Ecosystem Recovery:

“A system maintains a certain fluid stability that can be destroyed by a misstep in just one
niche. A system has order, a flowing from point to point. If something dams that flow, order
collapses. The untrained might miss that collapse, until it was too late. That’s why the highest
function of ecology is the understanding of consequences.”
“There’s an internally recognized beauty of motion and balance on any man-healthy
planet. You see in this beauty a dynamic stabilizing effect essential to all life. Its aim is simple:
to maintain and produce coordinated patterns of greater and greater diversity. Life improves the
closed system’s capacity to sustain life. Life – all life – is in the service of life. Necessary
nutrients are made available to life by life in greater and greater richness as the diversity of life
increases. The entire landscape comes alive, filled with relationships and relationships within
relationships.”1
Living as we do in arid, semi arid, sub tropical dry and Himalayan sub tropical moist
zones, we inhabit fragile ecosystems that have had their internal cycles shattered by the
exploitive activities of man. We have paid no attention to the Life Support Systems that nature
has emplaced. As a result we have dammed the flow and destabilized the system to the point of
collapse. Critical microorganisms that make up a large part of the underground portion of the
ecosystem have been wiped out. While we bemoan the fate of species nearing extinction, we
have failed to take note of the fate of the driving force of nutrient cycling.
By now science has realized that the consequences of the manner in which we conduct
agriculture and livestock grazing is extremely destabilizing to the ecosystem wherein they are
practiced. The constant tilling of land results in compaction with concomitant destruction of
macro pores in the soil profile. This leads to reduced infiltration with attendant surface runoff
that causes erosion and prevents recharge of aquifers. When the soil surface is left bare and
organic contents are depleted, microorganisms are deprived of their habitat and food source. As a
result they are exterminated and a vital link in the ecological chain is destroyed. Similarly, in

1
Frank Herbert: Dune 1965
[Sardar Taimur Hyat-Khan] Page 1
upland pastures or land cleared of forest cover to make way for humans and animals where
burning of land cover is practiced for mineralization in order to re-grow grass for grazing, there
is the affiliated killing of soil microorganisms due to the great heat that results.
As such it has been realized that it is essential to maintain ground cover; reduce soil
compaction and avoid fire. It is the forest biome’s system that is best adapted to the concept of
“life serving life.” Constant ground cover reduces the impact of falling rain drops and preserves
the soil from erosion. Deep rooting bonds the soil and a thick layer of detritus provides habitat
for numerous microorganisms to take part in the ballet of life. Direct Seed, Mulch Based
Cropping Systems (DMCS) is a close approximation of the Forest Ecosystem. This is also called
No Till Farming wherein seed of the next crop is directly sown into the detritus of the previous
crop. Crop rotation is practiced in order to break the life cycle of weeds and enrich the soil for
example by including a Nitrogen Fixing legume into the crop cycle. The increased economic
returns which are driven by reduced costs and higher yields make the system attractive to
farmers, while the eco friendly practices ensure sustainability. Carbon sequestration is also
catered to as the release of carbon from tilled fields is enormous. An extremely damaging
Greenhouse gas is thus prevented from escape into the atmosphere. Thus there is really no choice
as the alternate of increased costs and dwindling returns with eventual death of the life support
system is hardly an alternative.
We as a civilization are at present indulging in so many destabilizing practices that it is a
wonder that the Eco Systems that support us have not already failed. In any case they may be at a
point close to collapse in an Eco Catastrophe with all its attendant horrific affects.
To enumerate some of these practices:
Factor Affects
Deep Tilling of soil Release of carbon
Compaction of Micro pores
Added expense and use of fossil fuels
Killing of soil biota
Increased erosion
Depletion of Soil Fertility
Mining of stream beds for Lowering of stream beds to bed rock cutting off
gravel lateral and horizontal recharge of aquifers
Release of raw sewage Befouling Groundwater
Multiplication of harmful disease vectors
Clear cutting of forests Increased erosion
Restricted recharge of aquifers
Increased CO2 levels
Increased soil surface heat levels
Destruction of soil biota
Burning of grass for increase Destruction of soil biota
Release of CO2
Killing of saplings
Thus it is clear that we are determined to ruin the very habitat that supports us. In order to
address this and many other problems that we face it is imperative that we face them on War
Footing. We are trying to address these problems on a Macro level while failing to realize that it
is the Micro level that makes up the Macro in the first place. If we address these problems at the
Micro or Community level and treat them at Agri Ecological Regional basis, we can make rapid
headway to find solutions.

[Sardar Taimur Hyat-Khan] Page 2

Bioenvironmental Approach to Sustainable Development
The hallmark of management is to perceive threats and take timely measures to avert them.
Degradation in the environment is causing about Rs1 billion in losses to the national economy
annually.
Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA)
Goal-7; (Ensure Environmental Sustainability).
“One of the key finding in this report is that failing to deal with cause perpetuates the cycle of
consequence. Until the fundamentals change, repeating the same process can only produce the
same outcomes.”
Sindh Coastal and Inland Community Development Project, Pakistan (ADB TA 4525-
PAK) Final Report Volume 1 – Main Report.
“It is not difficult to find glaring examples of serious environmental damage and extreme
poverty in the Project area. Nor is it difficult to conclude that the situation is getting worse rather
than better. What is more difficult to understand, given the obvious awareness that most people
have of the situation, is why should the situation be so difficult to deal with?
The point that emerges is that technical solutions cannot, on their own, solve what are essentially
failures in policy.”
Environmental degradation and extreme poverty
The affects of Salinity; water shortages; poor water management practices and saltwater
intrusion, greatly hamper efforts to attain sustainable development. By taking the position of
converting adversity to opportunity, an all out effort will be made to live in harmony with Nature
by creating vibrant, dynamic and locally self-sufficient communities. The objectives of the
Program will be achieved when the community’s skills and talents are tapped in such a manner
that they declare “We Did It.”
The world’s land-surface has 8% absolute desert and about 40% is covered or threatened
by semi-deserts. The instance of increasing desertification is a future threat that has to be dealt
with, especially in the light of Global Warming and increased aridity. Every year 5 to 7 million
hectares succumb to desertification.
Aridization and more advanced desertification of land result from the combined action of
natural tendencies and ecological mistakes made by Man in the course of his manifold activities.
Most alarmingly, the velocity of what is mainly anthropogenic aridization is commonly
measured in terms of a few years or at most a single human generation. But help should come
from the maintenance of rain-fed farming in less arid areas, and especially from the widespread
establishment of irrigation systems. There are, however, very serious problems engendered by
continuing irrigation, which is apt to be wasteful of fresh water. To begin with, river-water
resources are becoming increasingly limited and artesian waters are too-easily depleted or
become brackish. Worse still, with the high rate of evaporation in arid regions, salinization of the
surface and the uppermost soil horizon commonly ensues, and gradually penetrates to lower
strata in which plants mainly root. Most existing irrigation systems lack the piping or consistent
lining of water-bringing canals and the deep (2.5–3 m) horizontal drainage-ducts that are needed
to evacuate excessive soluble salts. The ultimate disposal of the salt, moreover, still causes
problems when the sea cannot be used or salt-lakes be created for fish and waterfowl.
Meanwhile, revegetation is becoming more and more widely practised and some success is

