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Poliklinika za plućne bolesti

Zdravstvene i nastavne ustanove Dom zdravlja


“Dr. Mustafa Šehović” Tuzla

Spirometrija i interpretacija
spirometrijskih nalaza

Doc. dr. sci. med. Jusufović Edin


pulmolog - bronholog

DRUGA RESPIRATORNA LEK AKADEMIJA


Kranjska Gora, Slovenija, 02-05. novembar 2016. godine
Značaj i tehnika izvođenja
spirometrije
Važnost spirometrije
• Bazična pretraga za većinu (80%) plućnih pacijenata
• Bez spirometrija NEMA dijagnoze obstruktivnih oboljenja pluća
(astma i HOBP)

• Kvaliteta izvođena spirometrije je izmedju 35 i 60% (što nije


zadovoljavajuće)
Enright PL. (2012) Should we keep pushing for a spirometer in every doctor's office?
Respir Care. 57(1): 146-151
Važnost spirometrije
• Najvažniji parametri su:
• FEV1 – funkcionalni ekspiratorni volumen u prvoj sekundi
• FVC – funkcionalni vitalni kapacitet
• odnos FEV1 / FVC% x100 (Tiffeneau indeks)

• Grafički prikaz (krivulja volumen-vrijeme ili protok-volumen) je


NEOBIČNO važan radi utvđivanja mjesta obstrukcije
Indikacije za spirometriju
• Dijagnostika plućnih bolesti:

 Sa prisutnim simptomima:
 otežano disanje, sviranje u prsima, kašalj, ispljuvak, bol u
grudima, ortopnea

 Sa prisutnim znacima:
 oslabljeno disanje, patološki auskultatoni nalaz nad plućima

• Pri abnormalnostima pretraga:


 RTG grudnog koša
 kompjuterizirana tomografija (CT) grudnog koša
 analiza gasova arterijske krvi
 pulsna oksimetrija
Indikacije za spirometriju
• Određivanje ozbiljnosti oboljenja i praćenje njihovog toka:
 Plućne bolesti:
 HOPB
 astma
 cistična fibroza
 intersticijalne bolesti pluća
 Srčane bolesti:
 Kongestivno zatajenje srca
 Kongenitalna plućna oboljenja
 Plućna hipertenzija
 Neuromuskularne bolesti:
 Guillain Barre sindroma
 Amiotrofična lateralna skleroza
 Multipla skleroza
 Miastenia
Indikacije za spirometriju
• Za mjerenje utjecaja faktora životne sredine:
 pušenje
 rizični faktori radne sredine
 epidemiološka testiranja
Indikacije za spirometriju
• Određivanje željenih i neželjenih efekata lijekova i
intervencija:
 bronhodilatatora i steroida
 kardiotropnih lijekova (antiaritmika i diuretika)
 operacije pluća
 postupaka rehabilitacije
Indikacije za spirometriju
• Određivanje tjelesnog oštećenja i invaliditeta
(medicina rada, sportska medicina, ...)
Kontraindikacije za spirometriju

1. Hemoptize nepoznatog porijekla


2. Pneumotoraks 2 sedmice nakon drenaže
3. Nestabilna angina pektoris, infarkt miokarda unutar tri
mjeseca ili barem jedan mjesec
4. Akutna srčana dekompenzacija (NYHA 4)
5. Stanje poslije plućne embolije (tri sedmice) ili sumnja na ovu
bolest
6. Torakalne, abdominalne ili cerebralne aneurizme
7. Oftalmološki operativni zahvat unutar tri sedmice; glaukom
8. Torakalni ili abdominalni hirurški zahvat unutar jedne sedmice
9. Mučnina, povraćanje, bol
Kontraindikacije za spirometriju

• Kontraindikacije se generalno kriju ispod kišobrana, pod kojim su


rizik za razvoj komplikacija na jednoj strani, a na drugoj strani
mogućnost njihovog rješavanja u datoj ustanovi
Priprema
Priprema aparature
aparature za
za spirometriju
spirometriju
• Provjera aparature:
 svi dijelovi čisti i dezinfikovani
 neoštećeni
 povezani u skladu sa uputstvom proizvođača

• Zagrijavanje aparata

• Unos atmosferskih podataka:


 temperatura
 vlažnost
 pritisak
 nadmorska visina (ATPS – BTPS)
Priprema aparature za spirometriju
• Kalibracija:
 3 litarska pumpa (tačnost pumpe ±15ml ili 0,5%; provjerava se
godišnje)
 kalibrira se sa različitim protocima
 preciznost kalibracije mora biti u opsegu od ±3%

• Kalibracija se obavlja:
 svakodnevno
 nakon 4 sata kontinuiranog rada
 nakon promjena senzora
 nakon promjena temperature >2 C°
 nakon promjene vlažnosti za 10%

• Biološka kontrola
 Mjesečno uraditi spirometriju i na zdravim nepušačima
Priprema pacijenta za spirometriju

• Bronhodilatatorni lijek ne uzimati prije testiranja:


 kratkodjelujući dilatator: 8 sati
 dugodjelujući dilatator:12 sati
 SPIRIVA 24 sata
 teofilin 24 sata

• Izbjegavati:
 Pušenje najmanje 1 sat prije procedure (poželjno 24 sata)
 Obilan obrok najmanje 2 sata
 Alkohol najmanje 4 sata
 Intenzivna fizička aktivnost barem 30 minutaž
 Tijesnu odjeću
Izvedba procedure

• Postavljanje usnika/filtera i štipaljke za nos

• Procedura se izvodi u sjedećem položaju:


