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Spirometry Importance Performing and Interpretation Case Reports
Spirometry Importance Performing and Interpretation Case Reports
Spirometrija i interpretacija
spirometrijskih nalaza
Sa prisutnim simptomima:
otežano disanje, sviranje u prsima, kašalj, ispljuvak, bol u
grudima, ortopnea
Sa prisutnim znacima:
oslabljeno disanje, patološki auskultatoni nalaz nad plućima
• Zagrijavanje aparata
• Kalibracija se obavlja:
svakodnevno
nakon 4 sata kontinuiranog rada
nakon promjena senzora
nakon promjena temperature >2 C°
nakon promjene vlažnosti za 10%
• Biološka kontrola
Mjesečno uraditi spirometriju i na zdravim nepušačima
Priprema pacijenta za spirometriju
• Izbjegavati:
Pušenje najmanje 1 sat prije procedure (poželjno 24 sata)
Obilan obrok najmanje 2 sata
Alkohol najmanje 4 sata
Intenzivna fizička aktivnost barem 30 minutaž
Tijesnu odjeću
Izvedba procedure
Spirometrija
Mirna/spora Forsirana
spirometrija spirometrija
Mirna
spirometrija
IVC EVC
Forsirana
spirometrija
Krivulja
protok-volumen
1. Mirno disanje
2. Maksimalan udah
3. Snažan i brz izdah, što je duže moguće
4. Maksimalan udah
Izvedba procedure
Forsirana
spirometrija
Krivulja
protok-volumen
Izvedba procedure
u n je n a ,
n is u i sp ti
r i te r i j a r p r et ir a
b a k a i n te
A ko o t r i j u n e t r eb
j e n )
p i ro m e ije i s p u n
takvu s l ji v os t i n
r ij p on o v
(krit e
Izvedba procedure – kontrola kvalitete
• Detektovan plato
Izvedba procedure – kontrola kvalitete
PEF
peak expiratory flow (vršni izdisajni protok)
Početak
izdisaja Kraj
izdisaja
Back extrapolation volumen (EV)
• Tačka u kojoj počinje proces izdisaja tokom određivanja FVC-a
• Ne smije biti veći od 150ml
• Prekomjerni EV, obično prikazan kao procenat FVC-a, je
pokazatelj oklijevanja ili greške tokom početka izdisaja
• To se dešava pri neforsiranom početku maksimalnog izdisaja
• Normalne (referentne)
vrijednosti su iznad 80%
Najčešće korišteni parametri ventilacije u
spirometriji
• Normalne (referentne)
vrijednosti su iznad 70-80%
Najčešće korišteni parametri ventilacije u
spirometriji
• Tiffenau indeks
• Normalne (referentne)
vrijednosti su iznad 70%
Najčešće korišteni parametri ventilacije u
spirometriji
Karakteristika astme:
PEF varira u toku dana više od 15%
n deks? !
n a uo i
m o Ti ffe
d r eđ uje
Z ašto o
Interpretacija spirometrije
a n j en je
Š K O s m
A TO L O 8 0% ,
P je i sp od
V 1 i F V C o d 70 %
FE d eks a i s p
a u in
a Tiffen
Interpretacija spirometrijskog nalaza
• Za pacijenta obstrukcija znači da ne može izdahnuti toliko brzo
koliko bi on htio
• Za dijagnozu je potrebno napraviti spirometriju i izračunati
Tiffeneau index (FEV1 / VC)
DIJAGNOZA OBSTRUKCIJE:
SMANJENJE FEV1/VC ZA 12%
ISPOD REFERENTNE VRIJEDNOSTI
(za bolesnikovu starost i spol; referentne vrednosti NHANES III)
Interpretacija spirometrijskog nalaza
Oblik krivulje protok-volumen je KONKAVAN
DIJAGNOZA OBSTRUKCIJE:
SMANJENJE FEV1/VC ZA 12%
ISPOD REFERENTNE VRIJEDNOSTI
(za bolesnikovu starost i spol; referentne vrednosti NHANES III)
Algoritam spirometrijskog otkrivanja
obstrukcije i restrikcije
Al-Ashkar F et al. (2003) Cleve
Clin J Med. 70(10): 866 868, 871-3, passim
Krivulja protok-volumen
• predstavlja grafički prikaz odnosa između maksimalne brzine
protoka i volumena zraka zabilježenih u forsiranom inspirijumu
i ekspirijumu
• x osa = volumen
• Y osa = protok vazduha
Krivulja protok-volumen u različitim stanjima
Uredna
Uredna
Uredna
Uredna
Uredna
Uredna
Uredan nalaz
Primjer spirometrijskih nalaza
Nalaz obstrukcije
Primjer spirometrijskih nalaza
Mješoviti poremećaj?
