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Abbassa international journal for aquaculture, ISSN 1687-7683, Special
Issue for Global Fisheries & Aquaculture Research Conference, Cairo
International Convention Center, 24 – 26 October 2009 pp 647 - 663

ARTIFICIAL FEED AND FEED TECHNOLOGY FOR MARINE

FINFISH AND SHELLFISH LARVAE - A REVIEW

MOHAMED E. MEGAHED1 AND SALAH M. ALY2,

1. Department of Animal Production and Fish Resources, Suez Canal University,

Ismailia 41521, Egypt.
2.The WorldFish Center, Regional Research & Training Centre for Africa and West Asia,
Abbassa, Sharkia, Egypt.
_______________________________________________________________________
Abstract
Successful larval culture of most marine finfish and shellfish species still
depending on live feeds, such as rotifers and Artemia. However, live feeds are expensive
to produce and are often of variable quality and accounting for a significant proportion of
the total operational costs of hatcheries. Furthermore, crashes of cultures due to bacteria
or viral infections can result in interrupted supplies of live feeds and increase disease
risks for cultured organisms. The development of a formulated microdiet to replace live
prey in the larval stages of marine finfish and shellfish culture remains one of the main
challenges for developing marine finfish and shellfish culture. Several kinds of food
particles (microbound particles, microcoated particles, protein walled microcapsules and
liposomes) have been developed for small aquatic animals. When designing such diets, a
balance must be found between a particle with satisfactory water stability and one that is
readily digestible by the larvae with a poorly differentiated digestive tract. Special
attention must be paid to retaining low molecular weight dietary ingredients such as
amino acids, vitamins and minerals, which can be rapidly leached from diet particles
prior to ingestion. Most available artificial diets are made up of insoluble dietary
components bound together with insoluble binders but early larvae may require dietary
supplies of low-molecular weight peptides and amino acids that are more easily digested
and absorbed than proteins. Microparticulate effectively delivers essential nutrients and
bioactive compounds Such as amino acids, vitamins, lipids, therapeutics and hormones.

Key words: microdiet , marine aquaculture, finfish and shellfish

INTRODUCTION
Live foods are essential for the first feeding of marine fish larvae because it
stimulate enzyme secretion, and result in consistently good growth and survival.
However, the production and use of live foods is expensive (Dhert et al., 1995) and there
is a number of undesirable side effects associated with live foods such as, bacteria
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 ARTIFICIAL FEED AND FEED TECHNOLOGY FOR MARINE FINFISH AND SHELLFISH LARVAE -
A REVIEW

associated with zooplankton cultures that can be detrimental to fish larvae (Verdonck et
al., 1997), the nutritional values of live foods can be highly variable and metabolites
from zooplankton increase the load on fish rearing systems (Hart, P.R., and Purser,
1996). For these reasons, the use of artificial diets as early as possible in the rearing
process is considered.
There have been very few successful attempts to feed the larvae of marine fish on
artificial diets from first feeding (Rosch and Applebaum, 1985; Walford et al., 1991;
Robin et al., 2003; Yúfera et al., 2003). It appears that, the main problems with artificial
diets are their unacceptability to the larvae, low digestibility, and problems associated
with lack of buoyancy and instability in water (Bengston, 1993). It has been
demonstrated in the literatures that, the digestive enzyme system of early larvae is poorly
developed and the digestion of food is assisted by the autolysis of natural prey resulting
from the enzymes contained within that prey (Hjelmeland and Raa, 1982; Lauff and
Hofer, 1984; Hjelmeland et al., 1988; Munilla-Moran and Stark, 1989; Munilla-Moran et
al., 1990). The formation of the stomach and the start of peptic enzyme production
appear to be critical to successful digestion of artificial diets (Segner et al., 1993). This
article focuses on:
1. The recent developments in both industry and research related to feeds and feed
technologies in marine hatcheries;
2. The current status and advances of hatchery feeds, technologies in commercial
hatcheries;
3. The priorities for research and development needs in the area of marine
hatcheries;
Artificial feeds, digestive system and enzymatic activity related to developmental
stages of larval fish
Production of feeds for finfish and shellfish larvae in commercial marine
hatcheries still depends on supply of live preys, such as Rotifers and Artemia. However,
cost of producing live foods is high and labor intensive (Dhert et al., 1995), this
encourage hatchery producers to find a suitable and cost-effective alternative. Artificial

