßk
,oafoaZ tkï m;=rejd yeÍu ,enQfha iqklaL;a; kï m;=rejd
yeÍu flf<a ljfrla oehs hk m%Yakh mek k`.S'
my; oelafjkafka tn÷ u idjoH wdLHd; rEm iys;
jdlH lsysmhls(
zznqÿrcdKkajykafia i;ajhd fj; meje;s ffu;%iS y.;
fÉ;kdj ;u Y%djlhka fj; ú.%yfldg olajk ,È'ZZ
^kdro" 1997( 17'&
zzix.S;ldrhka o ;u NdKavj,ska iemhsh yels
Wmßuh imhk ,§'ZZ ^nd,iQßh ^1991& 1992( 23'&
zzmQcdj,sh lsUq,aj;a kqjr l< hul m%d;syd¾hh yd
.Kavín jDlaI uQ,fhys l< fm<yer folu j¾Kkd
lrkq ,nhs'ZZ ^kdro" 1997( 59-60'&
zztfiau f:rjdoS NslI a q wdh;kj, uydhdkslhka mÈxÑ
ù Tjqkaf.a oyu uyckhdg ióm lrkq ,enqfõh'ZZ
^kdro" 1997( 106'&
my; oelafjk jdlH lsym
s h o wkjYH l¾u ldrl
rEm iys; h(
zzidys;Hlrejka lrkq ,nk j¾Kkhka ;=<ska'''ZZ
^kdro" 1997( 43'&
zziïnqoaO Öjrh ms<Sn| l;=jreka lrkq ,nk
j¾Kkh'''ZZ ^kdro" 1997( 45'&
zznqÿrÿka ;ykï lrk ,o f,daldh;jdoS woyia
.eí jQ .%ka: ish,a,u ixialD; NdIdfjka rpkd lr
;sfnhs'ZZ ^kdro" 1997( 106'&

20
4'3'1' l¾;D ldrl yd l¾u ldrl jdlH fhdack mg,jd .ekSu
l¾u ldrl jdlHhl Wla;h f,i ilid .kafka
l¾;D ldrl jdlHhl l¾u moh fyj;a l%shdjg hg;a jkak
f,iska fmkS isák kdu moh hs' Wla; l¾;D fyj;a l%shdj
lrjkakd fia fmkS isák kdu moh l¾;D;ajh fyj;a Rcq
j l%shdj lrùfuka bj;a jk ksid l¾;D moh wkqla; rEm
.ekaúh hq;= jk w;r l¾u moh Wla; rEmfhka fyj;a m%:ud
úNla;sfhka ;eìh hq;= h' wdLHd;h fhÈh hq;= jkafka Wla;
rEm .ekajQ ke; fyd;a m%:ud úNla;sfhka ;enQ l¾uhg wkqj
h' we;eï f,aLlhka wkqla; l¾;D fyda Wla; l¾uh fyda
hk folska tll=ÿ ms<sn| j fkd i,lñka jdlH fhdackh
isÿ lrkq oel .; yels h:
“ta lghq;a; ksu jk ;=re n,d isák l=iais wïud jk
fidmsydñ úiska f,dl= ueáfldamam folla lEu fïih
<`.g f.k tkq ,nkakSh'” ^úfÊiQßh" 1989: 3&
fï jdlHfhys l¾;D jk zzfidmsydñZZ wkqla; j isà'
tu kdu mohg zúiskaZ hk l¾;D úNla;s iQpl ksmd; moh
tla fldg ;sîfuka th meyeÈ,s h' fuys Wla;h úh hq;af;a
zzueáfldamm a follaZZ hkak hs' th wm%dKjdÖ .Kfha kduhla
neúka tys Wla;-wkqla; rEm fNaohla wm%lg h' ;okqrEm
wdLHd;h úh hq;f a ;a zzf.fkkq ,efíZZ jekakls' fuys fhdokq
,en we;s wdLHd; rEmh ia;%S ,sx. wdLHd;hls'
isxy,fha ,sx. fNaohla oelsh yels jkafka ifÉ;k
.Kfha fyj;a m%dKjdÖ .Kfha kdu mo iïnkaOfhka mu‚'
wfÉ;k fyj;a wm%dKjdÖ .Kfha kdu mo iïnkaOfhka ,sx.