Bronhodilatatorni test
• Obstrukcija se popravlja nakon 15 minuta poslije 400 mcg
Salbutamola (4 udisaja) ili 30 minuta nakon 4 udisaja Beroduala
ij i s u s p .
a c e r b a c
a u e g z c ije
- As t m z a c e r b a
ra p ija e g g 1 x 1
- T e 16 0 m c
id s pr ay tro l e
s o n k o n
- Cicle l 4 x 2 in h. - d o
lbu ta m o
-S a
Patients 7 – Asthma and Rhinitis
Control examine
• Subjectively feels better
• ACT score 20
31
Spirometry with salbutamol BD test
• Improved – obstructive disorder with negative BD test
Patients 7 – Asthma and Rhinitis
Immunological findings
• Total IgE in serum 705.0 (ref. do 100 IU/ml)
• Absolute Eo count in serum 690 (ref. do 430)
• Nasal smear on Eo positive
• Intradermal tests positive on weed
Patients 7 – Asthma and Rhinitis
Immunological findings
• Total IgE in serum 705.0 (ref. do 100 IU/ml)
• Absolute Eo count in serum 690 (ref. do 430)
• Nasal smear on Eo positive
• Intradermal tests positive on weed
a a s t m a
tr o l i san
ln o ko n l u k as t
Parcija a m o n te
se d o d
e ra pi j u
Ut
Patients 7 – Asthma and Rhinitis
17
Control Examine (after 17 days)
Physical examination
• Findings on lung and heart were normal
Immunological findings
• Total IgE in serum 280.0 (refferal until 100 IU/ml)
• Absolute Eo count in serum 560 (refferal until 430)
• Skin prick tests positive on house dusta and mites
Patients 8 – Bronchial Hyperreactivity
Diagnosis
• Allergic rhinits
Therapy
• Allergen avoidance
• Non-sedating H1-antihistamine (desloratadine) 1x / day
Outcome
• Nasal symptoms improved
• Problems related to physical activity are still continuing
Suspected
Suspected asthma!
asthma!
Patients 8 – Bronchial Hyperreactivity
Bronchial hyperreactivity
syndrome ???
Ima li svrhe raditi bronhodilatatorni test pri
normalnoj spirometriji?
Therapeutic dilemmas
• Should inhaled corticosteroid be administered?
• Should intranasal corticosteroid be administered?
New therapy
• Intranasal corticosteroids + montelukast tablets 5 mg/day
Patients 8 – Bronchial Hyperreactivity
Control after 1 month
• Nasal symptoms ceased entirely
• During physical exertion dry cough still present, but it is
weaker significantly
• However, there is no more audoble breathe at all
Patients 9 – Exercise-Induced Asthma
Anamnesis
• Young man, 26 years old; casual smoker (2 cigaretes per month)
• He has trained basketball during last 6 years
• During last 2 years, he had to stop his training often, due to
• shortness of breath and a dry, intense cough, which occur
• during exercise
• No previous diseases
• No family history on asthma
Physical Examination
• Body height 193 cm; Body weight 98 kg; BMI 26,3 kg/cm2
• Physical signs of the heart and lungs normal
Patients 9– Exercise-Induced Asthma
• Normal finding
sHgb 98%
Patients 9 – Exercise-Induced Asthma
4
Spirometry
after physical exertion
sHgb 92%
Patients 9 – Exercise-Induced Asthma
4
Spirometry
after physical exertion
sHgb 92% a s p a z a m
i b r on h o
d u ci r a n 1 x 1
o r om in 6 0 m c g
- Nap s p r ay 1 ra in in g)
le s on id d (b e f or e t
- Cic y a s n ee d e
m o l s pra
- Salb u ta
Patients 9 – Exercise-Induced Asthma
Control examination after 1,5 month
17
• Attacks of shortness of breath are weaker
• He asks for additional therapy, because
the dismission from league is real
e r ap i ju ?