 Pacijent sjedi u stolici sa rukohvatima sa strane
 Leđa ispravljena
 Glava blago podignuta
 Noge nisu prekrštene
 Usnama potpuno obuhvati usnik/filter
(blago zagrize, jezik ispod
 usnika)
 Pacijent se ne pomjera napred-nazad i
ne savija tokom izvođenja
Izvedba procedure

Spirometrija

Mirna/spora Forsirana
spirometrija spirometrija

IVC EVC Krivulja


Inspiratorni Ekspiratorni protok-volumen
vitalni vitalni
kapacitet kapacitet
Izvedba procedure

Mirna
spirometrija

IVC EVC

1. Mirno disanje 1. Mirno disanje


2. Lagani udah 2. Lagani izdah
3. Spori maksimalni izdah 3. Spori maksimalni udah
4. Spori maksimalni udah 4. Spori maksimalni izdah
Izvedba procedure

Forsirana
spirometrija

Krivulja
protok-volumen

1. Mirno disanje
2. Maksimalan udah
3. Snažan i brz izdah, što je duže moguće
4. Maksimalan udah
Izvedba procedure

Forsirana
spirometrija

Krivulja
protok-volumen
Izvedba procedure

• U svakom testu, pacijent treba da izdiše najmanje 6 sek., a


da stane kada više nema promjene volumena tokom 1 sek.
Izvedba procedure

• Izvode se najmanje 3, a najviše 8 mjerenja


• Razmak između manevara mora biti 30 sekundi, a za HOBP
pacijente 90 sekundi
Izvedba procedure – kontrola kvalitete

• Nakon završene sesije ocjenjuju se:


1. prvo PRIHVATLJIVOST manevra (svake krive posebno)
2. zatim PONOVLJIVOST manevra

• Uvijek su neophodna: NAJMANJE 3 PRIHVATLJIVA


manevra; od kojih moraju biti 2 NAJBOLJA PONOVLJIVA
Izvedba procedure – kontrola kvalitete

• PONOVLJIVOST manevra podrazumijeva razliku između:

• NAJBOLJEG i SLIJEDEĆEG NABOLJEG FEV1 <150 ml (5%)


I
• NAJBOLJEG i SLIJEDEĆEG NABOLJEG FVC <150 ml
Izvedba procedure – kontrola kvalitete

• PONOVLJIVOST manevra podrazumijeva razliku između:

• NAJBOLJEG i SLIJEDEĆEG NABOLJEG FEV1 <150 ml (5%)


I
• NAJBOLJEG i SLIJEDEĆEG NABOLJEG FVC <150 ml

u n je n a ,
n is u i sp ti
r i te r i j a r p r et ir a
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A ko o t r i j u n e t r eb
j e n )
p i ro m e ije i s p u n
takvu s l ji v os t i n
r ij p on o v
(krit e
Izvedba procedure – kontrola kvalitete

• Šta je PRiHVATLJIVOST manevra?


• Da li je dobijena krivulja prihvatljvih kvaliteta
• Šta cijenjujemo kod krivulje?
Izvedba procedure – kontrola kvalitete

• Šta je PRiHVATLJIVOST manevra?


UVIJEK GLEDAMO 3 KONTROLNE TAČKE:
Izvedba procedure – kontrola kvalitete

• Šta je PRiHVATLJIVOST manevra?


UVIJEK GLEDAMO 3 KONTROLNE TAČKE:
• EV ili back extrapolation volumen (< 0.15)
Izvedba procedure – kontrola kvalitete

• Šta je PRiHVATLJIVOST manevra?


UVIJEK GLEDAMO 3 KONTROLNE TAČKE:

• FET – forsirano ekspiratorno vrijeme (> 6 sek.)


Izvedba procedure – kontrola kvalitete

• Šta je PRiHVATLJIVOST manevra?


UVIJEK GLEDAMO 3 KONTROLNE TAČKE:

• Detektovan plato
Izvedba procedure – kontrola kvalitete
PEF
peak expiratory flow (vršni izdisajni protok)

Početak
izdisaja Kraj
izdisaja
Back extrapolation volumen (EV)
• Tačka u kojoj počinje proces izdisaja tokom određivanja FVC-a
• Ne smije biti veći od 150ml
• Prekomjerni EV, obično prikazan kao procenat FVC-a, je
pokazatelj oklijevanja ili greške tokom početka izdisaja
• To se dešava pri neforsiranom početku maksimalnog izdisaja

• Kad je povećan, kriva


protok/volumen pomaknuta je u
desnu stranu i bilježi se lažno
PREVELIKI FEV1
Vrijeme do početka PEF (PEFT)
• Vrijeme do PEFA-a (PEFT) treba biti manje od 150 milisek.