fNaohla l%shd;aul fkd ùu isxy,fha úfYaI;ajhls' tfy;a
fï jdlHfha —f,dl= ueáfldamam folla˜ hk wfÉ;kjdÖ
Wla; l¾uhg fhdod we;af;a ifÉ;k ia;%S ,sx. wdLHd;hla
ùu fuys we;s W!k;dj hs'
“iy fhdka i;=ka lshÆ io fõ b;sß ,s`.= kï” hkqfjka
iso;a i`.rdj ia;%S ,sx. Yío ljf¾ oehs fjfiid olajd we;'
^{dkdf,dal ysñ ^ixia'& 1971: 67'& ta wkqj zueáfldamamZ b;sß
,s`.= ùug ziy fhdkaZ fyj;a zfhdaks iys;Z jqj ukd h!
u;= oelafjkafka ;j;a tn÷ u idjoH jdlH fhdack
lsysmhls:
21
 “iqukdf.a uj úiska mshodig ksu,isßj h<s frday,g
we;=<;a l< mqj; ie<lrKq ,enqjdh” ^úfÊiQßh" 1992:
185'& ^fuys wlaIr úkHdih o idjoH h'&
“t;=ud úiska lshkag fhÿfKa isxy, lùyq úiska n|skq
,n;a kï ljr úß;la úß;la njg m;a fkdjkafka o
hk j. hs'” ^wdßhr;ak" ^1995& 1997: 15'&
zrd<ydñ tajd tlsfkl msßlaik ,§'ZZ ^nd,iQßh
^1991&" 1992( 50'&
“ fjila lel=¿ iqÿ i| t<sfha jeks .Sj, ix.S;h úiska
wm <ud f,djlg le|jdf.k hkq ,nhs'” ^wdßhr;ak"
1997-a: 112'&
fuys zix.S;hZ hkafkka mr j zúiskaZ ksmd;h fhdod
we;s neúka th l¾u ldrl jdlHhla njg fmr<d we;s fia
fmfka' túg Wla;h úh hq;af;a l=ula o hkak msßlaiqj ukd
h' ix.S;h úiska flfrkafka ^lrkq ,nkafka& l=ula o@
“le|jd f.k hkq ,eîu” hs' le|jd f.k hkq ,efnkafka
ljfrla oehs fiúh hq;= h' fï jdlHh wkqj “wm” hs' túg
“wm” hkak fuys Wla; l¾uh fjkqjg fhdod we;s nj fmfkA'
tfy;a “wm” hkq W;a;u mqreI nyq jpk wkqla; rEmh hs'
;okqrEm Wla; ke; fyd;a m%:ud úNla;s rEmh “wms” hkq hs'
“wms” hkak fh¥ l, jdlHdjidkh W;a;u mqreI nyqjpkhg
wkqrEm úh hq;= h' tkï fï jdlHfhka wfmalaIs; wre;
mejfik mßÈ kï “le|jd f.k hkq ,efnuq” “le|jd f.k
hkq ,nkafkuq” jekakla úh hq;= h'
l¾u ldrl jdlHhl jHQyh ms<sn| wkjfndaOh
lshd mdk ;j;a jdlH lsysmhla u;= oelafjhs:
“tneúka is k ud jHdmdßlhka úis k a Yíod.dr
újD; lsÍu i|yd le|jkq ,enqfõ o uq;a;=idñjhs'”
^wdßhr;ak" 1997-b: 21'&
fuys Wla; l¾uh úh hq;= “uq;a;=idñ hs” hkak
fjkqjg “uq;a;=idñjhs” hkqfjka wjHla; l¾ufhka ^;=mamys
zjZ hkak iys; j& ;nd we;'
“Ysj foúhka fjkqfjka .S .ehQ idOqjreka kdhkaud¾
hk kñka o úIA K q foúhka fjkq f jka .S .ehQ
idOqjreka wd<ajd¾ kñka o y÷kajk ,È'” ^wdßhr;ak
1991: 128'&
22
 fuh o l¾u ldrl jdlHhls ' wkq l a ; l¾;D
wOHdydrfhka .; hq;= jk w;r zoZ ksmd;fhka kdu mo
folla iïnkaO fldg oelafõ' ta kdu mo wkqla; j ;nd