[Sardar Taimur Hyat-Khan] Page 3

attending efforts to develop salt-resistant crops in USA, India, and USSR.2 China has made
considerable progress in this regard.
Victor A. Kovda, Professor, Subfaculty of Pedology, Moscow State University, Moscow
177234, USSR; formerly Director, Institute of Agrochemistry and Soil Science of the
Academy of Sciences of the USSR; sometime President of the International Society of
Soil Science and President of SCOPE.
The inhabitants of non-agricultural areas are nomadic and pastoral with herds of camels, sheep
and goats. Due to this most of the low scrub vegetation has been completely destroyed.

Threats: Arabian Sea:

The Arabian Sea is a center for oil shipping. As a result oil spills, anchor damage,
sedimentation, and other pollution effects are a real threat. Mining operations, fishing pressures,
destructive fish collecting practices (e.g., dynamiting), residential and commercial development,
and effluent discharge have resulted in altered species composition in many areas. Irresponsible
recreation and tourism also contribute to eutrophication and reef degradation. War-related
activities provide another source of environmental damage.

Dams on the river reduce flows in lower portions of the system and limit the transport of
fertile sediments downstream into the delta. They also pose a serious threat to the survival of the
Indus River dolphin as the remaining dolphins become isolated into smaller groups. Water
extraction for irrigation, runoff of chemicals into the rivers, and introduced species also threaten
the freshwater species of the delta.

2
Victor A. Kovda, Professor, Subfaculty of Pedology, Moscow State University, Moscow 177234, USSR;
formerly Director, Institute of Agrochemistry and Soil Science of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR;
sometime President of the International Society of Soil Science and President of SCOPE.

[Sardar Taimur Hyat-Khan] Page 4

Aridity: Detailed analysis of climate charts (outdated) show that the precipitation curve
underlies the temperature curve throughout the year except for winters in Ormara, Pasni and
Jivni. This results in a short humid period which is compounded by high velocity winds and high
temperatures in summers, resulting in increased evaporation. Less and irregular rainfall, intense
insolation and heat and Global warming which leads to high evaporation, all yield high aridity.
The upper layer of soil remains dry except for a few days after rainfall. Winter rains were
observed to form ponds in declivities and depressions and are reported to stand for over one
month. High evaporation leads to drying out.
Tidal currents are a highly dynamic phenomenon that vary not only with the seasons of
the year but also change throughout the years resulting in an ever changing geography of the
beaches. This beach transformation is known as beach erosion or beach evolution.

Furthermore, as the global warming problem starts to show its effects it is now known
that within the next thirty years many near-to-shore populations will have severe problems due to
the rise of the sea level, and there is a need for the development of land reclamation and beach
erosion control methods in addition to the existing ones.

Among the most common methods to control beach erosion are:

 Vertical walls (rigid, non energy absorbing).

 Rubble mounds and sloping walls (rigid, energy absorbing).

[Sardar Taimur Hyat-Khan] Page 5

  Grass rows (flexible, energy absorbing).
 Fences for sand trapping (flexible, energy absorbing).
 The conditions for food security are not sustainable. Environment and Predator Protection
for self-reliant local food security is very much needed as nutrient mining/ leaching and
absence of organic material/ biota as well as soil erosion are severely restricting yields
and aggravating pest and disease susceptibility. Climate change is bringing greater stress
upon production due to increased heat in summers and increased cold in winters.
Domestic animals/ poultry and rodents are also detrimental to food production without
physical protection. In order to ensure Kitchen Garden Food Self-Sufficiency at the very
minimum and provide a basis for safe, more quantity and quality produce the problem
needs to be addressed immediately. Plant protection through complete plant nutrition is
very much achievable and desirable as introduction of toxic materials in the name of
plant protection is extremely detrimental to the food chain.

 Sustainable development is not possible without sustainable agriculture/ food production.
Environmental pollution of soil, water and air; resource depletion and nature degradation
as well as socio-economic problems, are seriously impacting the carrying capacity of the
land. As such there is an urgent requirement for farming systems to be redesigned and
transformed into more sustainable ones. Agriculture is a multifunctional and multiple
objective activity which has to supply food in sufficient quantity and quality and the
supply itself must be stable, sustainable and accessible. Agriculture must provide
employment and generate basic income and profit at farm, regional and national levels;
strictly avoid and minimize land degradation and destabilization; eschew pollution of
natural resources, protect the great cycles of nature; as well as ensure the overall health
and well-being of humans, animals, birds, insects and microbes.

 Rural Women do not have enough opportunities for services and other income generating
activities. Public sector services like teaching, health etc. are not available. A vast
majority of women are in need of income generating activities. The scope and potential
for such activities lies in food security enhancing measures. Women participation in the
villages, is the need of the hour, and would greatly help in supporting and be highly
beneficial for the uplift of rural economy in the future.

 Living in the extremely hostile weather conditions especially in summer coupled with
highly barren terrain, income generation sources of communities living in remote parts of
the Coastal areas are very limited. Consequently, the local communities mostly exploit
the trees and shrubs and rangeland resources of the arid semi-desert to earn their
livelihoods. Thus the fragile ecosystem is exposed to erosion and the landscape is being
degraded at a very fast rate.

 dire and pressing need to emplace a Support Web for a disillusioned and bewildered
populace. Social harmony and positive growth can only be ensured with sustainability if
the parameters of a just and egalitarian society ensure that the minimum in requirements
of every citizen are ensured in a participatory manner. This will discourage extremism
and foster stability. The principles of Bioenvironmental Management and transparent
records that are easily accessible and verifiable
 GIS will provide a powerful tool for management and ensure effective monitoring and
evaluation. Sustainable Development Action Plans will ensure harmony, while Social
[Sardar Taimur Hyat-Khan] Page 6
 Mobilization and development of Village Councils along with Village Development
Plans will ensure participation and ownership. All activities will be carried out, after
capacity building of the beneficiaries through local communities who will themselves be
encouraged to become service providers.
1. The Natural World is subject to certain Laws and patterns that serve to maintain a
balance. This balance has led to evolutionary adaptation and development of life
forms that are at the same time dependent upon Nature or the Eco System that they
inhabit in the overall Environment as well as interdependent upon each other for
survival. However, there exist numerous and often deleterious affect causing human
and pest interventions that must be rationally and sustainably managed on a sustained
or self sustaining basis in order to perpetuate the Bioenvironment and avoid
breakdown. Homo Technicalis has the ability to either nurture or destroy this delicate
balance. Only complete understanding and careful monitoring can ensure correct and
proper Bioenvironmental Management.