• Ako je povećano, kriva


protok/volumen pomaknuta je u
desnu stranu i bilježi se lažno
PREVELIKI FEV1
Forirano ekspiratorno vrijeme (FET)
• Trajanje forsiranog izdisaja (FET) je važna determinanta FVC-a
• U odraslih minimalno vrijeme izdisaja iznosi 6 sek. (FET100%)
• Stoga je jako važno ne zaustaviti manevar prerano

• Ova tačka je najčešći razlog


neprihvatljivosti manevra
Plato
• Plato – najteži kriterij
• Kraj izdisaja je kada nema promjene volumena više od 25 ml u
poslednjoj sek. (plato)
• Promjene volumena teško vidimo na kraju izdisaja, zato je
nužno pogledati brojke ili koristiti softwer za prikaz platoa
(plato: manje od 25 ml izduvanog zraka u poslednjoj sek. izdisaja)
Kada je test završen?
• Kada smo napravili najmanje 3 spirometrije, koje su prihvatljive (i
najviše 8)
• Kada su dvije najbolje vrednosti FEV1 i FVC unutar 150 ml (ili 5%)

Izberemo najbolju krivu (najveći zbir: FEV1 + FVC)

• Pri računanju Tiffenau indeksa u obstruktivnim oboljenjima, FVC


možemo nadomjestiti sa: SVC (VC), IVC ili FEV6 (sa najvećom
vrijednošću)
Parametri plućne fukcije
Volumeni Skraćenica Definicija Vrijednost
Disajni volumen TV Zapremina vazduha koja se udahne ili izdahne 500 ml
(eng. tidal volumen) u toku mirne respiracije
Ekspiratorni rezervni ERV Maksimalna zapremina vazduha koja se može 1100 ml
volumen izdahnuti poslije normalne mirne
ekspiracije
Inspiratorni rezervni IRV Maksimalna količina vazduha koja se 3000 ml
volumen može udahnuti poslije normalne mirne
inspiracije
Rezidualni volumen RV Zapremina vazduha koja preostane u 1200 ml
plućima nakon maksimalnog ekspirijuma i koja se
ne može izdahnuti nikakvim naprezanjem

Kapaciteti Skraćenica Definicija Vrijednost


Vitalni kapacitet VC Maksimalna zapremina vazduha od maksimalnog TV+ IRV +
(eng. vital capacity) ekspirijuma do maksimalnog inspirijuma ERV
4600 ml
Inspiratorni kapacitet IC Zapremina vazduha od mirnog ekspirijuma do TV + IRV
maksimalnog inspirijuma 3500 ml
Totalni plućni kapacitet TLC Ukupna zapremina vazduha koja ostaje TV + IRV +
(eng. total lung capacity) u plućima poslije maksimalnog inspirijuma ERV + RV
5800 ml
Funkcionalni rezidualni FRC ili Zapremina vazduha koja ostaje u plućima nakon RV + ERV
kapacitet ITGV mirnog ekspirijuma 2300 ml
Mrtvi prostor: 150 ml Frekvenca disanja: od 12 do 16 respiracija u minuti
Najčešće korišteni parametri ventilacije u
spirometriji
Najčešće korišteni parametri ventilacije u
spirometriji

• Vitalni kapacitet (VC)


 je maksimalna zapremina
vazduha, koja se može ispuhati
maksimalnim izdisajem, a nakon
prethodnog maksimalnog
udisaja
Iznosi oko 4600 ml

• Normalne (referentne)
vrijednosti su iznad 80%
Najčešće korišteni parametri ventilacije u
spirometriji

• Vitalni kapacitet (VC)


 U zdravih osoba VC je isti
kao i FVC
 U hroničnim obstruktivnim
stanjima FVC je toliko manji
od VC koliko je obstrukcija
težeg stepena
Najčešće korišteni parametri ventilacije u
spirometriji

• Forsirani ekspiratorni volumen


u prvoj sekundi (FEV1)

 je volumen vazduha, koji se


može izdahnuti za 1 sek.
forsiranim ekspirijem, a nakon
maksimalnog inspirijuma

• Normalne (referentne)
vrijednosti su iznad 70-80%
Najčešće korišteni parametri ventilacije u
spirometriji

• Tiffenau indeks

 je odnos FEV1/FVC x 100%

• Normalne (referentne)
vrijednosti su iznad 70%
Najčešće korišteni parametri ventilacije u
spirometriji

• PEF (peak expiratory flow ili


vršni izdisajni protok)
 je najveća brzina forsiranog
ekspiratornog protoka i obično
se postiže odmah nakon
početka forsiranog izdisaja

• Smanjenje >40% je patološko


PEF
• PEF ispoljava cirkadijalne varijacije (najniži ujutru, a najviši
popodne)
• Dnevna varijabilnost PEF-a se izražava kao indeks:

Najviša dnevna vrijednost - Najniža dnevna vrijednost


____________________________________________
Varijabilnost (%) = x100
Srednja vrijednost svih mjerenja PEF-a

Karakteristika astme:
PEF varira u toku dana više od 15%

• Vrijednosti PEF-a od 50-80% i dnevna varijabilnost >20%


znakovi su akutnog pogoršanja bolesti
Najčešće korišteni parametri ventilacije u
spirometriji

• Protoci u disajnim putevima


Najčešće korišteni parametri ventilacije u
spirometriji

• Protoci u disajnim putevima


FEF25/75 ili MEF75/25
 je prosječna brzina
ekspiratorne struje vazduha u
srednjem dijelu vitalnog
kapaciteta, između 75% i 25%
VC
 Test ne zavisi od saradnje
bolesnika prilikom izvođenja, a
osjetljiv je na promjene
prohodnosti malih disajnih
puteva
Najčešće korišteni parametri ventilacije u
spirometriji

• Protoci u disajnim putevima


FEF75 ili MEF25
 je brzina protoka ekspiratorne
struje vazduha na 25% VC,
znači u posljednjoj četvrtini
VC, bliže RV
Najčešće korišteni parametri ventilacije u
spirometriji

• Protoci u disajnim putevima


FEF50 ili MEF50
 je brzina maksimalnog
ekspiratornog protoka na 50%
VC
 Ovaj parametar manje zavisi
od saradnje bolesnika nego
PEF, a osjetljiviji je na
početne, rane opstruktivne
smetnje u malim perifernim
bronhijama
Referentne vrijednosti
• Očekivane normalne (referentne) vrednosti spirometrijskih
parametara koje se dobijaju na osnovu podataka o pacijentu:
 Datum rođenja
 Pol
 Visina
 Tjelesna masa (rjeđe)
 Rasna pripadnost