we;' zzidOqjrekaZZ hkak nyaj¾:j;a neúka yd zoZ ksmd;h
u`.ska tajd iïnkaO fldg we;s neúka Wla; l¾uh jifhka
.s‚h hq;= ta mo fol m%:ud úNla;s .kajd jdlHdjidkfhys
fhfok zy÷kajk ,ÈZ hk tal jpk rEmh zy÷kajk ,oyZ
fyda zy÷kajkq ,enQyZ fyda hkqfjka nyq jpkfhka ;eìh hq;=
fõ'
my; oelafjkqfha l¾u ldrl jdlHhl uQ,sl jHQyh
fuka u Wla; wkqla; rEm fNaoh o fkd i,ld ,shjqKq jdlH
lsysmhls(
zzr;s[a[d je, m;a;= lsÍug flfkl= fhdok ,§'ZZ
^nd,iQßh ^1991& 1992( 23'&
zzTjqka fõÈldfõu uq,a,l r|jd .kakd ,§'ZZ ^nd,iQßh
^1991& 1992( 23'&
zz;=jd, ,o ch f>daIlhska lSm fofkl= weof.k fuka
fnfy;a oeóu i|yd msg;a lrk ,§'ZZ ^nd,iQßh ^1991&
1992( 24'&
zzlE.eiQ ;j;a ch f>daIlhl= ;j;a fofokl= úiska
w,a,d bj;g f.k hk ,§'ZZ ^nd,iQßh ^1991& 1992( 24'&
zziellrejka fjk;a ia : dkhlg f.k hk ,§'ZZ
^nd,iQßh ^1991& 1992( 51'&
zzmdf¾ hk tka k ka yuq o d úis k a kj;kq ,efí'ZZ
^nd,iQßh ^1991& 1992( 63'&
4' 3' 2' oaú;aj Wla;h iys; jdlHhkays § fojk Wla;h
fkdi,ld yeÍu
isxy,fha tla jdlH rgdjla kï oaú;aj Wla;h fhÿKq
jdlH hs' tkï wdLHd; mQrKh i|yd m%Odk Wla;hg wu;r
j wm%Odk Wla;hla o wfmalaId lrk jdlH hs' wjidk
l%shdj -j ^ùï& Od;=c jQ l,ays fufia fojk Wla;hla
wfmalaIs; hs' zzuu isxy,fhla fjñZZ" zzud¾áka úl%uisxy
úYsIAg f,aLlfhla úhZZ jeks jdlH ksoiqka h' fï WodyrK

23
foflys “isxy,fhla” yd “f,aLlfhla” hk kdu jpk
ms<sfj<ska “uu” yd “ud¾áka úl%uisxy” hk l¾;D mo
foflys wdLHd; mQrlh fia isà' tla kdu jpkhla ;j;a
kdu jpkhl wdLHdkh fyj;a l%shd jdplh (predicate) ùu
fï jdlH m%j¾.fha ,laIKh fõ' u;= oelafjk jdlHhkays
§ isÿ ù we;af;a Wla; rEmfhka ;eìh hq;= fojk kdu moh
wkqla; rEmfhka ;eîu hs'
“kkaod ud,kS tjl fldgfyafka .=Kdkkao úoHd,fha
mQ¾j fcHIaG mka;sfhys YsIHdjl jQjd h' tfuka u
.=jkaúÿ,sfha <ud wxYfhys .dhsldjl o jQjd h'”
^wdßhr;ak 1997-d: 80'&
fuys ksjerÈ fhÿï úh hq;af;a zzYsIHdjla jQjd hZZ yd
zz.dhsldjla o jQjd hZZ hkqfjka h'
“fldaj,kaf.a ur‚ka miq udOúh o NslaIq‚hl
jQjd h.” ^wdßhr;ak 1991: 120'&
fuys ksjerÈ fhÿu úh hq;af;a zzNslaIq‚hla jQjd hZZ
hkak hs'
4' 3' 3' ia;%S ,sx. fkd jk Wla; mo iu`. wdLHd;h ia;%S
,ssx.fhka ;eîu
/iaùu wjika jQjd h'
iñ;sh ;SrKh l<d h'
fuys z/iaùuZ" ziñ;shZ hk mo ia;%S ,sx. fkd jk
neúka wdLHd;h ia;%S ,sx. .ekaùu idjoH h' ^n,.,af,a 1995:
235.) “iNd f;dfuda úisr .shdh” jeks m%fhda.hla foi n,d
fhdok ,o idjoH fhÿï fia ie,lsh yels h'
4' 3' 4' ia;%S jdÖ mohla Wla; jQ l, wdLHd;h nyq jpkfhka
;eîu
zziNd f;dfuda i;=áka úisr .shy'ZZ jeks iq,n
jHjydrhl o zf;dfudaZ hkq ia;%S ,sx. tal jpk mohls'
Bg wkql+, jk wdLHd;h z.shyZ hk nyq jpk rEmh fkd
j z.shd hZ hk tal jpk rEmh hs'
“wehf.a ñ;a;ksh (sic) -Ñ;%dm;s f;dfuda rdc foaúh
yuq ù lreKq ie< lr isá;sZZ ^wdßhr;ak 1991: 123'&
fuys Wla;h zzñ;a;‚fhdaZZ hs ksjerÈ f.!rjd¾: nyq
jpk rEmh fia .; fyd;a zzisá;aZZ hk wdLHd;h .e<fma'
24
Wlaa;h zzÑ;%dm;s f;dfudaZZ ù kï wdLHd;h zzisàZZ hkqfjka
tal jpk úh hq;= h'
4' 3' 5' f.!rjd¾: nyq jpk mohla Wla; jQ l, wdLHd;h
tal jpkfhka ;eîu
isxy,hg wdfõ‚l mo úfYaIhla jk f.!rjd¾: nyq
jpk mo jQ l,s ks;H nyq jpk úfYAIhls' tn÷ mohlska tla
mqoa.,hl= ms<sn| j lshjqK o wod< kdu moh nyaj¾:j;a fia
ie,flhs' tn÷ mohla Wla;h jifhka fhÿKq l, wdLHd;h
nyq jpkfhka ;eîu wksjd¾h fõ' z-wdKZ" z-w‚Z" z-wKqZ"
z-wKavZ hk rEm f.!rjd¾: m%;Hh fõ' m%:ud úNla;s rEm
idOkh i|yd f.!rjd¾: m%;Hhfhka mr j z-´Z m%;Hh
tla flf¾' “f.!rjd¾:fhys fhfok ‘md’ hkq o ‘oE’ hkq o
‘jykafia’ hkq o nyq jpk wdLHd;hla ue m;hs'” ^l=udr;=x.
^nq' j' 2481& nq' j' 2491: 280&'
zzoUrka meye we;s Nd.Hj;=ka jykafia rc.ykqjrg
msúisfhah'ZZ ^kdro" 1997( 40'&
zzñks i q k a w;r .efgñka ffoks l Ôjk lghq ; =
l< nqÿrcdKka jykafia isxy, .oHlrejd úiska
bÈßm;a lrk ,o uydmqreI ,laIK fya;= fldg f.k
w;sudkqIl s mqo.a ,fhl= njg m;a úh'ZZ ^kdro" 1997( 83 -
84'&
“rd<ydñf.a mq;Kqjka bf.kSu w;yer oeóug
lsisfia;a leu;s fkdù h'” ^úfÊiQßh" 1989: 6'&
“yduqÿrefjda l:d lf<a ;rul wukdmhlska nj
ur;Skqg;a .fndaksiag;a jegys‚'” ^úfÊiQßh" 1989:
45'&
“fkdak uy;a;hdf.a uE‚hkaoE jevldr .eye‚h
j wdrÉÑ f.or kj;d mdkaoßka u wdmiq msg;a jQjd
h'” ^úfÊiQßh" 1989: 133'&
4' 4' mo ms<sfjf<a wkql%uh ì|Su
“jdlHhl mo fh§u fyj;a mo fhda.h iïnkaOfhka
NdIl iudch ms<sf.k we;s wkql%uh fyj;a wkqms<sfj<
25
fkdì|Su o wfmalaIs;d¾:h wikaÈ.aO j mejiSfï § fnfyúka
jeo.;a fjhs' wl¾ul jdlHhla kï l¾;D-wdLHd; fol o
il¾ul jdlHhla kï l¾;D -l¾u-wdLHd; ;=k o ms<sfj<ska
fh§u ir, isxy, jdlH rgd i|yd NdIl iudch ms<sf.k
we;s idudkH modkql%uh” hs' ^n,.,af,a, 1995: 245.)