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 MOHAMED E. MEGAHED AND SALAH M. ALY

diet can be used as alternative for live food in hatcheries and this could lower the
production cost and also for a suitable production of finfish and shellfish larvae. It has
been demonstrated in the publications (Verreth, J. 1994; Lavens et al., 1995; Cahu et al.,
1999, 1995; Alarcon et al., 1999; Morais et al., 2007) that younger larvae have
insufficient digestive enzymes to digest compound diets, and live food was the source of
exogenous enzymes for digestion in early life stages. This lack in development of
digestive enzymes is due to the fact that, the digestive system of marine finfish and
shellfish larvae is not completely developed and needs several weeks of developmental
changes (Kolkovski, 2001).
Ruyet et al. (1993) formulated a diet adequate to sustain good growth and
survival in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) from day 40, while the weaning of
this species was conducted at day 55 in hatchery. Cahu et al., (1998) reported that 35%
of sea bass larvae, fed exclusively compound diet from mouth opening, survived at day
28 the survival rate can be attributed to the efficiency of the compound diet, since unfed
sea bass larvae do not survive after day 15, and cannibalism is not observed in young
(Dicentrarchus labrax) stages. Concurrently, some survival were obtained in other
marine species fed compound diet from mouth opening, such as sea bream (Sparus
aurata) (Fernandez-Diaz and Yúfera, 1997) sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) (Zambonino
Infante and Cahu, 1999) or red sea bream (Pagrus major) (Takeuchi et al., 1998).

Results obtained by Cahu and Zambonino Infante (1994) and Zambonino

Infante et al. (1997) on (Dicentrarchus labrax) confirmed that, the synthesis process of
pancreatic enzymes is not induced by food ingestion. Cahu and Zambonino Infante
(2001) demonstrated that, the specific activity of the main pancreatic enzymes related to
protein concentration of the larvae, increases from hatching to Day 20 in sea bass, then
decreases until Day 25, and remains at a same level during post-larval development. This
reveals that digestive capacity of young larvae is very high, related to their weight. It also
reveals that, the synthesis process is linked to age. Henning et al. (1994) demonstrated
that the ontogeny of digestive enzymes is preprogrammed and modified by
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 ARTIFICIAL FEED AND FEED TECHNOLOGY FOR MARINE FINFISH AND SHELLFISH LARVAE -
A REVIEW

the diet composition. The presence of lipolytic enzymes in young larvae was debated for
a long time (Koven et al., 1993). Activity of lipase and phospholipase A2 were revealed
in 15-day-old sea bass larvae (Zambonino Infante and Cahu, 1999). Fish larvae have, to a
certain extent, capacity to adapt their enzymatic activity to diet composition, but
formulation of a larvae diet must take into consideration the genetically programmed
pattern of enzymes.

World technology of producing larval feeds in marine hatcheries

Particle size
Particle size of the pellet must be adapted to the size of the larvae mouth. Pellet
sizes produced nowadays are in size of microparticles. It has been reviewed by Cahu and
Zambonino Infante (1994) that the microparticulated diets used at first feeding for sea
bass is 50 to 125µm, then 125-200 µm from Day 14 to Day 25, then 200-400 µm to D
40. However, small microparticles < 50 µm diameter cannot be detected by small
larvae, whereas large ones are difficult to ingest and may even promote a blockage of the
digestive valve (Walford et al., 1991).
Pellet stability
Diet produced as microparticles must be stable in tank water during the feeding
of marine finfish and shellfish larvae. Stability of the diet depends of the binder used and
also, manufacturing process. Diets used for late weaning after Day 40 in the hatchery can
be crumbled, prepared by grinding and sieving pellets, but diets of smaller size larval
fish must be prepared in microbound, microcoated, or microencapsulated form
(Langdon, 1997). In microbound diets, the powdered ingredients are microbound with a
water stable matrix such as agar, carrageenan or calcium alginate (Lopez-Alvarado et al.,
1994) or by a protein such as casein (Ruyet et al., 1993). Microencapsulation produces
regular shape and water stable microparticles, but the microcapsules can be difficult to
digest. Fernandez and Yúfera (1995; 1997) showed that the ability of gilthead seabream
(Sparus aurata L.) larvae to break microcapsules depends on the thickness of the capsule
coating.