• Najčešće korišćeni setovi predviđenih vrijednost:


 CECA iz 1971. godine (najčešće upotrebljivane)
 ECCS - The European Community of Coal and Steel
 GLI - Global Lung Iniciative
 NHANES III - The Third National Health and Nutrition
Examination Survey
 Polgar
 Zapletal
Predviđene vrijednosti
Lower Limit of Normality (LLN)
Predviđene vrijednosti
Lower Limit of Normality (LLN)
• U kliničkoj medicini, 'normalni raspon' je u principu raspon
vrijednosti koji obuhvata 95% zdrave populacije

• Donja granica normalnih (LLN) je cut-off ispod koje se nalazi


samo 2,5% zdravih, dok je gornja granica normalne (ULN) prag
iznad kojeg se nalazi samo 2,5% zdravih osoba

• U skladu sa tim, 95% zdrave populacije smatra se da je


"normalno"
Interpretacija spirometrije

• Određivanje svih spirometrijskih parametara označava se


kao velika spirometrija

• Mala spirometrija se sastoji od tri parametra i to:


 VC
 FEV1
 njihov odnos: Tiffeneau – index
Interpretacija spirometrije

• Određivanje svih spirometrijskih parametara označava se


kao velika spirometrija

• Mala spirometrija se sastoji od tri parametra i to:


 VC
 FEV1
 njihov odnos: Tiffeneau – index

n deks? !
n a uo i
m o Ti ffe
d r eđ uje
Z ašto o
Interpretacija spirometrije

• Određivanje svih spirometrijskih parametara označava se


kao velika spirometrija

• Mala spirometrija se sastoji od tri parametra i to:


 VC
 FEV1
 njihov odnos: Tiffeneau – index
an j en je
j eč e i s m
FE V1 u t
an j en j e br n u to
Na sm V C ) i o
VC (ili F
Interpretacija spirometrije

• Veliki broj vrlo različitih procesa i stanja smanjuje VC:

 promjene u plućnom tkivu (fibrozni procesi, neoplazme,


resekcije pluća, emfizem)
 promjene u pleruralnom prostoru (izljevi, srasline, zrak,
tumori)
 promjene u disajnim mišićima (pareza ili paraliza
dijafragme, neuro-mišićna oboljenja)
 promjene koštanom dijelu zida grudnog koša (prijelomi
rebara, smanjena pokretljivost zglobova, deformiteti)
 promjene izvan grudnog koša (ascites, trudnoća, bol u
trbuhu, prekomjerna ugojenost)
 restriktivni poremećaji funkcije pluća
Interpretacija spirometrije

• Osnovni uzrok smanjenja FEV1 je opstrukcija strujanju


zraka u:
 većim disajnim putevima (spazam, edem sluznice,
nagomilani sekret, tumor u bronhu, ekspiratorni kolaps, ...)
 manjim disajnim putevima (hronični obstruktivni sindrom)

a n j en je
Š K O s m
A TO L O 8 0% ,
P je i sp od
V 1 i F V C o d 70 %
FE d eks a i s p
a u in
a Tiffen
Interpretacija spirometrijskog nalaza
• Za pacijenta obstrukcija znači da ne može izdahnuti toliko brzo
koliko bi on htio
• Za dijagnozu je potrebno napraviti spirometriju i izračunati
Tiffeneau index (FEV1 / VC)

• Obstrukcija je moguća i kod normalnih vrijednostih FEV1!

DIJAGNOZA OBSTRUKCIJE:
SMANJENJE FEV1/VC ZA 12%
ISPOD REFERENTNE VRIJEDNOSTI
(za bolesnikovu starost i spol; referentne vrednosti NHANES III)
Interpretacija spirometrijskog nalaza
Oblik krivulje protok-volumen je KONKAVAN

DIJAGNOZA OBSTRUKCIJE:
SMANJENJE FEV1/VC ZA 12%
ISPOD REFERENTNE VRIJEDNOSTI
(za bolesnikovu starost i spol; referentne vrednosti NHANES III)
Algoritam spirometrijskog otkrivanja
obstrukcije i restrikcije
Al-Ashkar F et al. (2003) Cleve
Clin J Med. 70(10): 866 868, 871-3, passim
Krivulja protok-volumen
• predstavlja grafički prikaz odnosa između maksimalne brzine
protoka i volumena zraka zabilježenih u forsiranom inspirijumu
i ekspirijumu

• x osa = volumen
• Y osa = protok vazduha
Krivulja protok-volumen u različitim stanjima

Uredna

Obstrukcija Restrikcija Obstrukcija i restrikcija


Krivulja protok-volumen u različitim stanjima
• Emfizem, astma
• Iako su svi protoci sniženi, ekspirij je
produžen

Uredna

Obstrukcija Restrikcija Obstrukcija i restrikcija


Krivulja protok-volumen u različitim stanjima
• Intersticijalna plućna oboljenja, kifoskolioza
• Krivulja je sužena jer su i svi volumeni
sniženi

Uredna

Obstrukcija Restrikcija Obstrukcija i restrikcija


Krivulja protok-volumen u različitim stanjima
• Npr. plućna fibroza sa astmom
• pokazuje elemente i obstrukcije i restrikcije