“wef.a ysi j;af;a fl,a, mSrñka isáhd h”
^úfÊiQßh" 1989: 36'&
5' mo fn§fï fyj;a jpk fjka lsÍfï idjoH ia:dk
mo fn§u fyj;a jpk fjka lsÍu hkqfjka woyia
flfrkqfha jdlHhl we;=<;a jpk tlsfklska fjka fldg
,shd oelaùu hs' mer‚ isxy,fha mo fnod ,sùula kqjQ nj
Ys,d f,aLkdÈfhka fuka u mqiafld< fmd;aj,ska o fmkS
hhs' wdos;u f,aLk l%uj, o mo fyda jdlH fyda fnod fjka
fldg ,sjSfï iïm%odhhla fkd mej;s nj wdÈ Bðma;shdkq
,sms" fuifmdfÜñhdkq lS,dlaIr f,aLk yd Bðhdkq iuia;
YíodlaIr f,aLk o ixialD; yd fou< wdÈ Ndr;Sh f,aLk
o úuik l, m%lg fjhs' fï iudchkays f,aLkh ta ms<sn|
úfYaI{Ndjhlska hqla; jQjkaf.a ld¾hhla jQ w;r fmd;a
lshjQfjda o wlaIr ud,dj muKla fkd j wka;¾.;h o ms<sn|
ukd wjfndaOhlska hqla; jQfjda h' uOHld,Sk hqfrdamSh
w;a msgm;a iïnkaOfhka o ;;= fufia fõ' tfia fyhska
tl, f,aLkhl mo" jpk fyda jdlH fyda fjka fldg ,shd
oelaùula wjYH fkd jQ nj ks.ukh lsÍu hqla;s hqla; h'
^Gaur (1984) 1987: 65.& uqøK ;laIKh me;sr hdfï m%;sM,
jifhka fmd;a uqøKh wdrïN jQ uq,a wjêfha o úêu;a mo
fn§ula fkd mej;s nj fmfka' isxy,fha mo fjka fldg
,shd oelaùfï iïm%odhh m%p,s; jQfha l=udr;=x. uqksodi
m%uqL fy< yjqf,a f,aLlhkaf.a f,aLkj,ska hehs mejish
yels h' ^l=udr;=x.g fmr me<Efka jðr[dK ysñhkaf.a
f,aLkj, o mo fn§ï olakg ,efí'& ta wkqj kdu mo
ls%hd mo yd ksmd; mo tlsfklska fjka fldg ,shd oelaùu
wNsfm%a; hs' mo fn§u NdId Ndú;h hgf;a jHdlrK m%j¾.
hlg jvd Í;sh ke; fyd;a ffY,sh hkqfjka o y÷kajkq
,nk m%ldYk ú,dih hgf;ys ,d ie,lSu hqla;s hqla; h' ta
26
wkqj mo fn§u f,aLlhdf.ka f,aLlhdg fjkia úh yels
h' tfia o jqj jHdlrKdkql+, j fjka fldg ,súh hq;= mo
yd tla fldg ,súh hq;= mo ljf¾ oehs ye|sk .ekSu jeo.;a
lreKls' kdu úNla;Hka; fldge;s kdu mo yd wdLHd;
úNla;Hka; fldg we;s l%shd mo tlsfklska fjka fldg ,súh
yels h' Y+kH úNla;sl jQ ksmd; yd Wmi¾. w;ßka ksmd;
fjka j ,shd oelafjk w;r Wmi¾. ^mQ¾j i¾. o we;=¿ j&
ieu l,ays u fmr fyda miq fyda mohg tla fldg ,sh hq;=
h' iudi hkqfjka ie,flk ix.; mo úfYaIh §¾>;ajh
i,lñka mo folla fyda lsym s hla fia i,ld fjka fldg fyda
;ks mohla fia i,ld tla fldg fyda ;eìh yels h'
my; oelafjkafka jHdlrKdkql+, j idjoH jk mo
fn§ï lsysmhls:
wkq ud;Dldj ^kdro" 1997( 87&
wkq j ^wdßhr;ak" 1991: 34" 36" 37 wdÈ ;eka;
wdßhr;ak" ^1995& 1997: 12'&
w;s olaI ^wdßhr;ak" 1997 d: 83'&
foajd;s foú flfkla" ^kdro"1997( 7'&
fkdms<s .;ay ^kdro" 1997( 5'&
n%yaud;s n%yau flfkla ^kdro" 1997( 7'&
fï ksoiqkays ms<sfj<ska wkq yd w;s hk Wmi¾. wmr
mofhka fjka fldg olajd ;sîu idjoH h'
.S j,ska ^wdßhr;ak" 1997 a: 33'&
.S j,g ^wdßhr;ak" 1997 a: 28" 29'&
nyaj¾: -j,a m%;Hh mQ¾j mohg tla l< hq;= h' mohl
m%lD;s-m%;Hh fjka fldg oelaùu fodils'
oela jQ ^wdßhr;ak" 1997 a: 27'&
oeka jQ ^kdro" 1997( 26'&
fmka jQ ^wdßhr;ak" ^1995& 1997: 15'&
oela fj hs ^úfÊr;ak" 1992: 1- 14'&
fm,U úh ^kdro" 1997( ix&
olajd" fmkajd" fmd,Ujd jeks m%fhdacH rEmj, zjZ
ldrh Od;=fjys fldgils'
oelafj hs" fj hs" ú h" fmfk hs ^úfÊr;ak" 1992:1-14'&

27
 fï moj, §¾> iajrhla jdlHdjidk ksmd;hla iu`.