Conservation Planning:
The basic wealth of any Country is its Natural Resources. These are divided into renewable and
non-renewable. A just and equitable use of these resources is a rational use that provides benefits
to all and ensures that this use is sustainable. This means using without using up. Ensuring that
Natures abundance is not abused and only used in such a manner that it continues to provide its
living abundance to all coming generations. We are presently concerned with two of the three
major renewable resources. These are the soil and water. Our present and past usage of these
resources leaves much to be desired. The Ecological Systems that sustain us are inter-linked and
fragile. Thoughtless over exploitation renders them subject to degradation and eventual failure.
Some of the immediate threats we are facing, in Abbottabad District, due to our negligence are:
Soil erosion.
Decline in soil fertility.
Increased soil borne pests.
Denuded Watersheds.
Ravaging flash floods.
Increasing aridity.
Receding Water Tables.
Climate change.
This results in reduced agricultural capacity, while population pressures continue to mount. To
overcome these grave problems it is all the more necessary to make detailed and realistic plans for
proper soil and water use and their consequent rejuvenation. Subsequently it is imperative that these
plans be carried out in letter and spirit. The first conclusion that is drawn from any preliminary survey
of the Districts Land and Water usage is that it is inappropriate to say the least. Primary data, that has
been collected, supports this statement. In order to come up with a realistic Conservation or Sustainable
Development Action Plan the first step is to make a Land and Water Resources Inventory. This is
subdivided into Land and Water.

[Sardar Taimur Hyat-Khan] Page 7

Erosion Control:

Hydromulch seeding systems are used for erosion control jobs, road side work, retention
ponds, land fills, golf course construction, airport construction and other large jobs.
How they Work:
Hydromulch Seeding Systems are simple, powerful, lightweight and easy to use. They
are the best of a great technology that has changed hydro seeding and the way slopes are seeded.
Jet System:
Jet agitated hydro seeding systems began to appear about a dozen years ago. Hydro
Seeding Systems offer fast even mixing with no moving parts inside the tank. The agitation
system has two large jets on the lower left side of the tank. Inside the tank these jets are pointed
up, and parallel to the outside surface of the tank. A very high volume of water and materials
(up to 740 g.p.m.) shoot out of these jets creating an intense rolling action inside the tank. The
jet systems have a plastic tank that can never rust. A fast mixing action that will mix a full load
of materials in minutes. A light transport weight that allows the use of a lighter towing vehicle.
They offer wide open passages that virtually never plug. These systems have low maintenance
cost and only 4 moving parts excluding the engine (an impeller that screws right on to the engine
shaft and 3 ball valves).
Some mechanical systems use what is called a positive displacement gear pump. This
type of pump has great power and is a high quality pump. As long as this type of pump is
turning, material must come out the discharge. In the event the nozzle at the end of the hose
plugs, one of the following must happen, the pump must blow, the hose must blow, the engine
must stall, or the plug in the nozzle must blow out. Turbo Turf uses a centrifugal pump and
bypasses into the tank. With this system you have full control at the gun. You can reduce the
flow to trim, or totally shut off the gun valve without making adjustments at the unit.
The Finest Jet System Made:
 These systems have bigger pumps with great pressure. They have 4" x 4" pumps with a
maximum flow of 740 G.P.M. and maximum pressure of 78 P.S.I. More pressure means
more spray distance and the ability to use longer hoses.
 More horsepower. Compare our units to other jet systems. Our standard engine is 27
H.P.
 Bigger hoses to flow more material and get the job done faster. The hoses are 1 1/4"
inside diameter on all models

[Sardar Taimur Hyat-Khan] Page 8

 Oversize suction hoses with big 4" x 4" pumps using 4" suction lines. First this allows
you to drain more material on uneven ground, second should you accidentally drop
something into the tank, such as a mulch bag, you will plug a suction line. With two
suction lines, you may loose some power, but you can keep spraying. It will be a lot
easier to find that empty bag in an empty machine rather than trying to find it through 4
foot of green soup.
 Jet bale buster. An exclusive is the jet bale buster that eliminates breaking up the mulch.
The bale buster is standard on the 750 gallon and larger units and optional on the 300 and
500 gallon units. It allows you to add mulch in any size clump that you can fit through
the opening. Speed loading 75%.
 Continuous Agitation. In normal operation you are always bypassing material into the
tank, and always mixing. Unlike some other units on the market, you can shut this down
temporarily if you need that little bit extra to reach maximum distance.
 Bottom suction. All units drain materials from fittings and sumps directly at the bottom
of the tanks. Typically when you are done with a load you will see about a cup of
material left in the tank. With competitive units that drain material from a fitting at
the end of the tank you will often see 25 gallons or more of material remaining at the
bottom of the tank when you are done.
 Big Jets, Many of the jet systems on the market use a sparger tube for agitation. That is
one or more tubes that run through the tank from front to back that have a series of little
holes in them for jets. The size of the jets in the direct jet system is up to 2" which is
about the size of your wrist to ensure that owners virtually never have to deal with
clogging problems.
The Fastest, Easiest and Lowest Cost Way to Seed:
The popularity of hydro seeding is skyrocketing. There are reasons hydro seeding works
so well. The seed is suspended in nutrient rich slurry. The contact of the seed with the water in
machine triggers the germination cycle. The mulch layer seals in the moisture, and holds the soil
in place. The seed is at an ideal depth for good results. The conditions are right to produce a lush
green cover in very short time.
Hydro Seeding systems can greatly lower labor costs. One person can operate a Hydro
Seeding System simultaneously applying hydromulch, seed, fertilizer, tackifier and water. The
use of straw is eliminated. Hydro mulch is easier to store and transport than straw. It does not
produce dust during application. It will not blow off, and does not need to be removed. Hydro
seeding mulch does not contain weed seed as straw does. It won’t cause a loss of nitrogen as it
decomposes as straw does. Hydro seeding has a neat green appearance that is far more attractive
than straw. It is easy to understand why hydro seeding is becoming the method of choice of
consumers and professionals alike.
Hydro seeding is a one step application. One person can easily hydro seed. Mulch, seed
and fertilizer are evenly distributed in the sprayed material. It is fast and easy to do. Irregular
areas are a breeze. Hillsides, banks and other areas that can be a problem with other seeding
methods are easy to do with a Hydro Seeding system. It is an ideal system for anyone with
seeding to do.
SEED
Any seed used in lawn or roadside applications can be used in a Hydro Seeding System.
Any grass that can be grown from seed can be planted as well as wildflowers and crown vetch.
Seeds used for hydro seeding do not need to be anything special. Many people experience an
increase in germination rates with hydro seeding, however, this increase is not enough to suggest