govat i t
l i ko r i
- Da
Patients 9 – Exercise-Induced Asthma
Further therapy
• Previous + Montelukast tbl. 10 mg in night, during next 3
months and than in the time of planned intense physical
activities (trainings)
• He feels great
• Denies all the previous problems
29
Patients 10 – Asthma and COPD /ACOS/
Personal data
• Female patient, aged 28 years; unemployed; non-smoker
• Married; mother of one healthy boy
Patients 10 – Asthma and COPD /ACOS/
Anamnesis
• She was diagnosed with “allergic bronchitis” in the early
childhood
• Late childhood was without problems, and she did not take
therapy
Current problems
• Shortness of breath
• Dry cough
• Tightness in the chest
• Nighttime awakening due to lack of air
• Pronounced intolerance of effort
• Denies fever
Patients 10 – Asthma and COPD /ACOS/
Physical examination
• Tahipnoic with visibly engaging of accessory respiratory
• muscles
• Ausculatory findings: monophonic wheesing
• Saturation of Hgb 94% (pulse oximeter)
• Blood pressure 140/90 mmHg
Patients 10 – Asthma and COPD /ACOS/
Chest x-rax
• normal finding
Patients 10 – Asthma and COPD /ACOS/
astm e?
er baci j a
a eg z a c
Aku tn
Patients 10 – Asthma and COPD /ACOS/
New dijagnose
• Asthma with the suspicion of irreversible obstructive
disorder (COPD?)
New examinations
• Computed tomography (CT) of the chest with contrast (in order
to confirm the emphysema)
• Alpha 1 antitrypsin
(in order to exclude the congenital emphysema)
Patients 10 – Asthma and COPD /ACOS/
CT with contrast
• Signs of centrilobular and paraseptal emphysema with traction
adhesion on both sides, predominantly basal
CT with contrast
• Signs of centrilobular and paraseptal emphysema with traction
adhesion on both sides, predominantly basal
n d r om e
e r l ap s y
O P D o v p a fs
st h m a/ C c g 2x 1
- A 2 5/ 250 m e ed ed
P sp r a y a fs a s n
-F a y 1 x 2 p
m o l s pr
Salbuta
Physical examination
• Saturation of Hgb 92%
• Polyphonic wheezing over lungs
Patients 10 – Asthma and COPD /ACOS/
Spirometry
• Worsen – obstructive disorder
Patients 10 – Asthma and COPD /ACOS/
Spirometry
• Worsen – obstructive disorder
l a re u p :
y fo r f x2 p a fs
- Therap 2 5 / 250 m c g 2
s e o f F P
se d o
- Increa
Patients 10 – Asthma and COPD /ACOS/
Control examination after 10 days
• Feels better significantly
• Prolonged expiratory with occasional early-expiratory crackles
Spirometry: Improved – obstructive disorder
Patients 10 – Asthma and COPD /ACOS/
Control examination after 10 days
• Feels better significantly
• Prolonged expiratory with occasional early-expiratory crackles
Spirometry: Improved – obstructive disorder
tel u kas t
da M on
i j u se do
Ute ra p
Patients 10 – Asthma and COPD /ACOS/
Control examination after 2 months
• Feels better significantly (wheezing occurs less often)
• No need for salbutamol and no "night symptoms“
• ACT (asthma control test) 24
Patients 10 – Asthma and COPD /ACOS/
Spirometry with BD test
• Further improvement – obstruction with negative BD test
Patients 10 – Asthma and COPD /ACOS/
Discussion
••Where
Whereis
isour
ourpatient
patient(non -smoker; allergic
(non-smoker; allergicdiatesis;
diatesis;emphysema)?
emphysema)?
Uredna
Personal data
• The female patient, aged 73 years
• Examine as part of the preoperative analysis (senile cataract)
• Retired secretary; non-smoker
Main problems
• Occasionally, shortness of breath, intolerance effort
• Occasionally choking and swelling of the legs, which cease
after "taking pills for urination"
Physical examination
• Asthenic constitution
• Pitting edema lower parts of both legs
Chest X-ray
Enlarged heart-vessels shadow (cardiac-thoracic ratio 62%)
Patients 12 – Late-onset Asthma
Chest X-ray
Chest X-ray
Possible a
small pleural
effusion of the
left side
Patients 12 – Late-onset Asthma
Chest X-ray
Diagnose
• Reversible obstructive disorder
/Astma – in elderly/
Therapy
• The patient categorically refuse
the inhalatory therapy
• She would maybe have the tablets
Control Examine
• She can breathe easier significantly
• Dyspnea, that she used to have, is now much less
frequent and weaker
Patients 12 – Late-onset Asthma