ikaê ù y%iaj;ajhg m;a ù we;' th úikaê fldg olajd ,Sug
jHdlrK Í;Hkql+, wjirhla fkd ,efí' we;eï f,aLlhka
o ksmd;h iajr f,dam j wf>daIdfoaYhg m;a j isák l, o
fjka mohla fia ,shd olaj;;a th o mo fnÿï kshr fuka u
ikaê úê o wkqj idjoH h'
6' j¾‚; úIhhg fhda.H fkd jk jHjydr yd fhÿï
f,aLkhl § Ndú; flfrk NdIdj tu f,aLkfha
jia;= úIhh" f;audj hk wx. yd idl,Hfhka .e<fmkakla
úh hq;= h' úfYaIfhka u m%nkaO l:d úIhfhys ,d md;%
j¾.hdf.a iajrEmh wkqj NdIK jHjydrh mjd ilid .;
hq;= nj lsj ukd h' ^iqrùr, 2000: 1- 12.)
jdla fldaIh iïnkaOfhka flfrk idlÉPdjl §
wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= ;j o wxYhla jkafka fhdokq ,nk
mo fyda jpk fyda tajdys ksYaÑ; w¾:h ms<sn| wjfndaOfhka
fhÈh hq;= ùu hs' ksoiqkla jifhka my; oelafjk jdlHh
úuiuq( zznqÿrÿka mßfNda. l< w|kh máh yd isõr ms<sn|
.oH idys;Hlrejd lrkq ,nk j¾Kkhka ;=<ska whialdka;
nqÿrejla mdGl ukfiys uefõ'ZZ ^kdro 1994( 47& fhda.H;d
yd wdldxlaId hk ,laIK iqrlsñka jdlHhla ks¾udKhg o
jpkj, fldaId¾: flfrys fuka u m%lrKd¾: o flfrys
wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= h hkak fï jdlHh ks¾udKfha §
i,ld ke;s nj fmkS hhs' tfuka u w¾:ySk jpk Ndú;hg
o fuh ksoiqka imhhs' fuys fhfok zwhialdka; nqÿrejZ
hkafkka f,aLlhd woyia lrkakg we;af;a is;al¨ nqÿrej
fyda Ñ;a;dl¾IKSh nqoaOm%;sudj fyda jekaklehs wkqudk
l< yels h' tfy;a zwhialdka;Z hkafkys tjeks wre;la
.eí fkd fõ' zwhiaZ hkq f,day tkï hlv hk wre;a fok
mohls' zldka;Z hkafkys wre; zleu;s $ weo .kakdZ hkq
hs' ta wkqj hlv weo .kakd hk wre;ska zwhialdka;Z hehs
fhÈh yelafla zldkaoïZ i|yd h' tfia kï f,aLlhd fuys
olajkqfha zldkaoï nqÿrejlaZ ms<sn| j úh hq;= h'

28
 ft;s y dis l kjl;djla rpkd lrk f,a L lhd
;ud ks r EmKh ls Í ug woyia lrk ks Y a Ñ ; wjêh
;;a;ajdldrfhka oelaùu i|yd ;;a hq.fha iudc ft;sydisl
miqìu wOHhkh lr ;sîu fuka u ;ud jHjydr lrk
NdIdj flf;la ÿrg wod< miqìu yd iïnkaO fõ o hkak;a
ie,ls,a,g .ekSu w;HjYH h' ÿgq.euqKq rdc iuh miqìï
fldg .;a kjl;djl md;%fhda “uhs,” .Kkska ÿr uks;a
kï “frl=,dis” “fldkafoais” “;lafiare” “fïi” jeks fhÿï
jyr;a kï ^fmf¾rd" 1992&" ta flfrys mdGlhdf.a úYajdih