[Sardar Taimur Hyat-Khan] Page 9

using less seed. Seed can be pre-germinated for even faster growth. One easy system is to soak
the seed overnight in clear water in a container such as a garbage can.
FERTILIZER
Any type of fertilizer can be used. Liquid, water soluble or granular fertilizers may all be
used with these systems. Granular fertilizer is the most commonly used. The unit does not
dissolve the granules. It will suspend them and blend the granules evenly in the mix. The use of
lime is not recommended. If the soil ph needs to be changed a liquid lime product is the best
choice. Granular or pelletized lime can be used if necessary.
TACKIFIER
Tackifiers are used to help hold the material in place on hillsides especially during rainy
weather. Any tackifier may be used in a Hydromulch system. The system can also be used to
apply tackifer or a tackifier mulch mix over straw to hold it in place.
MULCH
There are two basic types of mulch. Wood fibre mulch is made from wood by-products.
Cellulose fibre mulch is made from recycled news print. We recommend the cellulose mulch. It
is less expensive, easier to use and has the same result. Average bale coverage is approximately
2000 square feet per bale. Recently pelletized mulches have been introduced. They are a
combination of paper and wood fibre and may be simply poured into the machines greatly
reducing loading time.
OTHER PRODUCTS
Many other products can be used in the mix. Some of the more common additives are
Co-Polymers that are used when water may be a problem. Co-polymers hold 400 times their
weight in water and slowly release it to the new seedlings. Locking Fibres may also be used.
Locking fibres are made from crimped polyester. They will disperse through the load, and when
sprayed on interlock to form a type of spray-on erosion control blanket. Other products to
stimulate growth or to enhance the colour may also be used.
SPRAYING
Hydro Seeding Systems can be easily made into a multipurpose system. Adding a seed
and spray option to the units makes it into a turf sprayer that will do a great job of applying
chemicals in lawn applications. Addition of the boom to the pull type units allow them to be used
as both a hydro seeding system and a lawn sprayer.
The equipment used is light and easy to transport, have few moving parts and offer a
great reliability. A combination of light weight and power have made it the choice in some
unique applications, such as when units need to be transported by helicopter, or operated from a
boat.
For roadside work and other erosion control jobs Units are often equipped with an
operator platform and tower gun as the unit pictured above. Other options are the stand gun and
the area volume kit. One way or the other, these units deliver high performance with a wide
range of materials.
FINDING SEEDING SOLUTIONS AROUND THE WORLD
Hydro Seeding Systems are manufactured in a range of sizes from 50 gallons to 2000
gallons. There is a unit that is ideal for most any job. Some are able to seed at a rate of about 20
acres a day.

[Sardar Taimur Hyat-Khan] Page 10

Here are a series of photo's showing some of the great results that can

be accomplished with hydro seeding. These photos are taken in Japan. The
first job that we are showing is wildflowers along a street. This job was done with a very heavy

application of Jet Spray Mulch. The material was applied at 3000 pounds to
the acre. Jet Spray has become very popular because of the ease of loading. Jet Spray is
pelletized and can simply be poured right into the machine. Loading time is measured in

seconds. One big advantage of jet spray that we don't talk about as often as
we should is that Jet Spray resists crusting. If paper mulch is put on too heavily it can form a
paper mache crust that the seed has difficulty penetrating. With Jet Spray that is much less likely
to happen. The jobs in the photo also had a heavy application of Tacking Agent 3 and included
locking fibres in the mix for maximum holding power. The mix as it was used here offers really
outstanding holding power and moisture retention.
Erosion Control
Soft Armoring
Soft Armouring is the process by which soft, pliable open-weave matting (i.e. jute, coir,
coconut, hemp, burlap, etc.) is placed onto the soil surface. The soil-specific polymer is then
applied, and reacts with the metals and clays within the soil to bind it together. This complex
attaches to the matting, creating a highly erosive resistant surface that will support vegetation
along with aiding in attachment of fine particulate to the matting surface.
Polymer-enhanced soft armour applications are cost effective and easy to install. Place
an open-weave geotextile fabric flush to the soil surface (do not allow tenting). Apply the
correct powder polymer for the specific soil and clay type to the surface of the matting. Much of
the polymer will fall through the matting and contact the soil, the rest will attach directly to the
matting. This system produces a matrix that is highly resistant to erosion. Seed, fertilizer, lime
(if needed) and polymer may be added together for ease of application.

[Sardar Taimur Hyat-Khan] Page 11

 Heavier, closer-weave matting may be used where highly erosive forces are anticipated
(such as river banks where wave action will occur). The polymer, seed, fertilizer, and lime (if
needed) should be placed on the soil surface first before placement of this type of matting. All
current matting installation techniques should be followed to prevent matting failure.

Further erosion to this slope (as shown in the photo on the left) is prevented by using the
soft armouring technique around the headwall.

Slope Stabilization
To stabilize the soil on any slope conditions to reduce or prevent erosion. Soil specific
polymer additions (in granular or liquid form) can assist temporary or permanent grassing by
binding the seed, fertilizer, mulch, and soil together until the grass germinates.
These photos show the application of the site-specific polymer using hydroseeding
equipment. The polyacrylamide was used on these sites to control sediment runoff and prevent
erosion on the slopes:

[Sardar Taimur Hyat-Khan] Page 12

 Application of polyacrylamide to a slope covered with organic matting. The PAM is the
final additive in the hydroseed/mulch mixture that is sprayed onto the slope. The second photo
shows the vegetation establishment 4 weeks later:

These photos are from a site where there was poor vegetation establishment with the normal
hydroseeding application. It was decided to re-hydroseed the slopes using the soil-specific
polymer to aid the establishment of the vegetation.