Uredna

Obstrukcija Restrikcija Obstrukcija i restrikcija


Krivulja protok-volumen u različitim stanjima

Uredna

Fiksirana intratorakalna Varijabilna intratorakalna Varijabilna ekstratorakalna


obstrukcija obstrukcija obstrukcija
Krivulja protok-volumen u različitim stanjima
• Stenoza trahee, struma
• Gornji i donji dijelovi krivulje su zaravnjeni

Uredna

Fiksirana intratorakalna Varijabilna intratorakalna Varijabilna ekstratorakalna


obstrukcija obstrukcija obstrukcija
Krivulja protok-volumen u različitim stanjima
• Npr. traheomalacia
• Tokom forsiranog udisaja, negativni pleuralni
pritisak drži trahu otvorenom
• Tokom forsiranog izdisaja, gubitak strukture
trahee rezultota njenim sužavanjem i gormji
dio krivulje je zaravnjen
Uredna

Fiksirana intratorakalna Varijabilna intratorakalna Varijabilna ekstratorakalna


obstrukcija obstrukcija obstrukcija
Krivulja protok-volumen u različitim stanjima
• Unilateralna paraliza glasnica, disfunkcija
glasnica, tumor trahee
• Tokom forisanog udisaja, paretična glasnica
se uvlači prema unutra, što rezultira
stvaranjem platoa u inspiratornom dijelu krive
Uredna

Fiksirana intratorakalna Varijabilna intratorakalna Varijabilna ekstratorakalna


obstrukcija obstrukcija obstrukcija
Primjer spirometrijskih nalaza

Uredan nalaz
Primjer spirometrijskih nalaza

Nalaz obstrukcije
Primjer spirometrijskih nalaza

Mješoviti poremećaj?
Bronhodilatatorni test
• Obstrukcija se popravlja nakon 15 minuta poslije 400 mcg
Salbutamola (4 udisaja) ili 30 minuta nakon 4 udisaja Beroduala

Gina, mart 2016


Bronhodilatatorni test
• Koliki je “popravak” obstrukcije tipičan za astmu?
• Povećanje FEV1 nakon bronhodilatatora ili ICS-a
za 12% ili 200 ml od početne vrijednosti (bronhodilatatorni test pozitivan)

Gina, mart 2016


Bronhodilatatorni test
• Test razlikuje astmu i HOPB samo u slučaju, da se i FEV1 i
FVC normalizuju (iznad 80%), a omjer FEV1/FVC podigne
iznad 70%
Bronhodilatatorni test
• Oko četvrtine bolesnika sa HOBP-om ima pozitivan BD test u
bilo kojem dobu godine (stabilan HOBP – bez egzacerbacije)

Albert P et al. (2012) Thorax. 67(8): 701-8


Bronhodilatatorni test
• Čak dizanjem kriterija za reverzibilnost na 400 ml (što je visoko
sugestivno za astmu) oko 5% pacijenata ima pozitivan BD test u

The reproducibility of the classification of reversibility in patients with


COPD followed on four occasions over 1 year,
using the American Thoracic Society/ERS reversibility criteria
(change in absolute FEV1 of more than 400 ml)
Albert P et al. (2012) Thorax. 67(8): 701-8
Primjeri
spirometrijskih nalaza
Patient 1 – Normal finding
• 81-year-old man (non-smoker) asks for a “lung breathing test
• He has no respiratory problems but wants to know if his lungs
are still working well
• No physical abnormalities
Patient 1 – Normal finding
• Despite his advanced age, he performed a high-quality
spirometry test
• A normal FVC, normal FEV1 and a normal Tiffenau index
• Because of his normal results, post-bronchodilator testing was
not performed
Patient 2 – Asthma or COPD?
• A 45-year-old female tax accountant
• Ex smoker (a pack of cigarettes/day from age 18 to 40)

• One brother, also a smoker, was diagnosed with emphysema


• Another brother had asthma during childhood, but he
outgrew it during high school

• Chronic cough, occurring mostly at night, for more than 2 years


• Occasional shortness of breath while walking up stairs and,
more recently, coughing, some chest tightness, and shortness
of breath after walking on level ground

• Physical examination normal

• Patient's history is consistent with COPD, asthma, GERD,


or a combination thereof
Patient 2 – Asthma or COPD?

• Pre-BD spirometry results indicate severe airways obstruction


• This pattern is consistent with either COPD or asthma
• However, the FEV1 nearly doubles on repeat spirometry 15
minutes after administration of salbutamol (post-BD)
• This confirms asthma (severe, persistent)
Patient 3 – Asthma

• A 32-year-old elementary school fermale teacher


• Lifelong history of mild, intermittent asthma requiring only
occasional rescue inhaler use

• Two months ago, an upper respiratory infection with chest


tightness and wheezing which responded promptly to inhaled
salbutamol 4 times a day for a week
• Since then: awaking with a cough and mild shortness of breath
about once a week

• Her lungs are clear on examination

• Based on her history, her asthma could be categorized as


intermittent
Patient 3 – Asthma

• Airways obstruction (FEV1/FVC ratio 63%)


• Pre-BD FEV1 is 71%, increasing to 86% after salbutamol (BD+)
• Pre-bronchodilator spirometry test reveals moderate,
persistent asthma
• Daily inhaled corticosteroids should be prescribed
Patient 4 – COPD
• A 52-year-old female nurse
• Smoker (a pack of cigarettes/day from age 17)

• Chronic cough and expectoration most mornings for more


than 5 years and occasional sinus headaches

• Otherwise, “perfect health”