f.dv kef`.a o hkak .eg¨jls' Ndr;Sh úpdrlhka lúhd
úIhh WmúIhhkays flaúo;ajfhka hqla; úh hq;= hehs olajd
we;af;a;a yqÿ lú Yla;sh u; fkd j jHq;am;a;s{dkh u;
lúhl=f.a id¾:l;ajh r|d mj;akd njg u; f.k yer md
we;af;a;a fï ksid nj meyeÈ,s h' (Kane, 1961: 350; wrx.,"
1993:127-128'&

úu¾Yk .%ka: yd f,aLk(

wrx.," r;akisß" 1993" “lúhd lú;ajh yd ks¾udKh”"
ixjd§ – 1" 1993" kqf.af.dv" 118 – 141 msgq'
{dkdf,dal kdhl ia:úr" fldaodf.dv" 1971" iso;a i`.rd
mqrdK ikakh" fld<U'
O¾uodi" fla' tka' ´'" 1999" ixiAlD;sl mqia;sld ud,d-19
f,aLkh yd NdIKh fyj;a NdId oaúrEm;dj"
n;a;ruq,a,'
n,.,af,a" úu,a Ô'" ^1992& 2006" isxy, NdIdfõ iïNjh
yd mßKduh" fld<U'
1995" NdId wOHhkh yd isxy, jHjydrh" fld<U'
uqksodi" l=udr;=x." ^nq' j' 2481&" nq'j' 2491" jHdlrK
újrKh" fld<U'

29
iqrùr" ta' ù'" 1993" “issxy, mqj;a m;a yd NdId Ndú;h”"
mqj;am;a l,d iólaId" fld<U" 140 – 144 msgq''
2000" “is x y, ks ¾ udKd;a u l f,a L kfha § NdIK
jHjydr Ndú;h”" idys;Hh 2000-1" 1 - 12
msgq''
Crystal, David,(1987) 1992, The Cambridge Encyclopaedia of
Language, Cambridge.
Gaur, Albertine, (1984) 1987: A History of Writing, London.
Kane,P.V., 1961,(3rd edition), History of Sanskrit Poetics, Delhi.
idOl .%ka:(
wdßhr;ak"iqks,a" 1991" fou< idys;H b;sydih" fld<U'
^1995&" 1997" kQ;k ldjH ixys;d" fld<U'
1997-a" .dkaO¾j wmodk: 1-fudfyduâ .jqia iy
î'weia' fmf¾rd" fld<U'
1997- b" .dkaO¾j wmodk: 2-uq;a;=idñ iy frdlaidñ"
fld<U'
1997- c" .dkaO¾j wmodk: 3-iurÈjdlr iy pkaøfiak"
fld<U'
1997-d" .dkaO¾j wmodk: 5-fudfyduâ id,s iy mS'
t,a' taa' fidaumd," fld<U'
lïue,a,ùr" ch;s,l" 2000" udxpq iy wka;su leue;a;"
uq,af,aßhdj'
kdro" ls j q f ,a f .or" 1997" fmd;s k a ks r EmKh jk
nqÿyduqÿrefjda" fld<U'
fmf¾rd" fgksika" 1992" rdcdNrK" fld<U'
nd,iQßh" fidaur;ak" ^1991&" 1992" lr;a;h" le,‚h'
,xlduq,a," l=iqu,;d" 2002" kQ;k isxy, idys;Hfha
mqfrda.dñhd fÊïia o w,aúia" mkaksmsáh'
úfÊr;ak" tï' ví,sõ' úu,a" 1992" o<od mqj; Ydia;%Sh
ixialrKh" fld<U'
úfÊiQßh" ir;a" 1989" wúÿ w÷r" fld<U iy mdk¨j-mdÿlal'
1992" je,a md,u" fld<U'

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