[Sardar Taimur Hyat-Khan] Page 13

 Polyacrylamide (PAM) is a long-chain molecule. PAM seeks out and binds to the broken
edges of clay particles, which carry a negative charge. By increasing the cohesiveness of soil
particles on the soil surface of a field, PAM makes soil more resistant to the highly erosive shear
forces exerted by water flowing over it. When used according to the NRCS standard,
polyacrylamide (PAM) increases infiltration in addition to nearly eliminating furrow erosion.
Increase in infiltration varies with several soil attributes, especially texture. Silt loam soils have
shown about a 15% increase in net infiltration and a 25% increase in lateral wetting from shallow
furrows between low, flat beds. PAM preserves a more pervious pore structure during the
formation of surface seals during irrigation, thus allowing increased infiltration. The greater
infiltration associated with PAM-treated furrows can boost crop yields in sloping areas such that
it's almost like giving the farmer the added yield equivalent of another irrigation during the
growing season. Studies have shown that because PAM holds the top soil in place, it also keeps
phosphorus, nitrogen, pesticides, weed seeds, and micro organism out of waste water. ? It takes
very little PAM to dramatically cut erosion and increase infiltration. Just 10 parts per million
(ppm) added to the advancing stream can reduce erosion by 70-99%.

SLOPE DESTABALIZATION! During discussions with relevant Forest and Military Authorities it was
discovered that a step called GREEN STABALIZATION has been taken to overcome expected further land
slides that would have harmful affects upon the strategic road

Green Stabilization, while a fine concept has to take into consideration the long lead time required for
Trees to establish themselves before they can successfully exercise their inbuilt ability to hold the soil in
place. Secondly, trees are planted under wet conditions, either during or after rains. Due to this factor
the trees roots spread in a more lateral than horizontal manner. It is only at the advent of dry conditions
that rooting hormones are produced within the system to signal the requirement of deep penetration
requirement of the roots in order to tap additional sources of moisture.

There are three recommendations for maximization of impact and ensuring a complete solution to a
perceived threat.

Polyacrylamide (PAM):
Rooting & Fruiting Hormones (Natural Extract from Seaweed).
Hydroseeding.

4.1 Polyacrylamide (PAM): Polyacrylamide is a new generation of chemicals introduced

commercially in the United States only in the last eleven years. The organic components of

[Sardar Taimur Hyat-Khan] Page 14

polyacrylamide were developed to chemically control erosive forces at the molecular level by holding
soils in place and ionically bonding them together to increase the particle size. This results is increased
water infiltration through the particle spaces and decreased erodibility of the soil particles.

PAM seeks out and binds to the broken edges of soil particles, which carry a negative charge. By
increasing the cohesiveness of soil particles on the soil surface of a field, PAM makes soil more resistant
to the highly erosive shear forces exerted by water flowing over it. It takes very little PAM to
dramatically cut erosion and increase infiltration. Just 10 parts per million (ppm) added to the advancing
stream can reduce erosion by 70-99%. If there is a significant amount of sediment suspended in the
water supply, PAM will cause it to flocculate and settle out almost immediately.

Extract from: POLYACRYLAMIDE AS A SOIL STABILIZER FOR EROSION

CONTROL FINAL REPORT # WI-06-98 New Product Evaluation # PE-97-06 Prepared By: Kenneth N.
Nwankwo, P.E. Technology Advancement Engineer

Wisconsin Department of Transportation,

Division of Transportation Infrastructure Development

Bureau of Highway Construction

January 2001

The Technology Advancement Unit of the Division of Transportation Infrastructure Development, Bureau
of Highway Construction, conducts and manages the highway technology advancement program of the
Wisconsin Department of Transportation. The Federal Highway Administration provides financial and
technical assistance for these activities, including review and approval of publications.

“The performance of polyacrylamide in controlling erosion is based on the fact that it is a

flocculant. It forms ionic bonds of smaller soil particles together to make larger particles. This makes the
soil more resistant to the erosive forces of dispersion and shear. Further, the polyacrylamide enhances
the intrusion of water into the soil, resulting in increased soil moisture to promote seed germination,
lower runoff, and less soil detachment from erosion. Comparison of the polyacrylamide (PAM) with
other erosion control products that are currently used by Wisconsin Department of Transportation
(WisDOT) shows that this product is effective in controlling erosion. In addition, it is relatively
inexpensive when compared to erosion mat, very easily applied, is not affected by weather conditions,
and when applied following the manufacture’s recommendations is environmentally safe.”

The above extract warrants immediate trials of the product in order to ensure that further
damage is not done to an already fractured landscape.

4.2 Rooting & Fruiting Hormones Seed Pre-Treatment:

GIBBERELLINS: Gibberellins cause enlargement of cell walls, particularly
internode cells and some fruit cells. They cause breaking of dormancy, move
freely in the plant and are produced in the roots and new leaves.

[Sardar Taimur Hyat-Khan] Page 15

 CYTOKININS: Cytokinins are produced in the root tips and are carried upwards
in the xylem tissue. They loose concentration as they move towards the leaves.
Cytokinins affect cell division.
Hormones are produced in some organs and move to other organs to change their
characteristics. For instance, in wheat early growth is dominated by Gibberellins, the middle stage by
Cytokinins and the later stages by Auxins.