• She does not exercise much and denies ever being short of
breath

• Normal physical examination


Patient 4 – COPD

• Severe airways obstruction with an FEV1 of only 38% of


predicted
• On repeat spirometry, 30 minutes after administration of an
salbutamol, FEV1 increased only slightly (BD-)
• Diagnose: COPD
Patient 5 – Chronic Bronchitis

• 55-year-old auto mechanic


• Long-time cigarette smoker
• His father: heart attack at age 47 and died suddenly at age 52

• Hemoptysis during an episode of a bad cold, several days ago


• His expectorations are now back to their “normal yellow
color” as they have been for the past 30 years

• Otherwise, he feels “fine“


• He admits to having to stop to catch his breath whenever he
climbs stairs

• Heart sounds are normal


• Lungs are slightly noisy on forced exhalation
• His blood pressure is 150/90 mmHg
Patient 5 – Chronic Bronchitis

• Pre-BD flow-volume curve shows the pattern of airways


obstruction, but the graphs reveal that the quiting of exhaling
was soon (after only 3 seconds), so patients's FVC was
underestimated
Patient 5 – Chronic Bronchitis

• FEV1 did not increase (BD-) following salbutamol, but patient


blowed out for a much longer time
• FVC and FEV1 were normal post-BD, but FEV1/FVC was
abnormally low (67%), confirming obstruction
• Patients suffers from chronic bronchitis and COPD
Patient 6 – Restrictive Disorder

• A 57-year-old welder retired last year


• Never smoker

• His entire family is alive and well

• 2-year history of mild shortness of breath when playing with


grandsons or climbing stairs
• An occasional dry cough that has been ongoing for a few years

• Physical exam is normal, except for scattered, fine crackles


above lungs
Patient 6 – Restrictive Disorder

• Flow-volume curve may look normal in shape, but it is very small


for an adult
• Low FVC (55% of predicted) with a normal FEV1/FVC ratio (88%
of predicted)
• This pattern is called reduced inflation, no obstruction (RINO)
Patient
Patient 66 –– Restrictive
Restrictive Disorder
Disorder

• His chest x-ray showed questionable infiltrates


• DLCO was only 40% of predicted, with a total lung capacity of
60% of predicted, confirming restriction of his lung volumes
• An interstitial lung disease
Patients 7 – Asthma and Rhinitis
Personal data
• Male patients 36 years aged
• Policeman; smoker (2 packs/year)
• As a child treated due to “asthma”
• Married; daughter healthy, but son is diagnosed with asthma
Anamnesis
• During last 10 days (“after he was in the nature”):
 Shortness of breath, breathing audibly and dry cough; all
problems are getting worse at night
 Frequent sneezing (over 15 times in a row)
 Itchy and runny nose (clear discharge)
Physical examination
• Monophonic wheezing
• Visible signs of engagement of accessory respiratory muscles
• Saturation of Hgb 93%; central pulse 121/min.
Patients 7 – Asthma and Rhinitis
11
Spirometry with BD test

• Obstructive disorder with positive BD test


Patients 7 – Asthma and Rhinitis
11
Spirometry with BD test

• Obstructive disorder with positive BD test

ij i s u s p .
a c e r b a c
a u e g z c ije
- As t m z a c e r b a
ra p ija e g g 1 x 1
- T e 16 0 m c
id s pr ay tro l e
s o n k o n
- Cicle l 4 x 2 in h. - d o
lbu ta m o
-S a
Patients 7 – Asthma and Rhinitis
Control examine
• Subjectively feels better
• ACT score 20
31
Spirometry with salbutamol BD test
• Improved – obstructive disorder with negative BD test
Patients 7 – Asthma and Rhinitis

Immunological findings
• Total IgE in serum 705.0 (ref. do 100 IU/ml)
• Absolute Eo count in serum 690 (ref. do 430)
• Nasal smear on Eo positive
• Intradermal tests positive on weed
Patients 7 – Asthma and Rhinitis

Immunological findings
• Total IgE in serum 705.0 (ref. do 100 IU/ml)
• Absolute Eo count in serum 690 (ref. do 430)
• Nasal smear on Eo positive
• Intradermal tests positive on weed

a a s t m a
tr o l i san
ln o ko n l u k as t
Parcija a m o n te
se d o d
e ra pi j u
Ut
Patients 7 – Asthma and Rhinitis

17
Control Examine (after 17 days)

• Subjectively, feels good; ACT score of 25


Patients 8 – Bronchial Hyperreactivity
Anamnesis
• Boy aged 9 years
• Nasal symptoms (rhinorrhea, sneezing and itchy nose) from his 5
• Symptoms usually last throughout the year, but worsen in
winter, especially after exposure to house dust
• The symptoms do not worsen during the night or physical activity
• During physical exercise, usually occur wheezing and dry
cough, which cease after the activities

Physical examination
• Findings on lung and heart were normal

Immunological findings
• Total IgE in serum 280.0 (refferal until 100 IU/ml)
• Absolute Eo count in serum 560 (refferal until 430)
• Skin prick tests positive on house dusta and mites
Patients 8 – Bronchial Hyperreactivity

Diagnosis
• Allergic rhinits

Therapy
• Allergen avoidance
• Non-sedating H1-antihistamine (desloratadine) 1x / day
Outcome
• Nasal symptoms improved
• Problems related to physical activity are still continuing

Suspected
Suspected asthma!
asthma!
Patients 8 – Bronchial Hyperreactivity

Spirometry with BD test

• Normal finding with positive BD test (low flows)


Patients 8 – Bronchial Hyperreactivity

Spirometry with BD test

• Normal finding with positive BD test (low flows)

Bronchial hyperreactivity
syndrome ???
Ima li svrhe raditi bronhodilatatorni test pri
normalnoj spirometriji?

