BIOBUTANOL

AS AN
ALTERNATE FUEL

Assignment 1

Submitted by:
Rahul Sharma(08109045)
Tarun Kumar(08109062)
Rahul Sharma(08110014)
Ankur Kejriwal(08113007)

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 INTRODUCTION
•Earlier bioethanol is mainly used as alternative fuel

•But now days biobutanol is replacing bioethanol due to

its various advantages over it:-
 It is non-hygroscopic in nature
 Doesn’t cause corrosion
 It has more calorific value than ethanol

•Biobutanol is basically a alcohal with four carbon atom

• Also sometimes called biogasoline.

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 HOW IT IS PREPARED
• Biobutanol can be produce by both petrochemical and
fermentative process but it is mainly produced by
fermentation of biomass by the A.B.E. process

• The feedstocks are the same as for ethanol: energy crops

such as sugar beets, sugar cane, corn grain, wheat and
cassava

• Microbes, specifically of the Clostridium

acetobutylicum, are introduced to the sugars produced
from the biomass.

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 FERMENTATION

• The Butanol fermentation process feeds fundamentally has

similar process as an ethanol process

• Butanol fermentation, also referred to as alcoholic

fermentation, is a biological process in which sugars such
as glucose, fructose, and sucrose are converted into cellular
energy.

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 REACTIONS INVOLVED

• C12H22O11 +H2O + invertase →2 C6H12O6

• C6H12O6 + Zymase → C4H9OH + 2CO2 + H2O

• Before fermentation takes place, one glucose molecule

is broken down into two pyruvate molecules. This is
known as glycolysis

• Glycolysis is summarized by the chemical equation

• C6H12O6 + 2 ADP + 2 Pi + 2 NAD+ →

2CH3COCOO− + 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 H2O + 2H+

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 PROPERTIES
• Octane rating: The octane rating of n-butanol is similar to that of
gasoline but lower than that of ethanol and methanol.
n-Butanol has a RON (Research Octane number) of 96 and a MON (Motor
octane number) of 78

• Air-fuel ratio:Alcohol fuels are partially oxidized and therefore need to

run at richer mixtures than gasoline

• Specific energy:The net energy released per cycle is higher for butanol
than ethanol or methanol and about 10% higher than for gasoline

• Viscosity: The kinematic viscosity of butanol is several times higher

than that of gasoline and about as viscous as high quality diesel fuel

• Heat of vaporization: Heat of vaporization of butanol is less than half

of that of ethanol.

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COMPARISION WITH OTHER FUELS

Fuel Energy Air-fuel Specifi Heat of RON MON

density ratio c vaporiz
MJ/L energy ation
MJ/KG MJ/KG
air
Gasoline 32 15 2.9 0.36 95 90
Ethanol 19.6 9 3 0.92 107 89
Methanol 16 7 3.1 1.2 106 92
Bio- 30 12 3.2 0.43 96 78
Butanol

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 ADVANTAGES
• Reduces carbon emission

• Higher octane no. than gasoline

• Vehicles require less or no modification to use it

• Biobutanol is good for global farmers

• Can be easily added to conventional gasoline, due

to its low vapour pressure

• It is less corrosive than ethanol.

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 DISADVANTAGES

• Butanol is toxic at a rate of 20g per liter

• Biodiversity – A large amount of arable land is required to

grow crops. This could see some natural habitats destroyed
including rainforests

• Alcohol based fuel are not compatible with some fuel

system component.

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 APPLICATION
• As a solvent in paint-and-varnish industry

• In the production of resins and plastifiers

• As in the synthesis of multiple organic compounds

• Used as a component of traditional fuels or individually as

a fuel for transportation vehicles.

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 BIOBUTANOL
AS AN
ALTERNATE FUEL

Assignment 2

Submitted by:
Rahul Sharma(08109045)
Tarun Kumar(08109062)
Rahul Sharma(08110014)
Ankur Kejriwal(08113007)

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CONTENTS

• Determination of stoichiometric Air-Fuel ratio

• Modification in IC engine along with comparing it with

gasoline.