650
 MOHAMED E. MEGAHED AND SALAH M. ALY

Feeds used for aquatic animals differ from livestock feeds in that they require a
matrix in which the dietary nutrients are held, called a binder (Langdon, 1997; Holme et
al., 2009). An additional requirement of the feed by a slow feeder, such as shrimp, is that
the water-soluble nutrients remain in the feed and the food particles remain bound
together so that the pellets stay intact for in water for the period that shrimp can consume
the feeds. While we seek feed to be water-stable, it is important for the pellets to be of
suitable toughness, so that animals are not discouraged from feeding. Gorfine (1991)
found that increasing the toughness of an artificial feed by adding more binder (from 2 to
8% agar) resulted in decreased intakes.
Wheat flour containing a high proportion of gluten plays a major role in
binding (personal communication, 2009). It is possible that some companies also add
pure gluten to their diet, as test diets formulated by their research facility contained l0-
15% of either corn gluten meal. The binders used by commercial companies are also
confidential, but they state that the feed is bound together by starch gelatin, protein
solubilisation and cross-linking, fiber alignment and gum hardening (personal
communication, 2009).
Leaching of nutrients and microencapsulation
Leaching of essential nutrients such as water-soluble vitamins is one of the main
problems that reduce the value of microdiet and result in a nutritionally imbalanced diet
(Kanazawa and Teshima, 1988; Jones et al., 1993; Watanabe and Kiron, 1994;
Baskerville-Bridges and Kling, 2000; Yúfera et al., 2002; Önal and Langdon, 2004;
Kvale et al., 2006).
Different methods can be used to reduce leaching these include microencapsulation,
binding technique, and through the manufacture process (Yúfera et al., 1996, 2000,
2002; Cahu and Zambonino Infante, 2001; Kvale et al., 2006). The results of the work
done by (Yúfera et al., 2002) support the use of protein-walled microcapsules as a vector
for specific dietary amino acids using a macronutrient-balanced diet. Uki et al. (1985;
1992) recognized the need to control vitamin leaching and used cellulose and palmitic
acid for microencapsulation.
651
 ARTIFICIAL FEED AND FEED TECHNOLOGY FOR MARINE FINFISH AND SHELLFISH LARVAE -
A REVIEW

Attractability of the diet

It is necessary for aquatic animals that food should be attractive to early stages of larvae
since these larvae have a limited movement and microparticles must be caught during
their fall in the water column. Life food has the characteristics of movements such as
Artemia, rotifer and algae and easily caught by larval fish. Yúfera et al. (1999) reported
good results with low density microcapsules feed to gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata
L.) larvae (400-600 g/L), sinking at about 25 cm/h average. Ingestion is triggered by
visual (Some pigments, such as asthaxanthin) and chemical stimuli. Light intensity, the
color of the microparticles and of the tank is essential for ingestion (Ostrowski, 1989;
Roo et al., 1999; Cox and Pankhurst, 2000; Cahu and Zambonino Infante, 2001). Free
amino acids, such as alanine, glycine and arginine and the compound betaine, have been
identified as efficient chemical stimulators for microdiet in gilthead sea bream larvae
(Kolkovski et al., 1993, 1995, 1997).
Why marine hatchery producer's needs formulated Feeds?
Advantages and disadvantages of formulated feeds
One of the major potential advantages of artificial diets is the ability to adjust their
nutritional composition to suit the exact requirements of target larvae and this is not
possible with live foods (Lo´pez-Alvarado et al., 1994; Rønnestad, et al., 2003;
(Langdon, 2003; Önal and Langdon, 2004; Önal and Langdon, 2005 a,b; Langdon et al.,
2007). The major problems in developing artificial diets for marine finfish larvae are (a)
diet attractability and (b) poor development of the digestive system in young larvae.
Improvements in artificial diets are to be attractive to marine fish larvae and to be
ingested at a similar rate to live prey. One of the major problems in this regard is that
carnivorous fish larvae rely heavily on the visual stimulus of moving prey to initiate a
capture response. Also, the lack of movement of artificial diets in aqueous suspension is
a major factor influencing their low ingestion rate (Ostrowski, 1989; Roo et al., 1999;
Cox and Pankhurst, 2000; Cahu and Zambonino Infante, 2001).
Experimental work on using formulated feed in larviculture