HORMONE INTERACTION:
Root Initiation: High Cytokinin/ Auxin rates develop shoot growth. It reduces the
Auxin+ IAA effect. The above ratios inhibit shoot growth of roots towards the tip. When
Cytokinins are lower back from the root tip, branch roots will grow. When Auxin rates get really
high, adventitious roots will appear from the stem.
The hormone balance of the plant is responsible for dictating its response to environment
factors. This is of prime importance and the major factor for maximum economic yield if
response is adequate. Good nutrition is essential for the health of the plant but will fail to provide
the desired results in case a plant is unable to use this nutrition. The size, shape and yield of a
plant depend upon hormone balance. Fertilizer nutrients do affect this balance but the major
factor is the climate. With changes in climate the hormone balance of the plant is altered. This is
more in some varieties of plants and less in others. This is dictated by the genetics of that
particular plant. It is possible to change the Genetic Expression of a plant so that it can quickly
adjust to climate change. Thus it is not essential to change the basic Genetics of a plant, which is
quite an expensive proposition. By modifying the genetic expression of a plant we can weather
proof it and ensure that climate change has less impact. Since the last many years, we in Pakistan
are facing the problem of vagaries in weather that is causing a serious drop in yields. Thus, it is
important to introduce this alteration of genetic expression.
If the soil remains dry after planting, the root will grow downwards; if the soil remains
wet it will cause the roots to grow sideways. The genetic expression of root growth is
determined within the first 15 days after germination. Its genetic expression does not
change thereafter. Since we plant in wet conditions, we ensure sideways development of the
root system. In case of root development in the upper area of the soil, the plant will be less
drought resistant and easily uprooted. Deep penetration will make the plant drought resistant and
well anchored. It is possible to treat seed with hormones and make it “think” that it is growing in
dry soil, no matter if the soil is actually wet.
Hormones are naturally occurring elements and compounds. Thus, the use of these
elements and compounds are environmentally safe and highly desirable. It is important to note
that hormone use in plants is nowise similar to indiscriminate hormones use in Poultry
Production. The hormones suggested for use with plants are only those that would be normally
produced by the plant itself if it were healthy or were to receive a balanced “Diet”. These
hormone Products are registered with the EPA of the USA and natural extracts from Seaweed.
Method employed is to soak seed for a few minutes in the Product (Dosing rate is merely
2 mL per Kg seed. Seed is then allowed to dry and used for planting.

4.3 Hydroseeding: (or hydro-mulching, hydraulic mulch seeding, hydraseeding) is a

planting process which utilizes a slurry of seed and mulch. The slurry is transported in a tank,
either truck or trailer mounted and sprayed over prepared ground in a uniform layer; helicopters
may be used in cases where larger areas must be covered. Hydroseeding is an alternative to the
traditional process of broadcasting or sowing dry seed. It promotes quick germination and
inhibits soil erosion.
[Sardar Taimur Hyat-Khan] Page 16
The mulch in the hydroseed mixture helps maintain the moisture level of the seed and seedlings.
The slurry often has other ingredients including fertilizer, tackifying agents, green dye, and other
additives.
Erosion Control
Slope Stabilization
To stabilize the soil on any slope conditions to reduce or prevent
erosion. Soil specific polymer additions (in granular or liquid
form) can assist temporary or permanent grassing by binding
the seed, fertilizer, mulch, and soil together until the grass
germinates.

These photos show the application of the site-specific polymer

using hydroseeding equipment. The polyacrylamide was used
on these sites to control sediment runoff and prevent erosion on
the slopes:

Application of polyacrylamide to a slope covered with organic

matting. The PAM is the final additive in the hydroseed/ mulch
mixture that is sprayed onto the slope. The second photo shows
the vegetation establishment 4 weeks later:

These photos are from a site where there was poor vegetation
establishment with the normal hydroseeding application. It was
decided to re-hydroseed the slopes using the soil-specific polymer to aid

[Sardar Taimur Hyat-Khan] Page 17

 the establishment of the vegetation.

Hydro-Seed Mulching:
Since our soils are deforested; marginal and sorely depleted, they are subject to water and
wind erosion. This is a serious problem for Forestry; Agriculture; Horticulture; Water Sheds; The
Environment; Tourism and Communications. Much can be done to stabilize the slopes and ensure erosion
control. This is especially needed where roads have been constructed without taking this vital factor into
account. The recommended steps will improve the soil moisture retention capacity and greatly aid water-
shed management. The main items are proper terracing, re-plantation with ground cover and trees, proper
nutrition for plantation in order to ensure survival/ rapid growth and Hi-Tech Anionic, High Molecular
Weight, Polymers. These are made from urea. In case our present urea supplies are stabilized with liquid
sulfur, there will be a greatly reduced requirement. The resultant surplus can be exported or used for the
manufacture of advanced polymers for use as Seed Coating and Erosion Control. This would bring multi
beneficial results for the environment as well as for productivity. No displacement of investment or labor
will result. The Erosion Control Polymer is made in both liquid and powder form. It is used for erosion control
in fields as well as in slopes (different concentrations). The polymer is designed to reduce soil and silt loss. It
increases water infiltration and reduces run-off. Up to 97 % soil loss reduction has been observed on slopes up
to 30 %. The anionic polymer bonds the suspended particles in the water and causes them to precipitate.
Secondly, significant increase in bonding amongst soil particles in the treated area is observed. Application
rate is Half a Kilogram per acre is extremely cost effective. Slopes are sprayed with the polymer prior to the
rainy season. Degree of slope, condition of soil and plantation will determine the number of applications.

[Sardar Taimur Hyat-Khan] Page 18

 e) Dry Silt Stop Form Soft Armoring Technique for Matting

f)
g)

h) Aerial seeding including Natural Hormone (Rooting & Fruiting) Seed Treatment.
Mini Dams/ Erosion Control

Mini Dam Earthen

Stone Masonry Mini Dam

Check Dams/Protection Walls

Diversion Dams / Dykes

Stone-Wire Spurs (GI Wire, No.0.8 6x6 mesh)

Gabion Retaining Walls

Live Burshwood Retaining Walls (4' high)

Pallisade / Burshwood Check Dams (4' high)

Afforestation, Range & Watershed Management through protected nurseries.

[Sardar Taimur Hyat-Khan] Page 19

i) Windbreaks: Suited trees and bushes will be identified to create windbreaks Dune Stabilization:
There is a pressing need to undertake this exercise as dunes are spreading and have done so for
many years.
j) SEABUCKTHORN:
k) "Seabuckthorn is a deciduous shrub and is widely distributed throughout the temperate zones
of Asia and Europe and throughout the subtropical zones of Asia at high altitudes."1 The Latin
name Hippohae spp. Is used for this shrub that consists of six species and ten subspecies. It
thrives from sea level to 5200 m. The annual coverage temperature is 0° C to 12° C, though it
can survive temperatures as high as 40° C. Minimum temperature tolerance is as low as - 40° C.
Annual precipitation range requirement is 600 to 700 mm as most suitable. Precipitation of 300
to 1000 mm range is acceptable. Soil requirements are well drained, sandy or stony soils with
soil pH range of 5.5 to 8.3. Salinity of 1.1 % can be tolerated by the plant. The plant has a very
strong root system with a tap root of 3 m and horizontal roots of 6 to 10 m. Self propagation
through root turions enable the plant to produce 10 to 20 generations. The fruit of this plant
contains 60 to 80 % juice. This juice has 200 to 1500 mg per 100 g and is rich in vitamins, sugar
organic acids and amino acids. The fruit contains 3 to 5 % pulp oil and 8 to 18 % seed oil rich in
unsaturated acids, B- carotene and vitamin E. The leaves contain 11 to 22 % crude protein, 3 to
6 % crude fat and some flavonoids. The fruit can be used to make soft drinks, health food,
medicines and cosmetics. China has a Seabuckthorn Industry with over 100 factories producing
over 200 products with a gross value of about US$ 40 million annually. The leaves and tender
branches are excellent fodder for sheep, goats and cattle. In China 51 species of birds and 29
species of animals are dependent upon this plant as a part of their food chain. Some major
benefits of this plant additionally exist. These are:2
l) • Nitrogen Fixing Capacity: An 8 to 10 year old Seabuckthorn Forest can fix 180 Kg of
nitrogen/ha/year (72 Kg/acre/year or 9Kg/kanal/year).