• Variation with specific heat

• Effect on performance

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 DETERMINATION OF
STOICHIOMETRIC AIR-FUEL RATIO

• C4H9OH (Bio Butanol)-Molar Mass is equal to 74 units

• O2 (Oxygen)-Molar Mass is equal to 32 units

• Molar Mass of Carbon in Bio Butanol is equal to 48 units

• Molar Mass of Oxygen in Bio Butanol is equal to 16 units

C4H9OH + 6O2 → 4CO2 +5H2O - - - - ---(i)

4C + 4O2 → 4CO2 - - - - ---(ii)

5H2 + 5/2O2 → 5H2O - - - - ---(iii)

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Consider 74 kg of fuel(Bio Butanol)

• In 74 kg of bio- butanol, amount of carbon is 48 kg

• By reaction (ii) we can see for combustion of 48 kg of carbon

128kg of oxygen is needed

• By reaction (iii),we can see for 10 kg of hydrogen ,80 kg oxygen is

needed

• 16 kg of oxygen is already present in 74 kg of fuel

Therefore amount of total oxygen needed for complete combustion of
fuel is (80+128-16) is equal to 192 kg

• Now according to the gravemetric analysis oxygen present in air at

STP is 23%
Therefore for 192 kg of oxygen, air required is equal to 834.78 kg

For 74 kg of fuel → 834.78 kg of air

For 1 kg of fuel → 11.28 kg of air
Therefore Air-Fuel ratio → 11.28

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CALCULATIONS
48 kg of Carbon required → 128 kg of O2 required

1 kg of Carbon required → 128/48 kg of O2 required

10 kg of hydrogen required → 80 kg of O2 required

1 kg of hydrogen required → 8 kg of O2 required

Total amount of Oxygen = 5/2*32+4*32-16

=192 kg of O2 required

Amount of O2 required at STP = 192*100/23

=834.748

Thus 74 kg of fuel → 834.78

1 kg of fuel → 834.78/74 =11.28
Therefore stoichiometric Air-Fuel ratio is 11.28

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 MODIFICATION IN GASOLINE
ENGINE

Based on stoichiometric air fuel ratio

• Stoichiometricair fuel ratio of Bio-Butanol :- 11.28

• Stoichiometric air fuel ratio of Gasoline :- 14.7

Conclusion : Less amount of air is required per kg of

fuel burnt

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 MODIFICATIONS

• Changes in intake and exhaust manifold

(a) Decrease the diameter of intake and exhaust manifold and inlet valve
(b) Increment in length of intake manifold

• Size of turbocharger or supercharger(if installed) could be reduced

• Changes in carburetor
(a) Increase the diameter of main fuel metering and idling nozzles
(b)Increase the level of fuel in the float chamber

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Based on Flash Point and Ignition temperature

• Flash Point of Bio-Butanol :- 95 °F

• Flash Point of Gasoline :- -45°F
• Ignition temperature of gasoline = 300°C
• Ignition temperature of bio butanol = 343°C

Conclusion:
• A higher flash point and ignition temperature makes biobutanol much
safer and less explosive
• Requires higher temperature to explode

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 MODIFICATIONS

• Spark plug needed should be able to synchronize with higher ignition

temperature and higher flash point

• No need to modify fuel tank safety system

• A pre heater of air fuel mixture may be required to heat the air fuel
mixture to the flash point

• A pre heater is a device which is used to raise the temperature of air

fuel mixture before sending it to the combustion chamber

• Instead of using external energy consumption device, heat of exhaust

gas can be used to raise the temperature of air fuel mixture

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 Based on energy content

• Energy content of Bio-Butanol : 30 MJ/L

• Energy content of Gasoline : 32 MJ/L

Conclusion : One liter of bio butanol will give slightly lesser

amount of energy than 1 liter of gasoline

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 MODIFICATIONS

• No need to increase the size of fuel tank as heat content of both the fuel is
almost same

• No considerable variation on mileage of the vehicle on replacing the fuel

• Indicated power will be decreased by a small negligible amount

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0.83
0.82 Based on Density
0.81
0.8
0.79
0.78
0.77
0.76
0.75
0.74
0.73
0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Scale: X-axis- temperature (°C)

Y-axis- Density (gm/cm3)

Yellow line- gasoline and brown line- 22

 MODIFICATIONS

• Due to lesser density atomization of fuel in the combustion chamber will

be easier. So homogeneity of air fuel ratio will increase

• Ignition lag will be minimized in case of liquid fuel injection

So ignition delay can be reduced

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 VARIATION OF SPECIFIC HEAT

2.7

2.6

2.5

2.4

2.3

2.2

2.1 100 120 140 160 180 200

220
Scale :-
X-axis= temperature(°C)
Y-axis= specific heat( KJ/kg-°C)

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 EFFECT ON PERFORMANCE
• Reduction in knocking, hence increase in engine life

• Lesser power output

• Lesser efficiency at high speed

• Lower toxic level in emission

• Better performance at high altitude

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 REFERENCES

• www.wikipedia.org

• IC engine book by V GANESHAN

• Journal published by Avinash kumar Aggarwal

• Bionomicfuel.com

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