652
 MOHAMED E. MEGAHED AND SALAH M. ALY

Microdiet properties such as palatability and digestibility (Partridge and

Southgate, 1999; Ruyet et al., 1993) are affected by its manufacture process . Different
fish species have different feeding requirements, so it is necessary to have the
manufacturing process suitable for each species. Study by Yúfera et al. (1999) on
gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) larvae fed on a soft shell microencapsulated diet
from day 8 to Day 15 post-hatch have showed good growth. Binding material in
microcapsulated diet affects its digestibility properties. Using carrageenan as a binder in
mcirodiet manufacture has been done in experiments on fish and crustaceans larvae
(Knauer and Southgate, 1999; Partridge and Southgate, 1999) in producing water-stable
microdiet. Carrageenan has been used successfully in shrimp diet. Kanazawa et al.
(1985) used carrageenan at 5% of total diet dry weight as a binding material in diet of
(Penaeus japonicas). Paibulkichakul et al. (1998) reported that using carrageenan at 5%
of total diet dry weight produced diet particles suitable for (Penaeus monodon) larvae.
It is necessary to know that each development stage in fish has its dietary
requirements and this need has to be determined for best feed formulation that is suitable
for each developmental stage (Cahu and Zambonino Infante, 2001). According to Cahu
and Zambonino Infante (2001) microdiet for fish larvae composed of 50-70% protein,
28% lipids and 3% HUFAs, they also demonstrate that HUFAs in this ration are
necessary for growth, survival, neural development and other fish health parameters
(Koven, 1991). Much more efforts have been doen on formulation of microdiet for
crustaceans (Genodepa et al., 2004; Kovalenko et al., 2002). Work of (Galgani and
Aquacop, 1988; Kanazawa et al., 1982) demonstrates that it is possible to make total
replacement of live prey with formulated feed in culture of penaeid shrimp and also in
bivalves (Knauer and Southgate, 1999).
The focus of those authors work was on improving larval ingestion, digestion
and energetic requirements and allowed identification of some major nutritional
requirements. However, as fish larvae lack of enzymes required for breakdown of feed
particles, it is difficult to have total replacement of live feed with formulated feed
(Kumlu, 1999a, b).
653
 ARTIFICIAL FEED AND FEED TECHNOLOGY FOR MARINE FINFISH AND SHELLFISH LARVAE -
A REVIEW

Particle size is one of the important criteria for the success of manufacturing
mcirodiet for crustacean and fish larvae (Knauer and Southgate, 1999). Particle size of
(5–25 µm has been reported suitable for penaeid shrimp, (P. monodon), (P. japonicus)
and (P. indicus) larvae (Galgani and Aquacop, 1988). However, Jones (1998)
demonstrate that first feeding P. monodon can only ingest particles similar in size to that
of algal cells (3–30 µm), while second stage zoea larvae were capable of capturing food
items up to 100 µm in size. This indicates the importance of particle size for ingestion by
crustacean and fish larvae.
Applebaum (1985) in a study with sole (Solea solea) demonstrated that, the
digestive system of younger fish may lack specialization to any particular diet, but as the
fish grow there may be physiological adaptations to suit particular diets. It has been
shown that, the type of food consumed by larval fish affects the digestive capacity and
enzyme composition of the gut (Hofer, 1985; Segner et al., 1993). Segner et al. (1993)
provided evidence that the type of feed given to larval fish can affect their digestive
physiology indefinitely. The major difference between the digestive tracts of larval and
juvenile fish is the lack of a functional stomach in early larvae (Segner et al., 1993)
rather than a lack of digestive enzymes, may be the reason for the inability of larvae to
digest artificial diets if these are provided as the first feed.
Research and Development (R&D) plan for development of hatchery feeds
technology in Egypt
The suggested R&D plan to develop hatchery feed technology in Egypt could be drawn
as follow:
1. Technology transfer of research results in local and international institutes and
organizations that working on larval feeds in the hatchery stages;
2. Establishment of national research center focusing on conducting research in
the field of larval feeds;
3. Establishment of information center collecting all research and industry
progress on larval feeds,

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 MOHAMED E. MEGAHED AND SALAH M. ALY

4. Establishing domestication program to use new species in aquaculture with new

nutritional requirements, which enhance new larval feeing technology to be
established;
5. Establishment of governmental food factory to serve as a training center for
local farmers on how they produce and use feeds in the hatchery;
6. Development of specialized lab for chemical analysis of feed composition and
also feed ingredients,
7. Establishment of specialized extension education center for marine aquaculture,
to be used as a demonstration to convince local farmers with the value of
producing each need locally to avoid dependence on costly imported feeds.