[Sardar Taimur Hyat-Khan] Page 20

 m) • Biomass Production: A 6 year old Seabuckthorn plantation can produce 18 tons of fuel-wood
per hectare. Heat value is 4785.5 calories/ Kg. One ton of wood is equal to 0.68 tons of standard
coal.
n) • Erosion Control: In comparison to waste land a 7 year old plantation can reduce 99 % runoff
and 96 % soil loss.
o) • Soil Fertility: Nitrogen, phosphorus and organic contents of soil are greatly increased.
p) • Companion Tree Growth: Pine and Popular when mixed with Seabuckthorn thrive due to
nitrogen fixation and protection from the cover. Chinese results indicate that mixed stands of
Pine and Seabuckthorn have 1.3 to 1.7 times higher growth rate.3
q) • Other Uses: Wind breaks and stream/ river bank stabilization can be obtained. Seabuckthorn is
propagated from:
r) • Seed (germination rate 80 to 95 % - 1 Kg seed produces 104 to 133 thousand saplings).
s) 1 Feasibility Study of Seabuckthorn Development in Pakistan, Lu Rongsen, ICIMOD (Nepal), MINFAL
(Pakistan) 1996.
2
t) Dr. Abdul Wahid Jasra, NADRI, NARC, Islamabad.
3
u) Chinese Success Models of Seabuckthorn Development, A Tour Report, Dr. A.W. Jasra, NADRI, 1996.

[Sardar Taimur Hyat-Khan] Page 21

 v) • Hardwood Cuttings: 2-3 year old shoots, rooting rate is 50 to 70 %.
w) • Softwood Cuttings: & to 10 cm cuttings with several leaves are used and propagated in plastic
film houses for 2 years.
x) • Aerial Seeding: 400 mm rainfall and 6 to 8 days of continuous cloudy and rainy days are
required. At germination rates of 1 % a density of 1 plant per 10 square meters is used. Pre-
germination of seed treated with Natural Rooting and Fruiting Hormones is recommended.
y) 2.1 OBJECTIONS: The unfortunate experiences of Eucalyptus and Wild Mulberry have raised
fears of Invasive Species in the minds of many Foresters and NRM specialists. Alongwith
resistance to change this is causing delay in the establishment of this plant. To ally some of
these fears it is pointed out that Seabuckthorn is a native of Pakistan The variety that flourishes
here is Hippopchae rhamnoides (turkestanica) This sub-species is suited to arid hot summers
and cold winters. About 3,000 hectares of wild Seabuckthorn Forests exist in Baltistan, Gilgit,
Chitral and Swat at altitudes between 2200 to 2800 m. At present afforestation has been carried
out in Balochistan and Waziristan (FATA).
z) Hippopchae rhamnoides (turkestanica) Seabuckthorn Sub-species suited to arid hot summers/
cold winters.
aa) thrives from sea level to 5200 m. Annual coverage temperature is 0° C -12° C, though it can
survive temperatures as high as 40° C. Minimum temperature tolerance is as low as - 40° C.
Annual precipitation range requirement is 600 to 700 mm as most suitable. Precipitation of 300
to 1000 mm range is acceptable.
bb) Soil requirements are well-drained, sandy or stony soils with soil pH range of 5.5 to 8.3. The
plant can tolerate salinity of 1.1 %. The plant has a very strong root system with a taproot of 3 m
and horizontal roots of 6 to 10 m. Self-propagation through root turions enable the plant to
produce 10 to 20 generations. The fruit of this plant contains 60 to 80 % juice. This juice has 200
to 1500 mg per 100 g and is rich in vitamins, sugar organic acids and amino acids. The fruit
contains 3 to 5 % pulp oil and 8 to 18 % seed oil rich in unsaturated acids, B- carotene and
vitamin E. The leaves contain 11 to 22 % crude protein, 3 to 6 % crude fat and some flavonoids.
The fruit can be used to make soft drinks, health food, medicines and cosmetics. China has a
Seabuckthorn Industry with over 100 factories producing over 200 products with a gross value
of about US$ 40 million annually. The leaves and tender branches are excellent fodder for
sheep, goats and cattle. In China 51 species of birds and 29 species of animals are dependent
upon this plant as a part of their food chain.
cc) Nitrogen Fixing Capacity: An 8 to 10 year old Seabuckthorn Forest can fix 180 Kg of
nitrogen/ha/year (72 Kg/acre/year or 9Kg/kanal/year).
dd) • Biomass Production: A 6-year-old Seabuckthorn plantation can produce 18 tons of fuel-wood
per hectare. Heat value is 4785.5 calories/ Kg. One ton of wood is equal to 0.68 tons of standard
coal.
ee) • Erosion Control: Compared to waste land a 7 year old plantation can reduce 99 % runoff and
96 % soil loss.
ff) • Soil Fertility: Nitrogen, phosphorus and organic contents of soil are greatly increased.
gg) • Companion Tree Growth: Pine and Popular when mixed with Seabuckthorn thrive due to
nitrogen fixation and protection from the cover. Chinese results indicate that mixed stands of
Pine and Seabuckthorn have 1.3 to 1.7 times higher growth rate.