• Ako testiramo reverzibilnost u opštoj zdravoj populaciji:

 4,3% ljudi će imati reverzbilnu obstrukciju


 88% ljudi pokazuje ireverzbilinost
 15% ima pozitivan BD test, iako je spirometrija bila normalna

Barisione G et al. (2009) Eur Respir J. 33(6): 1396-402


Patients 8 – Bronchial Hyperreactivity

Therapeutic dilemmas
• Should inhaled corticosteroid be administered?
• Should intranasal corticosteroid be administered?

New therapy
• Intranasal corticosteroids + montelukast tablets 5 mg/day
Patients 8 – Bronchial Hyperreactivity
Control after 1 month
• Nasal symptoms ceased entirely
• During physical exertion dry cough still present, but it is
weaker significantly
• However, there is no more audoble breathe at all
Patients 9 – Exercise-Induced Asthma

Anamnesis
• Young man, 26 years old; casual smoker (2 cigaretes per month)
• He has trained basketball during last 6 years
• During last 2 years, he had to stop his training often, due to
• shortness of breath and a dry, intense cough, which occur
• during exercise

• No previous diseases
• No family history on asthma

Physical Examination
• Body height 193 cm; Body weight 98 kg; BMI 26,3 kg/cm2
• Physical signs of the heart and lungs normal
Patients 9– Exercise-Induced Asthma

• ECG and chest-x ray – normal findings


Patients 9 – Exercise-Induced Asthma
4
Spirometry

• Normal finding

sHgb 98%
Patients 9 – Exercise-Induced Asthma
4
Spirometry
after physical exertion

Obstructive disorder with positive BD test

sHgb 92%
Patients 9 – Exercise-Induced Asthma
4
Spirometry
after physical exertion

Obstructive disorder with positive BD test

sHgb 92% a s p a z a m
i b r on h o
d u ci r a n 1 x 1
o r om in 6 0 m c g
- Nap s p r ay 1 ra in in g)
le s on id d (b e f or e t
- Cic y a s n ee d e
m o l s pra
- Salb u ta
Patients 9 – Exercise-Induced Asthma
Control examination after 1,5 month
17
• Attacks of shortness of breath are weaker
• He asks for additional therapy, because
the dismission from league is real

Spirometry with BD test: Normal finding with positive BD test

e r ap i ju ?
govat i t
l i ko r i
- Da
Patients 9 – Exercise-Induced Asthma

Further therapy
• Previous + Montelukast tbl. 10 mg in night, during next 3
months and than in the time of planned intense physical
activities (trainings)

Control examination after 12 days

• He feels great
• Denies all the previous problems
29
Patients 10 – Asthma and COPD /ACOS/
Personal data
• Female patient, aged 28 years; unemployed; non-smoker
• Married; mother of one healthy boy
Patients 10 – Asthma and COPD /ACOS/
Anamnesis
• She was diagnosed with “allergic bronchitis” in the early
childhood
• Late childhood was without problems, and she did not take
therapy

• Shortness of breath, chest tightness and coughing again


present during the last 3 years, and she was treated for asthma
again (Fluticasone propionate and Salbutamol)
• She did not come to the regular controls (family reasons)

From medical documentation


• Total IgE in serum 980 (refferal until 100 IU/ml) – finding
before 10 years
• Skin prick tests (20 years old) on inhalatory allergenes – home
dust and ambrosia positive (+++)
Patients 10 – Asthma and COPD /ACOS/

Current problems
• Shortness of breath
• Dry cough
• Tightness in the chest
• Nighttime awakening due to lack of air
• Pronounced intolerance of effort

• Denies fever
Patients 10 – Asthma and COPD /ACOS/

Physical examination
• Tahipnoic with visibly engaging of accessory respiratory
• muscles
• Ausculatory findings: monophonic wheesing
• Saturation of Hgb 94% (pulse oximeter)
• Blood pressure 140/90 mmHg
Patients 10 – Asthma and COPD /ACOS/

Chest x-rax
• normal finding
Patients 10 – Asthma and COPD /ACOS/

Spirometry with BD test

• Obstructive disorder with positive BD test (dFEV1 13,37%)


Patients 10 – Asthma and COPD /ACOS/

Spirometry with BD test

• Obstructive disorder with positive BD test (dFEV1 13,37%)

astm e?
er baci j a
a eg z a c
Aku tn
Patients 10 – Asthma and COPD /ACOS/

Control examination after 7 days


• Subjectively, she feels good, with the exception of a sense of
lack of air during heavy physical work
Patients
Patients 10
10 –– Asthma
Asthma and
and COPD
COPD /ACOS/
/ACOS/
After therapy for flare up, control spirometry with salbutamol BD
Improved – obstructive disorder, but now with negative BD test
Patients
Patients 10
10 –– Asthma
Asthma and
and COPD
COPD /ACOS/
/ACOS/

New dijagnose
• Asthma with the suspicion of irreversible obstructive
disorder (COPD?)