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‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﻋﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﻐﺫﻴﺔ ﻴﺭﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺸﺭﻴﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﺔ‪ -‬ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻤﺭﺠﻌﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺩ ﻤﺠﺎﻫﺩ ‪ 1‬ﻭ ﺼﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻥ ﻤﺼﻴﻠﺤﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪2‬‬

‫‪1‬ﻗﺴﻡ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻭﺍﻨﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺭﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻜﻴﺔ – ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﻴﺱ – ﺍﻹﺴﻤﺎﻋﻴﻠﻴﺔ – ﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫‪2‬ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ ﻟﻸﺴﻤﺎﻙ – ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺴﺔ – ﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻤﺎﺯﺍل ﺍﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺯﺭﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺸﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﺫﺀﺍ ﺍﻟﺤﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﺜل ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺘﻴﻔﺭ ﻭﺍﻻﺭﺘﻴﻤﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺫﺀﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﻰ ﻴﺴﺎﻫﻡ ﺒﻨﺒﺔ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺨﺎﺕ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺍﻨﻪ ﻤﺘﺒﺎﻴﻥ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻥ ﺘﺩﻫﻭﺭ ﻤﺯﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺫﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺤﻰ‬
‫ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻌﺩﻭﻯ ﺒﻜﺘﻴﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻭ ﻓﻴﺭﻭﺴﻴﺔ ﻴﺅﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺨﻁﻭﺭﺓ ﺤﺩﻭﺙ ﺍﺼﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﻤﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺯﺭﻴﻌﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻰ ﻭﻗﺘﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻰ‬
‫ﻤﺎﺯﺍل ﺔ ﺍﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺔ ﻋﻼﺌﻕﺔ ﺔ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺔ ﻜﺒﺩﺍﺌل ﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺫﺍﺀ ﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻰ ﺔ ﺍﺤﺩﻯ ﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺩﻴﺎﺕﺔ ﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺔ ﺘﻭﺍﺠﻪ ﺔ ﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔﺔ ﺔ ﺯﺭﻴﻌﺔ ﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﻤﺎﻙ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺸﺭﻴﺎﺕ‪.‬ﺔ ﻟﻘﺩﺔ ﺘﻡﺔ ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩﺔ ﻤﻥﺔ ﺍﻨﻭﺍﻉﺔ ﻋﻼﺌﻕﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﻴﻌﺔﺔ ﻤﻨﻬﺎﺔ )ﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁﺔ‪-‬ﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻠﻔﺔ – ﺍﻟﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻭﺘﻴﻨﻰ‪ -‬ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﻭﺴﻭﻡ(‪ .‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺒﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﻋﻼﺌﻕ ﻟﻠﺯﺭﻴﻌﺔ ﻴﺤﺏ ﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻑ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﻗﺎﺒﻠﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻬﻀﻡ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﻴﻌﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻬﻀﻤﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﻜﺘﻤل ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺤل ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻜﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﻴﻌﺔ‪ .‬ﻴﺠﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺫﺍﺌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻻﺤﻤﺎﺽ ﺍﻻﻤﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻴﺘﺎﻤﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺘﻔﻘﺩ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻥ ﻴﺘﻡ‬
‫ﺘﻨﺎﻭل ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻑ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﻴﻌﺔ‪ .‬ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺌﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺯﺭﻴﻌﺔ ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﻏﺫﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺫﻭﺒﺎﻥﺔ ﻓﻰﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀﺔ ﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁﺔﺔ ﻤﻊﺔ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎﺔ ﺒﻤﺎﺩﺓﺔ ﺭﺍﺒﻁﺔﺔ ﻏﻴﺭﺔ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔﺔ ﻟﻠﺫﻭﺒﺎﻥﺔ ﻓﻰﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀﺔ ﻟﻜﻥﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﻴﻌﺔﺔ ﻓﻰﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺤل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻜﺭﺓﺔ ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝﺔ ﺍﻟﻰﺔ ﺍﻀﺎﻓﺎﺕﺔ ﻏﺫﺍﺌﻴﺔﺔ ﻤﻥﺔ ﺒﺒﺘﻴﺩﺍﺕﺔ ﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﻰﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﻤﺎﺽﺔ ﺍﻤﻴﻨﺒﺔﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻰﺔ ﺘﻬﻀﻡ‬
‫ﻭﺘﻤﺘﺹ ﺔ ﺒﺴﻬﻭﻟﺔ ﺔ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﺭﻭﺘﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﻰ‪ .‬ﺔ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺔ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻑ ﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺔ ﺘﻭﺼﻴل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺫﻴﺎﺕﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔﺔ ﻭﺒﻌﺽﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﻁﺔﺔ ﺤﻴﻭﻴﺎﺔ ﻤﺜلﺔ ﺍﻻﻤﺎﺽﺔ ﺍﻻﻤﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪,‬ﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺘﺎﻤﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪,‬ﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﻴﺩﺍﺕﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﺭﻤﻭﻨﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

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