Sardar Taimur Hyat-Khan Page 22

 hh) • Seed (germination rate 80 to 95 % - 1 Kg seed produces 104 to 133 thousand saplings).
ii) • Other Uses: Wind breaks and stream/ riverbank stabilization can be obtained. Seabuckthorn is
propagated from:

jj) • Hardwood Cuttings: 2-3 year old shoots, rooting rate is 50 to 70 %.

kk) • Softwood Cuttings: & to 10 cm cuttings with several leaves are used and propagated in plastic
film houses for 2 years.
ll) • Aerial Seeding: 400 mm rainfall and 6 to 8 days of continuous cloudy and rainy days are
required. At germination rates of 1 % a density of 1 plant per 10 square meters is used. Pre-
germination of seed treated with Natural Rooting and Fruiting Hormones is recommended.

mm) FOREST ECO-SYSTEM PROTECTION: ECONOMY GENERATION.

nn) 1. INTRODUCTION:
oo) It is, by now, a well-known fact that trees and Forests are the foundation upon which
the entire world of renewable natural resources is balanced. Man has interfered in the
Natural Forest Eco-System in many ways. Clear cutting and reduction in the forest
canopy are the most blatant means of interference. When these activities are curtailed,
other less obvious means are used. Removal of forest litter is perhaps the most
damaging. This is the first level of the forest food chain. Secondly, it forms the natural
habitat for microorganisms that are essential to the dynamics of the ecological cycle.
Upland, stony soils have a very slow weathering process and hydro-thermic cycle. With
reduction in the forest canopy, impaction and erosion capacity of raindrops are greatly
increased. The absence of an under-story, as found in mixed tree and bush forests,
further compounds this situation. The velocity of falling raindrops is curtailed as they
strike the trees and filter down to the forest floor. If this does not happen, the soil is
struck with higher velocity raindrops and is subject to movement on the surface. Water
bearing particles of soil are aided in erosion capacity. These soil particles act like tiny
blades to further erode the nutrient rich topsoil. Thus even the tertiary-source of
nutrients is removed. The sources of forest nutrition are:
pp) • Forest Litter that decomposes into Humus.
qq) • Symbiotic bacteria/ micro-organisms/ fungi that fix nitrogen.
rr) • Mineralized top soil (subjected to weathering).
ss) • Transport of minerals within soil profile (no profile - no transport). Thus it is obvious
that our forest Eco-Systems have been destabilized (preservation of nutrients/ minerals
circulated within soil - vegetation sub system). Depleted forest resources with reduced
canopy cover and malnourished trees with stunted growth do not serve the purpose
that Nature intended them for. Also natural regeneration and young sapling are the first
to suffer. Thus the future of the forest is even bleaker than the present. Rank
exploitation of timber resources in a non-sustainable way is the primary cause.
However, the populations that live in close proximity to forests have a right to the
natural resource. They have needs for:
Sardar Taimur Hyat-Khan Page 23
 tt) • Fuel wood.
uu) • Fodder.
vv) • Building material.
ww) • Income generation.
xx) How is it possible to deny them access to these resources? Motivation through pointing
out that it takes years to rebuild nutrient cycling and the attendant harmful effects upon
the environment of deforestation are not sufficient to achieve forest protection.
Alternates that are viable, cost effective and practicable are called for. The question
arises do they exist? The answer is a resounding YES! Some alternates are discussed in
this paper.

 Extensive use of compost and water gel crystals in agri/ horticulture. Seed Treatment
by naturally occurring enzymes and use of Complete, Eco-safe Plant Nutrition. Innovative
Cultural Practices. Traditional and Innovative Water harvesting.
For longer moisture retention.

Composting is the aerobic (oxygen-demanding) decomposition of organic materials by

microorganisms under controlled conditions and is Mother Nature’s process tuned by man. The
product resulting from the controlled biological decomposition of organic materials
 Sanitized through the generation of heat
 Stabilized to the point where it is beneficial to plant growth
 Provides humus, nutrients, and trace elements to soils
Physical Benefits
 Improved soil structure, reduced density, increased
 Permeability (less erosion potential)
 Resists compaction, increased water holding capacity
Chemical Benefits
 Modifies and stabilizes pH
 Increases cation exchange capacity (enables soils to retain nutrients longer, reduces
nutrient leaching)
Biological Benefits
 Provides soil biota – healthier soils
 Suppresses plant diseases

 Hydro Seed Mulching for Slope Stabilization and Erosion Control.

Sardar Taimur Hyat-Khan Page 24

To establish vegetation/ forests/ ensure slope stabilization and erosion control along with
erosion control structures. To remediate watershed degradation which causes decline in
groundwater table. Watershed management is aimed at recharging groundwater aquifer,
rehabilitating rangelands, controlling flash floods and enhancing fuel wood production in the
target area.
The recent land slide in Village Puna, Tehsil Havellian, Abbottabad District is a case in
point where Slope Stabilization avoids such hazards created due to lack of vegetation and poor
road construction practices. Slope Stabilization uses Hard or Soft Armoring (Retaining Walls,
Gabion Stone Holders, Fabric lays) for serious problems and Hydro Seed Mulching that bonds
the soil along with seeds and nutrients and disallows washing away due to rain. This allows the
plants to take root and provide the function of holding the slope. The time taken for establishing
Green Control is covered by the Polymer application.

Polyacralamide (PAM), Water Gel Crystals & Hydro Seed Mulching

Erosion Control
Polyacrylamide (PAM) is a long-chain molecule. PAM seeks out and binds to the broken
edges of clay particles, which carry a negative charge. By increasing the cohesiveness of soil
particles on the soil surface of a field, PAM makes soil more resistant to the highly erosive shear
forces exerted by water flowing over it. When used according to the NRCS standard,
polyacrylamide (PAM) increases infiltration in addition to nearly eliminating furrow erosion.
Increase in infiltration varies with several soil attributes, especially texture. Silt loam soils have
shown about a 15% increase in net infiltration and a 25% increase in lateral wetting from shallow
furrows between low, flat beds. PAM preserves a more pervious pore structure during the
formation of surface seals during irrigation, thus allowing increased infiltration. The greater
infiltration associated with PAM-treated furrows can boost crop yields in sloping areas such that
it's almost like giving the farmer the added yield equivalent of another irrigation during the
growing season. Studies have shown that because PAM holds the top soil in place, it also keeps
phosphorus, nitrogen, pesticides, weed seeds, and micro organism out of waste water. It takes
very little PAM to dramatically cut erosion and increase infiltration. Just 10 parts per million
(ppm) added to the advancing stream can reduce erosion by 70-99%.

Sardar Taimur Hyat-Khan Page 25

 These photos are from a site where there was poor vegetation establishment with the
normal hydroseeding application. It was decided to re-hydroseed the slopes using the soil-
specific polymer to aid the establishment of the vegetation.

Extensive 1-year trials by PFRI, Gatwala, Faisalabad on Seed Treatment and PAM submitted by
Petitioner over 5 years ago. Results communicated to Chairman PARC…….No Action!

Sardar Taimur Hyat-Khan Page 26