New examinations
• Computed tomography (CT) of the chest with contrast (in order
to confirm the emphysema)

• Alpha 1 antitrypsin
(in order to exclude the congenital emphysema)
Patients 10 – Asthma and COPD /ACOS/

CT with contrast
• Signs of centrilobular and paraseptal emphysema with traction
adhesion on both sides, predominantly basal

• Alpha 1 antitrypsin – normal (congenital emphysema excluded)


Patients 10 – Asthma and COPD /ACOS/

CT with contrast
• Signs of centrilobular and paraseptal emphysema with traction
adhesion on both sides, predominantly basal

n d r om e
e r l ap s y
O P D o v p a fs
st h m a/ C c g 2x 1
- A 2 5/ 250 m e ed ed
P sp r a y a fs a s n
-F a y 1 x 2 p
m o l s pr
Salbuta

• Alpha 1 antitrypsin – normal (congenital emphysema excluded)


Patients 10 – Asthma and COPD /ACOS/

New visit – 7 months after last examination


• She has taken therapy regularly, but she has not felt "best":
wheezing during physical exertion, often wake up because of
severe breathing; problems could calmed down after salbutamol
• She did not come on a regular check-up after 3 months (family
reasons)
• ACT (asthma control test) 21

Worsen during last 4-5 days:


• The feeling of lack of air, generally can not sleep, choking,
coughing off-white content, very fatigued
• Denies fever

Physical examination
• Saturation of Hgb 92%
• Polyphonic wheezing over lungs
Patients 10 – Asthma and COPD /ACOS/

Spirometry
• Worsen – obstructive disorder
Patients 10 – Asthma and COPD /ACOS/

Spirometry
• Worsen – obstructive disorder

l a re u p :
y fo r f x2 p a fs
- Therap 2 5 / 250 m c g 2
s e o f F P
se d o
- Increa
Patients 10 – Asthma and COPD /ACOS/
Control examination after 10 days
• Feels better significantly
• Prolonged expiratory with occasional early-expiratory crackles
Spirometry: Improved – obstructive disorder
Patients 10 – Asthma and COPD /ACOS/
Control examination after 10 days
• Feels better significantly
• Prolonged expiratory with occasional early-expiratory crackles
Spirometry: Improved – obstructive disorder

tel u kas t
da M on
i j u se do
Ute ra p
Patients 10 – Asthma and COPD /ACOS/
Control examination after 2 months
• Feels better significantly (wheezing occurs less often)
• No need for salbutamol and no "night symptoms“
• ACT (asthma control test) 24
Patients 10 – Asthma and COPD /ACOS/
Spirometry with BD test
• Further improvement – obstruction with negative BD test
Patients 10 – Asthma and COPD /ACOS/

Discussion
••Where
Whereis
isour
ourpatient
patient(non -smoker; allergic
(non-smoker; allergicdiatesis;
diatesis;emphysema)?
emphysema)?

ICS - inhaled corticosteroid;


LABA - long-acting β agonist;
LAMA - long-acting muscarinic
antagonist;
LTRA - leukotriene antagonist;
IgE - immunoglobulin E;
PDE4I - phosphodiesterase 4
inhibitor

Rhee CK (2015) Korean J Intern Med. 2015 Jul;30(4):443-9


Patient 11
• Pacijentica 36 godina starosti; nepušač; med.sestra
• Otežanije disanje, povremeno piskutanje pri izdisaju
• Liječena zbog astme (Fluticason propionat)

• Auskultatorni nalaz na plućima: produženiji ekspirij


Patient 11
Krivulja protok-volumen u različitim stanjima

Uredna

Fiksirana intratorakalna Varijabilna intratorakalna Varijabilna ekstratorakalna


obstrukcija obstrukcija obstrukcija
Petient 11 – Tracheal tumor
Petient 11 – Tracheal tumor
Patients 12 – Late-onset Asthma

Personal data
• The female patient, aged 73 years
• Examine as part of the preoperative analysis (senile cataract)
• Retired secretary; non-smoker

Main problems
• Occasionally, shortness of breath, intolerance effort
• Occasionally choking and swelling of the legs, which cease
after "taking pills for urination"

• No coughing, no wheezing, do not wake up at night due to


shortness of breath

Current and previous diseases


• She regularly takes her therapy to high blood pressure, then
"heart problems", as well as diabetes
Patients 12 – Late-onset Asthma

Physical examination

• Asthenic constitution
• Pitting edema lower parts of both legs

Finding on the heart


• Systolic murmur over the mitral valve and aortic valve
• Arrhythmic heart action
Finding on the lungs
• Periodically, early-inspiratory crackles over the lungs with
prolonged expirium

• Blood preassure 170/110 mmHg


• sHgb 96% (pulse oximeter)
Patients 12 – Late-onset Asthma

Chest X-ray
Enlarged heart-vessels shadow (cardiac-thoracic ratio 62%)
Patients 12 – Late-onset Asthma

Chest X-ray

Lung hilus are voluminous with expressed


perihilar interstitial and vascular pattern
Patients 12 – Late-onset Asthma

Chest X-ray

Possible a
small pleural
effusion of the
left side
Patients 12 – Late-onset Asthma

Chest X-ray

Congestive heart failure


Patients 12 – Late-onset Asthma

Spirometry with BD test

• Obstructive disorder with positive BD test


Patients 12 – Late-onset Asthma

Diagnose
• Reversible obstructive disorder
/Astma – in elderly/

Therapy
• The patient categorically refuse
the inhalatory therapy
• She would maybe have the tablets

• Montelukast tbl. 10 mg 1x1

• Theophylline preparation is not


included due to cardiac comorbidity
• Control examination after 15 days
Patients 12 – Late-onset Asthma

Control Examine
• She can breathe easier significantly
• Dyspnea, that she used to have, is now much less
frequent and weaker
Patients 12 – Late-onset Asthma

Spirometry with Salbutamol BD test


• Improved: Obstructive disorder with
negative BD test

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